Appointment of railway transport. Railway Transport - Abstract
Transport infrastructure plays one of the primary roles in strengthening and maintaining the state economy. Thanks to the development of railway transport in Russia, carrying out transportation of bulky and multi-ton cargo, the full-fledged work of all sectors of the national economy, the supply of regions, and industrial enterprises is ensured. Rail transport is essential for ensuring the economic security and integrity of the country.
Russian Railways
Today, Russian Railways is an all-encompassing transport system with thousands of passenger traffic and freight turnover. Actual indicators of technical equipment testify to the real prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia. It can be briefly described using the following data:
- operational length - more than 90 thousand km;
- the total length of double-track lines is more than 40 thousand km;
- electrified lines - about 40 thousand km;
- the length of the main tracks is 126.3 thousand km.
Rolling stock and domestic railway facilities allow freight transportation on trains weighing 10-12 thousand tons.
The railway transport network occupies a leading position among all modes of transport. Despite the fact that over the past decades, bus and air services have developed rapidly, Russian Railways remains the main tool for ensuring the mass movement of goods and passengers both within the country and abroad.
First railroad tracks
The history of the development of railway transport in Russia dates back to the middle of the 16th century. The first analogues of modern railways arose on the territory of stone and sand quarries, at mine excavations and coal mines. Then the road was a long lounger made of wooden beams. Horses could carry heavier loads on similar tracks than on regular country roads. The bars quickly wore out, due to which the carts often went out of the way. In order for the wooden beds to last longer, they began to be strengthened with iron, and in the XVIII century - with cast iron sheets. To prevent the descent of the carts from the tracks helped the edges on the beds.
So, in Petrozavodsk in 1778 a rail made of cast iron was built, the length of which was 160 m. At that time, the ruts were built much more modern (no more than 80 cm), and the rail itself was angular.
The period of development of railway transport in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is characterized by a more intense pace. 30 years after the construction of the first 160-meter cast-iron track, a two-kilometer horse-cast-iron road appeared. A significant leap in the history of the development of railway transport in Russia occurred in the period from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.
So, in 1913, the mileage of the railway network within the current borders of the country reached almost 72 thousand km. At the same time, the paths were placed randomly and unevenly. Most of the roads were in the European part of Russia. The locomotive fleet consisted of low-capacity steam locomotives (500-600 hp), and freight cars of a biaxial type had an average carrying capacity of 15 tons.
Development Strategies for Russian Railways
In 2008, the Government approved a concept for improving the railway infrastructure up to 2030. The strategy for the development of railway transport in Russia contains a description of the set of planned measures to create and improve railways, improve existing ones and adopt new requirements for rolling stock.
This program is divided into two stages. The first was implemented from 2008 to 2015, the second was launched from 2016. The development of railway transport in Russia is based on the principles of increasing the resource and raw materials potential of the industry and introducing innovative modern technologies. The currently relevant Strategy involves the construction of more than 20 thousand km of roads until 2030.
To date, the construction of railways has already been completed:
- Midnight - Obskaya - Salekhard (length about 850 km);
- Prokhorovka - Zhuravka - Bataysk (the total length of the tracks is about 750 km);
- Kyzyl - Kuragino (460 km);
- Tommot - Yakutsk, including a site on the left bank of the Lena (550 km).
If the planned measures for the construction and commissioning of railways are implemented, the total length of the routes to the end of the term will increase by 20-25%. The document, which defines the role of the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia, focuses on the importance of this system of passenger and freight services for solving problems of strengthening economic sovereignty, national security and increasing the level of defense. In addition, the above Strategy implies a reduction in total costs in the transport segment of the national economy. An interesting detail in this context is that a similar plan, which is being implemented in parallel with the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation, was drawn up exclusively for the development of railway transport in Russia.
The real situation in the railway infrastructure
In recent years, a decline in production and a decrease in labor productivity indicators have been noticeable on Russian railways. The used rolling stock not only prevents the increase in cargo turnover, but also helps to increase the number of emergency situations on the ruts. Immediate reconstruction and major repairs are required for a significant number of railway stations and railway stations.
Today, the railways of our country operate trains, wagons, locomotives and special equipment produced in the USSR, Germany and Czechoslovakia. The issue of the release of new equipment is under the control of the commercial holding companies Transmashholding, Sinara, IST and the state-owned enterprise Uralvagonzavod. Over the past ten years, rolling stock on the most popular routes "Moscow - St. Petersburg" and "St. Petersburg - Helsinki" replenished with high-speed trains of the German company Siemens and the French manufacturer Alstom.
