Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks. Automated banking systems (3) - Abstract
The development of the Russian payment system in 2008 was characterized by a further increase in the availability of payment services of the banking system. The number of institutions of the banking system providing payment services increased by 10.2% over the year and amounted to more than 41 thousand by the end of 2008. The number of additional offices of credit institutions increased most intensively, which was due to the desire to provide banking services at lower costs. Over the year, the number of additional offices of credit institutions increased by 26.5% and amounted to about 19,000.
Thanks to the development of modern technologies, the service of credit institutions to provide clients with remote access to accounts is becoming more and more in demand. As a result, bringing payment services as close as possible to consumers has contributed to improving the efficiency of customer service, reducing their costs and increasing accessibility. By the end of 2008, the number of accounts that individuals can manage via mobile phone amounted to 1.3 million accounts, having increased by 2.2 times over the year. Internet technologies are also developing rapidly to provide bank customers with access to their accounts: the number of such accounts increased by 48.2%.
The dynamic development of the economy was accompanied by an increase in demand for payment services. The number of non-cash payments in the national currency made by the banking system of Russia increased by 46.8% over the year, and their volume - by 67.3%. Every day, the Russian banking system carried out an average of 9.9 million payment transactions in the national currency in the amount of 3.0 trillion. rubles.
Private payment systems in 2008 carried out an average of 6.5 million payments per day in the amount of 1.2 trillion. rubles. Correspondent accounts of credit institutions opened with other credit institutions (branches) accounted for 5.3% of the total and 12.3% of the total volume of all payments in private payment systems. Settlements between divisions of the same credit organization ensured the execution of 23.8% of the total and 34.0% of the total amount of payments in private payment systems. The largest part of payments in private payment systems is accounted for by payments within one division of a credit institution (branch). In 2008, they accounted for 70.9% of the total and 53.7% of the total volume of all payments in Russian rubles made through private payment systems.
Settlements on the securities market were carried out by non-banking credit organizations - the MICEX Clearing House and the RTS Clearing House. The volume of settlements performed by the MICEX Clearing House for transaction obligations calculated on a net basis in the government securities market, the corporate securities market, and the futures (standard) contracts market increased by 33.8% compared to 2007.
In non-cash settlements in the banking system of Russia, as in previous years, payment orders prevailed among the payment instruments. With the use of payment orders, 1.1 billion transactions were made in the amount of 510.9 trillion rubles. During the year, the number of such payments increased by 10.8%, and their volume - by 45.4%. Significantly increased over the year indicators of the use of payment requests and collection orders. Thus, the number of payments made using these payment instruments increased 1.9 times and amounted to 80.5 million units, while the volume of payments increased 2.5 times, amounting to 6.6 trillion. rubles. The share of checks and letters of credit accounted for an insignificant part of payments made in 2008.
Cash continued to dominate as a payment instrument for retail payments. Nevertheless, non-cash retail payments became more and more popular in the market.
Thus, in the context of expanding labor migration, the Russian market of money transfers demonstrated a steady upward trend, the annual growth rates of which were estimated at 60-80%. In 2008, the number and volume of money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening a bank account, carried out by credit institutions, including through money transfer systems, amounted to 721 million transactions in the amount of 2,149.9 billion rubles. Along with money transfers through credit institutions (the banking model), money transfers through non-bank organizations, for example, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post, whose services are especially in demand in regions with an underdeveloped network of banking institutions, have become more widespread.
The bank card market continued to grow steadily. During the year, their number increased by 38.4% and amounted to 103.5 million cards. High growth rates were largely due to the implementation of projects to transfer legal entities to pay wages to their employees using bank cards (“salary projects”). In addition, in recent years there has been a positive trend in the growth of the number of credit cards associated with the development of consumer lending: in 2008 the number of credit cards increased by 58.0% and amounted to 8.9 million cards. The development of transactions using bank cards is also due to changes in the field of payment technologies associated with the expansion of the range of banking services, access to which is carried out through the software and hardware complexes of credit institutions: repayment of bank loans and interest on them, card-to-card transfers, payment for mobile phone services. communications, utilities and others.
In 2008, the development of innovative forms of making non-cash retail payments on bank accounts of individuals, made on the basis of instructions submitted to a credit institution using the Internet and mobile phones, continued. The volume of payments in 2008 amounted to 285.2 billion rubles (9261.1 thousand transactions) and 1.4 billion rubles (2466.4 thousand transactions), respectively. At the same time, in the field of payments made using the Internet and mobile phones, there has been a tendency for them to be carried out by Internet operators, mobile operators and other organizations that are not credit institutions.
The payment services offered by them quickly became widespread among individuals, competing with the services of credit institutions, since they are more attractive due to the minimum time spent on filling out an application for the provision of such services, their availability, and their low cost.
In 2008, the payment system of the Bank of Russia made 833.9 million payments in the amount of 445.8 trillion. rubles. The volume of payments made through the system of the Bank of Russia in the total volume of payments made by the Russian payment system amounted to 59.7% (59.9% in 2007).
The increase in payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia for the year amounted to 19.8% in terms of number and 66.8% in value. The main part of the increase in the volume of payments was made up by payments from credit institutions (branches), which is explained by the demand for the services of the Bank of Russia payment system as a system of interbank money transfers with the lowest financial risks and high quality of payment services, as well as an increase in the client base of credit institutions (branches) and the growth of the economic activity of business entities.
Through the payment system of the Bank of Russia in 2008, 59.6% of the total and 71.9% of the total volume of interbank payments in Russia were made.
In the total number and volume of payments made by the payment system of the Bank of Russia, the share of payments by credit institutions (branches) in 2008 amounted to 83.7% in terms of the number and 80.3% in terms of the volume of payments (in 2007 - 82.0 and 84, 6% respectively).
The average daily number of payments amounted to 3.3 million units, having increased by 17.9% over the year, while the average amount of a payment made by the payment system of the Bank of Russia in 2008 increased by 40.0% compared to 2006 and reached 534, 6 thousand rubles (in 2007 - 383.9 thousand rubles). The ratio of payments made by the payment system of the Bank of Russia to Russia's GDP increased from 10.0 in 2007 to 13.5 in 2008.
As of January 1, 2008, 1,136 credit institutions (as of January 1, 2007 - 1,189) and 2,285 branches of credit institutions (as of January 1, 2008 - 2,062) were members of the Bank of Russia payment system, with 3,421 correspondent accounts (sub-accounts) opened (growth during the reporting year amounted to 5.0%).
The number of clients served by the Bank of Russia that are not credit institutions, whose share in 2008 accounted for 16.2% of the number and 8.7% of the volume of payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia, decreased over the reporting year from 36,401 to 29,324 , or by 19.4% (in 2007 - by 18.7%). As in previous years, the reduction in the number of these clients is carried out in connection with the implementation of the requirements of Article 215.1 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation regarding the transfer of cash services for the execution of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of municipalities to the Federal Treasury.
Measures continued to be taken to optimize the network of cash settlement centers of the Bank of Russia. In accordance with the decisions taken by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia and the proposals of the territorial branches of the Bank of Russia, 141 Bank of Russia cash settlement centers were liquidated during the year, the performance indicators of which did not meet the criteria established by the Bank of Russia, as a result of which the number of Bank of Russia settlement network units decreased by 15.3 % compared to 2007 and amounted to 782 units.
In the payment system of the Bank of Russia, the vast majority of payments were made using electronic technologies, the share of which was 99.7%.
The increase in the share of Bank of Russia customers - credit institutions (branches) participating in the exchange of electronic documents with the Bank of Russia, in their total number to 97.0% as of January 1, 2009 (96.4% as of January 1, 2008) was due to the development electronic technologies. In this regard, the share of payments received by the Bank of Russia payment system via communication channels increased to 97.8% compared to 97.7% in 2007 in the total number of payments.
The values of the average monthly accessibility ratios of the Bank of Russia payment system as one of the most important indicators of the smooth functioning of the Bank of Russia payment system for 2008 ranged from 99.02% to 99.89% in terms of the acceptance by the Bank of Russia of settlement documents in electronic form from 99.95 to 100% in terms of acceptance of settlement documents on paper.
