Types of permitted use of memory. Industrial buildings and complexes To accommodate industrial buildings
dated December 30, 2009 N 384-FZ "Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures", fulfillment of the requirements of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On energy saving and on improving energy efficiency and on introducing On energy saving and on improving energy efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", increasing the level of harmonization of regulatory requirements with European and international regulatory documents, the use of uniform methods for determining operational characteristics and evaluation methods. The requirements of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" were also taken into account.
The update was carried out by the team of authors of OJSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy": General Director, Dr. Tech. sciences, prof. V.V. Granev, Deputy General Director Ph.D. tech. sciences, prof. CM. Glikin, head of the scientific research sector, Ph.D. tech. Sciences T.E. Storozhenko, Leading Researcher, Doctor of Architecture, prof. B.S. Istomin.
Amendment No. 1 to SP 56.13330.2011 was prepared by the team of authors: head of the topic - Dr. Tech. sciences, prof. V.V. Granev, performer - head of the sector of scientific research, Ph.D. tech. Sciences T.E. Storozhenko (JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy").
1.1 This set of rules must be observed at all stages of the creation and operation of industrial and laboratory buildings, industrial and laboratory premises, workshops (functional fire hazard class F5.1), as well as storage buildings and premises intended for the storage of substances, materials, products and raw materials (cargo) (functional fire hazard class F5.2), including those built into buildings of another functional fire hazard, in order to ensure the requirements.
1.2 This SP does not apply to buildings and premises for the production and storage of explosives and explosives, for military purposes, underground structures of subways, mine workings, storage buildings and premises for the storage of dry mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, explosive, radioactive and potent poisonous substances, combustible gases, non-combustible gases in containers under a pressure of more than 70 kPa, oil and oil products, rubber, celluloid, combustible plastics and film, cement, cotton, flour, compound feed, furs, furs and fur products, agricultural products, as well as on design of buildings and premises for refrigerators and granaries.
1.3 When creating workshops or warehouses (sites) at the enterprise intended for the use of the labor of disabled people, one should also be guided by the uniform sanitary and epidemiological rules for enterprises (production associations), workshops and sites intended for the use of the labor of disabled people and old-age pensioners, requirements, with taking into account .
In cases where enterprises or warehouses provide for the possibility of using the labor of disabled people, additional requirements specified in the relevant paragraphs of this set of rules should be observed, depending on the type of disability.
Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the effect of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly published information indexes published in the current year. If the referenced document is replaced (modified), then when using this set of rules, one should be guided by the replaced (modified) document. If the referenced document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the link to it is given applies to the extent that this link is not affected.
Combine, as a rule, in one building premises for various industries, warehouses, including premises for expeditions, acceptance, sorting and picking of goods, administrative and amenity premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;
Accept the number of floors and the height of the building within the limits established by 5.29, based on the results of comparing the technical and economic indicators of options for locating production or a warehouse in buildings of different number of storeys (heights), taking into account the provision of a high level of architectural solutions and energy efficiency;
Space-planning and design decisions are made in accordance with the technological part of the project, developed in accordance with the norms of technological design. Space-planning solutions for warehouse buildings should provide the possibility of their reconstruction, changes in the technology of warehousing of goods without a significant restructuring of buildings;
When blocking individual workshops, warehouses and structures, if possible, avoid differences in the height of spans of buildings and internal corners of external enclosing structures;
Accept buildings without light openings, if this is allowed by the conditions of technology, sanitary and epidemiological requirements and economic feasibility;
To use mainly buildings with enlarged blocks of engineering and technological equipment in a pre-fabricated prefabricated block design;
Develop space-planning solutions, engineering support systems, taking into account environmental requirements that comply with the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.
4.4 Placement in production buildings of expendable (intermediate) warehouses of raw materials and semi-finished products in the amount established by the technological design standards to ensure a continuous technological process is allowed directly in the production premises openly or behind mesh fences. In the absence of such data in the norms of technological design, the quantity of the indicated cargoes should, as a rule, not exceed one and a half shift requirements.
4.5 The safety of people staying in buildings should be ensured by sanitary-epidemiological and microclimatic conditions: the absence of harmful substances in the air of working areas above the maximum permissible concentrations, the minimum release of heat and moisture into the premises; the absence of noise, vibration, ultrasonic levels, electromagnetic waves, radio frequencies, static electricity and ionizing radiation above the permissible values, as well as limiting physical exertion, attention strain and preventing fatigue of workers in accordance with hygienic requirements for the organization of technological processes, production equipment and working tools, as well as the requirements of the current sanitary and epidemiological regulations.
4.6 The implementation of the technological process and the fulfillment of the requirements for the microclimate of the premises should be carried out taking into account the provision of economical use of energy resources.
Engineering systems must have automatic or manual regulation of the air supply system. Building heating systems must be equipped with heat flow control devices.
Thermal power plants. Collection of normative documents Team of authors
3. TERRITORY, INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FOR LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
3.1. General provisions
3.1.1. The territory for the placement of industrial buildings and structures of thermal power plants is determined by the project and the passport of the thermal power plant.
3.1.2. During the operation of thermal power plants, systematic monitoring of buildings and structures is carried out. Control is carried out by persons from among the management personnel and specialists of the organization who have passed the test of knowledge of these Rules and appointed by order.
