What kind of work is included in installation work? Main types of construction and installation work and methods of their implementation

Every person has repeatedly encountered the construction of a facility or the installation of equipment: someone simply observes the process, someone directly performs it or participates in it. Therefore, it is important to understand what operations include construction and installation work (CEM).

Definition and composition of construction and installation work

Construction and installation work in Moscow is a complex of works for the construction of production and non-production facilities and the installation of various equipment in them.

The law clearly regulates the processes included in construction and installation works. Their list is set out in Instruction No. 123 for construction work (clause 4.2). Construction and installation works include:

• processes of construction of bridges, roads, embankments, construction of power transmission and communication lines, construction of bridges and roads, as well as other special work (underwater, aerial);
• activities for the construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of permanent and temporary facilities, which include all related work on the construction of metal, reinforced concrete, wood, metal-plastic and other structures, as well as actions to design tracks for tower and other cranes;
• work on organizing all types of water and electricity supply, heating, laying gas pipes and sewer lines;
• processes for the construction of foundations and supports for technological equipment, lining and lining of furnaces, installation of sanitary units;
• works related to landscaping and decorative design of territories;
• calculation measures necessary to determine the costs of construction and management;
• establishment of material losses in connection with the destruction of objects, the restoration of which should be carried out at the expense of capital investments allocated according to project documentation for repair and construction work.

The total scope of construction and installation work includes a set of works on certain elements of buildings, structures or complexes, which was carried out over any period of time (month, year, etc.) both at the launch facilities of a given time period and at the facilities planned for delivery at the next scheduled period of time.

Work of construction and installation organizations

A person who is not involved in such activities as the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones is unlikely to know the full list of work performed by a construction and installation organization. But the importance of such companies can hardly be overestimated: any alteration in a house or on a site cannot be done without their participation.

So, a professional construction and installation organization will qualitatively carry out the following types of work:

• installation (using ready-made components and parts), which include the assembly of structures from different materials, the laying of electrical networks, water supply, ventilation ducts, and the construction of elevators;
• construction, which are divided into:
  • general construction: digging holes, trenches and ditches, stripping processes, soil compaction, etc. (earthwork); construction of stone walls, pillars or piers from single stones and blocks, bricks or masonry (masonry work); all stages of construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures (concrete work); installation of wooden floors, construction of wooden structures (carpentry); installation of roofing elements, gluing rolled materials onto the prepared base, other actions to construct the roof (roofing work); facing processes, wallpapering, plastering, covering floors with linoleum and other finishing works;
  • special ones related to the finishing of technological equipment (lining or lining of furnaces and other units with refractory masonry, applying anti-corrosion coating to devices), construction of individual structures (mine shafts, power or telephone networks, sanitary systems, etc.);
  • transport and loading and unloading: delivery of materials, structures, parts and equipment to a construction site using conveyors, dump trucks, trailers and other machines.

This is not the entire list of work performed by specialists from construction and installation companies. The client can order a service, for example, washing the hold for various cargoes, sandblasting any surface, painting a large container and other non-standard procedures.

When we talk about the construction of buildings, roads and the repair of objects, we mean carrying out a whole set of activities and actions that lead to the desired result, namely a new building or a repaired road. Construction and installation work (hereinafter referred to as construction and installation work) is precisely the main part of the construction sector, without which it is impossible to carry out major repairs of premises or construct new buildings.

Explanation of construction and installation work

A fairly broad definition is understood to mean a variety of works that differ from each other in the direction of action and means of execution. If we give a general definition of the concept, then the decoding of construction and installation work will look like this - this is a set of actions for the construction of new objects (buildings, structures), their repair and reconstruction, as well as the installation and installation of equipment. One company simply cannot handle all the work, since the scale of the tasks assigned to it will be simply enormous. Therefore, there are organizations in the construction market whose activities have a narrower specialization. For example, there are companies engaged only in the construction and repair of roads, or companies building industrial facilities.

Types of construction and installation works

There are several main types of such work:

• general construction;
• transport and loading and unloading (delivery of materials, devices and equipment);
• special (with a special type of materials).

The most diverse is general construction activities. It consists of:

• earthwork (digging holes, trenches, ditches), pile work (driving, installation of pile foundations) and stone work (building walls, stone laying, etc.);
• roofing (installation of attics, roofs), plastering (painting, pasting) and insulation;
• installation of floors and communications;
• installation work of wooden, concrete and reinforced concrete, light enclosing structures;
• landscaping;
• installation work of technological equipment;
• and etc.