The average terms of settlement transactions for all applied technologies at the intra-regional level amounted to 0.64 days, and at the inter-regional level - 1.01 days. The reduction in the average terms of settlement transactions was achieved mainly due to the reduction in the average terms of settlement transactions using electronic technologies.
The Bank of Russia paid considerable attention to improving the methodological and informational base in the field of payment systems, which is included in the plan of the most important measures under the Guidelines for the Unified State Monetary Policy for 2008 and the Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector.
To this end, a set of measures was taken to form the regulatory framework for a new promising area of activity for the Bank of Russia to regulate payment systems and organize the process of monitoring private payment systems in the Russian Federation. Work continued to improve the regulatory framework for cash and non-cash payments. The Bank of Russia attaches great importance to the implementation of measures aimed at improving information and analytical work in the field of payment systems and settlements, and increasing the transparency of its activities in this area.
In this regard, the Bank of Russia began publishing a specialized publication, Payment and Settlement Systems, aimed at summarizing and disseminating the best foreign and domestic experience. In 2008, two issues of the publication dedicated to the most urgent problems of the development of national payment systems were published, which are posted on the Bank of Russia website on the Internet and, thus, are available to a wide range of interested parties.
To implement the Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector, which provides for the construction by the Bank of Russia of a system of gross settlements in real time, a set of measures was taken to ensure the fulfillment of the set task within the established time frame.
Work was carried out to develop a comprehensive regulatory framework that would exclude the occurrence of legal risks and to include institutions of the Bank of Russia and credit institutions (branches) in the membership of the system of bank electronic express payments (BESP). To ensure the functioning of the BESP system, regulatory and administrative acts of the Bank of Russia have been developed that define the rules for the functioning of the BESP system, including the purpose of the BESP system, the procedure for making payments and making settlements in the BESP system by its participants and managing participation in the BESP system, the conditions for maintaining a directory of participants in the BESP system . The operating procedure and the procedure for monitoring the BESP system have been established.
In July 2007, the BESP system was put into operation, and since December 2007, participants' payments through the BESP system have been started. In 2007, 98 institutions of the Bank of Russia were included in the membership of the BESP system, including 47 head cash settlement centers (GRCC), 44 cash settlement centers (RCC), OPERU_1 of the Bank of Russia, OPERU and 5 branches of the Moscow Main Territorial Administration of the Bank of Russia as special settlement participants, and 17 credit institutions (branches). Commissioning of the BESP system made it possible to continue the process of transition to the centralized architecture of the Bank of Russia payment system.
In order to promptly communicate information regarding the inclusion of Bank of Russia clients in the number of participants in the BESP system, the regulatory framework and changes made to it, to potential participants in the BESP system, a subsection “BESP System” has been created on the Bank of Russia website on the Internet.
The main problems of the development of the Russian payment system
The most common problems are as follows.
- 1) Lack of sufficient knowledge about the totality of the main elements of the national payment system, which is the reason for selective changes in the system, and limited conceptual vision, leadership and trust between the main stakeholders.
- 2) Limited information on emerging payment needs and opportunities in an emerging economy, as well as the system's capacity to meet them.
- 3) Weak support and acceptance of reforms by public and private stakeholder groups, mainly due to lack of coherence.
- 4) Limited expertise and financial resources for the development and implementation of reform initiatives.
- 5) Legal, regulatory and other public policy barriers to development that take advantage of the natural aversion to innovation in payments interactions due to emerging risks.
In the course of the analysis of the operation of the payment system in Russia, six main risks were identified:
The first is the risk of losing liquidity in the regional segment of the payment system.
It concentrates almost all the risks called by analysts of the banking sector - credit, stock, operational, currency, since each of these risks has the same result - a negative impact on the amount of liquidity. It should be taken into account that the identified types of risks can overlap each other and form a systemic risk, while the initial, initial risk can cause the activation and development of other negative phenomena. As a rule, risks are introduced into the payment system by its customers, i.e. banks and bank customers. A decrease in the client's solvency reduces the liquidity of the payment system. Several banks weakened by these processes may adversely affect the performance of the regional component of the Bank of Russia payment system. Knowing the average balances, the average statistical amounts of receipts and write-offs of funds from correspondent accounts of banks in the region, it is easy to calculate the amount of liquidity decline to a dangerous level.
The second risk is associated with the desire of clients to use the payment systems operating in the country for criminal purposes. The practice of using the federal law dated 07.08.2001 No. 115-FZ “On counteracting the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism” shows the constant attempts of individual clients to circumvent its requirements, which can lead to laundering illegally obtained funds, financing anti-state structures, creation of non-banking transport of funds, tax evasion. Every year in many regions the number of crimes in the financial and banking sector is growing, therefore, due to the continued expansion of business and entrepreneurship, the relevance of managing these risks will increase.
In this regard, we can single out the third risk - the risk of unauthorized penetration into the payment system in order to organize the theft of bank funds, conduct operations to withdraw money from the banking sector. Given that the methods for identifying these risks differ from traditional banking forms of regulation, this type of risk can be designated as specific.
The fourth is the risk of exporting monetary resources from the country, which can be called a special type of risk. Unfortunately, indicators characterizing this type of risk are not analyzed at the regional level. There is no practice and experience in the banking system in this area, and this work will have to be built virtually from scratch.
In this regard, it is necessary to organize a discussion of scientists and practitioners on the advisability of introducing a limit on the export of monetary resources from the country and the mandatory notification of the Bank of Russia about the transfer of a significant amount abroad, obtaining permission from the Bank of Russia to transfer more significant amounts abroad.
The fifth risk is the risk of the consequences of a disruption in the normal operation of the system for technical, technological, organizational reasons, which can provoke its temporary stop, an increase in the scale of claims and penalties in relations between clients and the system itself.
The sixth risk is the risk of the consequences of the actions of an incompetent head of a commercial bank, improper performance of his functions.
At first glance it seems that this type of risk does not apply to the payment system, but this is a misconception. An unreliable manager is capable of causing damage not only to his bank, but also to his correspondents, to the entire payment system.
Therefore, it is necessary to think over the methods and forms of measuring the above risks, determining indicators, signals of the beginning of deviation from the established norms.
To this end, it is necessary to develop a procedure, rules for analyzing and monitoring customers in the bank itself, i.e. to form a program of self-regulation, self-control in each credit institution.
The first step, in our opinion, may be the establishment of a minimum balance on the correspondent account for each participant of the payment system of the Bank of Russia. This will create a constant minimum amount of liquidity in the regional segment of the Bank of Russia payment system and, of course, increase its reliability.
The organization of monitoring the execution of the agreement on maintaining customer accounts in credit institutions is very relevant. In a number of banks, unfortunately, a solid practice is to follow the lead of customers. I believe that deviations from the requirements of the Bank of Russia should be severely suppressed, and the Central Bank of Russia should have the authority to impose tough sanctions. Spitsin S.F. The payment system of Russia is the most important object of monitoring and regulation // Money and credit. 2008. No. 8. pp.43-45.
A serious problem in providing a payment mechanism in Russia is the analysis of indicators of private payment systems. The share of these systems in calculations is increasing every year. The development of standards for supervision and audit of private payment systems should begin with the establishment of rules and norms for the functioning of the private payment systems themselves, the introduction of the practice of licensing their activities, and daily monitoring of indicators affecting the liquidity of the Bank of Russia.
The first sprouts of risks appear in a slowdown in the business of the bank's clients, in a decrease in the receipt of funds to the accounts of clients, and a deterioration in financial stability. Under these conditions, the bank begins to look for alternative forms of maintaining its financial stability, and the Bank of Russia is able to fix indicators of these aspirations. They manifest themselves: in a decrease in the balance of funds on the correspondent account of the bank; in expanding borrowing; more frequent attraction of interbank loans. Analytical banking magazine. December 2007 pp.56-64.
What should a modern payment system of the Bank of Russia look like? First: the payment system of the Bank of Russia must have a clear and understandable regulatory framework for market participants, which operates the same throughout the Russian Federation.
Secondly, the payment system of the Bank of Russia should have well-defined and effective procedures for managing credit and liquidity risks, as well as ensure prompt and final settlement on the value day.
