Optional reserves in the usn. The reserve for vacations during the transition to the simplified tax system increases the tax base
The organization is on a simplified tax system: income minus expenses. Is it obligatory to form estimated liabilities and reserves?
An organization on a simplified taxation system creates three types of reserves in accounting: a reserve for doubtful debts, a reserve for impairment of financial investments, a reserve for reducing the value of material assets.
Estimated liabilities in accounting, including the reserve for warranty repairs and vacation pay, do not need to be formed.
For tax purposes, an organization on a simplified tax system is not entitled to take into account the costs of creating any reserves when calculating a single tax.
How to create a reserve for vacation pay
STS
Simplified organizations cannot create a tax reserve for vacation pay.
If an organization pays a single income tax, it does not take into account any expenses, including expenses in the form of deductions to reserves (Clause 1, Article 346.14 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Organizations that pay a single tax on the difference between income and expenses will also not be able to create a reserve. After all, they take into account expenses upon payment (paragraph 2 of article 346.17 of the Tax Code). That is, vacation expenses will reduce the single tax base only at the time they are paid to the employee. And they cannot be taken into account in advance by creating a reserve. Therefore, in the closed list of recorded expenses, which is in paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, deductions to any reserves are not named.
How to create a reserve for warranty repairs and warranty services for goods and finished products (works)
STS
Regardless of the chosen object of taxation, organizations that use simplification are not entitled to take into account the costs of creating any reserves when calculating the single tax. Including reserve for warranty repairs (warranty service). This type of expense is not provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. If the organization pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses, the actual costs of warranty repairs reduce the tax base on a common basis (subparagraph 25 para. 1 article 346.16, paragraph 2 article 346.17 of the Tax Code).
What reserves in accounting should create organizations using the simplified tax system
Provide reserves in accounting in the presence of appropriate circumstances should all firms on the simplified tax system, regardless of the object of taxation. Therefore, in the article you will find useful information for yourself.
Reserves are some kind of exotic. So, probably, most accountants who keep records in organizations on the simplified tax system think. Indeed, this is an artificial value formed by entries in the accounts. And from the accrual of many types of reserves, “simplists” are exempted. This is stated in paragraph 3 of PBU 8/2010 “Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 167н.
For example, USN payers do not need to charge reserves for warranty repairs, warranty services, and vacation pay. Immediately, in the legislation, these types of reserves are called “estimated liabilities”, since they represent the amount of future payments recorded in the present time. And “simplists” do not need to make such accruals in accounting. The exception is small companies that are issuers of publicly available securities (this is rarely the case in practice) - they are obliged to form valuation obligations according to general rules.
However, there is a second group of reserves in accounting, which is associated not with future payments, but with the devaluation of assets, that is, with a decrease in their value. The most common of this group is the allowance for doubtful debts. It is needed in order to write off bad debts (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 23, 2005 No. 07-05-06 / 353).
The second group also includes reserves for reducing the value of material assets and for the depreciation of financial investments (paragraph 25 of PBU “Accounting for inventories” and paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments”).
It is necessary to accrue such reserves so that the accounting data are not distorted. This should be done at least once a year - when preparing the annual report (,).
And absolutely all companies, including organizations using the simplification, are obliged to form a second group of reserves. Of course, provided that there are appropriate grounds for the creation of reserves (Clause and Regulation on accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.29.98 No. 34n, hereinafter referred to as the Regulation).
On a note
What to worry about for an accountant who does not charge reserves
Reserves are not shown as a separate line in the balance sheet, since they are only an adjustment value. That is, the corresponding asset or debt is reduced by their amount. Consequently, tax inspectors will only be able to find out that reserves have not been accrued if they request accounting registers or clarifications to the statements. Or when they come to the company with an on-site inspection. But even in these cases, any sanctions can be imposed only if, due to non-accrual of reserves, any of the lines of the financial statements has been distorted by at least 10%. Then, on the basis of article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, a company official (accountant or director) may be fined from 2000 to 3000 rubles.
At the same time, if the company regularly pays taxes and submits reports, controllers are unlikely to be worried about whether the company created reserves or not.
In this article, we will just talk about the second group of reserves: what, how, why, and why (briefly, information on this is presented in the table). We note right away that firms need to create reserves only in accounting. In tax accounting with a simplified taxation system, reserves are not created. Since such an obligation is not provided for by Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code.
Table Comparative characteristics of reserves created in accounting by organizations on the simplified tax system
Index | Bad debt provision | Allowance for impairment of financial investments | Reserve for reducing the value of material assets |
When to create a reserve | If there is a receivable that is not paid on time and is not secured by guarantees (pledge, surety). Or obligations that have not yet expired, but there is a likelihood that they will not be repaid by the debtor (para. And paragraph 70 of the Regulation) | When financial investments are recorded on the balance sheet for which the current market price is not determined - stocks, bonds, etc. Provided that the real value of these investments is reduced, there are no receipts on them, etc. (paragraph 37 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial attachments ") | The value of material and production values \u200b\u200blisted on the balance sheet decreased. Or they are outdated, lost their original quality (paragraph 25 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”) |
How much to include in the reserve | The company sets this value independently, depending on the financial condition of the debtor. So, it can deduct the entire amount of debt to the reserve or only part of it (paragraph 20 of the Methodological Instructions approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of December 28, 2001 No. 119n) | ||
With what frequency do deductions to the reserve | Make allocations to the reserve should be with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements (monthly, quarterly, according to the results of the year). But it is imperative to carry out this at least once a year - in the preparation of annual reports, so as not to distort its data. For example, as of December 31 (paragraph 4 of PBU 21/2008 “Accounting policies of an organization”, article 15 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-ФЗ) |
Nuances requiring special attention
Firms using the simplified tax system in accounting should create three reserves. The first is for doubtful debts. It is formed when there are debts that are past due and not secured by guarantees, in order to write off their value later.