The main player on which the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia depend is JSC Russian Railways. The companies of this largest holding in the country own their own railway infrastructure, a fleet of wagons and rolling stocks.
Cargo transportation on Russian Railways
In Russia, there are several types of freight traffic on rail tracks:
- local - within the same route;
- direct - within the boundaries of one or more railway junctions under a single travel document;
- direct mixed - means combined transportation by several means of transport (in addition to railway, water, automobile, air, water-automobile, etc. can be used);
- direct international - is carried out during the carriage of goods on road sections of two or more states according to a single document.
Features of the development of railway transport in Russia, engaged in the transport of goods, are the differences in speed of delivery. So, the bulk of freight trains is engaged in the transport of goods for which specific transport conditions are not required. Cargo compartments in passenger trains (luggage compartments) are intended for the transport of mail, correspondence, and personal belongings of passengers. For the delivery of perishable goods using high-speed rolling stock. The maximum permissible speed with which trains can move is 160 km / h.
Features of land railways in the capital
Other regions may envy the development of railway transport in Moscow. Despite the relevance of constantly upgrading metro lines, it is planned to build and reconstruct about 80 kilometers of railways in the capital over the next 2-3 years. By 2019, according to a representative of the Moscow urban development complex, five new stations will appear in the city at once.
Despite the fact that just a few years ago, intercity and intercity trains in Moscow were considered obsolete and ineffective, today experts say that land railways are able to provide the same carrying capacity, the same traffic frequency, traffic volume and passenger comfort that there are subway. In addition, the authorities of the capital are confident that the construction of railways is a less expensive industry than the construction of the metro.
The length of Moscow is more than 13 thousand kilometers of railways, despite the fact that this type of transport serves about 30 million passengers, and this is approximately one fifth of the Russian population. Another feature of the development of railway transport in Moscow is the exit of infrastructure far beyond the borders of the metropolitan area and the coverage of about ten subjects of the Central Federal District. The thing is that the railway of the capital was originally intended as an intersubject infrastructure, which allows solving inter-regional and inter-city problems of transport communication. Fundamental changes have occurred since the launch of the MCC.
Ring railway artery of Moscow
The central one, which launched the MCC, explained the success of the project by the appearance of the actual possibility of movement in any direction of the railway connection with a transfer. This system of commuter trains was created to integrate radial stations. Now Muscovites and guests of the capital do not experience problems with trips outside the Moscow Ring Road. So, for example, it will not be difficult to get from the Kazan direction to the Severyanin by transferring to the MCC along the Frazier or towards the Yaroslavl highway.
Since the opening of the Moscow Central Ring in less than a year, almost 100 million passengers have traveled through it. Despite the increased popularity of trains, while they are used as an alternative and additional form of railway transport in Russia. The development stages of the MCC are implemented along the path of strengthening the integration of the subway with the land rail network.
The main problems of railway in our country
Along with the strengthening of the industrial economic sector, there is a stage of formation and development of railway transport in Russia. The problems of this sphere are gaining importance against the backdrop of global trends in technological and technical modernization, the introduction of innovative developments in railway transport.
At the moment, it is necessary to strive to reduce the gap between the quality of Russian railways, rolling stock and the infrastructure of foreign competitors. To first of all, it is necessary to consistently solve the main industry problems and eliminate a number of issues that impede the targeted development of railway transport in Russia.
It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main purpose of the functioning of the railway system is fast, convenient, inexpensive (that is, economically viable) and safe transportation of passengers and delivery of goods not only within the country, but also abroad. The main problems of the Russian railways as an integral infrastructure are two negative determinants:
- the lack of economic progress and the effectiveness of the provision of transport services, including lack of speed, low level of comfort with the unreasonably high cost of passenger transportation;
- low degree of technical reliability and operational safety of trains and rail tracks.
The first group includes conflicts of the technological and managerial sectors, negating the feasibility of the railway infrastructure and inhibiting the growth of its financial efficiency. The second category includes the difficulties of technical production, equipment and operation: problems of the safe operation of equipment, technical means, the lack of a fully functioning model of labor protection for industry employees, and adverse environmental impacts on adjacent territories. These problems will only worsen with the development of railway transport in Russia.