Thirdly, the payment system of the Bank of Russia must ensure a high level of security and operational reliability and has backup mechanisms for the timely completion of payment processing during the business day.
Fourth, the payment system of the Bank of Russia should provide user-friendly and economically efficient ways to make payments, etc.
Given that the payment system of the Bank of Russia is currently the only one of the systemically important payment systems in Russia, the task of improving the function of the Bank of Russia as an operator of its own payment system is topical.
The Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector of the Russian Federation, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia, determines that the improvement of the Russian payment system will be facilitated by the construction by the Bank of Russia of a real-time gross settlement system for large, urgent, priority payments generated by interbank markets, securities markets, other users.
This will significantly increase the role of the national payment system in ensuring the efficient operation of financial markets and further its integration into international payment systems.
To improve the efficiency of the Bank of Russia payment system, changes in the approach to the development of regulations governing the procedure for making settlements through the Bank of Russia will be required. The main principles of the new approach include: - a holistic description of the payment system of the Bank of Russia in terms of the tools, procedures and rules applied; -- differentiation of participants in the payment system of the Bank of Russia, depending on the requirements of the law for transactions carried out on the accounts of participants (credit institutions, bodies of the Federal Treasury), the content of the services provided to them (direct and indirect participants) and the method of access to them (direct or indirect through the RCC );
Determining the prospects for the development of the Bank of Russia payment system, taking into account the need to converge the functional characteristics of regional settlement systems and unify their regulations with the transition to a single regulation for Moscow time; -- Consolidation of regional components and reduction of their number in the whole country.
The implementation of these principles will make it possible to ensure unified procedures and rules for making cashless payments through the Bank of Russia, regardless of the structure of the Bank of Russia settlement network and the features of the software and hardware complexes used in the regional components. Another important area for improving the regulation of the payment system of the Bank of Russia is the elimination of a number of restrictions and shortcomings in the rules for making cashless payments through the Bank of Russia. Thus, it has long been necessary to describe the possible methods of settlement (on a gross basis and on a net basis), the sequence of execution of settlement documents in the presence of a queue of settlement documents during the day and at the end of the day, ensuring the functional independence of the settlement system from the accounting system, as well as changes in the role of postal and telegraph technologies (reserve in relation to electronic).
When improving the rules for the use of settlement documents in electronic form, it will additionally be required:
- 1) exclude the use of electronic payment documents in a reduced format;
- 2) eliminate differences in the implementation of intra-regional and inter-regional payments and, accordingly, move away from the concepts associated with this;
- 3) cancel restrictions on the forms of payment;
- 4) to automate the functions of maintaining queues of unfulfilled settlement documents (in the current regulations, the accounting concept of “file cabinet” is still used);
- 5) develop mechanisms for the execution of settlement documents in electronic form received from direct participants - credit institutions, in respect of which restrictions are introduced on the grounds provided for by law (liquidation procedures, arrest of funds in the account, etc.) without terminating the electronic document flow with such participants;
- 6) eliminate differences in technologies and data structures used in various software systems (“unified formats for the exchange of electronic messages”);
- 7) improvement of the tools used in the payment system of the Bank of Russia in order to ensure end-to-end data processing and compatibility with external payment systems. Ushakov P.V. On the issue of development and anti-crisis management of the payment system of the Bank of Russia // Money and credit. 2008 No. 11. pp.14-19.
Among the payment systems that are most exposed to systemic risk, there are systems in which settlements are carried out on a net basis. Currently, in Russia, such payment systems dominate the organized financial markets and retail payments, but so far they occupy an insignificant share compared to transfers made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia. In this regard, at the initial stage, due to the lack of systemic significance for the financial system of the Russian Federation of payment systems that carry out settlements on a net basis, the Bank of Russia intends to develop documents that are advisory in nature for operators of private payment systems. These documents will mainly address issues of the content of the rules of payment systems in terms of risk management, for example: - Establishing criteria for access to payment systems. In international practice, such access, as a rule, is obtained only by credit institutions that meet certain financial requirements and have the appropriate software and hardware. The requirements may relate to the limits of the authorized capital or the limits of participation in the formation of guarantee (reserve) funds. Guarantee funds of payment systems are used in case of insolvency of one of its participants;
- -- the establishment of bilateral or multilateral restrictions (credit and debit). These restrictions allow participants to control the level of credit risk and in practice depend on the size of the participant's contribution to the guarantee fund. The simultaneous formation of a guarantee fund and the establishment of debit limits significantly increase the stability of the payment system;
- -- participation of other participants of the payment system in the scheme for covering losses arising from the insolvency of one or more participants. The problem of risk management is related to the determination of the effectiveness of the functioning of the payment system. Naturally, credit institutions participating in the payment system are interested in the fact that the cost of making payments is minimal. But cost minimization often increases the riskiness of payment execution by reducing the level of security and the absence of risk management mechanisms that require significant financial costs. In this regard, regulatory tools should achieve the optimal combination of efficiency and reliability of payment services.
One of the first steps in the organization of supervision over private payment systems can be the organization of a monitoring system, including the initial collection of information, its analysis and the adoption of regulatory measures. The initial collection of information should make it possible to identify credit institutions that perform the functions of settlement institutions (settlement centers) of private payment systems, after which it is possible to organize a directory that would include updated information about each settlement center. On the basis of information on the activities of settlement centers, criteria for classifying private payment systems (assigning payment systems created on the basis of a particular settlement center to one group or another) can be developed in accordance with the approach set out in international standards (systemically important payment systems, significant payment systems, insignificant payment systems). This classification requires regulatory consolidation with the establishment of procedures for assessing the compliance of the rules for the functioning of the system with key principles, as well as assessing the adequacy of measures aimed at reducing the likelihood of systemic and other risks.
It can be concluded that the Russian payment system is becoming larger and more risk-oriented, with a constantly growing number of participants and amounts of transactions. The prerequisites for such a situation include the following: 1) The Bank of Russia has carried out large-scale work to create a system for collective information processing, improve the technical infrastructure, and institutional formations of the Bank of Russia payment system. 2) In 2007, for the first time, the Bank of Russia put into operation a unique system of banking electronic means of payment (BESP), which serves customers - members of the Bank of Russia payment system 20 hours a day. 3) active development by clients and banks of the world economic space is accompanied by the expansion of client relations, interaction with new economic structures and foreign banks. 4) along with a powerful and well-functioning payment system of the Bank of Russia, dozens of private payment systems operate in the country, the share of which in making payments is constantly growing. 5) Commercial banks and their clients are getting bigger every year. 6) In many regions of the country, the number of bank branches with foreign capital is increasing. Spitsin S.F. The payment system of Russia is the most important object of monitoring and regulation // Money and credit. 2008. No. 8. P.44.
Introduction
1. Electronic payment systems and their classification
1.1 Basic concepts
1.2 Classification of electronic payment systems
1.3 Analysis of the main electronic payment systems used in Russia
2. Means of protection of electronic payment systems
2.1 Threats associated with the use of electronic payment systems
2.2 Security technologies for electronic payment systems
2.3 Analysis of technologies for compliance with the basic requirements for electronic payment systems
Conclusion
Bibliographic list
INTRODUCTION
A highly specialized topic of electronic payments and electronic money that was of little interest 10 years ago has recently become relevant not only for businessmen, but also for end users. Fashionable words "e-business", "e-commerce" are probably known to every second person who at least occasionally reads computer or popular press. The task of remote payment (transferring money over long distances) has moved from the category of special ones to everyday ones. However, the abundance of information on this issue does not at all contribute to clarity in the minds of citizens. Both because of the complexity and conceptual underdevelopment of the problem of electronic payments, and due to the fact that many popularizers often work on the principle of a damaged telephone, at a household level, of course, everything is clear to everyone. But this is until the turn of the practical development of electronic payments comes. This is where the misunderstanding of how appropriate the use of electronic payments in certain cases is revealed.
Meanwhile, the task of accepting electronic payments is becoming increasingly important for those who are going to do business using the Internet, as well as for those who are going to make purchases over the Web. This article is for both.