The second is for the impairment of financial investments. It is created by those who have financial investments, the value of which has fallen significantly. The purpose of the reserve is to show the user of accounting statements real data on the assets of the company.
The third - under the reduction in the value of material assets. It is formed if the price of MPZ has decreased. A reserve is needed for the reliability of accounting.
Companies on the simplified tax system have the right not to reserve amounts for certain expenses. However, there are also such types of reserves that the “simplified person” must create.
Many accountants at Simplified believe that reserves are some abstract accounts that only large companies should use. This opinion is erroneous. Absolutely all firms must, under certain conditions, form reserves.
We must say right away that in tax accounting, “simplists” are not entitled to create reserves. The fact is that for such firms the Tax Code prescribes a closed list of expenses, in which deductions for reserves are not provided * (1). And in principle, this would be illogical, because with a “simplification”, expenses are recognized only after their actual payment * (2).
In accounting, things are different. “Simplists” are exempted from some types of reserves, but there are also types that all organizations are obliged to form.
Optional Reserves
Small business entities on the simplified tax system (with the exception of issuers of publicly placed securities) have the right not to create reserves for future expenses * (3). We are talking about liabilities with an indefinite amount or due date (estimated liabilities) * (4), for example, provisions for vacation pay, annual remuneration, warranty repairs and warranty services * (5) related to termination of operations * (6), and others.
Important! The criteria for classifying companies as small businesses are spelled out in Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-ФЗ: the share of legal entities, the number and revenue.
Required reserves
Required reserves are associated with changes in estimates. This is an adjustment of the value of an asset (liability) or a value that reflects the repayment of the value of the asset due to the emergence of new information and is not a correction of an error in reporting * (7). We are talking about reserves * (8):
- on doubtful debts;
- under the reduction in the value of inventories (hereinafter - MPZ);
- for impairment of financial investments.
Important! A change in the method of valuing assets and liabilities is not a change in the estimated value (paragraph 3 of PBU 21/2008).
The above reserves are required to eliminate distortions in the financial statements. Provisions are made at least once a year - before the preparation of the balance sheet * (9).
Provisions for doubtful debts. They are formed if the receivables are recognized as doubtful. “Accounts receivable” is considered doubtful, which is not repaid or, with a high degree of probability, will not be repaid within the terms established by the contract, and is not provided with appropriate guarantees * (10).
The size of the reserve, the firm should be determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of debt repayment * (11). The method for estimating the reserve should be prescribed in the accounting policy * (12).
Important! Officials believe that if at the reporting date the company has confidence in receiving payment of a specific overdue “receivable”, the reserve for this debt can be considered as the creation of hidden reserves (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 01.27.2012 N 07-02-18 / 01; p. 6 PBU 1/2008).
Account 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts” * (13) is intended to summarize information on reserves for bad debts.
Contributions to the allowances for doubtful debts are recognized as other expenses * (14) and are reflected as follows:
- A provision has been made for doubtful debts.
On the date of receipt of funds from the debtor for the repayment of doubtful debts, the reserve for doubtful debts should be restored in the amount received:
- the reserve for doubtful debts regarding debt repayment was restored.
Amounts of “receivables” for which the limitation period has expired are written off for each liability as part of other expenses. Reasons: data of the inventory, written justification and order (order) of the head of the organization * (15). Debt writing off at a loss due to the insolvency of the debtor is not a cancellation of debt. The amount of debt shall be reflected on the off-balance account 007 for five years from the moment of writing off to monitor the possibility of collecting it * (16) (see the example below).
Example
Buyer's debt is 100,000 rubles. The company recognized this “accounts receivable” as doubtful, in connection with which a reserve for doubtful debts was formed. Subsequently, after the expiration of the limitation period, the specified debt is recognized as hopeless. In accounting, the following entries were made:
The debit 91 subaccount "other expenses" Credit 63
- 100 000 rub. - a reserve for doubtful debts has been formed;
Debit 63 Credit 62
- 100 000 rub. - Accounts receivable are written off due to the expiration of the limitation period;
Debit 007
- 100 000 rub. - written off receivables are recorded in the balance sheet.
If before the end of the reporting year following the year of creation of the reserve, the latter will not be used in any part, then when preparing the balance sheet the unspent amounts of the reserve are added to the financial results * (17):
Debit 63 Credit 91 sub-account “Other income”
- reserve for doubtful debts was restored.
Reserves for the decrease in the cost of inventories. MPZ, for which during the reporting year the market price has decreased or they are outdated or have lost their original qualities, are shown in the balance sheet at the end of the year at the current market value, taking into account their physical condition. The decrease in the cost of inventories is reflected in the form of accrual of the reserve * (18).
It is created for each MPZ unit accepted for accounting. It is possible to create reserves for certain types (groups) of similar or related refineries (except for such enlarged groups as basic materials, auxiliary materials, finished products, etc.) * (19).
The reserve is formed by the difference between the current market value of the MPZ and their actual cost if the latter is higher than the current market value * (20). The procedure for determining market value is not specified in the legislation. In our opinion, it is possible to use price data received from manufacturers, state statistics bodies, trade inspections, presented in the media and specialized literature, as well as expert opinions. The method of assessing market value should be prescribed in accounting policies * (21).