Briefly about solutions to problems
To eliminate the described imperfections of the domestic railway infrastructure, it will be necessary to take a set of measures for its effective modernization, which guarantees the integrity and strengthening of the economic space of the Russian Federation, but does not infringe on the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement. The current Strategy involves a phased solution to the problems of railway transport by creating conditions in Russia to achieve the fundamental geopolitical and geoeconomic goals of the state. No less important is the reloading and updating of the existing infrastructure base, which is fundamentally significant for socio-economic growth in the country. For the development of the railway industry, it is also necessary:
- to provide transport accessibility for resource provision points and production progress;
- to allocate additional jobs, provide railway workers with social guarantees, including the right to annual rest, the right to treatment, and education;
- bring the level of quality and safety of passenger traffic in accordance with the requirements of the population and international standards;
- to provide maximum carrying capacity and reserves to create the optimal number of offers in case of market fluctuations;
- continue integration into the international railway system;
- maintain a high level of emergency response skills consistent with defense and security requirements;
- strive to increase the investment attractiveness of railway infrastructure;
- maintain social stability in the sphere and ensure a decent quality of life for workers, observe the priority of youth policy and support for industry veterans;
- introduce high standards of labor productivity with sustainable provision of the transportation process by qualified specialists.
Is it worth developing railway transport?
In an age of overwhelming integration processes, railway infrastructure has acquired the status of a mechanism, a kind of lever for the division of labor. In addition, the railway sector can be considered as a strategic object of the impact of globalization processes in the world. Russian railways are also a high-tech theoretical field of economics. In order to maintain the achieved position and continue to improve the infrastructure, it is important to create all the conditions for the latest scientific and technical developments in the country.
Railways in Russia annually increase by several thousand kilometers. The sphere of railway transport is an integral segment of the modern economy of developed countries.
To date, almost a million kilometers of railways have been laid in the leading countries of the world. Many inventions have been invented to improve railway transport: from trains moving from electricity to trains that move on a magnetic cushion without touching the rails.
Some inventions have firmly entered our lives, while others have remained at the level of plans. For example, the development of locomotives that would run on nuclear energy, but because of the high danger to the environment and the high financial costs, they were never built.
Now the world's first railway is being developed for a gravitational train, which will move due to its inertia and
Rail transport has great potential. Invented more and more new ways to travel by rail, despite the fact that, it seems, everything in this area has long been invented.
The origin of railway transport
The very first railways began to appear in the middle of the 16th century throughout Europe. It could not be called railway in full. Trolleys that pulled horses rode along the tracks.
Basically, such roads were used in the development of stone, in mines and mines. They were made of wood, and horses could carry a load of much more weight on them than on a normal road.
But such rail tracks had a significant drawback: they quickly wore out, and the carts went out of the way. In order to reduce wear on the wood, cast iron or iron strips have been used for reinforcement.
The first railways, the rails of which are made entirely of cast iron, began to be used only in the 18th century.
First public railway
The world's first passenger railroad was built in England on October 27, 1825. It connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington, and it was originally assumed that coal would be transported from mines to the port of Stockon through it.
The railroad project was handled by engineer George Stephenson, who already had experience operating and managing the railways in Killingworth. To begin the construction of the road, I had to wait for parliamentary approval for four years. The innovation had many opponents. Horse owners did not want to lose their income.
The very first train carrying passengers was converted from coal trolleys. And in 1833, for the rapid transportation of coal, the road was completed to Middlesbrough.
In 1863, the road became part of the Northeast Railway, which is still in operation to this day.
Underground railway
The world's first railway, which ran underground, was a breakthrough in the field of public transport. The first to build it were the British. The need for a subway appeared at a time when the inhabitants of London fully got acquainted with traffic jams.
In the first half of the 19th century, clusters of various carts appeared on the central streets of the city. Therefore, they decided to “unload” traffic flows by creating a tunnel underground.
The design of the London underground tunnel was invented by the Frenchman Mark Isambar Brunel, who lived in the UK.
The construction of the tunnel was completed in 1843. At first it was used only as but later the idea of \u200b\u200bthe subway was born. And on January 10, 1893, the grand opening of the first underground railway took place.
Locomotive traction was used on it, and the length of the paths was only 3.6 kilometers. The average number of passengers carried was 26 thousand people.
In 1890, there was a modification of the compounds, and they began to move not on steam traction, but on electricity.
Magnetic Railway
The world's first railway, on which trains moved on, was patented in 1902 by the German Alfred Zeiden. Erection attempts were made in many countries, but the first was presented at the International Transport Exhibition in Berlin in 1979. She worked only three months.
Trains on the magnetic railway move without touching the rails, and the only braking force for the train is the force of aerodynamic drag.