3.1.3. Each organization operating thermal installations draws up and permanently stores the following documentation:
administrative documents for the enterprise on the distribution of responsibility for the operation and repairs of industrial buildings and structures for the placement of thermal power plants between the heads of the organization's departments with a clear list of the buildings, structures, premises and land plots assigned to them;
copies of orders, instructions of the management on the operation and repair of industrial buildings and structures;
an order or order on the allocation from the personnel of the organization's divisions responsible for monitoring the operation of buildings, structures and territories transferred to the jurisdiction of the division operating thermal power plants;
local instructions for the operation of buildings and structures of the organization's divisions, developed on the basis of a model, taking into account specific local conditions;
scheme-master plan of the organization with drawing on it of buildings and structures and the boundaries of dividing the territory into sections transferred under the responsibility of units operating thermal power plants;
executive schemes-general plans of underground structures and communications on the territory of the organization;
sets of drawings of the construction part of the projects of each building and structure of the organization with executive drawings and diagrams for those structures and communications that were changed during the construction process against the original design decision; passports for each building and structure;
magazines of technical inspections of building structures of buildings and structures;
logs for registering the results of measuring the level of groundwater in piezometer wells and materials for chemical analyzes of groundwater;
logs of the state of the environment for buildings and structures where processes periodically occur or are possible that violate the environmental parameters determined by sanitary standards, or corrosion processes of building structures are noted. The list of such buildings and structures is approved by the head of the organization;
information and technical literature, a set of necessary regulatory documents or instructions on the operation and repair of industrial buildings and structures;
job descriptions approved by the head of the personnel operating the territories, buildings and structures for the placement of thermal power plants.
3.2. Territory
3.2.1. To ensure the proper operational and sanitary condition of the territory, buildings and structures, organizations for the placement of thermal power plants perform and maintain in good condition:
fencing of the relevant part of the territory; systems for the removal of surface water from the entire territory from buildings and structures (drainages, contages, ditches, drainage channels, etc.);
networks of water supply, sewerage, thermal, transport, gaseous and liquid fuels, etc.;
networks of outdoor lighting, communications, signaling; sources of drinking water, reservoirs and sanitary zones for the protection of water supply sources;
railway tracks and crossings, roads, fire lanes, entrances to fire hydrants, reservoirs, bridges, pedestrian roads and crossings, etc.;
anti-landslide, anti-landslide, bank protection, anti-avalanche and anti-mudflow structures; basic and working benchmarks and marks;
piezometers and control wells for monitoring the groundwater regime;
lightning protection and grounding systems.
3.2.2. Communications hidden underground: water pipelines, sewerage, heat pipelines, as well as gas pipelines, air pipelines and cables of all purposes are indicated on the surface of the earth with signs.
3.2.3. In the presence of stray currents on the territory, the protection of underground metal communications and structures is provided by an electrochemical method.
3.2.4. By the beginning of floods, all drainage networks and devices are subject to inspection and preparation for the passage of surface water; the places of passage of cables, pipes, ventilation ducts through the walls are sealed, and the pumping mechanisms are brought to a state of readiness for operation.
3.2.5. In boiler houses with an installed capacity of 10 or more Gcal/h, it is necessary to organize observations of the groundwater level in control piezometer wells with a frequency of:
in 1 year of operation - at least 1 time per month;
in subsequent years - depending on the change in the level of groundwater, but at least 1 time per quarter.
Control wells-piezometers should be located in the zone of the highest density of water supply, sewerage and heat supply networks. The results of observations are recorded in a special journal.
In karst zones, control over the regime of groundwater is organized according to special programs within the time limits stipulated by local instructions.
3.2.6. In case of detection of subsidence and landslide phenomena, heaving of soils in the territory of location of thermal power plants, measures are taken to eliminate the causes that caused the violation of normal soil conditions and eliminate their consequences.
3.2.7. The construction of buildings and structures is carried out only if there is a project.
Performance of all construction and installation works within the exclusion zone where thermal power plants are located is allowed with the permission of the head of the operating organization, with a technical justification.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants in questions and answers. A guide for studying and preparing for a knowledge test author Krasnik Valentin Viktorovich2. ORGANIZATION OF OPERATION OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS 2.1. General provisions Question 6. What document appoints the person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of thermal power plants and his deputy? Answer. Appointed by an administrative document
From the book Thermal power plants. Collection of regulatory documents author Team of authorsDuplication during the operation of thermal power plants Question 33. What kind of personnel undergoes duplication? (Answer. Duplication of operational, operational and repair personnel and operational managers takes place after an initial test of knowledge of these Rules, a long
From the book Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants author Team of authors2.4. Acceptance and admission to operation of thermal power plants Question 61. What tests are carried out before acceptance into operation of thermal power plants? Answer. Acceptance tests of equipment and commissioning of individual elements of thermal
From the author's book2.5. Monitoring the efficiency of thermal power plants Question 67. What measures does the organization provide for the efficient operation of thermal power plants? Answer. Provides: accounting of fuel and energy resources; development of regulatory
From the author's book2.6. Technical control over the condition of thermal power plants Question 73. What is the purpose of technical examination of all thermal power plants? Answer. Subjected to the purpose of: assessing their technical condition; establishing the terms and conditions of their
From the author's book2.7. Maintenance, repair and conservation of thermal power plants Question 77. When are maintenance and repairs of control equipment for thermal power plants performed? Answer. Produced during the repair of the main equipment (clause 2.7.5). Question 78.