To summarize information about reserves for reducing the value of material assets, account 14 “Reserves for reducing the value of material assets” * (22) is intended. Deductions to the reserve recognize other expenses * (23):
- a reserve has been formed for reducing the cost of inventories.
If in the following reporting period the current market value of the inventories for which the reserve was formed increases, then the corresponding part of the reserve is adjusted * (24):
- the amount of the reserve has been adjusted with an increase in the cost of the inventories.
A similar posting is made when writing off material assets for which a reserve has been formed (the reserved amount is restored) * (25).
Example
We will reflect in the accounting of the organization the formation of a reserve for reducing the value of material assets, provided that at the end of 2014 the company had 100 rolls of RPP-300 roofing material at a price of 350 rubles. per roll. The market value of the materials is 300 rubles. per roll. In Q1 2015, 15 rolls were sold.
The debit 91 subaccount "other expenses" Credit 14
- 5000 rub. ((350 rubles - 300 rubles) x 100 rubles) - a reserve has been formed for reducing the cost of materials;
Debit 14 Credit 91 sub-account “Other income”
- 750 rub. (5000 rub.: 100 rub. X 15 rub.) - the reserve was restored when selling materials.
MPZ in the balance sheet show * (26):
- at current market value, if it is higher than the initial price;
- at initial cost, if it is higher or equal to the market price.
Provisions for impairment of financial investments. A steady significant decrease in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, is recognized as impairment * (27). The accounting policy of the organization should prescribe the level of materiality of reducing the cost of investments * (28).
The estimated cost of financial investments is equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting and the amount of such a decrease * (29).
In the event of a situation in which depreciation of investments may occur, the company should check for conditions of a steady reduction in their value, which are characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following aspects * (30):
- at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the book value of investments is significantly higher than their estimated value;
- during the reporting year, the estimated value of investments substantially changed exclusively in the direction of its reduction;
- at the reporting date there is no evidence that in the future a significant increase in the estimated value of investments is possible.
If the impairment test confirms a sustained significant decrease in the cost of investments, the firm makes an allowance for impairment by the amount of the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated value of the investments. Note that the audit is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment * (31).
To summarize the information on the availability and movement of reserves for the impairment of financial investments, account 59 “Reserves for the impairment of financial investments” * (32) is intended. Commercial organizations form a reserve due to financial results in other expenses * (33):
- a reserve has been formed for the impairment of financial investments.
A similar record is made with increasing reserves * (34).
Important! According to the Ministry of Finance of Russia, a small business entity may decide not to reflect the impairment of financial investments in accounting in cases where the calculation of the amount of such impairment is difficult (clause 10 of Information No. ПЗ-3/2012).
When reducing the amount of created reserves (increase in the estimated value or disposal of financial investments), the amount of the previously created reserve is transferred to other income * (35) (see example below):
Debit 59 Credit 91 sub-account “Other income”
- adjusted provision for impairment of financial investments.
Example
Asset acquired a stake in the authorized capital (20,000 rubles) of Passive at its establishment. Subsequently, the company Passive was declared bankrupt and liquidated.
We will reflect in Asset's account the creation of a reserve for the impairment of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital.
The estimated value of the share in the “Passive” is zero:
The debit 91 subaccount "other expenses" Credit 59
- 20 000 rub. - a reserve has been formed for the impairment of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital.
On the date of liquidation of the company "Passive":
- Debit 59 Credit 91 sub-account “Other income”
- 20 000 rub. - written off the amount of the provision for impairment of financial investments.
In the financial statements, the value of financial investments is shown at the book value minus the amount of the provision for impairment * (36).
* (1) Art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 29, 2004 N 03-03-02-04 / 4/1* (2) p. 2 art. 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 08.06.2011 N 03-11-06 / 2/90
* (3) p. 3 PBU 8/2010, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 13.12.2010 N 167n (hereinafter - PBU 8/2010)
* (4) p. 4 PBU 8/2010
* (5) p. 11 of the Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 01.11.2012 No. ПЗ-3/2012 (hereinafter - Information No. ПЗ-3/2012); Clause 2.1 of PBU 2/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 24.10.2008 N 116н
* (6) p. 3.1 PBU 16/02, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2002 N 66н
* (7) p. 2 of PBU 21/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106н (hereinafter - PBU 21/2008)
* (8) p. 3 PBU 21/2008, p. 38 PBU 19/02, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 10.12.2002 N 126н (hereinafter - PBU 19/02), paragraph 25 of PBU 5/01, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44н (hereinafter - PBU 5/01)
* (9) p. 4 of PBU 21/2008
* (10) p. 70 of the Regulation on Accounting and Financial Reporting, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.29.1998 N 34н (hereinafter - the Regulation)
* (11) p. 70 of the Regulation on Accounting and Financial Reporting, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.29.1998 N 34н (hereinafter - the Regulation)
* (12) p. 7 of PBU 1/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106н (hereinafter - PBU 1/2008)
* (13) Chart of accounts of accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts)
* (14) p. 11 of PBU 10/99, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n (hereinafter - PBU 10/99)
* (15) p. 11 PBU 10/99; Section 77 of the Regulation
* (16) p. 77 of the Regulation
* (17) p. 70 of the Regulation
* (18) p. 20 of the Guidelines for the Accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 12.28.2001 N 119н (hereinafter - the Methodological Instructions)
* (19) p. 20 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 12.28.2001 N 119н (hereinafter - the Methodological Instructions)
* (20) p. 25 PBU 5/01
* (21) p. 7 PBU 1/2008
* (22) Chart of accounts
* (23) p. 11 PBU 10/99; Clause 20 of the Guidelines
* (24) p. 25 PBU 5/01
* (25) p. 20 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 12.28.2001 N 119н (hereinafter - the Methodological Instructions)
* (26) p. 25 PBU 5/01
* (27) para. 1 p. 37 PBU 19/02
* (28) p. 7 PBU 1/2008
* (29) para. 1 p. 37 PBU 19/02
* (30) pp. 37, 38 PBU 19/02
* (31) para. 6 p. 38 PBU 19/02
* (32) Chart of accounts
* (33) para. 4 p. 38 PBU 19/02
* (34) p. 39 of PBU 19/02
* (35) 39, 40 PBU 19/02
* (36) para. 5 p. 38 PBU 19/02
Each business entity who plans to form a holiday reserve should understand that the reflection of this procedure in accounting and tax accounting will be different. Differences will be not only in the process of creating a reserve, but also in its replenishment and subsequent use, as well as in the reflection of unused amounts. Despite all the differences, each company should reflect all the important points related to holiday reserves in a timely manner in its accounting policy. In the process of using funds from the reserve, the relevant provisions of the law should be taken into account, which allow spending money only on vacation and insurance premiums. Rate the quality of the article.