Today they cannot compete with the railway and the subway, because, despite the high speed of movement and noiselessness (some trains can reach speeds of up to 500 km / h), they have a number of significant drawbacks.
Firstly, large financial investments will be required to create and maintain magnetic roads. Secondly, magnetic cushion trains. Thirdly, it does great harm to the environment. And fourthly, the magnetic railway has a very complex track infrastructure.
In many countries, including the Soviet Union, they planned to create such roads, but later abandoned this idea.
Railways in Russia
For the first time in Russia, the predecessors of full-fledged railways were used in Altai in 1755 - these were wooden rails in mines.
In 1788, the first railway was built in Petrozavodsk for factory needs. And for passenger traffic in 1837 the railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo appeared. Steam-driven trains traveled along it.
Later, in 1909, the Tsarskoye Selo Railway became part of the Imperial Line, which connected Tsarskoye Selo with all the lines of the St. Petersburg Railway.
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………........................ ..2
2. The value, the role of railway transport in the economy of the country …………… 3
3. Advantages over other modes of transport ……………………………… .5
3.1 Main cargoes ………………………………………………………………… 6
3.2 Main cargo flows ……………………………………………… .. …… .. 7
4. Characteristics of the location of railway transport …………………… 7
5. Problems of the development of the railway transport of the Russian Federation in a market economy ………………………………………………………………………………… ... 9
6. Cartographic diagram ………………………………………………………………………………… 12
7. Literature …………………………………………………………………………… .13
1. Introduction
Transport and the market are inseparable, interconnected. Their interaction accelerates the development of each of them and thereby the entire economy. The emergence of markets is impossible without transport. The development of the latter favors the growth of marketability of the economy, the involvement of new territories and producers in the exchange process, and causes an increase in the capacity of the domestic market. From this we can conclude that the degree of development of transport determines the degree of development of the market and its capabilities. Transport, which is the most important component of the production forces of society, affects their development through its demand for vehicles, the necessary equipment, materials and components for them. Investments in the country's transport potential increase not only production, but also consumer demand. The multiplicative effect of transport investments then becomes an accelerator of consumer and total aggregate demand, expressed in GDP growth.
In economic relations, transport with its various types, interconnected, interchangeable and in competition with each other, occupies a special place. Transport is one of the most important areas of material production. The transportation of various goods from areas of their production to areas of consumption is its main function.
Transport is a material carrier of ties between regions, industries, enterprises. The transport factor affects the distribution of production, without taking it into account it is impossible to achieve a rational distribution of productive forces. Transport is also important in solving social and economic problems. The provision of the territory with a well-developed transport system is one of the important factors in attracting the population and production, as well as an important advantage for the deployment of productive forces and gives an integration effect. Transport provides employment 6.3% of the average annual number of all employed in the economy.
Transport products (transport work) is the movement of goods and people, measured respectively in ton-kilometers (freight turnover) and passenger-kilometers (passenger traffic). The total transport costs of the national economy in the sphere of production and circulation make up about 10% of the country's GDP.
The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at more fully providing the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.
Rail transport is the main transport system of the Russian Federation. Without his participation, not a single resource, not a single production factor can be reproduced.
2 Importance, role of railway transport in the country's economy
The main mode of transport in the Russian Federation is railway. It accounts for more than 80 and about 40% of the total volume, respectively, of freight and passenger traffic by public transport. Railways, being the main transport system of the Russian Federation, have extremely important state, economic, social and defense significance. They are required to timely, high-quality and complete satisfaction of the needs of the population, consignors and consignees in transportation.
Rail transport is divided into:
Public transport - transport transporting
cargo and passengers, whoever they were presented.
Trunk, or external transport carries out economic
transportation between producers and consumers of products and transports
passengers.
Departmental transport - transport that carries out transportation of its
departments or enterprises.
On-farm transport satisfies mainly
technological needs of production within individual enterprises.
Rail transport has a paramount role in transporting goods. Railways connect all the regions and districts of our vast country, with an area of \u200b\u200b17.8 million km, and in the absence of good roads ensure the transportation needs of the population and the normal circulation of industrial and agricultural products.
Rail transport plays a leading role in the system of communication routes of Russia, railways are most adapted to mass transportation. They function day and night, regardless of the season and atmospheric conditions, which is especially important for Russia with its different climatic zones. Railways are a universal mode of transport for transporting all types of cargo in inter-district and intra-district traffic.