To finally understand what decoding construction and installation work is, you need to understand what all types of the above work include.

Features of construction and installation works

Each field of activity has a number of features and nuances. For construction and installation work, the most important criterion is quality, which completely depends on the professionalism of workers, competent organization of the process and the interaction of system parts with each other. At the beginning of the work, the set goals and objectives, planning and control are of great importance, and the end result is competent and high-quality construction and installation work. After all, people’s safety depends on this.

Proper preparation and organization of the process have a great influence on obtaining the desired result. Making mistakes or miscalculations can be costly for the contractor company in the literal and figurative sense of the word. Correcting defects in construction can cost human lives. Plus, this is always a rather expensive undertaking. It should also be understood that when calculating construction and installation work, the use of untested or low-quality materials, as well as unjustified savings on mandatory expense items, is not allowed. In order to take into account all the features of construction, it is necessary to carry out all work in stages.

Order of conduct

Deciphering construction and installation works will include competent and consistent implementation of all stages of construction activities.

For example, before constructing new facilities, it is first necessary to carry out geological studies of the soil of the site. It is possible that before construction begins, it will be necessary to drain the swamp or carry out drainage work to avoid flooding.

Afterwards you can start drawing the outline of the foundation. This is usually done using wire, wooden pegs and rope. Next, you need to dig a trench to lay the foundation of the future building. Afterwards you can proceed to the construction of walls. If you are planning a wooden building, then you should strictly adhere to the drawn up project. Stone walls have their own rules - for example, laying the stone strictly horizontally, bandaging the seams and filling with mortar.

After this, the attic floors are laid out, windows, attics and rafters are installed, it all depends on the number of floors of the building and the complexity of the construction. Next, the roof fronts are closed and the roofing material is laid. The next stage is finishing work (external and internal), then installation of equipment (plumbing, heating systems, etc.)

The scope of construction and installation work largely depends on the assigned tasks. For example, one company may be directly involved in the construction of the facility, but they trust another organization or do it themselves.

Organization of construction and installation work

In the process of constructing buildings and structures, various entities are necessarily involved: designers, surveyors, equipment suppliers and customers. In order for the construction and installation work process to be systematic, special attention should be paid to the organization of work.

It is better to clarify all questions regarding construction technology with representatives of construction and installation organizations and specialized trusts that prepare projects.

Typically, the project contains a work schedule, a general construction plan, according to which the deadlines for the execution of the contractor’s work are calculated and all volumes of construction and installation work are shown. In addition, this document indicates the location of the building and construction sites being constructed, water and energy supply schemes, as well as the number of materials, products and construction machines used. For complex buildings, technological maps are used, which specify special safety requirements, main stages, construction technologies, etc.

Organization of construction and installation work is very important, because it determines the rhythm in which installation, carpentry and other types of work will be carried out.

What is the estimated cost?

The level of quality of construction activities carried out largely depends on the amount of the allocated budget for construction. Therefore, such a concept as “estimated cost of construction and installation work” plays a decisive role in the work process. It is an official confirmation of project financing. It reflects all the final figures.

Calculation of construction and installation work

The jobs are fairly easy to count. It is necessary to add up all direct costs (cost of materials, wages of workers, etc.), overhead costs (administrative expenses, etc.) and planned savings. The last component is otherwise called the estimated or standard profit of a construction organization.

Construction and installation work is the most important stage of construction. Only with competent and qualified planning and organization of construction and installation work can the desired result be achieved with minimal expenditure of effort, money and time.

→ Construction work

Organization of construction and installation works

Composition of construction and installation works. The organization of construction and installation production during the construction of buildings and structures using industrial methods consists of the organization of work: preparatory work, zero cycle, installation work.

Preparatory work is carried out by construction and installation organizations.

The preparatory work performed by the construction organization (general contractor) includes: layout of the installation site; construction of access roads; arrangement of storage and assembly areas; construction of temporary buildings necessary for installation work; supplying, for example, electricity, compressed air to places of consumption; geodetic works; fencing of the installation site; delivery of building structures to the installation site; delivery and installation of mechanisms for zero-cycle work (if performed by a construction organization).

Installation organizations, in turn, carry out the following preparatory work: delivery, installation, registration with Gosgortekhnadzor authorities, testing of relevant installation mechanisms; production and delivery to the place of work of the necessary equipment, tools, inventory devices, auxiliary materials and installation of auxiliary devices necessary for installation work.