Reserves
Letter of the RF Ministry of Finance dated 06.06.2011 No. 03-11-06 / 2/90). If the organization has decided to create a reserve of future expenses for vacation pay from the beginning of the year, this fact should be reflected in its accounting policy for tax purposes. It is possible to refuse to create a reserve only from next year by making appropriate changes to the accounting policy.
That is, it is impossible to refuse to create a reserve during the year. In addition to the fact of creating a reserve for vacation pay, the accounting policy should also reflect:
- reservation method;
- maximum amount of deductions to the reserve and monthly percentage of deductions.
In accordance with the requirements of tax legislation, to determine the monthly percentage of deductions to the reserve, the organization must draw up a special calculation (estimate) (para.
2 p. 1 Article 324.1 of the Tax Code).
Important
The creation rules were contained in paragraph 72 of the Accounting Regulation (BU). However, in January 2011, this provision lost its legal force.
It has been replaced by estimated liabilities. They are recorded in the Rules of BU 8/2010. Features of the creation of a reserve Features of the creation of a reserve are described in the provision specified in the Rules of the Bank of 8/2010.
However, it does not indicate the list of expenses that can be attributed to estimated liabilities. Allowance for vacation pay when applying STS In order to bring actual expenditures into line with expenditures recorded during the year, the organization needs to take an inventory of the reserve as of December 31 of the current year (paragraph
4 tbsp. 324.1 of the Tax Code).
Accrual of allowance for holidays under a simplified taxation system
Attention
The amount of the reserve for vacation pay on an accrual basis 1 2 3 4 5 January 550 000,00 166 100,00 59 651,13 59 651,13 February 540 000,00 163 080,00 58 566.56 118 217.69 March 545 000, 00 164 590.00 59 108.85 177 326.54 ... ... Total not more than the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve: 703 080.00 Tax accounting of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay, as well as the use of the reserve is kept in the corresponding tax register, the form of which the organization The right to develop independently. Download A sample of the register for tax accounting of the reserve for future vacation pay expenses. Inventory of the reserve for future holiday pay expenses. It is obvious that the amount of vacation pay actually accrued for the year most likely will not exactly coincide with the amount of deductions to the reserve for holiday pay.
Vacation reserve. formation and accounting
From the article you will learn: 1. Which organizations are entitled to create a reserve for paying holidays in tax accounting and for what. 2. How to calculate the amount of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay.
3. How to inventory and adjust the “vacation” reserve. The situation when every month an equal number of employees go on vacation for an equal number of days is something from the realm of fantasy.
In real life, it happens, as a rule, exactly the opposite: the lion's share of vacations falls on the summer period, while in the winter months there comes a “vacation” lull. Accordingly, the cost of vacation pay is distributed extremely unevenly over the months, and, as a result, the tax burden fluctuates.
In order to optimize the tax burden, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation gives taxpayers the right to create a reserve for future expenses on vacation pay (Article 324.1 of the Tax Code).
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
Formation is mandatory for all organizations, with the exception of those applying simplified methods of accounting and reporting. Formation - the right of taxpayers paying income tax and taking into account income and expenses on an accrual basis. The order of creation is to a greater extent determined by the organization itself. The order of creation is to a greater extent determined by tax legislation.
There are much more differences in the formation of the reserve for vacation pay in accounting and tax accounting: it’s probably easier to name what are their similarities. The main, if not the only, common feature is a mandatory reflection in accounting policies (accounting and tax, respectively).
And the rest are two different, unrelated, accounting objects. Therefore, the formation of a reserve for vacation pay in accounting does not oblige to form such a reserve in tax accounting, and vice versa.
Provisions for vacation pay when applying the standard
In order to bring actual expenses in line with expenses recorded during the year, an organization needs to take an inventory of the reserve as of December 31 of the current year (Clause 4 of Article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, you can use the data of the tax register of the reserve for vacation pay, which reflects the amount of the reserve accrued for the year, and the amount of accrued vacation pay.
Further actions depend on whether a reserve for vacation pay will be created next year or not.
- A reserve for vacation pay will be created next year.
- It is necessary to determine the balance of the reserve, which can be carried over to the next year.
What reserves in accounting should organizations create?