The length of railways is 7% of the world, and the share in world rail freight turnover is 25%, passenger turnover is 15%. In terms of operational track length, Russia is second only to the United States, and in terms of the length of electrified roads and electric locomotive fleet, it ranks first in the world. Such a powerful development of this type of transport is due to the huge size of the country's territories, the peculiarities of the distribution of the productive forces of Russia, the intensive exchange of products and resources of all its regions.
The emergence of railways of national importance was a new stage in the development of commodity - money and social relations. They accelerated the development of production, the decomposition of subsistence farming, contributed to the involvement of agricultural and especially grain-producing areas in the sphere of commodity exchange. They played an important role in equalizing prices in Russian regional markets. With the development of railway transport, indicators of the Russian economy improved. The rhythmic functioning of the entire economy, the stability of its growth rates, and the level of balance of the entire reproduction process largely depend on its work, on the timely delivery of people and goods to its destination. In the current Russian conditions, only railway transport is capable of making a breakthrough, which should be strengthened and expanded through the connection of all other modes of transport.
3 Advantages over other modes of transport
Features of this type of transport, its advantages over others: all-weather, high reliability, the ability to carry out mass transportation of people and goods at relatively high speeds and low costs. Under such conditions, only this type of communication could become the main transport, economic and national security of the country.
Rail transport has a number of advantages, which also determine its predominant development in the country. The industry is characterized by relatively free placement, reliability, regularity, and versatility, regardless of the time of year, day, or weather conditions. It makes it possible to carry out mass transportation of goods and passengers, which strengthens its advantages, increasing labor productivity, and significantly reduces the cost of transportation. In addition, it allows you to save liquid hydrocarbon fuel due to the wide electrification of traction. Rail transport is especially effective in long-distance transportation, and taking into account the vast space of the territory of Russia, in the future it will remain the leading mode of transport and mass freight transportation over long distances, and in passenger transportation over medium distances, and in suburban traffic.
Railways, in comparison with other types of transport, have less impact on the environment and have less energy consumption for transportation. The generally recognized advantages of railways over other modes of transport are efficiency (relatively low transportation costs), resource conservation, environmental preference (in terms of noise and environmental protection), traffic safety.
Technical and economic features and advantages of railway transport are as follows:
Possibility of construction on any land territory, using
bridges, tunnels and ferries - the implementation of railway communications and with
divided, including island, territories (such as between
mainland and Sakhalin Island);
Mass transportation and high carrying capacity of railways;
Universality of use for transportation of various cargoes and
the possibility of mass transportation of goods and passengers at high speed;
The regularity of transportation regardless of the time of year, time of day or weather;
The ability to create a direct link between large enterprises in
access roads and the provision of door-to-door cargo delivery without expensive transshipments;
Compared to water transport, usually a shorter path
transportation of goods;
The relatively low cost of transportation compared to other modes of transport, except for pipelines.
3.1 Main cargo
The main cargoes of railway transport are coal (23%), construction cargo (16.2), oil and oil products (15), iron and manganese ore (8.6), ferrous metals (6), timber cargo (4.5) as well as chemical and mineral fertilizers, cement, grain and animal feed, non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal scrap, coke, engineering products, etc.
3.2 Main cargo flows
The main cargo flows of coal are formed in the Kuznetsk basin, and significant transportations are also carried out from Ukraine (Dombass) and from Kazakhstan (Karaganda). Coal is delivered to the Urals, to the central regions, to the Volga region. The main oil cargo flows come from Western Siberia, the Urals, the Volga region, and the North Caucasus. The bulk of timber cargo comes from the European North and from Siberia. The main cargo flows of ferrous metals are determined by the exchange of products between the metallurgical bases of Central, Siberian and Southern (in Ukraine) and close ties with consumers: Center, North Caucasus, North-West. Bread goods are formed in forest-steppe and sedate zones and go to densely populated consuming areas.
4 Characteristics of the location of railway transport
The economic profile of the region, its specialization, the degree of interconnectedness of production usually very strongly affect the layout and structure of the transport network, its size and technical equipment, the volume and structure of transportation work. Other factors influence the nature of transport in the area, for example, the natural conditions of the territory, the level of economic development achieved by the area. However, the influence of economic and geographical conditions is decisive for transport.
Rail transport is placed unevenly. A dense and extensive railway network has the European part of the country. Network configuration - radial - ring with a center in Moscow. The main highways depart from the Moscow railway junction in the direction of Donbass, Odessa, Baku, Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Tashkent, Minsk, Riga, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and other cities.