The main problem when considering electronic payment systems for a beginner is the variety of their design and operating principles, and the fact that, despite the outward similarity of their implementation, quite different technological and financial mechanisms can be hidden in their depths.
The rapid development of the popularity of the global Internet has led to a powerful impetus for the development of new approaches and solutions in various areas of the world economy. Even such conservative systems as electronic payment systems in banks succumbed to new trends. This was reflected in the emergence and development of new payment systems - electronic payment systems via the Internet, the main advantage of which is that customers can make payments (financial transactions), bypassing the exhausting and sometimes technically difficult stage of physical transportation of a payment order to the bank. Banks and banking institutions are also interested in implementing these systems, as they allow to increase the speed of customer service and reduce overhead costs for making payments.
Electronic payment systems circulate information, including confidential information, which requires protection from viewing, modification and imposition of false information. The development of appropriate Internet-oriented security technologies is currently a major challenge. The reason for this is that the architecture, basic resources and technologies of the Internet are focused on organizing access or collecting open information. However, recently there have been approaches and solutions that indicate the possibility of using standard Internet technologies in building systems for secure transmission of information over the Internet.
The purpose of the RGR is to analyze electronic payment systems and develop recommendations for the use of each of them. Based on the goal, the following stages of the implementation of the RGR are formulated:
1. Determine the main tasks of electronic payment systems and the principles of their functioning, their features.
2. Analyze the main systems of electronic payments.
3. Analyze the threats associated with the use of electronic money.
4. Analyze the means of protection when using electronic payment systems.
1. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
1.1 Basic concepts
Electronic payments. Let's start with the fact that it is legitimate to talk about the emergence of electronic payments as a type of cashless payments in the second half of the twentieth century. In other words, the transfer of information about payments by wire has existed for a long time, but acquired a fundamentally new quality when computers appeared at both ends of the wires. Information was transmitted using telex, teletype, computer networks that appeared at that time. A qualitatively new leap was expressed in the fact that the speed of making payments increased significantly and it became possible to automatically process them.
Later, electronic equivalents of other types of payments also appeared - cash payments and other means of payment (for example, checks).
Electronic payment systems (EPS). We call an electronic payment system any complex of specific hardware and software that allows you to make electronic payments.
There are various methods and communication channels for accessing EPS. Today, the most widespread of these channels is the Internet. The spread of EPS, access to which is carried out using a mobile phone (via SMS, WAP and other protocols), is increasing. Other methods are less common: by modem, by telephone with tone dialing, by telephone through an operator.
Electronic money. A vague term. If you carefully consider what lies behind it, it is easy to understand that electronic money is an incorrect name for "electronic cash", as well as electronic payment systems as such.
This misunderstanding in terminology is due to the liberty of translating terms from English. Since electronic payments in Russia developed much more slowly than in Europe and America, we were forced to use firmly rooted terms. Of course, such names of electronic cash as “digital cash” (e-cash), “digital money” (digital money), “electronic cash” (digital cash)2 have the right to life.
In general, the term "electronic money" does not mean anything specific, so in the future we will try to avoid its use.
Electronic cash:
This is a technology that appeared in the 90s of the last century that allows you to carry out electronic payments that are not directly tied to the transfer of money from an account to an account with a bank or other financial organization, that is, directly between persons - the final participants in the payment. Another important property of electronic cash is the anonymity of payments it provides. The authorization center that certifies the payment has no information about who exactly and to whom transferred money.
Electronic cash is one of the types of electronic payments. A unit of electronic cash is nothing more than a financial obligation of the issuer (bank or other financial institution), essentially similar to a regular bill of exchange. Payments using electronic cash appear where it becomes inconvenient to use other payment systems. A good example is the unwillingness of the buyer to provide information about his credit card when paying for goods on the Internet.
Having decided on the terminology, we can move on to the next stage of our conversation - let's talk about the classification of EPS. Since EPS mediate electronic calculations, the division of EPS is based on various types of these calculations.
In addition, the software and/or hardware technology on which the EPS mechanism is based plays a very important role in this matter.
1.2 Classification of electronic payment systems
Electronic payment systems can be classified based both on the specifics of electronic payments and on the basis of the specific technology underlying the EPS.
EPS classification depending on the type of electronic payments:
1. According to the composition of the payment participants (Table 1).
Table 1
In the future, we will not consider those EPS that are designed to serve electronic settlements of the “bank-bank” type. Such systems are extremely complex, they affect to a greater extent the technological aspects of the functioning of the banking system, and they are most likely not of interest to the broad masses of our readers.
In addition, it should be noted that there is one more type of payments that logically does not quite fit into Table 1. According to formal features, it completely falls into the C2B area, but nevertheless cannot be provided by means of widespread EPS of this type. Micropayments are characterized by extremely small (cents or fractions of a cent) value of goods. The most typical example of a system that implements micropayments for all popular articles is the sale of jokes (for a cent apiece). Systems such as Eaccess and Phonepay are suitable for micropayments.
2. By the type of operations performed (Table 2).
table 2
Type of electronic payments | Where are they used | EPS example |
Bank account management operations | "Client bank" systems with access via modem, Internet, mobile phone, etc. | Bank account management operations of the System "client |
Money transfer operations without opening a bank account | Money transfer systems over computer networks, similar to postal and telegraphic transfers | |
Operations with card bank accounts | Debit and credit plastic cards | Cyberplat (Cyberpos) |
Operations with electronic checks and other non-monetary payment obligations | Closed systems of inter-corporate payments | Cyberplat (Cybercheck) |
Transactions with electronic (quasi) cash | Calculations with physical individuals, electronic analogues of tokens and prepaid cards used as money surrogates for paying for goods |
It should be noted that systems of the "client - bank" type have been known for a long time. You could access your bank account using a modem. Over the past decade, new options have emerged to manage your account using the Internet, through a user-friendly web interface. This service was called "Internet banking" and did not introduce anything fundamentally new into the payment systems of the "client-bank" type. In addition, there are other options for accessing a bank account, for example, using a mobile phone (WAP-banking, SMS-banking). In this regard, in this article we will not specifically dwell on this kind of EPS, we will only note that now in Russia about 100 commercial banks provide Internet banking services using more than 10 different EPS.
EPS classification depending on the technology used:
One of the most important qualities of EPS is burglary resistance. Perhaps this is the most discussed characteristic of such systems. As can be seen from Table 3, when solving the problem of system security, most approaches to building an EPS are based on the secrecy of a certain central database containing critical information. At the same time, some of them add additional layers of protection to this secret database, based on the durability of the hardware.
In principle, there are other technologies on the basis of which EPS can be built. For example, not so long ago there was a message in the media about the development of an EPS based on CDR disks embedded in a plastic card. However, such systems are not widely used in world practice, and therefore we will not focus on them.
Table 3
Technology | What is the stability of the system based on? | EPS example |
Systems with a central server client bank, funds transfer | Security of access keys | Telebank (Guta-bank), "Internet Service Bank" (Autobank) |
Smart cards | Hardware resistance of a smart card to hacking | Mondex, ACCORD |
Magnetic cards and virtual credit cards | Secrecy of databases containing authorization information (card numbers, PIN codes, customer names, etc.) | Assist, Elite |
scratch cards | Database secrecy with numbers and codes of scratch cards | E-port, Creditpilot, Webmoney, Paycash, Rapira |
File/wallet as a program on the user's computer | Cryptographic strength of the information exchange protocol | |
Paid phone call | Secrecy of the central database with pin codes and hardware stability of the intelligent telephone network | Access, Phonepay |
1.3 Analysis of the main electronic payment systems used in Russia
Currently, the Russian Internet uses quite a lot of electronic payment systems, although not all of them are widely used. Characteristically, almost all Western payment systems used in Runet are tied to credit cards. Some of them, such as PayPal, officially refuse to work with clients from Russia. The following systems are most widely used today:
CyberPlat refers to systems of a mixed type (in terms of any of the above classifications). In fact, we can say that within this system, three separate ones are collected under one roof: the classic “client-bank” system, which allows customers to manage accounts opened with banks participating in the system (11 Russian banks and 1 Latvian); the CyberCheck system, which allows making secure payments between legal entities connected to the system; and the Internet acquiring system, that is, the processing of payments accepted from credit cards - CyberPos. Among all Internet acquiring systems available on the Russian market, CyberPlat provides processing of the largest number of types of credit cards, namely: Visa, Mastercard/Eurocard, American Express7, Diners Club, JCB, Union Card, an imminent connection to the STB-card system has been announced and ACCORD-card/Bashkard. Unofficially, the company's employees claimed that they were working on the possibility of docking with other Russian card systems. In addition to the above, CyberPlat provides processing of scratch cards of the E-port payment system and announced the forthcoming commissioning of a gateway with the Paycash system.
