Bank loans to legal entities. Loan without collateral for legal entities
Are you a legal entity and are you planning to get a loan from Sberbank of Russia? In this review, we will tell you what interest rates you can expect this year. There are 10 proposals for business in total.
So, if you need a loan from the largest bank in our country, you can choose the right program from more than a wide range of products. Here are the main conditions to take into account:
- Program "6.5"- is intended for the acquisition (replenishment) of fixed assets, modernization and reconstruction of production, launching new projects. You will be able to offer an amount from 1 million to 1 billion rubles for up to 3 years. The rate is from 9.6% per annum, guarantees of the SME Corporation act as collateral;
- "Business Turnover"- the purpose of issuing a loan is to replenish the fixed assets, make current expenses or participate in tenders. Size - from 150 thousand, the term of the contract - from 1 to 48 months, you can take a deferral of six months when paying. Interest - from 11.8% per year, material support is required (guarantees, real estate, equipment, vehicles, etc.);
- "Business Invest"- has similar conditions, but here the maximum loan period can last up to 10 years. The funds received can be spent on the modernization of production, repair of fixed assets, repayment of existing debts;
- "Business Real Estate"- provided solely for the purpose of acquiring commercial real estate, or refinancing commercial. mortgages. You can also get from 150.000 rubles. for a period of up to 10 years at a minimum rate of 11.8% with the possibility of obtaining a deferral of up to 1 year;
- "Business Auto"- a similar program, only aimed at the purchase of commercial or freight vehicles. Issued from 150 thousand rubles. for a period from 1 to 84 months, the initial percentage - from 12.1% per annum. You can defer payments for up to 3 months. Collateral — acquired property;
- "Business Active"- the product is intended for the purchase of new or used equipment for use in household activities, this also includes its insurance and the cost of launching and installation. Similar conditions as the program above, only the rate starts from 12.2% per year, and without delays;
- "Business Trust"- funds in the amount of 500 thousand are issued for current needs without confirmation of their intended use. The amount of the loan cannot exceed 60% of the appraised value of residential real estate pledged, or up to 50% of commercial real estate, or up to 90% of bills and deposits of Sberbank. The contract period is from 3 to 36 months, the rate is from 14.54% per annum, payments can be deferred for 3 months;
- "Express mortgage"– it is allowed to purchase residential or commercial real estate that has already been put into operation. For these purposes, up to 7 million will be allocated for a period of up to 10 years, PV will be needed from 25 to 30% of the cost of the object. The minimum percentage is from 15.5%, a guarantee is needed;
- "Express bail"- a loan in the amount of up to 300 thousand up to 5 million rubles. provided for business development under the material support of real estate or equipment with their mandatory insurance. Term - from 6 months. up to 4 years, the percentage varies from 17 to 19% per annum.
The most popular among entrepreneurs is the "Trust" program with a fairly high rate of 17 to 18.5% per year, but its main advantage is that there is no need for collateral. Today, not every bank is ready to lend to entrepreneurs without collateral.
"Trust" condition
- Amount - 100 thousand - 1 million rubles. for business owners, for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities - up to 3 million.
- Term - up to 3 years.
- The rate is 17.18.5%.
- Repayment system - differentiated or annuity payments.
- Commissions are not provided.
- A guarantee is required.
- Early repayment is possible without penalty.
- AKG warranty cost 1.25% of the warranty amount for each year of use.
Individual entrepreneurs and legal entities whose business has been opened for more than 6 months can count on a loan. The loan can be used by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, business owners with revenues up to 60 million Russian rubles. The decision of the bank is made within 3 days.
If you have just become a legal entity and need a loan to start your business, you may be interested in an offer called "
The loan to the recipient can be transferred by bank transfer or issued in cash. However, as follows from, cash mutual settlements can be made exclusively within 100 thousand rubles
Before signing the contract, the parties negotiate the need to provide collateral as a guarantee of the fulfillment of obligations by the party taking the loan. The pledge can be issued in a separate agreement, or this condition is simply added to the text of the loan agreement.
Depending on what exactly acts as a pledge, the order of its transfer, storage is determined:
- if we are talking about securities, for example, then they are kept by the pledgee for the duration of the agreement;
- if real estate is pledged, then a note is made in the USRR that this object is under pledge.
An important step in the registration of collateral is to determine its value. Only companies that are members of the relevant SRO can perform the assessment.
There is another gradation applied to lending agreements for legal entities:
- Unilaterally binding contracts. The signing of such a document means that only the borrower has obligations. The obligation of the lender is only to ensure the safety of the collateral in the case of secured lending, as well as return it to the borrower after the return of the loan.
- real contracts. This is the name of a contractual relationship that comes into force only after the official transfer of money to the borrower.
- Compensatory contracts. The money is returned to the lender on the terms that are listed in the document.
The loan agreement covers the entire range of issues related to its servicing, as well as the procedure for working with problem loans for legal entities.
Loan from an individual
Not only legal entities, but also individuals can give a loan, since the current legislation does not impose such restrictions. The Civil Code regulates all the basic rules for transferring money from a lender to a borrower and the procedure for formalizing these relations.
Regardless of whether the lender is a founder, an employee of a legal entity or a completely outsider, the procedure for issuing a loan and repaying it remains unchanged. The contract specifies: who and to whom transfers the money, and on what conditions. The borrower undertakes to return the money on the terms specified in the contract ().
As soon as the money is transferred to the borrower, the contract comes into force.
The parties have the right to specify the type of loan: interest-bearing or interest-free (). For an interest-free loan, such a clause in the document is mandatory. You can pay off interest-free debt ahead of schedule without the consent of the lender (clause 1). An interest-bearing loan can be repaid ahead of schedule only after obtaining the consent of the lender.
When the contract itself indicates for what purposes an individual transfers money to a legal entity, then such a loan is targeted. At the same time, the borrower does not prevent the lender from fully controlling the process of spending borrowed funds ().