In the eastern part of the country, the railway network has a pronounced latitudinal direction with low branching. The main highway connecting the center with the Urals, Siberia and the Far East and having a length of 9332 km. Is the Transcontinental Railway: Moscow-Ryazan-Ruzayevka-Syzran-Samara-Ufa-Chelyabinsk-Irkutsk-Chita-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok. The Baikal-Amur Railway was built: Ust-Kut-Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Of great importance for Russia are the South Siberian, Central Siberian and Turkestan-Siberian railways passing through the territory of Kazakhstan. In the meridian direction, the Tyumen-Surgut-Urengoy section operates.
The predominant direction in passenger traffic has two directions: southern (from Moscow in the direction of the Crimea, the Caucasus) and eastern (from Moscow via the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia to the Far East).
The density of the railway network in the Russian Federation is quite low - 5 km per 1000 square kilometers, therefore, the railway traffic is very high. The most heavily loaded railway lines are located in important directions: Center-North-West; Center-Ural; Center-Caucasus; Center-Southwest; Volga-Urals; Ural-Siberia; Siberia-Far East. The main powerful streams are coal streams. In recent years, almost no railway construction has been carried out in Russia. Only two fairly large projects are underway: in the north, construction of the Arctic highway (Labytnangi-Bovanenkovskaya) is ongoing to ensure the development of gas deposits in the Yamal Peninsula, and in the east - the Amur-Yakutsk highway (Berkatit-Tommot-Yakutsk) to provide mining centers in Yakutia.
At the present stage, it is impossible to do without the introduction of scientific and technological achievements for the development of railway transport: the electrification of railways, the creation of high-speed railways.
5 Problems of the development of railway transport of the Russian Federation in a market economy
The disadvantages include, first of all, capital intensity
railway construction and relatively slow return on advance
capital (6-8 years, and sometimes more). Railways are large consumers of metal. In addition, rail transport is a very labor-intensive industry, labor productivity in which is lower than in pipeline, sea and air transport (but higher than in automobile). On average, almost 14 people are engaged in transportation per 1 km of the operational length of Russian railways, and 1.5 people in the United States. with approximately similar volumes of transport work.
The disadvantages of the Russian railways should also include a low level of quality of transport services provided to customers. At the same time, good technical equipment and advanced technologies of Russian railways allow them to remain a completely competitive mode of transport.
One of the acute problems in the industry is barter. Rail transport more than anyone receives instead of money for services a variety of commodity values. At the same time, there are not enough funds for paying taxes, for investing in production, for settlements with suppliers, etc.
Rail transport has a complex system of cross-financing of passenger transportation at the expense of freight (passenger transportation is unprofitable), some cargo at the expense of others. This undermines the economy of the industry.
Many problems are connected with the collapse of the USSR and the breakdown of transport and economic ties. The problem of irrational transportation by rail is also relevant, it is closely associated with shortcomings in the location and development of production in many sectors of the country's economy.
However, there are also great difficulties. They are primarily associated with the deepening economic crisis, the decline in production, and thereby transportation and profits. This undermines its own investment potential. Another major problem is the high degree of wear of rolling stock with an expired service life of about 60%, which does not allow their simple reproduction only at the expense of the depreciation fund. Often, a depreciation fund of two to three units of rolling stock is required to buy one new locomotive, a wagon. This situation exacerbates the crisis situation of transport enterprises related to obtaining loans, mobilization and concentration of their own material and financial resources. It is also a difficult task to purchase new equipment and, consequently, develop new, more advanced transportation technologies, without which a way out of the crisis is impossible.
Purchase must be increased several times, since the annual need for freight cars is 75-80 thousand. Large investments are required, in strengthening the track and its overhaul, as well as in the construction of a number of directions of second tracks, access roads to terminals and ports. The condition of the track restrains in a number of directions the speed of movement of not only passenger, but also freight trains. The average speed of freight trains in Russia is approaching 80 km / h, while in many other countries it exceeds 100 km / h, and in addition, they are switching to a high-speed passenger train system. Russian Railways also solve this problem. We need locomotives and wagons that have not only higher carrying capacity, speed, but also economical in the consumption of electricity and diesel fuel.
These costs in transport costs occupy a large share. Their reduction is an important reserve for increasing the competitiveness of railways. Russia is faced with the task of not only updating locomotives, wagons, modernizing tracks, but also building new railways. There are too few of them in our country relative to the territory and the size of its population.