Currently, to increase the level of protection against payments from stolen credit cards, the company is developing a specialized PalPay technology, which consists in the fact that the seller is given the opportunity to check whether the buyer really has access to the bank account associated with the credit card, or only knows its details. Officially, the introduction of this technology into operation has not yet been announced.
The CyberCheck system is of great interest for organizing work with corporate partners. Its main feature (compared to accepting payments by credit cards) is the impossibility of the payer's refusal to make a payment after the fact. In other words, receiving confirmation of payment from CyberCheck is just as reliable as receiving such confirmation from the bank where the seller's account is located. All these features make CyberPlat perhaps the most advanced and interesting for EPS sellers on the Russian Internet.
The Assist system in terms of processing payments from credit cards is in many respects a functional analogue of CyberPlat. In Moscow, her interests are represented by Alfa-Bank. In total, 5 banks are connected to the system. The Internet acquiring subsystem allows you to accept payments from Visa, Mastercard/Eurocard, STB-card. As of September, the acceptance of payments from other card systems declared on the server of the Assist system was not really provided. However, according to unofficial information, in the near future it will be possible to accept Diners Club cards, Cirrus Maestro and Visa Electron debit cards. Interestingly, this type of card is usually not accepted by acquiring companies, however, due to their cheapness, these cards are very common. Usually the refusal to accept debit cards is motivated by security considerations. Perhaps ASSIST will be able to get around this problem by using the SET protocol, support for which was announced by the company just the other day. Unlike the traditional method of paying with plastic cards on the Internet, which allows the cardholder to refuse a payment made from it (charge-back), the SET protocol guarantees the authenticity of the transaction, significantly reducing the risk for the merchant.
The payment method announced on the Assist website using electronic certificates purchased from an Internet provider is quite interesting as it opens up new business directions for providers, however, according to available information, due to legal difficulties, no one has really used it until recently. Nevertheless, again, according to unofficial information, this state of affairs will soon change - in the fall of 2001, we may see the first practical implementation of this method of calculation.
In addition to the CyberPlat and Assist card systems mentioned in the descriptions, there are others that have received some distribution on the market. Discover/NOVUS is widely distributed in North America and may be of interest to those electronic stores that work for a Western audience. We are not aware of domestic acquiring companies that would process cards of this system, however, there are a number of offers from intermediaries representing the interests of Western acquirers. Among the Russian card systems, after STB and Union Card, the most noticeable on the market are Zolotaya Korona, Sbercard (Sberbank), Universal Card and ICB-card (Promstroybank), as well as the ACCORD card / Bashcard already mentioned above . The "ICB-card" is handled by a couple of small acquiring companies, the acceptance of payments via the Internet from the "Golden Crown" and "Sbercard" cards is supposedly provided directly by the issuers and / or companies associated with them, and in the case of the Universal Card, it seems not provided by anyone.
Paycash and Webmoney are positioned by their developers as electronic cash systems, but upon closer examination, only Paycash can rightfully claim such a status.
The development of Paycash was initiated by the Tauride Bank, but other banks are currently connected to the system, for example, Guta-Bank.
From a technological point of view, Paycash provides an almost complete imitation of cash payments. From one electronic wallet (a specialized program installed by the client on his computer), money can be transferred to another, while ensuring the anonymity of the payment in relation to the bank. The system has become quite widespread in Russia and is currently making attempts to enter the world market.
The bottleneck of Paycash is the procedure for transferring money to an electronic wallet. Until recently, the only way to do this was to go to a bank branch and transfer money to the system account. True, there were alternatives - for users of the Guta-bank Telebank system, it was possible to transfer money from an account in Guta-bank without leaving home, but in some cases, apparently, it is easier to transfer them directly to the account of the seller - electronic store without using Paycash as an intermediary. It was also possible to transfer money via Western Union or postal/telegraphic transfer, but the attractiveness of this route was limited by the high level of commission. For residents of St. Petersburg, there is a very exotic opportunity - to call a courier for money at home. Great, but, alas, not all of us live in the northern capital.
The possibility of transferring money to Paycash from credit cards is still missing. This is due to the fact that companies that support the operation of card systems provide their customers with the opportunity for the so-called "charge back" - refusal to make a payment "backdating". "Charge back" is a mechanism that protects the owner of a credit card from fraudsters who can use its details. In the event of such a refusal, the burden of proving that the goods have actually been delivered to the true cardholder and that payment should be made falls on the merchant. But in the case of Paycash, this kind of proof is basically impossible - for obvious reasons. The gateway with CyberPlat mentioned above, which is under development, is also designed to solve this problem.
In the meantime, in order to expand this bottleneck in the system, PayCash has taken two rather reasonable steps - it has issued prepaid scratch cards and has ensured the acceptance of payments through the Contact transfer system, whose rates are significantly lower than postal rates (2.2% versus 8%).
The Webmoney system is one of the "pioneers" in the electronic payment market in Russia. It is currently international. According to some reports, Webmoney has representatives not only in the countries - republics of the former USSR, but also in foreign countries. The system operator is an autonomous non-profit organization "VM-center".
The mode of operation of Webmoney is very similar to working with electronic cash, only a careful and captious analysis allows us to make sure that in fact Webmoney does not provide complete anonymity of payments, that is, they are not closed from the system owners themselves. However, the practice of Webmoney has shown that this property is rather beneficial, allowing in some cases to deal with fraud. Moreover, as a separate paid service, VM-Center offers certification of a legal entity and an individual, naturally depriving him of anonymity in relation to other participants in the system. This opportunity is necessary, first of all, for those who want to organize an honest electronic store and intend to convince potential buyers of their reliability. Webmoney allows you to open accounts and transfer funds in two currencies: rubles and dollars.
To access the system, the "electronic wallet" program is used. Additional features of the system are the transfer of short messages from wallet to wallet, as well as credit transactions between wallet owners. However, in our opinion, few people will agree to lend to anonymous people via the Internet, not being able to forcibly collect a loan in case of non-repayment.
Unlike Paycash, Webmoney initially provided the ability to both transfer ordinary cash to a wallet and cash out the contents of wallets without tedious procedures for filling out payment orders at the bank, but in a rather strange way from a legal point of view. In general, the legal support of Webmoney in terms of its work with organizations for a long time caused a lot of criticism.
This was the reason why while end users were actively installing "wallets" for themselves, many e-shops refused to use this EPS. True, at present this situation has somewhat improved, and the active marketing position of Webmoney owners leads to the fact that the image of the system is constantly improving. One of the interesting features of this marketing strategy was that almost immediately after its launch on the market, everyone was given the opportunity to earn money in this system (some people may remember the Nails project and its later development - visiting.ru ). Just like Paycash, Webmoney issues prepaid scratch cards designed to deposit money into the system.
Two systems based on scratch cards: E-port (Autocard-holding) and CreditPilot (Creditpilot.com) are like twin brothers. Both of them assume that the buyer will first buy a scratch card with a secret code somewhere in a wide distribution network or by ordering a courier to his home, after which he will begin to pay on the Internet using this code with stores that accept payments of these systems. E-port additionally offers the possibility of creating "virtual" scratch cards by transferring money to the company's account through a bank or through the "Webmoney" system.
The Rapida system, which began operating in September 2001, just like the two previous ones, offers depositing money into the user's account via scratch cards or payment at a member bank of the system. Additionally, the possibility of working in the "Client-Bank" mode and transferring money to the accounts of legal entities that are not participants in the system, as well as individuals without opening a bank account, was announced. Access to the system is provided not only via the Internet, but also by telephone, using touch-tone dialing. In general, the system looks technologically advanced and very interesting, but so far not enough time has passed since it was put into operation to be able to talk about the prospects.