The transfer of money is fixed by an agreement in writing (), when the amount of the agreement is 10 times or more higher than the minimum wage.
The transfer of money is carried out either by transferring to the settlement account, or by depositing in cash at the cash desk of the enterprise so that they are transferred from the cash desk to the current account of the legal entity within the agreed time.
Under the guarantee of a legal entity
You can ensure the return of borrowed funds using a guarantee (). In this case, in addition to the loan agreement, a separate surety agreement is drawn up, attached to the main agreement.
, as a rule, is carried out under the guarantee.
The guarantor undertakes to pay the debt of the borrower if, due to some circumstances, he cannot do this himself. One or more guarantors may undertake to repay the principal amount of the debt, or with interest.
Guarantee in the banking practice of lending to legal entities is widely used. In the vast majority of cases, loans to legal entities are issued under the guarantee of individuals. For example, an enterprise needs a loan, then the bank gives it under the guarantee of the founder of the enterprise, director, main shareholder, etc. This practice justifies itself for the following reason.
As part of a legal entity, the founders are liable for the debts of the enterprise solely within the framework of their share in the authorized capital.
However, not every enterprise has a significant amount of authorized capital ( minimum 10 thousand rubles.). If the guarantor is an individual, then he is liable for obligations (a guarantee is an obligation) with all his property.
Banks often refuse to issue loans to individual entrepreneurs, although an individual entrepreneur is also liable with all his property for obligations, but in order to obtain a large loan, you need to prove your financial viability, which not everyone succeeds.
Lombard loan
Legal entities that have some liquid property can apply for a so-called pawnshop loan. It differs from others in that it always represents a specific amount of money that the lender issues for a short period of time.
has its consumer. These loans are issued when:
- Businessmen need certain amounts for a short period of time without lengthy coordination and bureaucratic delays.
- The money is needed urgently. Finding a suitable type of loan in a commercial bank is sometimes very difficult, and processing also takes time.
- The bank did not give a loan.
There are no restrictions on the amount of pawn loans. The main condition is the sufficient value of the collateral or property rights.
The following loans are available subject to:
- The interest rate is determined individually. The main starting point is the value of the collateral.
- Loan beyond the appraised value of the collateral is not granted.
- Minimum requirements for the borrower.
- The shortest delivery time.
- Loyal interest rates.
- You can lower the interest rate if you confirm the intended use of borrowed money.
You can repay a pawnshop loan according to an individual payment schedule. In this case, the parties can agree on the payment of the principal debt at a certain point.
Until that time, the borrower will only pay interest on the use of the money. Annuity payments are also used, or the next payment is made not every month, but once a quarter.
The following can serve as collateral for obtaining a pawnshop loan:
- securities;
- bills;
- equipment;
- other values.
From the moment the contract is signed and the money is transferred to the borrower, the right to own the pledge is not lost, except when it comes to securities. At its core, a pawnshop loan is very similar to a regular bank loan secured.
Pledge in case of default by the borrower of its obligations can be quickly and profitably realized by the pledgee. The most important advantage of a pawnshop loan is the absence of restrictions for the business itself, as well as the ability to quickly receive money for development without bureaucratic delays.
What to write about the purpose of a loan for legal entities
Targeted lending to legal entities is, as a rule, bank lending.
It has four main forms:
- credit;
- credit line;
- overdraft;
- bank guarantees.
When applying for a loan to a particular bank, a legal entity must indicate the purpose for which the loan is taken. The more honestly and in more detail this issue is covered, the sooner the bank will issue a loan, and not only.
Since we are talking about a targeted loan, you will also have to report on the expenditure of borrowed funds. The lack of confirmation of the intended use of borrowed funds is one of the grounds on which the bank has the right to demand early repayment of the debt, and all this will certainly fit into the contract.
By filling out an application and indicating the purpose of borrowing, you can get bank recommendations on how to confirm the intended use of money. For example, a construction loan would require the submission of an impressive package of construction documents, including a contract with a contractor, estimates, payrolls, etc.
Interest rates
Interest rates are formed for any category of loans in accordance with the agreement with the client. The bank issuing the loan has the right to establish its own programs, if their rules do not contradict the instructions of the regulator (Central Bank), as well as the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Interest rates can be fixed or floating:
- the first - are unchanged throughout the use of the loan by the borrower;
- the second - can change upon the occurrence of circumstances predetermined by the contract.
For example, after a certain time, with the conscientious fulfillment by the borrower of his obligations and notification, the bank can offer him more loyal terms of service, as he will be convinced of the trustworthiness of his client.
The starting point for setting interest rates can be a variety of circumstances.
The most important are:
- Security. The more valuable and liquid, the lower the interest on the loan.
- The state of the legal entity. Official reporting may give rise to a discount.
- Reputation. A positive credit history and long-term cooperation with one bank - all this is only good.
- Period of activity. The longer the better, as bankers don't trust newbies.
- Loan term. The longer, the higher the interest.
- The level of cooperation with the bank. If a client uses a variety of bank services and decides to use a loan, he will be met much more willingly.
- business level. Legal entities are divided into small, medium and corporate, and it is corporate ones that are offered the lowest interest rates.
According to the statistics of the Central Bank, as of July 2016, the weighted average rate on loans for legal entities for up to 1 year was 12.44%, for up to 3 years - 12.97%. At the same time, the minimum interest rate as of September 15, 2016 is 8-9%, and the maximum is 19.5%.
Maximum amount
This value is crucial for any business, since it will not be possible to get a loan beyond it.
The banks themselves determine this value for each client according to the following criteria:
- Business profitability. The solvency of the client directly depends on it. For a bank, the optimal loan payment is 50-60% of the net profit for the month. You can not count on the payment amount of more than 70%.
- Presence of collateral. Its value is important. The Bank issues an amount equal to a share of the assessed value of the collateral, and the amount will not exceed 70% of the value of the collateral.
- Business legality. The ratio between real and official revenue is checked. More legal businesses can count on larger loans.