DEBIT 59 LOAN 91 sub-account “Other income” - the reserve for impairment of financial investments has been adjusted. EXAMPLE The Active company acquired a share in the authorized capital (20,000 rubles) of the Passive company at its establishment. Subsequently, the company Passive was declared bankrupt and liquidated. We will reflect in Asset's account the creation of a reserve for the impairment of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital. The estimated value of the share in the “Passive” is zero: DEBIT 91 sub-account “Other expenses” LOAN 59 - 20 000 rubles. - a reserve has been formed for the impairment of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital. As of the date of liquidation of the Passive company: DEBIT 59 CREDIT 91 sub-account “Other income” - 20,000 rubles.
- written off the amount of the provision for impairment of financial investments.
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting: formation rules in 2018
After this, deductions to the reserve for vacation pay are not made and are not included in expenses for tax purposes. ! Note:
- If the organization has created a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting and makes deductions to such a reserve on a monthly basis, then actual expenses for vacation pay are not included in tax expenses (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.2013 No. 03-03-06 / 2/10401)
- Compensations for unused vacation, including insurance contributions from them, cannot be deducted from the reserve for vacation pay, therefore they are recognized in labor costs (Letter of the RF Ministry of Finance dated 03.05.2012 No. 03-03-06 / 4/29).
Example of calculating monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay Month Amount of actual labor costs for a month Sum of insurance premiums from labor pay 2 x 30.2% The amount of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay (column 2 + column
Reserve for vacation pay at usn
Instead of an application, a company can approve the estimate form by a separate order. How are deductions calculated in the holiday reserve? In the event that the company decided to create a holiday reserve, it will need to include the amount of monthly reserve contributions in labor costs.
Thus, not only planning will be carried out, but also the equalization of expenses of each tax period. What should be understood by the concept of "remuneration", which directly affects the formation of the vacation reserve:
- payroll fund;
- daily wage (average);
- vacation pay amounts;
- the amount of payments for unused vacation.
The organization is located on the simplified tax system. Are there any deadlines for creating a reserve for doubtful debts, or is it possible once a year? And when creating, should I include those organizations that pay once a year. What documents do I need to create a reserve for bad debts? Is it necessary to include the amounts for organizations for which the limitation period in 2013 has expired, or whether they are written off in accordance with the order at the end of 2013.
The formation of a reserve for doubtful debts must be fixed in the accounting policies of the organization. When making payments to the budget, no documents are issued.
The date on which the debt becomes doubtful and to be included in the reserve depends on the type of debt. Information on the dates of creation of the reserve is given in the full answer in the reference book “ In what cases do you need to create a reserve for bad debts in accounting and tax accounting". A reserve is not created if, in respect of overdue receivables, the organization at the reporting date has confidence in its repayment.
Make allocations to the reserve should be with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements (monthly, quarterly, according to the results of the year). But it is imperative to carry out this at least once a year - in the preparation of annual reports.
Debts for which no reserve has been created and the limitation period has expired are written off as expenses on the basis of the order of the head to account 91.
The rationale for this position is given below in the materials of the "System Chief Accountant"
When to create a reserve
If the organization belongs to small businesses, then it is also necessary to create a reserve for doubtful debts. Paragraph 70 of the provision on accounting and reporting does not contain any specific instructions on exempting small enterprises from creating a reserve.
Do not create a reserve when, in respect of overdue receivables, the organization at the reporting date has confidence in its repayment (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 No. 07-02-18 / 01). *
Situation: how to determine the solvency of the debtor (the probability of repayment of receivables) in order to determine the amount of allowance for doubtful debts in accounting
To assess the solvency of the debtor, the organization must collect accessible information about its activities.
To obtain information on the possible liquidation of the debtor at the tax office, an extract from the USRLE should be requested.
One of the sources of information about the counterparty’s solvency is its financial statements (Balance Sheet and Statement of Financial Results). You can get it on request at the statistics authorities. According to the reporting data, a number of standard ratios are calculated, the values \u200b\u200bof which reflect the financial position of the debtor.
Based on the information received, a decision is made on the amount of the reserve or on the cancellation of debts that are unrealistic for collection. *
Signs of insolvency of debtors (criteria for the probability of repayment of debts), in the presence of which the organization includes their debt in the reserve for doubtful debts, is possible. This follows from paragraphs PBU 1/2008.
Determination of reserve amount
The organization should develop the reserve formation procedure independently and fix it in the accounting policy for accounting purposes.
Reserve for bad debts as follows:
- determine the debt of the counterparties, which was not repaid within the terms defined by the contracts, and is not provided with the necessary guarantees (doubtful debts);
- separately for each doubtful debt, determine the amount by which it is necessary to create a reserve, depending on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of paying off the debt in whole or in part.
This procedure is provided for in paragraph 70 of the regulation on accounting and reporting.
Situation: how often do you need to make allowance for doubtful debts in accounting
The frequency of deductions to the reserve depends on the timing of the formation of the financial statements.
Contributions to the allowance for doubtful debts are a change in the estimated value (paragraph 4 of RAS 21/2008). Changes in estimates are reflected in accounting as part of the expenses of the reporting period in which these changes occurred. Thus, deductions to the reserve should be reflected in accounting with the frequency with which the organization prepares financial statements, that is, monthly * (Article 15 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-ФЗ, paragraph 48 of PBU 4/99, paragraph .29 of the provision approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).
The reflection of the reserve in the financial statements
In the financial statements, show the receivables minus the created reserve. Disclose information on the created reserve in the notes to the balance sheet and the statement of financial results. This procedure is established by paragraph 35 of PBU 4/99.
For how to spend the created reserve, see How to use the reserve for doubtful debts.
For how to take into account the creation of a reserve when taxing profits, see How to create a reserve for doubtful debts in tax accounting.
