What type of agriculture is called suburban. The specifics of the specialization of the suburban economy
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I (Nederland) Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) (unofficial name Holland). I. General information N. The state in Western Europe, in the north and west is washed by the North Sea. The length of the sea borders is about 1 thousand km ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
I thought about the azonality of the suburban type of agriculture when I read about the high level of development of pig husbandry in the Moscow region. Where do you get these thoughts from? The mentioned region is located within the mixed forest zone, where dairy cattle breeding is characteristic, but pig breeding is a feature of the forest-steppe.
Suburban type of agriculture
A few words about this type of agricultural. It is agriculture that develops within a zone that is designated as a suburb. Since a separate type is distinguished, then there are features. Features of the suburban agricultural type:
- economic, functional connection with the city;
- specializes, to a greater extent, on supplying the city with livestock, poultry products, fresh vegetables;
- clear specialization;
- farms conduct production on an industrial basis, dispensing with virtually no land of their own;
- intensive production;
- vegetable growing is purely consumer-oriented.
The zone specializes in open-field vegetable farming, dairy farming, open-field fruit growing, potato growing, greenhouse and greenhouse farming, poultry farming, pond farming, egg factory production, and pig farming.
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Azonality of suburban agricultural type
In order to prove that this type of agricultural is azonal, I will demonstrate examples. I'll start from the suburbs of Moscow. As mentioned above, this territory is located within the zone of mixed forests. This area is characterized by potato growing, dairy cattle breeding, and the cultivation of a number of crops: rye, oats, barley, spring and winter wheat. However, the needs of the city have the potential to develop, in addition to the indicated ones, also vegetable growing, poultry farming, pig breeding, and fishing. Vegetable growing is characteristic of the steppe zone, where climatic conditions contribute to its development.
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The suburban area of \u200b\u200bSt. Petersburg is located in the taiga, where livestock and crop production are very limited. In fact, the development of poultry (the leader in egg production and 3rd place - meat), dairy cattle, vegetable growing (greenhouse, greenhouse), fodder crops.
In developing countries, dairy farming as an independent industry is slow and, at best, limited to suburban economy. This process is taking place on the basis of the stall keeping of livestock, while it is predominantly in Latin American countries. In general, the small number of trucks and the sparse network of good roads in these countries sharply limit the range of transportation of goods produced by peasants to cities. Even in centers with more than 1 million inhabitants, vegetables — the main product of a suburban economy in the tropics — are delivered mainly from villages within a radius of 50-60 km. The formation of areas of the corresponding agricultural orientation is still being carried out under the dictates of the factor of transport costs.
As for the industrially developed states, in them the modern suburban agricultural production ceases to obey the former placement rules, which were primarily dictated by the value of the cost of transporting the products. Transport progress, the widespread practice of preserving and freezing products, and other recent trends lead to a reduction in agricultural activity in the suburban areas, primarily in dairy farming, as well as in a number of other characteristic sectors: vegetable growing, pig farming, and poultry farming. This process is most clearly felt in the United States. Thanks to the appearance, for example, of refrigerated trucks, fresh milk is now delivered at a distance of up to 1,500 km, while for milk in jars this distance does not exceed 150 km. The transportation of expensive products (peaches, strawberries, asparagus, flowers) is increasingly involved in aviation, which is included in intercontinental transport, for example, flowers from Kenya. It is significant that the New York agglomeration, which is concentrated around 18 million people, satisfies at the expense of local households its needs for potatoes and pork by 2%, and vegetables - by 40%.
However, this does not mean that traditional industries do not continue to function in the area around large cities and agglomerations. They are represented by: 1) numerous farms today with part-time owners for them, supplying modest amounts of fresh fruits, berries and vegetables to consumers from nearby cities; 2) large agricultural enterprises in essence of an industrial nature - “factories” of milk and eggs, powerful greenhouse and greenhouse farms, etc.
However, suburban economy in advanced economies remains highly effective. The close proximity of innovation centers, coupled with the richness of experimental stations, nurseries and other institutions of the agricultural profile, which are pioneers in the mass introduction of the achievements of science and the transfer of agricultural production to industrial rails, is affecting. In areas adjacent to cities, agriculture is more active than in the rest; it is forced to compete with other sectors for labor and land and financial resources, which forces us to resort to intensive technologies to achieve high productivity and high labor productivity.