From the author's book3. TERRITORY, INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FOR LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS 3.1. General provisions Question 105. What documentation determines the territory for the placement of thermal power plants? Answer. Determined by the project and thermal passport
From the author's book3.3. Industrial buildings and structures Question 111. According to what schedule are inspections of each building and structure carried out? Answer. They are carried out according to the schedule: for boiler houses with an installed capacity of 10 Gcal / h or more - at least 1 time in 4 months. with a service life of more than 15 years; for
From the author's book12. WATER TREATMENT AND WATER-CHEMICAL MODE OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS AND NETWORKS Question 413. What personnel organizes the water-chemical mode of operation of the equipment and controls it? Answer. Carried out by trained personnel of the chemical laboratory or
From the author's bookRULES FOR THE TECHNICAL OPERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS MINISTRY OF ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Order No. 115 of March 24, 2003 Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 2, 2003 No. 4358 On approval of the rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants
From the author's book From the author's book From the author's bookTeam of Authors Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants MINISTRY OF ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Order dated March 24, 2003 No. 115 Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation April 2, 2003 No. 4358 On approval of the rules for the technical operation of thermal
From the author's book2. ORGANIZATION OF OPERATION OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS 2.1. General provisions 2.1.1. The operation of thermal power plants of the organization is carried out by trained thermal power personnel. Depending on the volume and complexity of work on the operation of thermal
From the author's book3. TERRITORY, INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FOR LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS 3.1. General provisions 3.1.1. The territory for the placement of industrial buildings and structures of thermal power plants is determined by the project and the passport of the thermal power plant. 3.1.2.
From the author's book12. WATER TREATMENT AND WATER-CHEMICAL REGIME OF THERMAL POWER INSTALLATIONS AND NETWORKS 12.1. Organize the water-chemical regime in order to ensure the reliable operation of thermal power plants, pipelines and other equipment without damage and loss of efficiency caused by
The main features for the classification of industrial buildings and structures are: purpose, number of storeys, capital size and nature of operation.
By appointment, industrial buildings are divided into actually production, auxiliary, energy, transport and storage.
The actual production buildings include the buildings of workshops manufacturing semi-finished products and finished products. In terms of production and technological areas, the diversity of enterprises can be reduced to groups: enterprises of the mining and ore-dressing industry; petrochemical and chemical industry enterprises; engineering enterprises; enterprises of instrument making and radio electronics; woodworking and pulp and paper industries; construction industry enterprises; textile and light industry enterprises; food industry enterprises.
Auxiliary buildings include plant administrations, shop offices, amenity premises, food points, and health centers.
Energy facilities - buildings of boiler houses, power plants (hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants), gas generators, compressors, etc.
Warehouse and transport buildings include buildings that serve to store raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, finished products, facilities for transport accommodation (garages, depots, parking lots, etc.).
According to the number of storeys, industrial buildings, depending on their purpose and specific construction conditions, can be:
- one-story (currently they make up about 70% of the total number of industrial buildings);
- multi-storey, in some cases high-rise;
- mixed storeys.
One-story industrial buildings are a historically traditional type of building. Their specific features: placement of the technological process in a horizontal plane, horizontal transport (floor, suspended, crane), independent solution of building structures from technological equipment (enlarged column grids, equipment movement), natural lighting throughout the production site (overhead lights). Disadvantages: large building and roof area, significant operating costs.
One-story industrial buildings can be represented by large multi-span buildings (continuous buildings) or pavilion buildings that provide through ventilation, a simple external drain, and greater fire safety.
One-story industrial buildings are designed for production with horizontal flow diagrams and with the use of heavy equipment (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy), with large intra-shop transportation of heavy loads (heavy engineering), with the presence of dynamic loads (forging and process shops), with high production hazards ( chemistry and oil refining), with the release of heavy and large-sized products (heavy engineering). They easily carry out intrashop movement of products, aeration and natural lighting of premises.
According to the space-planning parameters and the placement of internal supports, one-story industrial buildings are divided into span, cell, hall and tent types.
The span type of buildings with one or more spans is characterized by the predominance of the span over the step. The span dimensions depend on the technological scheme of production and transport equipment and are assigned 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m. Such buildings come with overhead cranes and without them, with and without lanterns (Fig. 30). This type of building is used in the chemical and food industries, the industry of building materials and structures.
The cell type of buildings with a "flexible" layout is characterized by a square or close to square grid of columns (Fig. 30, a). In such buildings, frequent changes in the direction of technological flows are possible, while the handling equipment can move in two mutually perpendicular directions. The most commonly used grid of columns (18 × 18), (24 × 24), (30 × 30), (36 × 36) m. The cell type of buildings is used in the engineering industry.
The hall type of buildings is characterized by a large production area without internal supports (Fig. 30, b, c). They can be one- and two-span or with a central support. The distances between the supports are assigned depending on the size of the manufactured products and take from 36 to 150 m.
In the coatings of these buildings, shells of double curvature, folds and shrouds, and cables are used. This type of building is used for hangars in aircraft and rocket manufacturing, for machine rooms of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, etc.
The tent type of buildings is characterized by the absence of vertical supports and external walls (Fig. 30, d). Coatings in such buildings rest directly on the foundation or plinth. The span in buildings is 9, 12, 18 and 24 m. They are used mainly for warehouses of raw materials, materials and products.
By the nature of development, industrial one-story buildings are of solid and pavilion types.
Buildings of a continuous type of development are more widespread and are multi-span buildings of great length and width (100–150 m). They have a flat or multi-pitched roof with an internal drainage system, a frame structural system with spans of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m, a column pitch of 6 and 12 m. Lighting and aeration are carried out using various systems of light and aeration lamps. In such buildings, there are branches of mechanical engineering, production of building materials and products, etc.
Rice. 30. One-story industrial buildings of span type:
a - with overhead cranes and a lantern over the middle span; b - craneless with anti-aircraft lamp; c - lampless with a technical floor in the inter-farm space; d - pavilions with whatnots for installing equipment; 1 - overhead crane; 2 - lantern; 3 - anti-aircraft lights; 4 - technical floor; 5 - whatnots
Rice. 40. Types of one-story industrial buildings:
a - cellular; b - hall without intermediate supports; in - hall with a central support; g - tent
Pavilion-type buildings include separately constructed buildings in one or two spans with a grid of columns (12 × 24), (12 × 30), (12 × 36) m. T- and O-shaped buildings. With such a development, a large isolation of workshops with varying degrees of industrial hazards (explosion and fire hazard) is possible, which is very important for the chemical and metallurgical industries, as well as for storage and utility buildings.