Sergey Razgulin,
2. Reference:In what cases do you need to create a reserve for bad debts in accounting and tax accounting *
Type of debt |
Document establishing the deadline for the fulfillment of obligations by the parties |
Reserve creation |
The date on which the debt becomes doubtful and to be included in the reserve |
|
In accounting |
In tax accounting |
|||
Debt for goods sold (work, services) |
In accounting - not later than the date of payment for goods (work, services) specified in the contract. In tax accounting - after 45 days from the date of payment specified in the contract |
|||
Debt arising from the transfer of an advance payment and failure to fulfill obligations on time by the seller (contractor) |
Delivery contract (work, services) |
Not later than the date of fulfillment of obligations by the seller (contractor) specified in the contract |
||
Debt under a lease (leasing) agreement |
Lease agreement |
In accounting - not later than the date of payment of the rent (lease payment) specified in the contract. In tax accounting - after 45 days from the date of payment specified in the contract |
||
Debt under an agreement for the sale of securities |
Securities Sale Agreement |
Not later than the date of payment for securities specified in the agreement |
||
Debt under an assignment agreement |
Contract of assignment |
Not later than the date of repayment of the debt specified in the contract |
||
Interest-bearing loan debt |
Interest-free loan agreement |
No later than the loan repayment date specified in the contract |
||
Debt on penalties of the counterparty on the basis of a court decision |
The court's decision |
No later than the date specified in the judgment |
||
Dividend Arrears |
The decision of the founders |
Not later than the date of dividend payment specified in the decision of the founders |
||
Accounting
Write off the amount due from the allowance for doubtful debts.
In accounting, write-offs of receivables from the allowance for doubtful debts reflect the following:
Debit 63 Credit 62 (58-3, 71, 73, 76 ...)
- Accounts receivable are written off due to the created reserve.
You can use the reserve only within the limits of the reserved amounts. If during the year the amount of expenses for writing off the debt exceeds the amount of the created reserve, reflect the difference in other expenses (paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99).
When writing off the difference, post:
Debit 91-2 Credit 62 (58-3, 71, 73, 76 ...)
- receivables not covered by the provision are written off. 8
Writing off accounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired, or other debts unrealistic for collection, is not a cancellation of debt. Therefore, within five years from the moment of write-off, reflect it behind the balance on account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors debited to loss” (Instruction to the chart of accounts):
Debit 007
- recorded written off receivables.
During this period, watch for the possibility of collecting it in case of a change in the property status of the debtor (paragraph 77 of the Regulation on Accounting and Reporting).
Sergey Razgulin,
class 3 State Advisor to the Russian Federation
3. Article:What reserves in accounting should create organizations using the simplified tax system
Reserves are some kind of exotic. So, probably, most accountants who keep records in organizations on the simplified tax system think. Indeed, this is an artificial value formed by entries in the accounts. And from the accrual of many types of reserves, “simplists” are exempted. This is stated in paragraph 3 of PBU 8/2010 “Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 167н.
For example, USN payers do not need to charge reserves for warranty repairs, warranty services, and vacation pay. Immediately, in the legislation, these types of reserves are called “estimated liabilities”, since they represent the amount of future payments recorded in the present time. And “simplists” do not need to make such accruals in accounting. The exception is small companies that are issuers of publicly available securities (this is rarely the case in practice) - they are obliged to form valuation obligations according to general rules.
However, there is a second group of reserves in accounting, which is associated not with future payments, but with the devaluation of assets, that is, with a decrease in their value. The most common of this group is the allowance for doubtful debts. It is needed in order to write off bad debts (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 23, 2005 No. 07-05-06 / 353).
The second group also includes reserves for reducing the value of material assets and for the depreciation of financial investments (paragraph 25 of PBU “Accounting for inventories” and paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments”).
It is necessary to accrue such reserves so that the accounting data are not distorted. This should be done at least once a year - when preparing the annual report (,).
And absolutely all companies, including organizations using the simplification, are obliged to form a second group of reserves. Of course, provided that there are appropriate grounds for the creation of reserves (Clause and Regulation on accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.29.98 No. 34n, hereinafter referred to as the Regulation).
On a note
What to worry about for an accountant who does not charge reserves
Reserves are not shown as a separate line in the balance sheet, since they are only an adjustment value. That is, the corresponding asset or debt is reduced by their amount. Consequently, tax inspectors will only be able to find out that reserves were not charged if they request accounting registers or clarifications to the statements. Or when they come to the company with an on-site inspection. But even in these cases, any sanctions can be imposed only if, due to non-accrual of reserves, any of the lines of the financial statements has been distorted by at least 10%. Then, on the basis of article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, a company official (accountant or director) may be fined from 2000 to 3000 rubles.
At the same time, if the company regularly pays taxes and submits reports, controllers are unlikely to be worried about whether the company created reserves or not.
In this article, we will just talk about the second group of reserves: what, how, why, and why (briefly, information on this is presented in the table). We note right away that firms need to form reserves only in accounting. In tax accounting with a simplified taxation system, reserves are not created. Since such an obligation is not provided for by Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code.