Joining forces requires the problem of internationalization of inter-farm relations. For these purposes, Russian Railways is building access roads to ports, acquiring shares in a number of them, including a blocking package. The same applies to ferry services. One of them, Ust-Luga-Baltiysk-German Ports, allows delivering trains to Germany, and then, possibly, further.
An important direction in the development of international rail transportation is the cooperation of countries in which the track gauge is 1520 mm. The magnitude of this phenomenon, as well as orders from other states for the construction, design of railways and other works, creates the conditions for turning this corporation into a transcontinental one.
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Rail transport today is the leading among universal types of passenger and cargo transportation in many large countries of the world, including Russia. This is due primarily to geographical features. It is convenient, economical, and relatively safe to travel by rail in long distances.
Land rail transport is rooted in the distant past. It is known that in ancient times people did not have the need to move bulky goods. Everything that is needed was carried on itself. With the development of civilization, transportation also improved. Rafts were used on the water, then boats. On land - carts drawn by animals.
It appeared around the XVI century. Then, wooden lodges were used to deliver goods from mines and mines. But, as you know, wood is not the highest strength material. For long distances and for a long time, such transportation was impossible. Science of the past has found a way out. But the first land rail track was of industrial importance. It was intended to deliver coal from mines to the villages of Wallaton and Strelli near Nottingham. And already in the XVIII century the first Russian cast-iron rut 160 meters long saw the light.
At first, only wide railroad tracks were built in the world. Practical only appeared in the 19th century. They quickly gained recognition, spread. Soon narrow gauge railways began to be used not only between raw material bases and industrial enterprises. They connected remote areas of various countries with their economic centers.
In the twentieth century, the development of railway transport went through different stages. In the last years of the existence of Tsarist Russia, narrow gauge railways were actively built. After the revolution and with the emergence of the USSR, there was a certain lull. The Stalin era gave a new impetus to Russia. They became famous "camp lines." After the collapse of the Gulag system, narrow gauge railways ceased to be actively built. In general, such railways were widely used in Russia until the 1900s.
Today, in most countries of the world, rail transport is divided into industrial, urban (trams) and general use (passenger, intercity freight). Modern compositions bear little resemblance to their predecessors from the 19th century. The history of railway transport is a two-century-long journey from the first steam locomotive in 1803 through electric locomotives and diesel locomotives of the early twentieth century to and. Today there is civilian, military equipment.
The history of the development of railway transport includes the names of engineers and mechanics from different countries: (Scotland), (France), (England), (England), (Russia), (England), Rudolf Diesel (Germany), Russian engineers, inventors, many others.
Today, a network of railways connects many countries. You can get on the train to almost any European state, the pearls of the Middle East. Indochina railway network connects Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Singapore. Trains run in North, South America, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Haiti, the Philippines, Australia, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Madagascar, Cuba, Fiji, Jamaica, Japan. And progress in the railway industry is steadily moving forward.
Since the wooden canvas quickly deteriorated, it prompted inventors to turn to more durable materials, such as iron or cast iron. But the modernization did not end there, in view of the frequent departures of the carts from the gauge, original edges (edges) were invented.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating rail transportation came to the minds of humanity in ancient times. So, in ancient Greece there was a so-called diolk, which is a stone path along which heavy ships moved through the Corinthian isthmus by drag. Then in the role of guides were deep gutters, in which runners greased with animal fat were placed.
Initially, the gauge was very wide. This was due to the fact that the large distance between the wheels was considered as safer, since a narrow track was considered for a long time to be much more often prone to emergency situations associated with gatherings and overturns of cars. Therefore, the first narrow-gauge railways began to appear only several decades after the emergence of broad-gauge "brothers."
By the beginning of the 20th century, quite a large number of narrow-gauge railway tracks existed in the vastness of Russia. Basically, the target orientation of using this type of railway was quite narrow - narrow gauge railways were widely used for transporting peat and wood. In the future, it is these railway lines that will become the basis for the formation of narrow gauge railways in our state.
In the UK there were quite a few people who considered rail transport to be very promising, but besides them there were also ardent opponents of the construction of railways. And then, when the question arose of the construction of a new railway line connecting Manchester and Liverpool between themselves, a great many discussions and discussions arose about this.
On the land close to the city of Darlington, there was a huge number of coal mines, from which coal was delivered to Stockton (a city on the Tees) and from there reached the ports of the North Sea. This ferry was initially carried out in horse-drawn carts, which took a rather large amount of time and was very unproductive.