EPS, which allow payment in the same way as it is paid for long-distance calls (after the fact, based on the bill coming from the telephone company), first appeared in the United States and were intended to pay for access to porn resources. However, due to the systematic fraudulent actions of many owners of such systems, they did not gain popularity among buyers, and sellers were not particularly happy with them, because these systems strove to significantly delay payments.
Two domestic implementations of this concept - Phonepay and Eaccess - are at the very beginning of their journey. Both systems assume that in order to make a payment, the client must make a call to a certain long-distance number in the 8-809 code (provided, apparently, by the MTU-inform company), after which some key information will be dictated to him by the robot. In the case of Eaccess, this is a pin code used to access a paid information resource, and in the case of Phonepay, it is a universal "digital coin" consisting of 12 digits of one of the five denominations hard-coded in the system. Looking at the sites of the systems, it can be noted that e-access is still gradually developing, increasing the number of stores connected to the system, and Phonepay has not connected a single store that does not belong to developers to its system.
In my opinion, such systems in Russia have quite definite prospects related to the ease of access to them by the end user, but their scope will be limited to the sale of information resources. A long delay in receiving payments (the system will transfer them to the store no earlier than the buyer pays the phone bill) makes trading in material values using these EPS rather unprofitable.
Finally, another type of EPS should be mentioned - specialized transfer systems between individuals that compete with traditional postal and telegraphic transfers. This niche was first occupied by such foreign systems as Western Union and Money Gram. Compared to traditional transfers, they provide faster and more secure payments. At the same time, they have a number of significant drawbacks, the main of which is the high cost of their services, reaching up to 10% of the transfer amount. Another annoyance is that these systems cannot legally be used to systematically accept payments for goods. However, for those who just want to send money to relatives and friends, it makes sense to pay attention to these systems, as well as to their domestic counterparts (Anelik and Contact). So far, neither Paycash nor Webmoney is able to compete with them, since it is not possible to get cash by pulling it out of an electronic wallet somewhere in Australia or Germany. EPS Rapida declares such a possibility, but so far there are no details on the site, and the geography of the system's offices cannot be compared with systems already on the market.
The owners of electronic stores, apparently, should think first of all about accepting money from credit cards and electronic cash systems - Webmoney and Paycash. In terms of the combination of consumer characteristics, in our opinion, none of the systems for accepting payments from credit cards on the Russian market can compete with CyberPlat. All other systems are subject to optional use, especially if you remember that the same E-port does not have to be installed separately, since its cards are serviced by CyberPlat.
2. MEANS OF PROTECTION OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
2.1 Threats associated with the use of electronic payment systems
Consider the possible threats of destructive actions of an attacker in relation to this system. To do this, consider the main objects of attack by an attacker. The main object of the attacker's attack are financial resources, or rather their electronic substitutes (surrogates) - payment orders circulating in the payment system. In relation to these tools, an attacker can pursue the following goals:
1. Theft of funds.
2. Introduction of counterfeit funds (violation of the financial balance of the system).
3. Violation of system performance (technical threat).
The specified objects and goals of the attack are abstract and do not allow for the analysis and development of the necessary measures to protect information, so Table 4 provides a specification of the objects and goals of the attacker's destructive effects.
Table 4 Model of possible destructive actions of an attacker
Object of influence | The purpose of the impact | Possible mechanisms for the implementation of the impact. |
HTML pages on the bank's web server | Substitution for the purpose of obtaining information entered into the payment order by the client. | Attack on the server and substitution of pages on the server. Substitution of pages in traffic. Attack on the client's computer and substitution of pages on the client |
Client information pages on the server | Obtaining information about payments of the client (s) | Attack on the server. Attack on traffic. Attack on the client's computer. |
Payment order data entered by the client in the form | Obtaining information entered into the payment order by the client. | Attack on the client's computer (viruses, etc.). Attack on these instructions when they are sent through traffic. Attack on the server. |
Private client information located on the client's computer and not related to the electronic payment system | Obtaining client confidential information. Modification of client information. Disabling the client's computer. | The whole complex of known attacks on a computer connected to the Internet. Additional attacks that appear as a result of the use of payment system mechanisms. |
Bank processing center information. | Disclosure and modification of information of the processing center and the bank's local network. | Attack on a local network connected to the Internet. |
From this table follow the basic requirements that any system of electronic payments over the Internet must satisfy:
First, the system must ensure the protection of payment order data from unauthorized changes and modifications.
Secondly, the system should not increase the attacker's ability to organize attacks on the client's computer.
Thirdly, the system must ensure the protection of data located on the server from unauthorized reading and modification.
Fourthly, the system must provide or support a system for protecting the bank's local network from exposure from the global network.
In the course of developing specific systems for protecting electronic payment information, this model and requirements should be further detailed. However, for the current presentation, such detail is not required.
2.2 Security technologies for electronic payment systems
For some time, the development of the WWW was held back by the fact that html pages, which are the basis of the WWW, are static text, i.e. with their help, it is difficult to organize an interactive exchange of information between the user and the server. Developers have proposed many ways to extend HTML's capabilities in this direction, many of which have not been widely adopted. One of the most powerful solutions, which was a new stage in the development of the Internet, was Sun's proposal to use Java applets as interactive components connected to HTML pages.
A Java applet is a program that is written in the Java programming language and compiled into special bytecodes, which are the codes of some virtual computer - a Java machine - and are different from the codes of the Intel processors. Applets are hosted on a server on the Web and downloaded to the user's computer whenever an HTML page is accessed that contains a call to that applet.
To execute applet codes, the standard browser includes a Java machine implementation that interprets the bytecodes into machine instructions of the Intel (or other) family of processors. The capabilities embedded in the Java applet technology, on the one hand, make it possible to develop powerful user interfaces, organize access to any network resources by URL, easily use the TCP / IP, FTP, etc. protocols, and, on the other hand, make it impossible to implement access directly to computer resources. For example, applets do not have access to the computer's file system and connected devices.
Microsoft's Active X technology is a similar solution for expanding WWW capabilities. The most significant differences between this technology and Java are that components (analogues of applets) are programs in Intel processor codes and that these components have access to all computer resources , as well as Windows interfaces and services.
Another less common approach to WWW enhancement is Netscape's Plug-in for Netscape Navigator technology. It is this technology that seems to be the most optimal basis for building information security systems for electronic payments via the Internet. For further presentation, let's consider how this technology solves the problem of protecting Web server information.
Suppose that there is some Web server and the administrator of this server needs to restrict access to some part of the server's information array, i.e. organize so that some users have access to some information, while others do not.
Currently, a number of approaches to solving this problem are proposed, in particular, many operating systems running Internet servers require a password to access some of their areas, i.e. require authentication. This approach has two significant drawbacks: firstly, the data is stored on the server itself in an open form, and, secondly, the data is also transmitted over the network in an open form. Thus, an attacker has the opportunity to organize two attacks: on the server itself (guessing a password, bypassing a password, etc.) and attacking traffic. The facts of the implementation of such attacks are widely known to the Internet community.
Another well-known approach to solving the problem of information security is an approach based on SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) technology. When using SSL, a secure communication channel is established between the client and the server, through which data is transmitted, i.e. the problem of transmitting data in clear text over a network can be considered relatively solved. The main problem with SSL lies in the construction of a key system and control over it. As for the problem of storing data on the server in an open form, it remains unresolved.
Another important disadvantage of the approaches described above is the need for their support from the software side of both the server and the network client, which is not always possible and convenient. Especially in the systems focused on the mass and unorganized client.
The approach proposed by the author is based on the protection of html pages directly, which are the main information carrier on the Internet. The essence of protection lies in the fact that files containing HTML pages are stored on the server in encrypted form. At the same time, the key on which they are encrypted is known only to the person who encrypted it (the administrator) and clients (in general, the problem of building a key system is solved in the same way as in the case of transparent file encryption).