Table Comparative characteristics of reserves created in accounting by organizations on the simplified tax system
Index |
Bad debt provision |
Allowance for impairment of financial investments |
Reserve for reducing the value of material assets |
When to create a reserve |
If there is a receivable that is not paid on time and is not secured by guarantees (pledge, surety). Or obligations that have not yet expired, but it is likely that they will not be repaid by the debtor (para. And paragraph 70 of the Regulation) * |
When financial investments are recorded on the balance sheet for which the current market price is not determined - stocks, bonds, etc. Provided that the real value of these investments is reduced, there are no receipts on them, etc. (paragraph 37 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial attachments ") |
The value of material and production values \u200b\u200blisted on the balance sheet decreased. Or they are outdated, lost their original quality (paragraph 25 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”) |
How much to reserve |
The company sets this value independently, depending on the financial condition of the debtor. So, it can deduct the entire amount of debt to the reserve or only part of it (para. 3 p. 70 of the Regulation). Decision options are prescribed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes (paragraphs and PBU 1/2008 “Accounting policies of the organization”) * |
The reserve is equal to the amount by which the estimated cost of investments has decreased compared to their price recorded. The firm determines the estimated cost on its own. Or it may attract an independent appraiser for this (clause and PBU 19/02) |
The reserve is equal to the value by which the current market value of valuables has decreased in comparison with their actual cost recorded in accounting. The company finds the current market price on its own. Or it may attract an independent specialist for this (Section 20 of the Methodological Instructions approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of December 28, 2001 No. 119n) |
How often do deductions reserve |
Make allocations to the reserve should be with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements (monthly, quarterly, according to the results of the year). But it is imperative to carry out this at least once a year - in the preparation of annual reports, so as not to distort its data. For example, as of December 31 (paragraph 4 of PBU 21/2008 “Accounting policies of an organization”, Article 15 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-ФЗ) * |
||
Question No. 1 When is an allowance for doubtful debts created?
On a note
Doubtful receivables are debts of counterparties that are not paid on time and are not secured by guarantees. As well as obligations, the deadline for which has not yet expired, but there is reason to believe that the money will not be received.
An organization should create a reserve for doubtful debts if it has doubtful accounts receivable (paragraph 70 of the Regulation). About which debt is doubtful, explains paragraph 2 of paragraph 70 of the Regulation. Firstly, it is the debts of counterparties that are not paid on time and are not secured by any guarantees (for example, pledges or sureties). Secondly, these are obligations whose fulfillment period has not yet expired, but it is likely that partners will not pay on time.
If you are sure that in the near future the debtor will pay off (for example, he sent you a letter of guarantee), then you will not have to create a reserve for doubtful debts. Since the fact of delay does not oblige to form such a reserve (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 01/27/2012 No. 07-02-18 / 01).
note
The firm establishes the size of the reserve for doubtful debts independently. You can reserve the entire amount of debt, and only part of it.
How much to include in the reserve - you decide on your own depending on the financial condition of the debtor (para. 3 p. 70 of the Regulation). Options for such decisions are prescribed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes (paragraphs and PBU 1/2008 “Accounting policies of the organization”). For example, you can deduct the entire amount of receivables to the reserve. Or just part of it. *
The electronic journal “Simplified” will help to write off the dubious “accounts receivable”
You can find the form of the order to write off the doubtful accounts receivable, as well as an example of its compilation on the website of the electronic journal "Simplified" http://e.26-2.ru. Having entered the site with your username and password, select the "Forms" section in the top menu. And in the search bar that appears, enter the phrase "Order to write off receivables in accounting." The program will offer you several forms of this order, with each of which you can familiarize yourself by opening it. And also download the document by clicking on the appropriate button located in the upper right corner.
Provisions for doubtful debts are recorded in account 63. At the same time, analytical accounting is carried out for each doubtful debt. Accrual of reserve reflect wiring:
A reserve for bad debts has been created.
Make the same record when increasing the reserve (for example, if the debt on the counterparty has grown).
If your partner has paid off the debt for which you had previously created a reserve, reduce it by the amount of debt by recording:
The provision for the repayment of receivables has been restored.
Due to the created reserve, you will write off, firstly, those debts for which the statute of limitations has expired. And secondly, other debts unrealistic for collection.
note
Accounts receivable can only be written off after the relevant primary documents have been drawn up: an act of inventorying the debt, a written justification of the reason for the cancellation and the order of the manager. *
For example, obligations that were not fulfilled due to the fact that the debtor was liquidated and the court confirmed the fact that it is impossible to return the funds (paragraph 77 of the Regulation).
Write-off of receivables is possible only if relevant primary documents are drawn up: an act of inventory of debt, a written justification of the reason for the write-off, and an order from the head. When writing off, a record is made:
DEBIT 63 LOAN 62 (71, 73, 76 ...)
Written off bad receivables from the created reserve.
Please note that you can use the reserve only within the limits of the reserved amounts. Therefore, if during the year the amount of expenses for writing off debts exceeds the amount of the created reserve, reflect the difference in other expenses (paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99 “Organization expenses”). And do the wiring:
DEBIT 91 sub-account “Other expenses” LOAN 62 (71, 73, 76 ...)
Written off bad receivables not covered by the provision.
Please note: writing off bad debt is not a cancellation of debt. Therefore, within five years from the moment you wrote off the debt, reflect it on the balance in account 007 “Debt written off by the insolvent debtors”. The record is made:
DEBIT 007
Written off receivables are shown.
On a note
The firm establishes the size of the reserve for doubtful debts independently. You can reserve both the entire amount of debt, and part of it.
During this time, keep an eye on whether the property situation of the debtor has changed so as not to miss the opportunity to again apply for debt collection from him.
Example 1 Creation of an allowance for bad debts in accounting
LLC Victoria applies USN. On November 1, 2013, the organization delivered Vostok LLC goods in the amount of 100,000 rubles. Money for the delivered goods should have arrived within 30 days after shipment. As of December 2, 2013, payment from LLC Vostok did not arrive. According to the accounting policy of LLC Victoria, debt that is not repaid on time and not secured by guarantees is doubtful. A reserve should be created for it in the total amount of debt. The company generates only annual accounts.