All preparatory work, as a rule, must be completed by the scheduled start date for installation work.

Installation work is preceded by the following zero-cycle work: development of pits and trenches; foundation installation; laying internal underground communications; backfilling of pits and trenches; site layout; arrangement of paths for mounting mechanisms; concrete preparation for floors; arrangement of a blind area around a constructed building or structure.

Zero-cycle work is carried out by a construction organization, i.e., a general contractor.

Installation work - installation of all structures for the construction of buildings and structures, including equipment installation work. These works are carried out by installation subcontractors.

Basic principles of organizing construction and installation work. The organization of construction and installation work is based on the following principles:
industrial construction methods;
comprehensive mechanization of work;
flow construction methods.

Industrial construction methods - the construction of buildings and structures from prefabricated structures and factory-made parts, with complex mechanization and automation of production processes, the introduction of advanced technology and progressive methods of organizing construction and installation work. An important direction in the industrialization of construction is the widespread use of prefabricated construction. Therefore, the level of prefabrication in construction is constantly increasing.

Thus, over the previous five-year period (1971-1975), the volume of prefabricated construction as a whole has approximately doubled, more than (the use of prefabricated structures has doubled, and the use of reinforced concrete prefabricated structures made from lightweight concrete, as well as aluminum structures, has increased significantly.

The introduction of industrial construction methods reduces the time for construction and commissioning of objects under construction, reduces the labor intensity and cost of their construction.

Integrated mechanization of work. In construction and installation production, there are three types of mechanization: incomplete (partial), complex and automation.

With incomplete mechanization, only part of the work is performed mechanized. For example, when digging trenches for laying communications, soil is excavated using an excavator, and backfilling is done after laying pipelines using shovels. Incomplete mechanization is usually used for small volumes of work or in cases where for some reason machines cannot be used.

With complex mechanization of work, the main processes included in this work are performed in a mechanized way. The use of manual labor is allowed only to perform minor auxiliary operations of insignificant labor intensity. Mechanization of processes can be carried out using one or several (set) machines. Most often, complex mechanization of work is carried out by a set of machines and mechanisms. For example, excavation of soil in a pit and loading it into transport is usually carried out by excavators, transportation and unloading by dump trucks, leveling by bulldozers (earthing mechanism) and compaction by rollers. An example of complex mechanization of earthworks using one machine is the development of soil with a scraper (earthing and transport mechanism).

Integrated mechanization of work is highly effective. It increases labor productivity, reduces construction time, and reduces its cost. Thus, when using an excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.25-0.35 m s for excavation work, labor productivity increases by about 10-15 times compared to the manual method. In loading and unloading operations performed using machines, labor productivity increases by 20-30 times. The use of units for preparing, transporting and applying the solution to structures reduces labor costs by two to three times. The modern period of development of the construction industry is characterized by a widespread transition to comprehensive mechanization. Automation is the name given to mechanization in which all work is performed by an automatically operating system of machines under the control of a worker. Automation in construction is currently used mainly in the production of building products. Separate automated and semi-automated enterprises have been created: factories for the preparation of concrete, asphalt concrete, precast reinforced concrete; individual technological processes are automated at the factories (electricity supply, welding operations, heat treatment of reinforced concrete products).

In recent years, automation has begun to be increasingly introduced into construction and installation work. An automatic control system has been introduced on some earth-moving equipment; The installation cranes of the new system are equipped with automatic load limiters; Ditch diggers are produced that automatically tear off trenches of a given profile.

Flow methods of organizing construction are the most progressive forms of organizing construction production, ensuring continuous, uniform and rhythmic production of construction and installation work. Flow methods provide for: the division of construction and installation production into its individual component processes; division of labor between performers; combining construction processes over time; establishing the correct production rhythm. The most common in construction are flow-grip and flow-linear methods of construction and installation work.

With the flow-grabbing method, work is divided into separate sections (grabs), approximately equal in labor intensity. In turn, the occupations are divided into work fronts, and the latter into plots. An occupation is a part of an object on which a certain type of work is carried out at a time established by a team or several teams; a work front is a part of an occupation on which teams of workers carry out part of the construction process carried out within the occupation. A plot is a part of the work front in which a team member performs one or more operations of the construction process carried out by the team.

Complexes of construction and installation work are evenly carried out on the grips in the order of technological sequence. At the same facility, different works are combined and carried out in parallel, which are performed by specialized or complex teams of permanent workers, sequentially moving from one facility to another, where they carry out the same cycle of work on each site for the same amount of time. A work cycle is a set of technologically interconnected works that can be performed on one grip simultaneously (in parallel).