Economically, pavilion buildings are ineffective, as they have a large perimeter of the walls and the area of the territory of an industrial enterprise.
Multi-storey buildings house industries in which equipment and production loads are not heavy, and the dimensions of products are small (precision instrumentation, light industry, radio electronics, electrical equipment, printing houses, textile weaving and clothing enterprises, food industry), as well as industries with vertically directed technological processes (grain elevators, mills, mining and processing plants).
The predominant number of industries located in multi-storey buildings do not emit industrial hazards and therefore are currently operated in a residential area. They take up little space in the city plan, have good transport communications, which facilitates the access of workers to enterprises.
By appointment, multi-storey industrial buildings are divided into industrial, laboratory and administrative buildings.
According to the space-planning decision, multi-storey buildings are: unified type, with an upper broadened floor, with inter-farm floors, two-story with an upper broadened floor.
General factory and auxiliary buildings and premises are located on the pre-factory area.
Workshop auxiliary buildings, designed to serve the bulk of the workers, are located along the front of the main ones.
Amenity premises are the main element of the complex of auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises, as they are associated with servicing a large number of workers. Household premises include: dressing rooms, showers, washrooms, public restrooms, smoking rooms, rooms for drying and dedusting work clothes, rooms for personal hygiene, respiratory rooms, as well as special household rooms, depending on the characteristics of production processes.
Household premises, depending on the nature of production, are located in a separate building, in annexes, inside the production building.
Administrative and office buildings include: plant management premises, shop office premises, medical centers, checkpoints. The buildings of the plant administrations include: working rooms, offices of the directorate and chief specialists, a design bureau, a library, an archive, a room for copying equipment, meeting rooms, classrooms, a safety office, a radio center, a buffet, a dressing room, a vestibule, sanitary facilities, exhibition rooms premises.
Buildings, structures and devices located on the production area are very diverse. These are the main production workshops, administrative facilities and consumer services, warehouses and special containers, energy facilities, transport devices, engineering and technical communications, landscaping elements, etc. All these buildings are grouped according to their functional and technical characteristics into four main zones:
- pre-factory, including factory auxiliary buildings designed to accommodate administrative, managerial and medical institutions; educational, cultural and consumer services and laboratory facilities; parking lots for vehicles, etc.;
- production, which includes production buildings, workshops for the main and auxiliary purposes, amenity buildings;
- ancillary, in which power facilities, engineering communications, private facilities, etc. are located;
- transport and storage, including transport buildings and buildings for the storage of materials, semi-finished products and finished products.
On the territory of an industrial enterprise, buildings and structures are placed taking into account their favorable natural lighting and ventilation. The gaps between them are taken taking into account sanitary and hygienic, fire and technological requirements.
Sanitary gaps between buildings illuminated through windows must be between the long sides of at least the greatest height of the opposing buildings; between the ends of buildings with window openings - at least 12 m. Fire breaks depend on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and are assigned within 10–20 m.
Technological gaps between buildings depend on the production hazards of technological processes: the distance from the warehouses of dusty materials to the openings of industrial and auxiliary buildings must be at least 50 m; between buildings and warehouses for fuel, combustible materials and liquids - from 10 to 300 m, etc.
TOPIC 7. PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION DESIGN
The design of buildings as an artificial living environment should provide such a state of the environment that is perceived by a person as comfortable. Concern about creating a comfortable environment is manifested at all stages of design. Only with the right solution of technical problems can the necessary level of heat, sound, waterproofing of premises, optimal parameters of the air environment, light comfort, etc. be ensured. The significance of these factors is different, but it is enough to not comply with at least one of them (for example, sound insulation) to the comfortable state of the environment turned into uncomfortable. In this regard, the comfort of the internal environment is defined as a set of optimal levels of all its characteristics that do not cause excessive stress on the higher regulatory mechanisms of the human body.
Below are a brief summary of some of the main issues from the field of building physics - the science with which, when designing, they perform the appropriate calculations of enclosing structures in order to achieve optimal temperature and humidity, acoustic and lighting conditions in buildings.
When choosing the type of building for a workshop, it is necessary to take into account its compliance with modern functional, technical, economic, architectural and artistic requirements.
Functional requirements consist in ensuring the normal functioning of the technological equipment located in the workshop, jobs and the creation of favorable sanitary and hygienic working conditions and consumer services for workers.
Technical requirements are to ensure strength, stability, durability and fire prevention measures, as well as the possibility of building a building by industrial methods.
Economic requirements aim to minimize the cost of construction and operation of the building.
Architectural and artistic requirements provide for giving the building a beautiful architectural appearance.
When designing new workshops for mechanical assembly production, it is recommended that production sites and auxiliary services be located in production (one- and multi-storey) buildings. Sanitary and administrative and office premises are located, as a rule, in an auxiliary (multi-storey) building attached to the main production building, or in multi-storey inserts located perpendicular to the longitudinal wall of the production building.
Mechanical, assembly, MSC, IC, RMC of medium, heavy and extra heavy engineering are located, as a rule, in one-story industrial buildings. These buildings can be frameless and frame, single and multi-span, craneless and equipped with light or heavy cranes, with light-aeration lanterns and lanternless, as well as windowless with artificial microclimate and lighting.
The main parameters of a frame-type building are the width of the spans and their number, the pitch of the columns, the height of the spans, the length and width of the building (Fig. 5.1).
span width - distance between axes of longitudinally arranged columns.