When preparing the accounts for 2013, the debt of Vostok LLC was recognized as doubtful, therefore, the accountant made the following entry on December 31, 2013:
DEBIT 91 sub-account “Other expenses” LOAN 63
100 000 rub. - reserve for doubtful debts has been created.
January 10, 2014 LLC Vostok paid half of the debt. On the same date, the accountant made the entries:
DEBIT 51 CREDIT 62 subaccount "Calculations for shipped goods"
50 000 rub. - received money from the buyer for the delivered goods;
DEBIT 63 CREDIT 91 sub-account “Other income”
50 000 rub. - the reserve has been restored regarding the repaid receivables.
To favoritesSend to mail Reserve for payment of holidays in tax accounting in practice is much less common than in accounting, due to its voluntary formation in the framework of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. How to calculate it, if you still decide on a reserve, and how to take it into account in profit tax, we will consider in our article. What are the features of the formation of a reserve for vacation pay? How is the allowance for vacation pay taken into account for calculating income tax? Results What are the features of the formation of a reserve for vacation pay? As already mentioned, the question of whether there is a reserve for paying holidays in tax accounting is decided by the enterprise itself (Article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). However, it is unacceptable for business entities keeping records in cash (art. 273 of the Tax Code). The reserve allows for uniform distribution of costs for:
- vacation time;
- insurance premiums (including
Reserves
The amount of the reserve for vacation pay on an accrual basis 1 2 3 4 5 January 550 000,00 166 100,00 59 651,13 59 651,13 February 540 000,00 163 080,00 58 566.56 118 217.69 March 545 000, 00 164 590.00 59 108.85 177 326.54 ... ... Total not more than the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve: 703 080.00 Tax accounting of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay, as well as the use of the reserve is kept in the corresponding tax register, the form of which the organization The right to develop independently. Download A sample of the register for tax accounting of the reserve for future vacation pay expenses. Inventory of the reserve for future holiday pay expenses. It is obvious that the amount of vacation pay actually accrued for the year most likely will not exactly coincide with the amount of deductions to the reserve for holiday pay.
Tax Code). *** In this article, we examined the procedure for the formation and use of the reserve for future expenses for vacation pay for tax purposes. How to create a reserve for vacation pay in accounting is described in detail in a previous article.
Thus, it would seem that there is only one topic - a reserve for paying vacations - and two full articles are devoted to it at once. However, there is nothing surprising in this: the reserve for vacation pay in accounting and tax accounting is “two big differences”.
Here are just some of the most significant differences: Provision for vacation pay in accounting. Provision for vacation pay in tax accounting. It is an estimated liability of the organization, which is reflected in the statements as of the date of its preparation. It is created at the beginning of the year with the aim of uniformly including the costs of vacation pay in labor costs during the year.
That is, monthly deductions to the reserve are made until their amount becomes equal to the maximum value.
- The estimated amount of labor costs for the current year can also be determined in several ways:
- according to the previous year;
- based on information about the wage fund for the current year (for example, based on staffing). This method is more suitable for organizations in which the salary of employees consists more of a salary component.
Please note: The estimated amount of labor costs used to calculate monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay does not include:
- payment of vacation pay.
After this, deductions to the reserve for vacation pay are not made and are not included in expenses for tax purposes. ! Note:
- If the organization has created a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting and makes deductions to such a reserve on a monthly basis, then actual expenses for vacation pay are not included in tax expenses (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.2013 No. 03-03-06 / 2/10401)
- Compensations for unused vacation, including insurance contributions from them, cannot be deducted from the reserve for vacation pay, therefore they are recognized in labor costs (Letter of the RF Ministry of Finance dated 03.05.2012 No. 03-03-06 / 4/29).
Example of calculating monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay Month Amount of actual labor costs for a month Sum of insurance premiums from labor pay 2 x 30.2% The amount of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay (column 2 + column
Creating a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
Many accountants at the STS believe that reserves are some abstract accounts that only large companies should use. This opinion is erroneous. The companies on the “simplified system” have the right not to reserve amounts for certain expenses.
Attention
However, there are such reserves in the simplified tax system that must be created 07/30/2015 Author: Marina Kosulnikova, chief accountant of the Galan company We must say right away that in the tax accounting of a company in the simplified tax system, reserves are not allowed. The fact is that for such firms in the Tax Code a closed list of expenses is prescribed, in which deductions for reserves are not provided (Art.
346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 29, 2004 No. 03-03-02-04 / 4/1). And in principle, this would be illogical, because with a “simplification”, expenses are recognized only after their actual payment (clause 2 of article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 08.06.2011 No. 03-11-06 / 2/90).
Provisions for vacation pay when applying the standard
Important
Note that the audit is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment (para. 6 p. 38 PBU 19/02). To summarize the information on the availability and movement of reserves for the impairment of financial investments, account 59 “Reserves for the impairment of financial investments” is intended (Chart of accounts).
Commercial organizations create a reserve at the expense of financial results as part of other expenses (para. 4 p. 38 PBU 19/02): DEBIT 91 sub-account “Other expenses” CREDIT 59 - a reserve has been formed for impairment of financial investments. A similar record is made with an increase in reserves (paragraph 39 of PBU 19/02). When reducing the amount of created reserves (increase in the estimated value or disposal of financial investments), the amount of the previously created reserve is transferred to other income (paragraphs 39, 40 of PBU 19/02) (see
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
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