- Assessment of the balance structure. It is checked what is the share of borrowed funds in the overall balance sheet of the enterprise. The maximum allowable size is 65%.
If the bank agrees to issue a loan to a legal entity, its maximum amount is calculated by multiplying the loan term by the average monthly profit, adjusted for legality, the mass share of borrowed funds on the balance sheet, and the value of the collateral.
Sample documents for consideration by the bank
Each bank has its own requirements for borrowers, including legal entities. Before you create the necessary package of documents for applying for a loan, you should familiarize yourself with the sample documents.
This is done to speed up the process of signing the contract. If the client fails to immediately provide the necessary documents, then the period for approval of the application will be extended.
Among the most common can be listed:
- The decision to set up a business.
- Charter and all registered tax changes to it.
- Payment orders for the payment of the authorized capital.
- Order on the appointment of the general director and chief accountant and their passports.
This package of constituent documents is supplemented by accounting documents:
- Turnover balance sheet for accounting accounts.
- Decoding of fixed assets.
- Decryption of creditors.
- Decryption of debtors.
- Warehouse reference.
- Deciphering 76 accounts.
- Cards for cash flow accounts.
- Company debt information.
- Copy of cash book.
- Information about the amount of overhead costs.
- Price for production, services.
- Invoices and invoices for purchased goods and raw materials.
Additional business documents required:
- Documents confirming the right of ownership or lease of the property of the enterprise.
- Agreements with clients and business partners.
- Documents on the property of the enterprise: extracts from the USRIP, PTS, copies of passports for equipment.
- Information about current accounts.
- Extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.
You can find the necessary samples on the bank's website, as well as get them on request at the branch. According to these samples, you should prepare your documents and submit along with the application for obtaining the necessary loan.
Documents for a loan to a legal entity
Although the exact package of documents for applying should always be clarified, in general, the differences in requirements between banks are not so great. Documentation is requested for a reason, since the bank always checks and analyzes the activities of a potential client in order to determine the degree of its reliability and solvency.
The main package includes:
- Title documents: charter, certificate of state registration, extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, TIN.
- Documents of managers: an extract from the minutes of the meeting of founders on granting authority to a representative, orders on the appointment of a director and chief accountant, copies of representatives' passports.
- Reporting: a balance sheet for several reporting periods, an extract from the current and current accounts, a certificate of no debt on loans, as well as documents indicating the sources of repayment of loans to legal entities.
- Additional documents: agreements with major clients, lease agreements for real estate, equipment, certificates from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, social insurance, the decision of the meeting of founders to conduct a loan transaction.
- Pledge document: an extract from the Unified State Register of Real Estate for all real estate, technical passports for vehicles and technical equipment.
Not the documents themselves are submitted, but their copies, with the presentation of the originals. Sometimes banks require a package of submitted documentation to be notarized.
Bank conditions
The differences in terms of lending to legal entities can be clearly demonstrated by the example of the two largest banks that issue such loans.
Table. Loan for legal entities in Sberbank as of September 15, 2016
Name | Terms |
Small business | |
"Express Mortgage" | Term - up to 10 years, rate - from 17%, amount - up to 7 million rubles |
"Business Active" | Term - up to 7 years, rate - from 14.93%, amount - up to 150 thousand rubles |
"Business Auto" | Term - up to 8 years, rate - from 14.45%, amount - up to 150 thousand rubles |
"Business Real Estate" | Term - up to 10 years, rate - from 14.28%, amount - up to 150 thousand rubles |
"Business Invest" | Term - up to 10 years, rate - from 14.48%, amount - up to 150 thousand rubles |
Corporate lending | |
Financing / refinancing of development projects | Term - up to 10 years, fixed or floating interest rate, amount up to 70% of the value of the collateral, the value of the project |
Contract lending to contractors (construction) | Term - up to 5 years, amount up to 50% of the value of the collateral or the cost of the contract |
Loans for current activities of contractors (construction) | Term - up to 3 years, the amount is greater than or equal to the value of the collateral interest for using the loan for 6 months |
Retailers | Term from 1.5 to 3 years, amount - up to 60% of revenue for the last 4 quarters |
Table continuation. Loans to legal entities in Raiffeisenbank as of September 15, 2016
Name | Terms |
Small business with turnover up to 55 million rubles./year | |
"Express" | Term - up to 4 years, amount - up to 2 million rubles |
Overdraft | Sum - up to 4.5 million rubles |
Classic Light | Term - up to 5 years, amount - up to 4.5 million rubles |
Small business with turnover from 55 to 450 million rubles/year | |
Investment | Term - up to 10 years, amount up to 135 million rubles |
negotiable | Term - up to 1.5 years, amount up to 135 million rubles |
Overdraft | Term - up to 1.5 years, amount up to 10 million rubles |
Bank guarantees | Term - up to 2 years, amount up to 108 million rubles |
Letters of credit | Term - up to 1 year, amount up to 135 million rubles |
Medium business with annual turnover from 320 million to 3 billion rubles. | |
To replenish working capital | Term - up to 3 years, fixed or floating rate |
Overdraft | Term - up to 1 year, amount - up to 50% of the average monthly turnover on the current account |
Investment | Term - up to 7 years, interest rate - fixed or floating, non-renewable |
Refinancing | Term - up to 7 years, interest rate - fixed or floating |
Early repayment fee
Since in 2011 amendments were made to Art. 809 and 810 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, concerning the early repayment of loans, today banks are forced to adhere to the following rules. According to Art. 810 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an interest-bearing loan can be repaid ahead of schedule only with the consent of the lender.
This suggests that this clause must be in the contract. If the agreement states that the borrower can repay the loan ahead of schedule without commission, then the parties are guided by this provision. If there is no such clause in the contract, then the bank remains able to demand.
Loan refinancing
Refinancing refers to taking out a new loan to pay off an old one. This service is widely used in the banking sector.
The client receives tangible benefits when moving from one bank to another under the refinancing program. In such cases, the percentage of the new loan is always lower than the old one.