Even coming to big cities Russia, in the capital, every time I saw on the streets of grandmothers selling some products. Of course, this is very convenient for people - you can also buy something homemade, natural in the city. This is the main plus of suburban agriculture.
What is suburban agriculture
I think this name speaks for itself: suburban - in the city. Indeed, this type includes products that are produced not far from a city and specifically for its inhabitants. Typically, such an economy include:
- milk products;
- meat;
- eggs
- vegetables;
- perishable fruits.
Transporting these products over long distances is risky due to the fact that they deteriorate quickly, respectively, the economy will suffer huge losses. Therefore, agricultural enterprises enter into agreements with nearby cities and supply products there.
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Features of the suburban type
Due to the fact that suburban agriculture needs to somehow get along near megacities, it has its own characteristics:
- maximum use of land;
- seasonality (seasonal products are grown in the fields to avoid land downtime);
- strong climate dependence in the region (not every culture will feel good in certain conditions);
- most often, farms occupy vast areas.
Even if it seems that there are no large agricultural farms near the city, the suburban type is still present - gardens and living creatures of the region's inhabitants. Of course, if a person leaves all products to himself, this does not apply to suburban agriculture. But, you must admit, not everyone does this. And the products that are sold on the market are the products of the suburban economy.
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Perhaps, it seems to some, they say, without farms around cities they would have lived peacefully. Nothing like this. Yes, fruits, vegetables, meat and milk can be transported hundreds of kilometers away, but in what condition will all this be in 2-3 days of travel? Yes, and prices will skyrocket several times - transportation is never cheap.
The suburban zone, the territory surrounding the city and located with it in close functional economic, sanitary, architectural, and other forms of interconnection and interdependence.
The suburban area has diverse economic significance, and performs health-improving functions for the urban population. The city is the place of work for some of the population of the suburban area, and also serves as the main cultural center of the suburban area.
In the suburban area there are suburbs, satellite cities, individual manufacturing enterprises, airports, railway stations, ports, as well as water supply devices serving the city, treatment facilities, warehouses, trading bases, etc. Part of the territory of the suburban zone is used in agriculture, which specializes primarily in supplying the city with fresh vegetables, animal products, and poultry farming. In the suburban area are agricultural complexes, greenhouses, nurseries, agricultural experimental stations and much more.
In the suburban area, natural resources — forests, forest parks, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water — are preserved and protected, and recreational zones are created.
Certain areas are allocated for cottages and garden villages, motels, rest homes, boarding houses, sports and health camps and children's camps. In the process of urbanization, the suburban zone is a territorial reserve for the development and growth of the city. The most rational use of the territory of the suburban area for all these functions requires the comprehensive preparation of master plans for cities and their suburban areas, which is achieved in socialist countries by the implementation of regional planning projects for the suburban area.
Different types of suburban agricultural enterprises are specific for specialization, a combination of industries and economic conditions their activities. In some cases, suburban farms conduct their production on an industrial basis (poultry farms, greenhouse-greenhouses, pig-feed on food waste and animal feed, etc.), dispensing with almost their own land area and agricultural sectors.
As a rule, suburban farms conduct their production more intensively. This is due to the fact that the production of products characteristic of suburban farms requires more intensive farming - the introduction of large doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, the use of irrigation, a high level of mechanization of agricultural production, the construction of closed ground premises in connection with this - high saturation of fixed assets and relatively small loads of land.
Many suburban farms are not limited to specializing in the production of vegetables in general, or potatoes, or cattle breeding. Taking into account the location of farms and other conditions, there is a further division of labor and deepening of their specialization in the production of green vegetables, or early on-the-ground, or late vegetable crops. The deepening of specialization in suburban cattle breeding leads to the formation of farms with a high proportion of cows in the herd, to the organization of specialized farms for growing young animals, the separate production of eggs and poultry, to the creation of independent farms for pig feed and reproduction of pigs, etc.
The establishment of a clear specialization of suburban farms therefore requires particularly careful development, in relation to these environmental conditions, of a combination of not only industries, but also crops and varieties.
A specific feature of vegetable growing in the suburban area of \u200b\u200bproduction, focused on direct consumption: processing here is the exception rather than the rule, only non-standard or non-storage products are exposed to it.
Many farms in the suburban area are characterized by specialization in several sectors, which allows achieving the combination effect.