The duration of one cycle on one grip is called the flow rhythm, and the period of time between the start of work on one grip of two sequentially working teams is called the flow step. An indicator of the most clear organization of flow production is the construction of a flow in which the flow rhythm represents a constant amount of time and is equal to the flow step.

The flow-grabbing method is used in the construction of buildings and structures; flow-linear - during the construction of structures or structures of a linear-extended nature (roads, main pipelines, canals, radio towers). With this method, teams of workers move sequentially, one after another, along the track at a constant speed.

Recently, the demand for all types of construction work has increased significantly. The reason for this is the constant desire for change. Some purchase new housing, others create a unique design. Construction and installation work, which will be discussed in the article, includes a huge range of activities. We'll talk about them today.

Types of jobs

First of all, construction and installation work is divided into actions related to general construction and special manipulations. Common processes include the following types:

• earthen;
• concrete or reinforced concrete;
• stone;
• finishing;
• carpentry;
• roofing

Special events include the following:

The scope of construction work directly depends on the purpose and expected result. The more global the construction, the greater the volume will be.

Depending on how many processes are performed by machines, there are:

• fully mechanized work,
• partially mechanized,
• manual labor.

Types of construction work may also differ in the complexity of their implementation. Simple ones are those that can be carried out by one person or a small group of builders. At the same time, the processes are logically connected with each other according to the specifics of execution. Complex work is considered to be those that involve a large number of people, as well as various construction equipment. However, there are cases when a complex of simple manipulations is performed in the same way.

Home construction

If you are planning to build a house, then you will have to master all types of construction work. This happens in stages.

• The first thing it all starts with is the excavation process, during which the foundation is built, the walls are erected, and the basement is made.
• The second stage of construction is work already above ground, namely: installation of structures, laying walls from the selected material, construction of openings, manipulation of wood and roof.
• The third and final stage is finishing the house. At the same time, you carry out work on the wiring and all electrical equipment in the room.

Major renovation

Repair and construction work is divided into two categories: capital and current. What is meant by these concepts? The need for a major overhaul of the building is, first of all, indicated by its appearance. These are not just scuffs and minor problems. As a rule, this is global destruction, collapses and strong faults.

Works that are classified as major repairs:

• restoration of destroyed parts of a building, house, apartment;
• global reconstruction and replacement of main structures;
• strengthening elements that have become unusable.

Maintenance

Current repairs also represent repair and construction work, but such processes are much smaller in volume and do not cover much of the area involved. Moreover, such orders are cheaper. It is worth saying that prices for construction work depend entirely on the volume and complexity of the process being performed.

The need for routine repairs appears much more often than the need for major works. A person’s need to live in comfortable conditions tells him when it’s time to make an update.

Types of construction work that are classified as current repairs:

• partial replacement of elements of the floor, walls, roof and other places;
• wall correction;
• door repair;
• changing wallpaper, parquet, linoleum;
• painting walls, floors, ceilings;
• work to eliminate gaps, cracks, leaks.

Construction materials

The quality of construction work largely depends on the qualifications of the craftsman. However, the final result, that is, the external beauty and reliability of the structure, depends on the choice of material. In the modern construction products market there is a huge number of different companies offering their services. Sometimes it can be difficult to choose high-quality material on your own, so trust the advice of experts. It is best if the choice is made directly by the order executor. This way you can make a claim at the end of the process. Otherwise it will be difficult to do this.

Let's give an example of choosing a material for housing construction. For example, if you decide to build a house made of wood, then at your service:

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages. And the choice must be made by someone who knows all the features of the process and the purpose of construction. But these types of bricks are available for those who are building a stone house:

• ceramic;
• silicate;
• facing;
• façade;
• stove

Just by the name it becomes clear for what purpose the brick was made, but there are still nuances in terms of manufacturer and quality. Sometimes the same material from different manufacturers is radically different from each other. Be careful when choosing such products, because this is half the success in construction.

Finishing

Construction and finishing work is the creation of a kind of “soul” of the room. It is at this stage that it takes on its final form. In some cases, all the work, including finishing the premises, is performed by the same contractor, but sometimes it becomes necessary to find another contractor. During the finishing process, the flooring is manipulated, wallpaper is applied, walls are painted, and stone and wood are worked with. Using high-quality material, you guarantee yourself a unique type of housing. In addition, you need to think about its strength and safety.