Column spacing - the distance between the axes of the columns in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the span.
span height - the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coatings on the support.
According to the location of the supports, industrial buildings of span, cell and hall types are distinguished.
span type characterized by the predominance of spans over the pitch of the columns (Fig. 5.1, a). Buildings of this type are used to accommodate industries with a longitudinal direction of technological flows.
cell type the building is characterized by a square or close to square grid of columns (Fig. 5.1, b). Such buildings are used for production with different flow directions. Handling equipment can move in two mutually perpendicular directions. Often used floor and overhead transport.
Building hall type used when it is necessary to provide a large internal space (Fig. 5.1, c). The width of the spans in such buildings reaches 100 m or more.
The unified dimensions of the spans, the pitch of the columns and the height of one-story industrial buildings should be selected from Table. 5.10.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
L=W L=W |
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
L=W // // // // // // // // // // L=W
Rice. 5.1. Types of one-story industrial buildings:
a, b, c - span, cell, hall type, respectively.
Table 5.10
Main parameters of unified standard sections
one-story industrial buildings of mechanical engineering
Width, m |
Span, m |
Column pitch, m |
Truss step, m |
Height, m |
|
Main sections for craneless buildings with overhead transport |
|||||
Main sections for crane buildings |
|||||
Additional sections for crane buildings |
|||||
Workshops of enterprises of medium and heavy engineering are located in one-story industrial buildings, assembled from the main and additional unified standard sections (UTS).
The main sections (for longitudinal spans) have dimensions of 144x72 m and 72x72 m; additional sections (for transverse spans) - 24x72 m, 48x72 m; 30x72 m. Grids of columns for one-story multi-span buildings are 18x12 m and 24x12 m, where 12 is the column pitch, 18, 24 is the width of the spans.
Shorter spans are used for workshops with small equipment. For industries with large-sized equipment, the span width can be increased up to 30 or even up to 36 m.
For assembly spans, additional (crane) sections are used with dimensions of 24x72 m 2, 48x72 m 2 and 30x72 m 2.
The most common TCBs with dimensions in terms of 144x72 m 2 , with a grid of columns 12x18 and 12x24 m 2 are shown in fig. 5.2.
In light engineering and in instrumentation, multi-storey industrial buildings are most widely used. Such buildings are composed of unified standard sections with dimensions of 48x24, 48x36 and 48x48 m. Usually these buildings have from 2 to 5 floors with a grid of columns 6x6, 6x9, 9x9, 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ | |||
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
Rice. 5.2. The main unified standard sections of one-story
industrial buildings
The types and dimensions of the main unified sections of multi-storey industrial buildings are shown in fig. 5.3. Multi-storey buildings with a grid of columns 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m are widespread. Enlarged grids of columns increase the capacity of the building by (8 ... 15)%. The width of the building is taken, as a rule, 24 m. An increase in the width of the building leads to poor illumination of the middle zone and is possible if auxiliary and amenity premises are placed in the middle spans, as well as when combined lighting is used - natural at the outer walls and artificial in the middle part of the building. The height of the building ranges from 3.6 m (for craneless floors) to 6 m (upper floors with overhead cranes) and even up to 7.2 m (lower floors).
Premises for sanitary and administrative and cultural services for workers and employees at machine-building plants are located in extensions to industrial buildings in separate buildings or directly in production. The latter is undesirable due to the high cost of 1 m 2 of production space and the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions that are difficult to implement according to SNiP 2.09.04-87. Extensions adjoin either from the side of the end walls or from the side of the longitudinal walls. The first option is suggested (Fig. 5.4).
In some cases, sanitary and administrative and office premises are located in basements or semi-basements, on mezzanines, free production areas, in the inter-farm space, in special superstructures above the production building, which is also undesirable.
In connection with the maximum blocking of buildings, it is widely practiced to place administrative, office and sanitary facilities in inserts, which are located in the places of transverse and longitudinal expansion joints of the section (Fig. 5.4, c).
Space-planning solutions for administrative, office and sanitary facilities of attached or detached auxiliary buildings are unified (SN and P 2.09.04-87. Administrative and amenity buildings). They are assembled from UTS with a length of 36, 48, 60 m and a width of 12 or 18 m (Fig. 5.5). These UTS are based on column grids (6 + 6) x6 m or (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m. For separate auxiliary buildings, a grid of columns (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m is most often used.
Auxiliary buildings for the placement of administrative, office and sanitary premises of the workshop are usually built 2 ... 4 storey (floor height - 3.3 m), which ensures the maximum approximation of general workshop services to production sites. Free areas (on the upper floors) are used to accommodate general factory and general building services.
Fig.5.3. The main unified standard sections of multi-storey industrial buildings
A) - Two-span three-story craneless;
B) - two-span four-story craneless;
C) - N-span three-story craneless;
D) - N-span four-story craneless;
D) - N-flying five-story craneless;
E) - two-span three-story with an overhead crane;
G) - two-span four-story with an overhead crane;
Z) - three-span three-story with an overhead crane;
I) - three-span, four-story with an overhead crane;
K) - a three-span five-story building with an overhead crane;
L) - three-span three-story with an overhead crane;
M) - three-span four-story with an overhead crane;
H) - a three-span five-story building with an overhead crane.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ |
462 193 500 193 500
Rice. 5.4. Layouts of household premises (shaded):
a) - an extension to the end of the workshop; b) - extension to the longitudinal side of the shop; c) - scheme of the plan of the main building of AvtoVAZ: 1 - body painting shop; 2- body shop; 3 – metal plating shop; 4- reinforcement and radiator shop; 5- upholstery shop; 6- workshop for the manufacture and assembly of engines; 7- chassis and gearbox shop; 8- automatic shop; 9 - repair base; 10 wheel workshop.