The main areas of specialization:
One of the central problems of the agricultural economy is to increase the efficiency of vegetable production. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the main problem - to choose the most rational way of applying production factors to resolve the contradiction between unlimited needs and lack of resources to meet them. The basis for achieving the effectiveness of the cultivation of vegetables is both the production method and the marketing of products.
Vegetable growing is the most important branch of agriculture: it is designed to satisfy the needs of the population in dietary products, as well as in canned vegetables throughout the year. Vegetable products contain vitamins, acids, proteins and other minerals indispensable for the body. The provision of vegetables to the population and the vegetable processing industry is possible provided that the production of vegetables is significantly increased based on a reduction in manual labor costs and cost reduction. Therefore, the main way to achieve this goal is to increase productivity, reduce the complexity of production.
Organize long-term storage of vegetables grown in the open field in a fresh state at the modern scientific and technological level;
Increase the volume of vegetables in greenhouses;
To develop the selection of vegetable crops and their varieties, aimed at preserving their useful properties during long-term storage, as well as at creating a crop less susceptible to low temperatures, droughts;
One of the central issues market economy is to increase production efficiency. To solve this problem, it is necessary to choose the most rational way of applying factors
production to resolve the contradiction between unlimited needs and lack of resources to meet them. Efficiency is based on the production method. To increase efficiency means to try to satisfy the ever-growing needs of the population with limited resources.
Economic efficiency shows the final useful result from the use of means of production and a living product, the return on total investment. This is obtaining the maximum volume of production from 1 ha of land, from 1 head of cattle at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor. When solving problems of increasing the efficiency of vegetable growing, it is necessary to improve the use of land, machinery, fertilizers, and increase crop yields. This implies a further increase in technical equipment, increased productivity, longevity, accelerated scientific and technological progress, and the introduction of the achievements of domestic and world science. It is also necessary to improve planning, the organization of labor and production, improve the skills of personnel, and strengthen their material incentives.
One of the main indicators of efficiency is considered the profitability of production. With regard to agriculture, production efficiency should characterize the level of use of land, material and labor resources, and, as a result, the provision of conditions for expanded reproduction of products. The process of reproduction is laid in the basis of production efficiency, the content of which is expressed by three stages of capital: monetary, production, commodity.
To characterize the effectiveness it is necessary to calculate the profit of the economy. It is located as the difference between revenue and production costs. On the basis of profit, it is possible to calculate profitability as the ratio of profit to production costs, based on data on yield, sown area, and gross harvest of crops.
The main areas of vegetable crops and the largest number of farms engaged in their cultivation are concentrated in areas with favorable conditions for their cultivation. There were developed zones of industrial vegetable growing with one or another specialization: raw microdistricts of processing enterprises; deep ones for exporting early products to industrial centers and northern regions; traditionally specializing in the cultivation of individual cash crops; seed production; vegetable growing. In each zone, vegetable-growing enterprises supplying the bulk of marketable products. Obtaining unstable crop yields of vegetables under conditions is explained not only by the influence of adverse weather conditions, but also by the imperfection of their cultivation technology.
Cattle have the ability to use cheap feed. Its diet is dominated by juicy and roughage, the production of which is cheaper than grain. Dairy cattle have a high return on feed.
The cost of the feed unit of the diet of dairy cattle is lower than the diets of pigs and poultry, the basis of which are more expensive concentrated feed.
Calculations show that if the cost of a feed unit spent on milk production is taken as a unit, then the relative cost of feed for getting beef will be 1.1 - 1.25, pigs - 1.3-1.5, poultry products - 1, 6-1.8. The production of a unit of milk protein requires 2 - 2.5 times less feed than a unit of protein of beef, pork and poultry. Milk is a relatively cheap food. Livestock products account for more than two-thirds of all animal protein, of which more than 50% is milk.
Of the branches of livestock, cattle occupies a leading place both in the structure of productive livestock (about 70%) and in the value of livestock products (about 60%). The share of marketable livestock products in the total agricultural production is more than one third, and in specialized farms - 50-60% or more. In areas of intensive animal husbandry, livestock breeding is important in the economy of collective farms and state farms. In large dairy complexes and specialized cattle fattening farms, livestock production is the main one.
Cattle in our country is located everywhere. Its main population is concentrated on collective farms and state farms, where cattle breeding has become large. About 21% of the livestock and 33% of the cows are on private farms of collective farmers, workers, office workers and other groups of the population, which serves as an additional source of satisfying the needs of the population in milk and meat.