Over time, it became clear that the transport of passengers and goods by rail is two disproportionately different things. So different that they require not only different types of cars in the train, but also completely diverse locomotives. While smooth ride and high speed are paramount for passengers, when transporting cargo, priority is given to power and a high level of traction.
In the thirties of the XIX century, vast land in the territory of the then Perm province belonged to a breeder named Ivan Demidov. These were iron and copper smelters, as well as iron-making enterprises and mines. In total, about forty thousand serf souls worked for the landowner Demidov, one of which was Cherepanov Efim.
England became the birthplace of the first public railway line, and a mode of transport such as the underground railway was born here. There were several prerequisites for the construction of the subway. The main one is considered to be the fact that already in the first half of the 19th century in London, people recognized and felt the meaning of the concept of “traffic jams”.
Once upon a time, Newcomen’s steam engine was successfully used for pumping water in mines and ship repair facilities, which lasted more than 50 years. At the same time, this whole structure had impressive dimensions and required constant replenishment of coal reserves. At times, up to 50 horses had to be used to supply the steam engine with fuel. In general, everything indicated that this unit needed improvement, the whole question was only to whom this idea would come to mind first.
This unit, invented by the Frenchman Nicolas-Jose Cugnio, was a fairly overall design. Three wheels were attached to a large platform, which became the first prototype of a steam locomotive and a car at the same time, while the front one served as the steering one. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe front wheel, a steam boiler was also fixed, and next to it was a two-cylinder steam engine. Here was a seat for the driver, and the "body" of the cart was intended for the transport of military goods.
The history of modern steam locomotives is inextricably linked with the first experiments on the creation of compact steam engines. In this matter, the famous English engineer James Watt achieved great success in the late 18th century. Its mechanisms were used in many industries and for the purpose of pumping water from mines.
Many people mistakenly believe that it was George Stephenson who first invented and constructed a modern steam locomotive. However, this is not so, the English engineer entered the world history of technology as the first person who managed to prove the indisputable advantage of locomotive transport over horse drawn traction.
The works of the Cherepanov’s father and son became a bright page in the history of not only Russian technology, but they were of great importance for the entire emerging steam locomotive industry. And it all started with the construction of steam engines, the first of which had a capacity of only 4 horsepower. A big influence on the elder Cherepanov, Efim, had a trip to England, where he could see with his own eyes the Stephenson's brainchild.
The creators of the first mechanisms moving on rails were very worried that the smooth wheels of their units would start to slip and lose traction with the railroad track. And, despite the fact that by that time the Trevitika steam locomotive had already been constructed, which successfully transported passengers and goods, experiments in this direction continued.
For the first time, an internal combustion engine used to move a locomotive was designed by German engineer Gottlieb Daimler. A demonstration of the new moving mechanism was made on September 27, 1887. Residents of Stuttgart and city visitors could observe with their own eyes the movement of a motris with a narrow-gauge transmission, which was driven by a two-cylinder internal combustion engine.
For a long time, locomotive manufacturers competed and collaborated, trying to determine their optimal design and assembly of units. In the 20s of the twentieth century in the young Soviet republic, work was underway to create two vehicles at once for the transport of goods and passengers. These were the locomotives of Gakkel and Lomonosov.
At the end of World War II, many industrial giants gradually began to reorient themselves towards peaceful products. At this time, more economically advantageous diesel traction continues to push steam locomotive on all fronts. In the United States of America, the leader in the field of diesel locomotive is General Motors. Along with another technical “monster,” General Electric, this North American manufacturer is today one of the industry’s flagships.
Before the focus of the Russian diesel locomotive industry was focused on the implementation of the ideas of Jacob Gakkel and Yuri Lomonosov, many projects were considered in scientific circles. Some of the developments have grown into prototypes, and some have remained on paper, today history remembers both those and others.
The idea of \u200b\u200busing electric energy to power machines that perform mechanical work has been around for quite some time. So, back in 1834, the researcher Jacobi designed an electric motor with a rotating armature, subsequently his developments had a great influence on the development of ideas for electric traction.
Even the cars that the Russian Empire acquired abroad, still had to be redone and adapted to local conditions. After all, wagons abroad were intended for trips over fairly short distances with frequent parking and for use in countries where the climate was significantly milder than in Russia.
Even during the construction of the very first railroad for public use, laid between Manchester and Liverpool, some ill-wishers talked about the project manager, George Stephenson, that he started this entire construction project only in order to find practical use for steam locomotives manufactured at the personal Stephenson steam locomotive plant .