Rice. 5.5. Space-planning solutions (UTS) of administrative and amenity buildings (composed of 36, 48, 60 m long and 12 or 18 m wide UTS. ) x6 m. For detached auxiliary buildings, a grid of columns (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m is most often used.)
Rice. 5.6. Layout diagram of mechanical and assembly shops (or MSC sections):
a) and b) - the assembly shop (section) is located perpendicular to the machining lines, respectively, at the end or in the middle of the body, continuing the spans of the mechanical shop (section);
c) and d) - the assembly shop is located in a separate span, respectively, perpendicular or parallel to the spans of machine shops.
MASTER PLANS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Substantiation of requirements for the planning of industrial facilities
The placement of buildings and structures on the territory of an industrial facility is an essential element in ensuring the efficiency of production, the sustainability of its operation and ensuring the safety of workers, employees and the population living close to hazardous facilities.
To organize the work of production and solve the above problems, requirements have been developed for the master plans of industrial enterprises - one of the main sources of danger in the technosphere. General requirements for the development of industrial enterprises are set out in building codes and regulations (SNiP 11-89-80), as well as in industry standards for technological design. These documents embody the best practices in the organization of production. Depending on the specifics, all-Russian requirements are supplemented by departmental (sectoral) ones. The importance of taking into account the requirements at the design stage has been proven by life itself. It is at this stage that “delayed action mines” can be laid in the form of a combination of factors that will lead to serious accidents or negatively affect the possibility of localizing emergencies of both natural and man-made nature within the territory object.
In this regard, the example of the accident in Jonava in 1989 is indicative - the depressurization of a container with 7000 tons of ammonia, followed by the ignition of nitrophoska (finished product of production).
Unsuccessful layout of the facility led in a critical situation to the emergence of secondary factors of damage, complication of emergency and rescue operations (localization of the accident lasted more than 3 days). These consequences could have been avoided with an appropriate attitude to the problem of ensuring safety and taking into account the requirements for the layout of industrial facilities.
The requirements under consideration must be strictly observed, their accounting and implementation controlled by supervisory authorities both in the design of new, expanded and reconstructed industrial enterprises, and in the development of schemes for master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities (industrial units). The main provisions of these documents meet the requirements of engineering and technical measures of civil defense within the Russian Federation and specify them within one object (group of objects).
In accordance with the Temporary Regulations on the Headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergencies, the governing bodies are obliged to take part in activities to approve development plans for cities, districts and settlements. Knowledge of the requirements for the master plans of industrial enterprises will help specialists assess the object from the point of view of safety and argue the requirements for their provision.
At a time when organizational measures for declaring the safety of industrial facilities and licensing their activities became mandatory, the territorial and facility services were faced with complex tasks for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations. This means that the specialists of the headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergency Situations should understand the issues under the jurisdiction of Gosgortekhnadzor, Gosatomnadzor, Goskomsanepidnadzor, Gospozhnadzor and a number of other supervisory and control bodies. Against the backdrop of the economic crisis, the problems under consideration have become much more complicated. Even at outwardly prosperous facilities, there are enough violations of safety standards and requirements to raise the question of temporarily stopping their activities. Practice gave birth to a compromise between the need for the functioning of the object and the level of security on it. To determine it in relation to a specific facility, it is necessary to know the norms and requirements for organizing a safe and trouble-free production process, which will make it possible to identify deviations during the inspection and assess their impact on the level of risk within the territory under consideration. The question under consideration is only a part of the general task, and the provisions considered in the following paragraphs are a practical retelling of normative documents.
REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The designed enterprises are located as part of a group of enterprises with common facilities in accordance with the "Instructions for the development of master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities of industrial units".
Enterprises and industrial units are located on the territory provided for by the scheme or project of the district planning, the general plan of the city or other settlement, the planning project of the industrial area.
Enterprises, industrial units and associated dumps, waste, treatment facilities are located on non-agricultural lands or unsuitable for agriculture. In the absence of such land, plots on agricultural land of poorer quality may be selected.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the lands of the state forest fund should be carried out mainly in areas not covered with forest or occupied by shrubs and low-value plantations.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the areas of occurrence of minerals is allowed in agreement with the state mining supervision bodies, and on the areas of occurrence of common minerals - in the manner established by law.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units is not allowed:
Ø in the first belt of the zone of sanitary protection of water supply sources;
Ø in the first zone of the district of sanitary protection of resorts, if the objects being designed are not directly related to the operation of the resort's natural medicinal products;
Ø in green areas of cities;
Ø on the lands of nature reserves and their protected zones;
Ø in the zones of protection of historical and cultural monuments without the permission of the relevant authorities for the protection of monuments;
Ø in hazardous areas of rock dumps of coal and shale mines or processing plants;
Ø in areas of active karst, landslides, subsidence or collapse of surfaces under the influence of mining, mudflows and snow avalanches, which may threaten the development and operation of enterprises;
Ø in areas contaminated with organic and radioactive emissions, before the expiration of the deadlines established by the bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service;
Ø in areas of possible catastrophic flooding as a result of the destruction of dams or dams.
A zone of catastrophic flooding is a territory where flooding has a depth of 1.5 m or more and can lead to the destruction of buildings and structures, death of people, and failure of equipment of enterprises.
The territories of industrial hubs should not be divided into separate sections by railways or roads of a common network.
Placement of enterprises in seismic areas should be provided in accordance with the "Guidelines for the placement of construction objects and limiting the number of storeys of buildings in seismic areas." In the northern construction-climatic zone, enterprises are located on sites with rocky, permafrost, homogeneous or thawed non-subsidence soils.