Clients access secure information through Netscape's Plug-in for Netscape technology. These modules are programs, more specifically software components, that are associated with certain file types in the MIME standard. MIME is an international standard that defines file formats on the Internet. For example, there are the following file types: text/html, text/plane, image/jpg, image/bmp, etc. In addition, the standard defines a mechanism for specifying custom file types that can be defined and used by independent developers.
So, Plug-ins are used, which are associated with certain MIME file types. The connection lies in the fact that when the user accesses files of the corresponding type, the browser launches the Plug-in associated with it and this module performs all actions to visualize the file data and process the user's actions with these files.
The most famous Plug-in modules are modules that play video clips in avi format. Viewing these files is not included in the regular capabilities of browsers, but by installing the appropriate Plug-in, you can easily view these files in the browser.
Further, all encrypted files in accordance with the established international standard order are defined as files of the MIME type. application/x-shp. Then, according to Netscape technology and protocols, a Plug-in is developed that associates with this file type. This module does two things: first, it asks for a password and user ID, and second, it does the job of decrypting and displaying the file in the browser window. This module is installed, in accordance with the regular, established by Netscape, order on the browsers of all client computers.
At this preparatory stage of work, the system is ready for operation. During operation, clients access encrypted html pages at their standard address (URL). The browser determines the type of these pages and automatically launches the module we developed, passing it the contents of the encrypted file. The module authenticates the client and, upon successful completion, decrypts and displays the page content.
When performing this entire procedure, the client gets the feeling of “transparent” page encryption, since all the system operation described above is hidden from his eyes. At the same time, all the standard features embedded in html pages, such as the use of pictures, Java applets, CGI scripts, are preserved.
It is easy to see that this approach solves many information security problems, since in open form, it is only on the computers of clients; data is transmitted over the network in encrypted form. An attacker, pursuing the goal of obtaining information, can only carry out an attack on a specific user, and not a single server information protection system can protect against this attack.
Currently, the author has developed two information security systems based on the proposed approach for the Netscape Navigator (3.x) and Netscape Communicator 4.x browsers. In the course of preliminary testing, it was found that the developed systems can function normally under the control of MExplorer, but not in all cases.
It is important to note that these versions of the systems do not encrypt the objects associated with the HTML page: pictures, script applets, etc.
System 1 offers protection (encryption) of the actual html pages as a single entity. You create a page, then you encrypt it and copy it to the server. When accessing an encrypted page, it is automatically decrypted and displayed in a special window. Support of the security system by the server software is not required. All work on encryption and decryption is carried out on the client's workstation. This system is universal, i.e. does not depend on the structure and purpose of the page.
System 2 offers a different approach to protection. This system provides display of protected information in some area of your page. The information is in an encrypted file (not necessarily in html format) on the server. When you go to your page, the protection system automatically accesses this file, reads data from it and displays them in a certain area of the page. This approach allows you to achieve maximum efficiency and aesthetic beauty, with minimal versatility. Those. the system turns out to be focused on a specific purpose.
This approach can also be applied in the construction of electronic payment systems via the Internet. In this case, when accessing some page of the Web server, the Plug-in module is launched, which displays the payment order form to the user. After the client fills it out, the module encrypts the payment data and sends it to the server. At the same time, he can request an electronic signature from the user. Moreover, encryption keys and signatures can be read from any medium: floppy disks, electronic tablets, smart cards, etc.
2.3 Analysis of technologies for compliance with the basic requirements for electronic payment systems
Above, we have described three technologies that can be used in building payment systems over the Internet: this is a technology based on Java applets, Active-X components and plug-ins. Let's call them technologies J, AX and P, respectively.
Consider the requirement that the attacker's ability to attack a computer not increase. To do this, let's analyze one of the possible types of attacks - the substitution by an attacker of the corresponding client protection modules. In the case of technology J, these are applets, in the case of AX, submersible components, in the case of P, these are plug-ins. It is obvious that an attacker has the ability to replace protection modules directly on the client's computer. The mechanisms for implementing this attack are beyond the scope of this analysis, however, it should be noted that the implementation of this attack does not depend on the protection technology under consideration. And the level of security of each technology is the same, i.e. they are all equally vulnerable to this attack.
The most vulnerable point in J and AX technologies, from the point of view of substitution, is their download from the Internet. It is at this point that an attacker can make a substitution. Moreover, if an attacker manages to replace these modules on the bank's server, then he gets access to all the information of the payment system circulating on the Internet.
In the case of technology P, there is no danger of substitution, since the module is not loaded from the network - it is permanently stored on the client's computer.
The consequences of spoofing are different: in the case of J-technology, the attacker can only steal the information entered by the client (which is a serious threat), and in the case of Active-X and Plug-in, the attacker can get any information that the client running on the computer has access to.
Currently, the author is not aware of specific ways to implement Java applet spoofing attacks. Apparently, these attacks are developing poorly, since the resulting opportunities for stealing information are practically absent. But attacks on Active-X components are widespread and well known.
Consider the requirement to protect information circulating in the electronic payment system via the Internet. Obviously, in this case, technology J is inferior to both P and AX in one very significant issue. All information protection mechanisms are based on encryption or electronic signature, and all relevant algorithms are based on cryptographic transformations that require the introduction of key elements. Currently, the length of key elements is about 32-128 bytes, so it is almost impossible to require the user to enter them from the keyboard. The question arises how to enter them? Since P and AX technologies have access to computer resources, the solution to this problem is obvious and well known - the keys are read from local files, floppy disks, tablets or smart cards. But in the case of technology J, such an input is impossible, which means that you either have to require the client to enter a long sequence of meaningless information, or, by reducing the length of key elements, reduce the strength of cryptographic transformations and, consequently, reduce the reliability of protection mechanisms. Moreover, this decrease is very significant.
Consider the requirement that the electronic payment system must organize the protection of data located on the server from unauthorized reading and modification. This requirement follows from the fact that the system involves the placement on the server of confidential information intended for the user. For example, a list of payment orders sent by him with a note on the results of processing.
In the case of technology P, the data is presented in the form of html pages, which are encrypted and placed on the server. All actions are performed in accordance with the algorithm described above (encrypting html pages).
In the case of J and AX technologies, this information can be placed in some structured form in a file on the server, and components or applets must perform data reading and visualization operations. All this in general leads to an increase in the total size of applets and components, and, consequently, to a decrease in the download speed of the corresponding pages.
From the point of view of this requirement, technology P wins due to its greater manufacturability, i.e. less overhead for development, and greater resistance to substitution of components as they pass through the network.
As for the last requirement to protect the banking local network, it is fulfilled through the competent construction of a system of firewalls (firewalls) and does not depend on the technologies under consideration.
Thus, a preliminary comparative analysis of technologies J, AX and P was carried out above, from which it follows that technology J should be used if maintaining the degree of security of the client's computer is much more important than the strength of cryptographic transformations used in electronic payment systems.
P technology seems to be the most optimal technological solution underlying payment information protection systems, since it combines the power of a standard Win32 application and protection from attacks via the Internet. The practical and commercial implementation of projects using this technology is carried out, for example, by the Russian Financial Communications company.
As for the AX technology, its use seems to be inefficient and unstable to malicious attacks.
CONCLUSION
Electronic money is increasingly becoming our daily reality, which, at least, must be reckoned with. Of course, no one in the next fifty years (probably) will cancel ordinary money. But not being able to manage electronic money and missing the opportunities that they bring with them means voluntarily erecting an “iron curtain” around oneself, which has been pulled apart with such difficulty over the past fifteen years. Many large firms offer payment for their services and goods through electronic payments. For the consumer, this saves a lot of time.
Free software for opening your electronic wallet and for all work with money is maximally adapted for mass computers, and after a little practice does not cause any problems for the average user. Our time is the time of computers, the Internet and e-commerce. People who have knowledge in these areas and the appropriate means achieve tremendous success. Electronic money is money that is becoming more widespread every day, opening up more and more opportunities for a person who has access to the Network.
The purpose of the calculation and graphic work has been fulfilled and solved the following tasks:
1. The main tasks of electronic payment systems and the principles of their functioning, their features are determined.
2. The main systems of electronic payments are analyzed.
3. Analyzed the threats associated with the use of electronic money.
4. Analyzed the means of protection when using electronic payment systems.
REFERENCES
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3. Mikhailov D.M. International payments and guarantees. Moscow: FBK-PRESS, 2008, pp. 20-66.