Design

Describing the types of construction work, sooner or later we come to the design of the room. This is a special science that is not accessible to many people. The presence of finances and desire does not mean the presence of taste. Therefore, when developing the design of a room, we recommend that you seek advice from specialists if you are not sure of a good result. A professional will carefully analyze all the features of your premises and develop an option that will look best on you.

There are many design secrets. One of them is the process of selecting the color scheme of the room. Shades are of great importance in design. They show or hide flaws. Here are some examples:

• in a room that is constantly exposed to the sun, it is better to use cool colors: blue, blue-green, blue-violet;
• on the north side it is better to give preference to warm colors: red, yellow, orange;
• white, gray, black colors are considered neutral, so they can be used in any room;
• it is important to maintain the color – colors that combine with each other, otherwise the room will look awkward;
• When combining colors, you can follow two directions: contrast and nuance. The first is acceptable for the kitchen, living room, hallway, and the second, calmer, is suitable for bedrooms and children's rooms.

The mood of the people living in it depends on what room design you choose. This has been proven by scientists.

Style

When discussing construction and finishing work, one cannot ignore such a topic as the style of construction. After all, when a person decides to build a house, the first thing he imagines is what his home will look like. What are the most common house styles now?

In many ways, the style of the building depends on the financial capabilities of the customer.

Prices

Prices for construction work vary depending on the contractor and the complexity of the process. Each company has a price list with rates. Before placing an order, read all documents and clarify details. It is very important to find out the reasons why prices for certain works may be increased. It is best if the cost of the entire order is indicated initially. Then at the end of construction you will not have an unpleasant surprise.

And lastly, work only with trusted companies. Nowadays there are a lot of scammers or simply unskilled workers. The ideal option would be if you act on the recommendation.

Construction and installation work is the general name for all work performed during the construction of a building or structure directly at the construction site. The work is usually called construction or installation depending on the process being performed.

Assembly work is work performed using ready-made parts, such as the installation of reinforced concrete structures, elevators, etc.

Construction work is divided into general construction, special, transport and loading and unloading.

Civil works- these are works related to the construction of building structures of buildings and structures and are divided according to the type of processed materials into earthen, stone, concrete, etc., according to the constructed structural elements - into roofing, plaster, etc.

Excavation - This is work on digging pits and trenches for foundations, for individual supports, for underground communications, transportation (loading, moving, unloading) and loosening of soil, planning the building area, backfilling and filling, soil compaction.

Pile work- this includes driving or driving piles, installing pile foundations.

Stone work- this is work on the construction of stone structures (walls, piers, pillars) from piece stones and blocks, rubble and rubble concrete masonry, masonry from processed natural stones of the correct shape, bricks, artificial stones and large blocks.

Concrete and reinforced concrete works- this is work on the construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures: preparing the concrete mixture, transporting and laying it with compaction into formwork; creating the conditions necessary for concrete hardening; monolithization of sections and joints between prefabricated elements, etc. When erecting reinforced concrete monolithic structures, they also perform formwork work- this is a formwork device and reinforcing- this is the installation of reinforcement cages in the formwork.

Installation of structures- this is a complex of works for delivery to the workplace, installation, alignment and fastening of finished parts and elements (steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, wood, asbestos-cement, etc.)

Carpentry and joinery work- this is work on delivery to the workplace and installation of finished wooden products (rafters, windows, doors), as well as laying floors made of boards and parquet.

Roofing- this is work performed during the installation of attic and non-attic roof coverings. In one case, the coating is made from steel and asbestos-cement sheets, in the other, rolled materials (tar paper, glassine, roofing felt) are glued onto the prepared base.

Selected works- plastering, cladding, painting, wallpapering of buildings and premises. Plastering work is carried out, as a rule, with mechanized supply and application of mortar, and for small volumes of work - manually. Cladding work is carried out after the completion of stone work using large-sized slabs and small-sized tiles, as well as facing sheet materials. Work on painting structures and wallpapering are classified as painting. Finishing also includes work on covering floors with linoleum, plastic, etc.

Special works - These are works related to special types of materials and production methods used in the construction of structures or structures. For example, the installation of mine shafts, lining or lining of technological units and devices with acid-resistant or fire-resistant masonry, the application of anti-corrosion coatings to structures, as well as the installation of power, lighting, telephone and other networks, installation of sanitary systems and devices, elevators.

Transport and loading and unloading operations- these works include the delivery of materials, structures and parts, fixtures, equipment and tools to construction sites and workplaces.