With refinancing, you can:
- change the interest rate
- additionally, the terms of use of borrowed funds may be changed;
- it is also possible to remove one property from the pledge and provide another as security.
To get refinancing, you will need to collect the same package of documents as when applying for the first loan. Consolidated refinancing is understood as the combination of several loans issued in several banks into one general loan in one bank.
This technique allows you to avoid dissipation of funds, and reduce the cost of servicing the loan to a minimum. Usually occurs at a loyal interest rate.
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Lending is an effective tool for business development. Banking institutions are an integral part of the business environment. Not every organization can attract enough investors to develop or shape their project. The banking sector stimulates commercial enterprises with financing on the terms of profit, expressed in an interest rate. In this article, we will talk about loans to legal entities, lending rates and the possibility of obtaining a loan from Russian banks in 2018.
Conditions under which banks issue loans
Banking organizations are ready to allocate money for those projects that are profitable or promising in the future. To get a loan, it may not be enough to provide a business project, especially for those entrepreneurs who do not have the necessary experience in this area.
Banks are more likely to partner with a successful company that shows consistent profits. Therefore, to obtain a loan, it is worth preparing a financial report on activities. Most often, a company is credited in the bank in which its settlement and cash services are conducted.
Such a loan scheme opens up the possibility of obtaining an overdraft. An overdraft is an opportunity to use money in excess of the balance that is available on the account of a legal entity. Simply put, this is an opportunity to go negative in order to pay off suppliers or to purchase the required equipment, component materials and other urgent expenses.
Such a service is provided at a certain percentage, and the overdraft limit is determined by the average turnover of the account. These parameters are determined on an individual basis within the available offer of a banking institution.
All types of loans can be classified according to the purposes for which they are applied:
- replenishment of working capital. Term loans, credit lines and overdrafts are used;
- purchase of commercial vehicles. Leasing is an analogue of a car loan for legal entities;
- construction and purchase of real estate are carried out with the help of collateral financing;
- bank guarantees under contracts and liability to third parties;
- financing of receivables.
Despite the many directions in lending to legal entities, it can be said that symbols do not play such an important role. In any case, these are loan agreements with interest rates and a specific payment schedule, which can be developed on individual agreements between commercial organizations.
Banking offers
The average offer of interest rates on loans for legal entities varies from 6 to 20%. The interest rate largely depends on whether liquid collateral will be provided, the profitability of a particular borrower, the type and purpose of lending. Consider the current banking offers:
Bank | Interest rate | Loan type | Maximum amount | Contract term | Security | Currency |
Credit Europe Bank | Investment projects, replenishment of working capital | 100 000–10 000 000 | 1 month - 5 years | Required | dollars, euro |
|
Energo-transbank | Investments, refinancing, turnover | 300 000–70 000 000 | 6 months - 3 years | Required | ||
Prom-Svyazbank | Reimbursement of cash expenses in the form of an overdraft | Up to 5 years | Not required | |||
Loco-Bank | Real estate, turnover, investments | 1 000 000–150 000 000 | 6 months - 10 years | Required | ||
Turnover, development, investments | Up to 5,000,000,000 | From 1 year to 10 years | Required | |||
Sberbank | 10 000 000–1 000 000 000 | Wanted | ||||
Rosselkhozbank | Investments, turnover, development, modernization | 5 000 000 – 1 000 000 000 | May not be required | |||
Reimbursement of cash expenses, investments, turnover, development, modernization | Wanted |
In addition to checking solvency and financial documents, banking institutions put forward the following series of requirements:
- the age of borrowers in the form of founders, guarantors, responsible persons should vary from 18 to 65 years;
- both representatives of small businesses, individual entrepreneurs, and large companies with various legal statuses (PJSC, LLC and others) can be financed;
- the business must be successful for at least 6 months;
- there are no spoiled credit debts and delinquencies before other banks.
To receive funding, you will need to prepare the following package of documents:
- loan application. You can apply online through the website;
- a copy of the passports of the founders and responsible persons;
- certificate of state registration;
- financial documentation describing the activities of the company, including tax returns;
- certificate of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities;
- contacts with suppliers, contractors;
- charter, authorized capital;
- ownership of movable and immovable property.
The correct package of documentation depends on the chosen banking institution, it must be clarified immediately before the transaction.
- You need to create an application on the site.
- Wait for consideration by the bank, approximately within a week.
- The company's specialists will contact and advise on possible conditions and a package of documents.
- Contact the branch, provide documentation, wait for a decision.
- If yes, sign the contract.
Banks can provide both a line of credit with a non-revolving limit and products with a replenishable available balance. Payments are possible in the form of monthly payments or quarterly with a deferred payment for the first installment. The borrower transfers the funds to an account opened for lending.
Maxim Pogorelov
Worked for 7 years in a bank. I have two higher educations FINEC(St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance) and SPbPU(St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter the Great).
Evgeny Malyar
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Business loans
The average rates on agreements that lenders offer to issue to their clients are in a wide range: from the minimum 10% in Otkritie Bank to the maximum 24% per annum in small commercial banks.
Article navigation
- Loans to legal entities without collateral and guarantors
- Requirements for a potential borrower
- General credit conditions
- Loan for opening and developing a business
- Business lending with collateral and guarantees
- Agreement on securing a loan issued to a legal entity
- Types of loan collateral
- External collateral for the loan
- Other risks and protection against them
- Interest rates on secured loans for legal entities
- Loans to legal entities in cash
- Which banks give money to the card
- conclusions
The need for borrowed funds is a common situation for all forms of business. The success of the business largely depends on the possibility and conditions of lending. Experiencing a lack of money for development, the owner or head of the enterprise begins to search for a bank that offers the most acceptable loan terms. An article on what criteria should be followed when evaluating financial institutions that issue loans to legal entities.