Depending on the use of animals, the following areas of cattle breeding are distinguished: dairy, dairy and meat, meat and dairy, and meat. The direction of cattle breeding as an industry is determined by the relevant economic and environmental conditions, the structure of the herd, breed, level of production and the ratio of the final product.
Dairy cattle breeding is characterized by a high yield of marketable milk - over 70% of the value of all marketable livestock products and a limited volume of meat production. In dairy cattle breeding per kilogram of meat 12-13 kg of milk and more are produced. This direction covers mainly suburban areas, where cattle breeding is designed to meet the needs of the urban population in whole milk and fresh lactic acid products.
The production of whole milk in the suburban areas is carried out on the basis of the creation of large industrial dairy farms on collective and state farms and through the organization of dairy complexes for 800, 1200 cows and more, as well as their association in specialized firms for the production of whole milk
In farms with intensive dairy production and a higher concentration of cows, reproduction and expansion of a herd of cows can be carried out by organizing specialized enterprises for growing young animals.
It is advisable to transfer ultra-repair young cattle from high-intensity dairy farms to other specialized enterprises for rearing and subsequent intensive fattening.
Along with suburban areas, dairy farming has, unlike suburban areas, in a significant part of these areas, milk is sold not only in its entirety, but is also used for processing into butter, cheese, and cream. The proportion of cows in the herd of these farms is reduced to 55 - 50%. However, milk is predominant in the cost of marketable livestock products, although the yield of beef per cow increases against whole-milk farms. The ratio of milk and meat in dairy farms varies depending on the level of specialization and concentration of dairy cattle.
The organization of stable provision of food products to the urban population is becoming increasingly important.
The growth of large cities at the same time withdraws from agricultural production not only labor resources, but also land, using them both for industrial and housing construction, and for recreational purposes. The constant expansion of urban agglomerations has become a natural factor in our lives. It leads to an extremely high concentration of the population, which, due to the living standards formed by the city and rising incomes, places an increased demand on the variety and quality of food products.
Large cities have a mixed effect on the development of agriculture: being consumers of agricultural products, at the same time industrializing them, compensating for the increased consumption with new, more efficient means of production. However, the concentration itself disproportionately increases the load on the infrastructure, as well as the losses associated with the delivery, storage and sale of food products.
Specializations, concentration, cooperation and combination in the agriculture of the suburban zone provide a solid basis for the spread of industrial methods. Industrialization of the agricultural sector of the economy turns traditional manual labor processes into fundamentally new highly mechanized and automated ones, and expands the application of typically industrial technologies with their strict regulation of the sequence and accuracy of operations.
Proximity to the city is formed here increased requirements for social and cultural standards of life, standards of living, more satisfied due to the development of social infrastructure. The totality of these circumstances may
Proximity to the city creates other possibilities for intensifying agricultural production. The development of the economic infrastructure of the suburban zone, the higher rates of convergence of the levels of social, living and cultural populations near the core of the agglomeration, the market capacity contribute to the potential prerequisites for accelerated expanded reproduction.
The localization of suburban agri-food farms in the structure of the agro-industrial complex and the concentration of high-intensity agriculture in them, focused on the production of low-transportable and perishable products, is an important factor in the formation of commodity resources of the food markets of urbanized territories, and as a result, ensuring the stable functioning of the food supply sector of cities and the adjacent suburbs. The existing system of food distribution in the regions, characterized by extreme monopolization of the processing sector, the presence of a powerful intermediary link in food chains, and trade barriers impedes the implementation of marketing strategies for manufacturers of low-transportable products. At the same time, the advantages of suburban agriculture, manifested in the possibilities of reducing transport costs, using the innovation and infrastructure potential of the city, moving social resources between the city and the rural suburbs, necessitate the optimization of food flows in the direction of expanding the share of suburban agriculture in the structure of commodity products.
The traditional formulation of the problem of using the potential of suburban agri-food zones on the basis of the formation of centralized resources for providing cities with food requires significant adjustments, taking into account market laws, in the direction of developing new technologies to activate the potential of suburban agribusiness as a subject of food supply in urban areas, the formation of algorithms for comparing the resource and production potential of suburban agri-food zones and the current demand for food on the local market, assessing the possibilities of using program-targeted methods for regulating the sphere of food supply of the integrated socio-economic system "city-village".