With an appropriate feasibility study, it is allowed to locate enterprises in areas with foundation soils with permafrost temperatures close to 0 ° C, as well as with significant ice saturation and other unfavorable frozen ground conditions.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of atmospheric air, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" must be observed.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the habitat and breeding conditions of animals, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Animals" is observed.
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes are not located in areas with prevailing winds at a speed of up to 1 m/s, with long or frequently recurring calms, inversions, fogs (no more than 30 -40%, during winter 50-60%).
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution are located in relation to residential buildings, taking into account the prevailing winds.
Enterprises that require special purity of atmospheric air are located on the leeward side of the winds of the prevailing direction in relation to neighboring enterprises with sources of atmospheric air pollution.
A sanitary protection zone is envisaged between the industrial and residential areas.
Industrial hubs, which include enterprises that require the organization of a sanitary protection zone 500 m wide or more, do not include enterprises that, in accordance with the SNiP for the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements, can be located near the border or within the residential area. territory.
Production facilities with sources of external noise with sound levels of 50 decibels or more are located in relation to residential and public buildings in accordance with SNiP for noise protection.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of water, the relevant regulatory documents of Sanepidnadzor must be observed.
Placement of enterprises in the coastal strips (zones) of water bodies is allowed only if it is necessary to directly adjoin the sites of the enterprise to water bodies (in agreement with the authorities for regulating the use and protection of waters). The number and length of adjoining sites of enterprises to water bodies in these conditions should be minimal.
When placing enterprises and industrial units on the coastal sections of rivers and other water bodies, the planning marks of the sites of enterprises are taken at least 0.5 m above the highest water level, taking into account the backwater and slope of the watercourse, as well as the wave height surge determined in accordance with SNiP for loads and impact on hydraulic structures.
The horizon is taken to be the highest water level with the probability of exceeding it for enterprises of national economic and defense importance once every 100 years, for other enterprises with a service life of up to 10 years - once every 10 years.
Placement of enterprises in areas with a more frequent excess of the water level is allowed with an appropriate feasibility study and subject to the construction of the necessary structures to protect enterprises from flooding.
These requirements do not apply to enterprises, their individual buildings and structures, as well as to objects for which, under the conditions of which, their short-term flooding is allowed.
In the Northern construction-climatic zone, buildings and structures in coastal areas are located taking into account the increase in the soil thawing bowl near the shore of the reservoir and the resulting change in the temperature and hydrogeological regime of the soil.
Enterprises that require the construction of cargo berths, piers, new structures are located downstream of the river below the residential area .
Placement of buildings and structures at a distance of up to 30 km from the borders of airfields, and especially tall structures (200m or more) at a distance of up to 75km from the borders of airfields is allowed subject to the requirements of the Air Code.
In the case of enterprises located in the area of radio stations, special-purpose facilities, warehouses of highly toxic substances, the distance to the enterprises from these facilities is taken in accordance with the requirements of special standards.
Placement of enterprises near the facilities for the manufacture and storage of explosives, materials and products based on them is carried out taking into account the boundaries of prohibited (dangerous) zones and areas, determined by special regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner, and in agreement with state supervision bodies, ministries and departments in charge of these facilities.
The construction of dumps, slag accumulators, tailings, waste and refuse from enterprises is allowed only if it is justified that it is impossible to dispose of them. At the same time, centralized (group) dumps are provided for industrial units. Sites for them are located outside the enterprises and the 2nd zone of the zones of sanitary protection of underground water sources in compliance with sanitary standards.
The distance between the dumps of coal or shale mines and production and storage buildings is assigned not less than the size of the dangerous shift zone of dumps, determined in accordance with the "Safety Rules in Coal and Shale Mines" approved by the Ministry of Coal Industry and Gosgortekhnadzor.
In the Northern construction-climatic zone between dumps, buildings and structures, in addition to these zones, distances are observed to ensure the preservation of the temperature regime of the foundations of these buildings and structures frozen by the ground.
The rules for the location of industrial enterprises, set out in a somewhat abbreviated form above, partially reflect the issues of engineering and technical measures of the Russian Civil Defense, which make up a single system of interrelated measures to prevent emergencies, protect the population and reduce damage in case of accidents and disasters.
PLANNING AND LOCATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES
The layout of the sites of enterprises and territories of industrial centers should provide the most favorable conditions for the production process and labor at enterprises, the rational and economical use of land and the greatest efficiency of capital investments.
The master plans of the reconstructed industrial enterprises and the schemes of the master plans of the existing areas provide for the streamlining of functional zoning and the placement of engineering networks.
The distance between buildings and structures, including engineering networks, is taken as the minimum allowable.
The general plans of enterprises and industrial units provide for:
Ø functional zoning of the territory, taking into account technological connections, .sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements, cargo turnover and modes of transport;
Ø rational production, transport and engineering communications at enterprises, between them and the residential area;
Ø cooperation of main and auxiliary industries and farms, including similar industries and farms serving the residential part of the city or settlement;
Ø intensive use of the territory, including ground and underground spaces with the necessary and reasonable reserves for the expansion of enterprises;
Ø organization of a unified R&S service network;
Ø the possibility of construction and commissioning of start-up complexes or stages;
Ø improvement of the territory (site);
Ø creation of a single architectural ensemble in conjunction with the architecture of adjacent enterprises and residential development;
Ø protection of adjacent territories from erosion, waterlogging, salinization and pollution of groundwater and open water bodies by sewage, waste and waste from enterprises;
Ø Restoration (reclamation) of land allotted for temporary use, disturbed during construction.