Loans to legal entities without collateral and guarantors
Getting an unsecured loan is not easy, and you need to be prepared for this. Loans for legal entities persons are most often issued on bail. However, sometimes there are situations in which the enterprise does not have suitable liquid assets, but there is a business idea that promises high profitability. Banks do not want to lose such a client, and go forward.
True, this requires a thorough assessment of the financial condition of the borrower, an analysis of the company's performance and its solvency. Lending to an enterprise is always a certain risk, and the task of the lender is to minimize it.
Useful advice: submitting an application to several banks at once reduces the likelihood of its approval. If you have not chosen the optimal terms of financing and the lender, we recommend using the service Loan selection wizard. He will process your application and select the most suitable conditions with the highest probability of approval.
Requirements for a potential borrower
Unsecured lending legal. persons is almost always targeted. Banks cannot issue money without collateral, without even knowing what the client will spend it on. Moreover, usually the client is obliged to regularly report on the expenditure of the funds received (except for Sberbank, which does not require this).
Without collateral and a guarantor, it is possible to take a loan for an LLC in the following cases:
- provided objective information (documentation), on the basis of which one can optimistically assess the prospects of the business;
- property acquired with borrowed funds can serve as collateral;
- the program for spending the loan (business plan) looks convincing, and the calculations confirm the high profitability of the project;
- the credit history of the borrowing company is not burdened with defaults;
- the company's turnover is commensurate with the declared loan amount;
- the absence of a procedure for declaring bankruptcy and signs of its threat;
- high current profitability.
For owners and managers of an enterprise applying for an unsecured loan, a number of requirements also apply:
- citizenship of the Russian Federation;
- age of majority;
- local registration of residence (not always).
After reviewing the listed criteria, we can conclude that for organizations with a zero balance, unsecured loans are fundamentally inaccessible. This is not true. Even enterprises that have not yet begun to work, and therefore do not have the opportunity to prove their profitability in practice, can apply for a loan without collateral or guarantee. There are several ways for them to get funding. Lending conditions for new organizations will be considered a little later, in a separate chapter.
General credit conditions
The best banks in Russia, included in the top ten, approve unsecured loans in amounts from 30 thousand to 250 million rubles.
Most often, we are talking about overdrafts (up to 30 million), which traditionally do not require collateral. The amount of such borrowing is fixed when the company opens an account, and it can exercise the right to overspending available funds asthmatically, without concluding a separate agreement. The interest rates on unsecured loans are usually higher than the fees of secured loans. This is the price of risk.
An overdraft is essentially an express loan for a relatively small amount, and enterprises are often interested in long-term and large-scale borrowing, which is also more profitable for the bank.
A profitable offer for legal entities is in Sovcombank. Under the SUPERPLUS loan program, entrepreneurs and individuals can receive up to 30 million rubles at 11.9% for up to 10 years.
The average rates on agreements that lenders offer to issue to their clients are in a wide range: from the minimum 10% in Otkritie Bank to the maximum 24% per annum in small commercial banks. The price of using an unsecured loan can be reduced for companies whose activities are characterized by high turnover and high stability of financial reputation. It is also possible to take a loan under a contract, for a company that has obviously made a very good deal.
As for the terms, they also vary depending on the reliability of the client, and the higher it is estimated, the longer the allowable time for using borrowed funds is set. An unsecured loan (credit line) is most often issued for a year, but it can be for six months or five years. The minimum repayment period with interest is six months.
The required documents for obtaining a loan make up a standard package, which includes:
- Credit history. The bank can receive this information itself, and in any case it will check the information provided through its channels.
- Confirmation of the absence of debts and income (balance sheet).
- Certificate of absence of outstanding tax liabilities (from the Federal Tax Service).
- Business plan or other justification for the purpose of the loan.
- Other confirmations of the ability of the credited enterprise to meet its obligations without collateral and guarantee.
- An application for a loan, drawn up in accordance with the requirements of a financial institution.
- Constituent set, depending on the organizational and legal form of the enterprise, licenses (if the activity requires them), TIN, PSRN.
- Personal documents of managers and owners (passports).
- Information about the beneficiaries (if any).
Insurance is obligatory, and payment for the policy, of course, is made by the credited party.
Each bank has its own system of short-term lending, and, as a rule, includes several programs. For example, Sberbank has Business Turnover, Express Overdraft and Business Overdraft. In some cases, bank loans for working capital are issued without collateral - under the guarantee of the owner or the guarantee of one of the business support funds. The acquired assets themselves act as collateral.
Loan for opening and developing a business
The possibility of attracting borrowed funds is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs who are not yet active in business, but are striving for this. Starting a business from scratch requires money. With a zero balance, it is very difficult to get an unsecured loan, and most often there is no collateral. It seems that the circle is closed, and there is no way out of it.
There is a solution, and it consists in using targeted state support within the framework of the federal program for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
Pick up a loan
A zero-reporting LLC needs a business plan. In addition, proven business experience of a year or more is required.
Startup lending is always targeted, that is, without the right to use funds for needs not specified in the contract. It can be unsecured or with a pledge, provide for various terms and commissions, require a guarantee or not. And the maximum amount of funds issued can also be different.
Legal entities that are economically active in one of the priority areas have more reason to count on state support in the form of a guarantee from the Federal Corporation for SMEs:
- agricultural production;
- energy, water supply, gas and electrical communications;
- food industry;
- communication and informatics;
- construction;
- transportation - freight and passenger.
In addition, a commercial structure starting from scratch has a chance to receive a loan on a gratuitous basis (subsidy) in the amount of up to 15 million rubles, subject to the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the absence of tax debts.
It is possible even with a zero balance to apply to one of the non-profit funds that issue loans on acceptable terms (an average of 12% per annum) for up to three years.
There is no absolute guarantee of success, but as everyone knows, doors are opened to those who knock on them. The main thing to worry about is a well-written business plan - it must be complete and convincing. Preferential lending programs are designed for young people, and it includes persons under the age of 35 years.
But not everyone will be lucky to get privileged and gratuitous loans. While hoping for the best, it is helpful to be realistic and rely on public conditions. The best of them are summarized in the table of the most popular loan programs.
Bank | The name of the program | annual rate | Loan amount, rub. | Refundability | Maturity |
Sovcombank | superplus | From 11.9% | up to 30 million | Without collateral | Up to 10 years |
Alfa Bank | Partner | 15,5–17% | 300 thousand - 8 million | Without collateral | Up to 3 years |
Overdraft | 13,5–18% | 500 thousand - 1 million | Guarantee | 1 year | |
Rosselkhozbank | Optimal | individually | 100 thousand - 7 million | Collateral (real estate, equipment, machinery, etc.) | Up to 5 years |
Fast decision | individually | 100 thousand - 1 million | Without collateral | 1 year | |
Russian Capital | Business Development | From 11% | 1 million - 100 million | Pledge and guarantee | Up to 10 years |
Sberbank | Confidence | 16–18,5% | Up to 3 million | Without collateral | Up to 3 years |
Express overdraft | From 14.5% | Up to 2 million | Without collateral | 1 year | |
Business Invest | From 11% | Not limited | Pledge | Up to 10 years | |
VTB | Target | 10,9% | From 850 thousand | secured by equipment purchased from bank partners | Up to 5 years, deferment up to six months is possible |
Investment | 10,9% | From 850 thousand | Pledge or surety | Up to 10 years |
Business lending with collateral and guarantees
Clients who are ready to provide material security for the repayment of borrowed funds are the most desirable for banks. Two main types of confirmation of the desire and ability to return the money borrowed are used: collateral for a loan and a personal guarantee, also called a guarantee.
At the same time, bank representatives may erroneously assess the degree of solvency of the client, which is sometimes expressed in the following problems:
- difficulties arising when trying to collect security;
- exaggerated at the time of conclusion of the contract the real value of the pledged property and its liquidity;
- the guarantor does not have sufficient funds to cover the debt.
These likely situations lead to requirements for an effective security law:
- careful assessment of the current and potential value of assets and prevention of their revaluation;
- steadfast observance of the procedures stipulated by the legal and administrative legislation.
The requirements for collateral are as follows:
- it has a real material value, valued in monetary terms;
- the value of the collateral is stable and does not tend to decrease (increase is acceptable);
- when it is sold at the specified cost, there should be no difficulties and significant costs;
- collateral is available for hassle-free recovery.
Agreement on securing a loan issued to a legal entity
Relations between business entities, in this case, the bank and the borrower, are formalized by an agreement. It includes the following items:
- a list of pledged assets with their detailed description;
- information about the absence of rights and claims to this property from other parties;
- conditions of storage of collateral with indication of their location;
- the obligation of the borrower not to change the ownership of the said property and to preserve its properties that determine its value and liquidity;
- borrower's insurance obligations regarding collateral;
- a list of conditions under which the bank receives the right to alienate collateral in its favor.
Types of loan collateral
The property provided by the borrower as material security for repayment can be of two types: movable and immovable.
For the bank, the most preferred collateral is commercial real estate. persons for the following reasons:
- in the physical sense, it is almost impossible to hide or move it;
- it is easy to check whether it is pledged in other financial institutions;
- the cost of industrial buildings and other facilities is relatively stable;
- there are no possible problems potentially related to residential real estate (registration of minor children, disabled people).
Movable property (including production equipment) can theoretically be liquidated in violation of the contract by an unscrupulous borrower, depreciate over time or during operation. There is also the possibility of an overestimation or an unpredictable decrease in its market value. This does not mean that it is impossible to provide movable property as a pledge, but it explains some of the difficulties that arise when concluding a security agreement.
A special type of collateral is securities. The liquidity of shares, bonds and other financial liabilities can fluctuate significantly. This type of collateral is in most cases associated with high risks for the lender.
External collateral for the loan
The guarantor, providing a guarantee to the borrower (principal), assumes the obligation to repay the debt to the beneficiary (in this case, the bank) in the event of a loan default. For a bank, this collateral option is preferable for the reason that the risks are assigned to a third party, which, as a rule, also has a current account in it.
As a rule, there are no doubts about the solvency of the guarantor, but there is one significant minus. In case of non-fulfillment by the principal of his obligations, the adoption of harsh measures against a valuable client is inevitable.
Other risks and protection against them
There is always the possibility of events and circumstances in which the return of funds is impossible through no fault of the borrower. These include natural disasters, market and political fluctuations, and macroeconomic factors.
You can protect yourself from them in two ways: risk hedging and insurance.
At its core, hedging is also insurance, but in relation to exchange rate fluctuations.
Ordinary insurance is documented in a policy, the payment of which is entrusted to the credited legal entity.
Interest rates on secured loans for legal entities
As already noted, the conditions offered for lending to enterprises willing to provide collateral compare favorably with unsecured borrowing rates.
The best Russian banks offer the following amounts and annual interest:
Bank | Limit amount, million rubles | Minimum annual rate, % |
Rosselkhozbank | 200 | 9 |
LOKO-Bank | 150 | 9,25 |
Opening | 250 | 9,6 |
SKB Bank | 1000 (1 billion) | 9,6 |
VTB | 200 | 10,9 |
Promsvyazbank | 150 | 11,5 |
Sovcombank | 120 | 11.9 |
Alfa Bank | 100 | 12,5 |
Uralsib | 170 | 13,1 |
UBRD | 30 | 13,5 |
Credit Europe Bank | 200 | 14 |
Sberbank | Restriction on the company's turnover | 14,52 |
Raiffeisen Bank | 135 | 14,9 |
Bank Vostochny | 50 | 19 |
Considering these indicators, it should be borne in mind that each bank has its own loan programs that provide for various service packages. The table shows only the minimum rates that the most profitable customers who provide reliable loan collateral can count on.
Loans to legal entities in cash
Most often, borrowing for business development is made by crediting funds to a client's account or opening a counter-current credit line for him. Issuing a cash loan is less common, but if necessary, it is also possible.