The master plan must take into account the natural features of the construction area:
Ø air temperature and prevailing wind direction;
Ø possible changes in the existing regime of permafrost soils in the process of construction and operation of buildings and structures;
Ø the possibility of large snow deposits due to the presence of hills or elevations of the terrain on the leeward side of the building;
Ø changes in the supra-permafrost water regime as a result of site development and the impact of these changes on the thermal regime of permafrost soils.
Enterprises and industrial units are located on the sites taking into account the exclusion of harmful effects on R&D, technological processes, raw materials, equipment and products of other enterprises, as well as on the health and sanitary and living conditions of the population in the area of enterprises.
Auxiliary buildings are located outside the circulation zone (aerodynamic shadow) formed by buildings and structures, if there are sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes on the site.
Garages of enterprises are provided only for specialized vehicles (emergency technical assistance, technical means and cleaning and maintenance of the territory, rescue and fire services). In the absence of automobile facilities in the construction area, garages are provided for at least 15 trucks.
By functional use enterprise site subdivided into zones:
Ø pre-factory (outside the fence or the conditional border of the enterprise);
Ø production;
Ø auxiliary;
Ø warehouse,
The territory of the industrial hub according to functional use is divided into the following zones:
Ø community center;
Ø sites of enterprises;
Ø common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms.
The division into zones is specified taking into account specific conditions.
The pre-factory zone of the enterprise is located on the side of the main entrances and approaches operating at the enterprise. The dimensions of pre-factory zones (1 hectare per 1000 employees) are taken from the calculation:
0.8 - with the number of employees up to 0.5 thousand;
0.7 - "more than 0.5 to 1 thousand;
0.6 - "1 - "4 thousand;
0.5 - "4" 10 thousand;
0.4 - "w 10 thousand.
When working in three shifts, the number of employees in the first and second shifts is taken into account.
The composition of the public center is determined in each specific case, based on the urban situation, the availability of service enterprises, the production, technological and sanitary-hygienic features of individual enterprises, the architectural and planning solution of the industrial unit.
The public center includes production management institutions, public catering enterprises, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions, specialized health care institutions, and consumer services enterprises.
In the zone of common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms, objects of energy supply, water supply and sewerage of transport, repair facilities, fire stations, dump facilities of the industrial unit are located.
In pre-factory areas and in public centers of industrial units, open areas for parking cars should be provided.
Open areas for parking cars of disabled people can be located on the territory of the enterprise.
Passing points are located at a distance of no more than 1.5 km from each other, and in the Northern building-climatic zone - not more than 1 km.
The distance from the checkpoints to the entrances to the sanitary facilities of the main workshops does not exceed 800 m.
At large distances from the checkpoints to the most remote sanitary facilities, internal passenger transport is provided.
Distances from workplaces to sanitary facilities are taken in accordance with existing standards.
In front of the checkpoints and entrances to sanitary facilities, canteens, control buildings, sites are provided at the rate of not more than 0.15 m 2 per 1 person. the most numerous change.
At enterprises where the possibility of using the labor of disabled people using wheelchairs is provided, the entrances to industrial, administrative and amenity and other auxiliary buildings are equipped with ramps with a slope of no more than 1:12.
At the sites of industrial enterprises, the minimum required number of buildings is provided. Production, auxiliary and storage facilities are combined into one or more large buildings. The placement of separate buildings is allowed if technologically necessary.
Buildings and structures, based on the specifics of production and natural conditions, are placed subject to the following requirements:
Ø longitudinal axes of the building and skylights are oriented within the range from 45 to 110 o to the meridian;
Ø longitudinal axes of aeration lamps and walls of buildings with openings used for aeration of premises are oriented in plan perpendicularly or at an angle of at least 45 ° to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year;
Ø In areas with a snow cover of more than 50 cm or with an amount of transported snow of more than 200 m 3 per 1 m of the transfer front per year, cross-ventilation of the enterprise site is provided.
Buildings that form semi-enclosed courtyards are used in cases where no other solution can be taken.
The use of buildings that form courtyards closed on all sides, if there are technological justifications.
In closed and semi-enclosed courtyards, extensions to buildings, as well as the placement of separate buildings or structures, are not allowed.
The distances between buildings and structures illuminated through window openings are not less than the maximum height to the top of the eaves of opposing buildings.
Buildings and structures with equipment that cause significant dynamic loads and vibration of the soil are located from buildings and structures with industries that are especially sensitive to vibrations, at distances that take into account the engineering and geological conditions of the territory, the physical and mechanical properties of the foundation soil, as well as measures to eliminate influence of dynamic loads and vibration on soils.
Production facilities and testing stations with particularly hazardous processes, explosive and fire hazardous facilities, as well as base storages for combustible and flammable materials, poisonous and explosive substances are located in accordance with the requirements of special standards approved by the Ministry of Construction of Russia or agreed with it.
Buildings, structures, open installations with industrial processes that emit gas, smoke and dust into the atmosphere, explosive fire hazardous objects, if possible, are located in relation to other industrial buildings on the windward side for the winds of the prevailing direction.
Cooling ponds, ponds, sludge ponds, etc. are placed so that in case of an accident, the liquid, when spreading, does not threaten the flooding of the enterprise, residential and public buildings and structures.
The spray pools are located with their long side perpendicular to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year.
The distances between buildings and structures, depending on the degree of fire resistance and the category of production, are determined by the norms and rules of fire safety.
The distances between open technological installations, units and equipment, as well as from them to buildings and structures, are accepted according to the norms of technological design.
Fire stations are located on land adjacent to public roads and serve a group of enterprises.
Service radiuses are accepted: 2 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying more than 50% of the total building area;
4 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying up to 50% of the building area, and enterprises with industries of categories D and D.