In different banks, the procedure for issuing borrowed "live" money is different, therefore, in each case, consultation with the manager of the credit department is necessary.
Cash loans for large amounts are provided only against security in the form of collateral or surety (sometimes both are needed). There are restrictions on the size of the loan and the term, although it can sometimes be up to five years or more.
Rates in Russian banks for cash loans are higher, and average 14-40% per annum. Preference and best conditions are offered to customers for commercial real estate as collateral, with maturities of 3 to 5 years. Property insurance is one of the important conditions for granting a loan (with the exception of a guarantee). Formally, it is voluntary, but the refusal "costs" the client 2-5 additional annual percent.
Which banks give money to the card
Plastic card holders, including legal entities, can in many cases use borrowed funds by going into an overdraft or receiving a loan under the terms of one of the existing programs.
Such banking products include the Tinkoff Business corporate card. The funds received can be easily transferred into cash at any ATM. The same loan programs operate in other financial institutions: Alfa-Bank, Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank, Bank Vozrozhdenie, AVB, etc.
conclusions
- the general direction of banking activity.
Getting a loan is easier with financial security in the form of collateral or an external guarantee. The terms of such a loan are more favorable. There are a number of reasonable requirements for collateral.
It should be remembered that in Russia there is a legal mechanism that creates safe borrowing conditions for banks and their clients.
A good economy of the country presupposes the existence of a developed business. It is unrealistic to support and develop it without financial injections that stimulate the expansion of reproduction. Lending to legal entities plays a crucial role in the field of business financing. Financial organizations themselves are interested in increasing profits by attracting corporate clients, so lending to legal entities is not only a necessary process, but also mutually beneficial.
Relations between credit institutions and clients are built according to a well-established system. It includes the following elements:
- participation of the borrower's own financial resources in the project;
- purpose of the loan or its universality;
- lending method;
- account form;
- debt management issues;
- measures that control the repayment of debt, if the loan is targeted - control over the spending of money for its intended purpose.
An important element in this list is the methods of lending to legal entities. In other words, these are ways to issue funds to the client and options for paying debts. Domestic banks use rich foreign experience. In practice, two methods are used:
- Term (one-time) loans are issued for specific periods to meet any need of the enterprise for financial resources. With this option, the client receives the amount of money once, and then pays interest and principal in monthly installments.
- In the second option, the bank sets a certain credit limit for the borrower. The company uses "foreign" money as needed. The described form is called a credit line.
Credit line
An enterprise, having opened a credit line, has the opportunity to pay for any operations indicated in the borrowed funds. Receipt of funds to the account occurs in tranches within the limit.
A credit line is available to companies with a reliable reputation and a stable business that provides a regular income.
The Bank controls the client's solvency and reserves the right to refuse to issue a tranche if the borrower's solvency deteriorates. The term is usually one year. During this time, the client uses loan funds without additional agreements with. At his request, the limit of funds may be reviewed.
Credit lines are either revolving or non-revolving. In the latter case, credit funds are gradually exhausted and not renewed, after the parties fulfill their obligations, the contractual relationship ends. The renewable line is also called the revolving line. With it, after paying off part of the debt, the renewal of the limit occurs automatically.
If a credit line services the payment for goods or services under one specific contract, it is called a framework (target) one. The form of the loan account is determined by the method of lending. The account is needed for credit transactions. To service one-time loans, mostly simple accounts are used. If more than one agreement is concluded with the client, the bank can open a simple account for each loan. Separate accounts help bank specialists to control the repayment of debts.
For operations when opening a credit line, special loan accounts are used. Regular payments on the loan and the issuance of borrowed funds go through them. The bank provides the highest confidence to the borrower by opening a single settlement and loan account. Bank specialists call it a counter account. All receipts, including the proceeds of the enterprise, go to the account. All settlements with counterparties are made from this account: payments for goods, services, rent, tax payments, deductions to budget funds, etc.
Lending methods describe general principles. Lending to legal entities occurs in various ways. Credit organizations offer a wide variety of products for corporate clients.
Types of loans issued to legal entities
Depending on the needs of the client, banks offer several types of loans:
- universal loans;
- lending to investment projects;
- loans for current activities;
- factoring;
- mortgage credit lending;
- leasing.
Universal credit is in great demand among borrowers. the company can spend for any purpose, there are no restrictions and conditions on this matter.
Thanks to loans for current activities, enterprises replenish current assets. Sometimes this type of lending is used for the acquisition of fixed assets, restructuring and repairs.
Funding for new projects
To finance new projects, introduce technologies, develop activities in an area that has not yet been developed, enterprises take investment loans. Funds for them are spent in accordance with the business plan.
To get a loan, you need to invest in the project your funds in the amount of 20-30% of its cost. This serves as proof of the seriousness of the borrower's intentions to implement their plans.
Among other loans, investment loans are the longest. If for some reason the company does not reach the planned capacity, it is possible to get a delay.
Overdraft
Overdraft loans are becoming more and more popular. In fact, an overdraft is. It differs from the classical scheme in that the credit institution does not issue a specific amount to the borrower. But when cash gaps appear, followed by a lack of money in the client's current account, the bank replenishes the account from its own funds. Thanks to this, the company makes current payments and fulfills its obligations to partners.
Typically, the overdraft amount is 25% of the amount of monthly receipts to the client's account. In Sberbank, the overdraft limit is set at 40%, in Uralsib it reaches 50%, provided that the average monthly turnover on the account is more than 100 thousand rubles and less than 5.2 million rubles. With an overdraft, the client's proceeds go to the bank and serve as a collateral guarantee for the loan. Bank employees monitor the financial capabilities of the client and do not allow him to "climb" into large debts.
Factoring
Factoring is based on the assignment of debt for services performed or goods delivered. The bank or its partner company acts as an intermediary (factor). In factoring, after the shipment of the goods, the money immediately goes to the seller's account, and the buyer is already paying with the bank.
The scheme allows enterprises to increase the speed of turnover, they do not have to wait for payment for goods for several days, or even weeks. Competitiveness increases due to the ability to provide its counterparties with a deferred payment. Payments include factoring commission and processing fees.
Mortgage and leasing
Enterprises acquire real estate under commercial and land mortgages. A prerequisite is collateral for the loan. In one version of the mortgage, the property being purchased serves as collateral. Another option involves the use of real estate already available to the legal entity as collateral.
Financial lease, or leasing, makes it possible to obtain equipment and transport for use without taking your funds out of circulation. The enterprise pays off for the leasing object gradually.
When the lessee has made all payments to the leasing company, the property becomes his property. Leasing attracts with availability. With it, you can replenish fixed assets and start a new project, introduce modern technologies. Banks provide leasing products through companies in the relevant direction.
If desired and as needed, enterprises can use targeted loans. There are quite a few of them on the banking market, there are programs for the acquisition of information technology, for the purchase of transport, agricultural machinery, and animals.
Target loans limit the borrower, the money can only be used for its intended purpose. Credit institutions strictly control the spending of funds and require all supporting documents from the client. In addition to checking documents, specialists make site visits to make sure that the declared property is available.
With a wide range of options, enterprises can obtain loans in accordance with their development strategy. However, they must meet certain conditions.
Terms of lending to legal entities
Each bank and any loan product implies specific conditions and special requirements for a potential borrower. But there are general highlights that banks pay attention to when providing loans to a legal entity.
A prerequisite for almost all types of loans is to ensure the repayment of funds in case of loss of solvency by the borrower. Insufficient collateral may be the reason for the bank's refusal to issue a loan. The following can serve as collateral:
- Buildings, structures, land. Bank experts evaluate their liquidity. The mortgage value of the property is less than the market value.
- Transport, equipment, for agricultural enterprises - livestock of cattle and horses. Banks are more willing to accept as collateral, for example, a herd of cows, since they are very easy to sell than land with low ballohectares.
- Cash on the client's account, securities.
- Bank guarantees, guarantees of special state funds for business support.
- Guarantee of other legal entities, as well as individuals. Guarantors must prove their financial solvency and solvency.
One of the requirements for the borrower is the availability of stable cash sources to repay the loan. Exceptions are investment loans for startups. When deciding on their provision, the bank's experts evaluate the adequacy of the provided business plan. The timing of the new enterprise's output to the capacity, which allows generating cash flows, is taken into account.
For a large company with extensive experience in the market and a reputation as a reliable partner, obtaining a loan is not difficult.
Procedure for lending to legal entities
In general, credit institutions adhere to the lending rules defined by Regulation 254-P of the Bank of Russia. In the process of lending to legal entities, three main stages can be distinguished:
- preparatory stage;
- the second stage - consideration by the bank of the application;
- The final stage.
Preparatory stage
At the preparatory stage, the bank conducts preliminary negotiations with the client. They include advice on the selection of optimal loan programs that meet the needs of the borrower and ensure the profitability of the bank. The terms of the future deal are being constructed.
The borrower collects a portfolio of documents and submits them to the bank along with the loan application. The list of documents is mostly typical and consists of two large blocks. These are title documents and documentation describing economic activity. Required:
- certificate of state registration;
- notarized copies of the Articles of Association and Memorandum of Association;
- if there are subsidiaries, information about them;
- documents confirming the competence of the head and chief accountant, a card with samples of their signatures;
- documents confirming the right of the legal entity to carry out the type of activity stated in the questionnaire;
- annual report and balance sheet with annexes;
- balance sheet as of the last quarterly date;
- enterprise profit and loss statement;
- if there are accounts in other banks, certificates of balances and movements for the last 12 months are needed;
- if there are loans, information on debt and forms of collateral is provided; banks need this information so that a borrower using the same collateral does not take on multiple loans.
The entity provides forecast calculations for cash generation. Investment loans require a developed business plan that defines the direction and characteristics of the project, its rationale, describing possible risks. If the loan is targeted, copies of contracts with suppliers should be available.
Another package of documents contains data on collateral. Documents depend on the object acting as a guarantor of the return of funds. For real estate, an extract from the Unified State Register of Property Rights is required on the right of ownership and on the absence of encumbrances. When pledging transport, technical and insurance documents are transferred to the bank. With bank and state guarantees, letters of guarantee are provided.
The stage of consideration by the credit institution of the submitted documents
At the second stage of lending, which lasts 7 working days, the experts of the financial institution study the provided documentation, verify the accuracy of the information, and assess the risks of the bank. Study the business reputation of a potential borrower.
Bank employees analyze the activities of the borrower and, using financial ratios, determine the current creditworthiness. The prospective financial stability of the company is also assessed. Depending on the value of the calculated coefficients, potential borrowers are divided into 3 classes of creditworthiness:
- First-class - the most reliable - borrowers, banks willingly issue large loans and open credit lines. Loan programs without collateral are available for them. The interest rate when working with 1st class clients is reduced compared to other borrowers.
- Second-class borrowers can expect to receive loans in the usual way. It is mandatory to have collateral that guarantees the return of funds.
- Enterprises of the 3rd class of creditworthiness practically do not receive loans. The risk of the bank losing money is very high. Sometimes credit organizations decide to issue funds to these customers in a small amount and at high interest rates.
On the basis of expert opinions, the financial institution makes a decision on granting credit to the enterprise.
The final stage
At the third stage, a loan agreement is concluded, insurance documents are drawn up. The bank opens a loan account for the borrower and conducts all necessary credit operations. From this moment, credit relations begin. The money goes to the client.
During the term of the loan, the company uses the finances, paying the bank remuneration in the form of interest. When the loan funds are selected, and the borrower has fully repaid the principal body of the debt and interest on the loan, the contract terminates.
Domestic banks practice many types of lending. Legal entities have the opportunity to competently develop a comprehensive credit strategy using various programs. This solution will allow developing business using borrowed funds on more favorable terms.