4. Polyakov V.P., Moskovkina L.A. Structure and functions of central banks. Foreign experience: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2006.
5. Gaikovich Yu.V., Pershin A.S. Security of electronic banking systems. - M: United Europe, 2004
6. Demin V.S. etc. Automated banking systems. - M: Menatep-Inform, 2007
7. Krysin V.A. Business security. - M: Finance and statistics, 2006
8. Linkov I.I. et al. Information subdivisions in commercial structures: how to survive and succeed. - M: NIT, 2008
9. Titorenko G.A. and other Computerization of banking. - M: Finstatinform, 2007
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Introduction
2.2 Technology, document flow and reflection in accounting operations with bank cards. Analysis of the activities of credit institutions on the use of bank cards
2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Russian payment system
Chapter 3 Problems and prospects for the development of automated payment systems in the Bank of the Russian Federation
3.1 Analysis of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia as part of the development of the payment system of the Russian Federation
3.2 The role of real-time large electronic payments for the economy
Conclusion
List of sources used
automated payment bank card
Introduction
The relevance of the research topic lies in the need to increase the efficiency of money circulation by simultaneously reducing costs and limiting the risks inherent in the modern system of money circulation. XPS is far superior to all traditional PS in terms of its efficiency. The shortcomings of paper money circulation (high costs, illegal transactions, fraud, the possibility of inflation, environmental damage, etc.), which have become increasingly acute in recent years, may well be overcome through the use of EPS. At the same time, many researchers believe that the spread of EPS poses a potential threat to the stability of the economic system. The issue of the right of the individual to confidentiality in relation to monetary information and combating money laundering in the framework of the use of EPS is being actively discussed.
In this vein, a serious discussion has begun in scientific circles today about the feasibility, prospects and limits of using EPS, which is accompanied by a large amount of research published in the form of scientific articles, monographs, collective works, and the publication of specialized journals. This fact also indicates the relevance of the research topic.
The degree of knowledge of the problem. Since the advent of the first EPS, more and more attention has been paid to the problems of implementation and use of EPS. Particularly active is the study and development of the implementation and use of EPS in Western countries, where the very technology of electronic payments was born. In Russia, until recently, the issues of building modern retail EPS were not properly reflected in the works of domestic scientists, while the issues of building systems for wholesale cashless payments have always been given increased attention. Today, the situation is beginning to change - there are domestic works devoted specifically to the field of retail settlements.
It should be noted that there is no unified approach to the problem and a general categorical apparatus in this area. Many studies in the field of electronic payments contradict each other in terms of approach, methodology, understanding the essence of the phenomenon, economic interpretations, assessment of novelty and prospects for its use. Most of the works on this topic are narrow and fragmentary - they are devoted only to certain aspects of the phenomenon. At the same time, the range of opinions and positions of researchers is quite wide. In this regard, attempts to systematize the accumulated practical and theoretical experience in the field of electronic settlements by the monetary authorities of individual countries and international organizations in order to develop a regulatory framework for state regulation of the new sector of monetary circulation are of great importance.
Given the above, we can talk about the average degree of study of the implementation and use of EPS in the field of retail settlements by foreign science. In Russia, the problem can be considered little studied and narrowly covered, since today there are no special domestic studies devoted to the comprehensive study of these issues, taking into account the latest technological advances, while the need for such studies for further transformations in the country is obvious, and translations of works by foreign authors absent or difficult to access.
As a result, foreign publications played the main role in developing the topic of the thesis research.
The economic significance of a comprehensive study and systematization of scientific experience in the field of introduction and use of modern retail EPS in national and international settlements, in order to develop specific recommendations regarding the optimization of monetary circulation mechanisms (including in relation to Russia), taking into account this experience, predetermined the relevance of the research topic and determined her choice.
The purpose of the study is to theoretically assess and practically analyze the emergence and development of EPS, to study and generalize the modern practice of organizing and functioning of EPS, as well as to determine areas for their improvement.
The object of research is money circulation, as a process of continuous movement of money. Automated payment systems.
The subject of this work is specific innovations in the field of money and monetary circulation, the emergence of which is associated with a powerful breakthrough in the development of science and technology in the 20th century. We are talking about the emergence of an electronic information carrier and computer technology as a tool for its processing. Thus, the focus of the work is on the study of modern automated payment systems, as a set of financial, economic, technological, legal, informational and organizational relationships that develop between the subjects of money circulation in connection with the introduction of new payment methods.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Clarify the concept of automated payment systems;
Consider the classification of automated payment systems;
To analyze foreign experience of using automated payment systems;
Analyze the use of automated payment systems;
To analyze the features of the document flow and the reflection in the accounting of operations with bank cards;
Analyze the effectiveness of the payment system of the Russian Federation;
Consider the problems and prospects for the development of automated payment systems in the Bank of the Russian Federation.
The theoretical and methodological basis was a combination of the dialectical method and general scientific approaches, the tools of general economic theory, quantitative methods of analysis, the study and comparison of the legal framework of various countries, the works of foreign and Russian specialists in the field of the theory of money, credit and the practice of building payment systems.
Chapter 1 The role and importance of automated payment systems in modern conditions
1.1 The concept of automated payment systems
Global technological development and widespread use of electronic payment systems creates significant advantages for the functioning of non-cash forms.
At the same time, traditional forms of money still offer certain unique advantages. However, issues of the nature and role of electronic money in the modern financial system are becoming increasingly relevant. 2, art. 18, item 24
However, the further development of electronic payment systems and the improvement of non-paper money forms that have been taking place recently require a more detailed study of the essence of electronic money and their role in the global financial system.
The concept of "electronic money" or "digital money" characterizes various payment mechanisms created for making monetary payments in electronic form. Electronic money can exist in two generally recognized forms: microprocessor cards and "network money". 2, art. 18, item 23
If electronic money is considered as money represented exclusively by numbers on bank accounts, then in this case they are not something new, because it does not matter in what form the numbers on a bank account are presented - in paper or digital. 17
The essence of modern changes in the monetary form is that there is an evolution in the methods of transferring funds from one account to another. Electronic money transfers have become widespread relatively recently, enabling users to get direct access to payment systems when payments are made using a debit card or a personal computer.
Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the characteristic features and, accordingly, to determine the essence of electronic money, as such, as well as their differences from the elements of payment systems. 17
The use of the electronic money mechanism requires the intervention of a third party for each monetary settlement.
Therefore, unlike cash, when a consumer pays to another consumer, when using electronic money, a necessary condition is the presence of an intermediary that ensures the conduct of the cash flow. While paper money is issued in an open circulating system, i.e. in a system where banknotes move freely between agents, most of the electronic money schemes that are currently in operation operate in the form of closed circulating systems in which multiple transfers of funds between agents are not allowed. 17
In modern economic science, ideas about creating open circulating systems based on electronic money are widely discussed, in which the emission of electronic money would be placed under the strict control of the central bank. 17
Of great importance for the effective implementation of the regulatory functions of the central bank is the division of payment systems into systemically important, potentially significant and others. The criteria for assessing the systemic significance of the system are the amount of payments processed by it (in relation to the resources of the participants in the system and the amounts of payments made within the framework of the NPS), as well as the nature of the payments processed. In particular, systems for processing payments for transactions in financial markets and systems designed for settlements using other payment and settlement systems (for example, interbank settlement systems for large amounts) are usually recognized as systemically important. 17
In various types of payment systems, the central bank can act as a user, participant or settlement agent. However, it plays a key role in the functioning and development of the NPS - it establishes its organizational foundations, regulates and supervises it, and, as a rule, is the guarantor of the final completion of settlements, acting as a lender of last resort. In many countries, ensuring the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the country's payment system is legally defined as one of the main goals of the central bank.
The basis of the modern NPS is the system of interbank settlements, which is a money transfer system in which all or most of the direct participants are banks or non-bank credit institutions. eighteen
The entire turnover of interbank transfers in the economy is divided into two flows unequal in terms of value - large and urgent money transfers and small non-urgent money transfers. For the transfer of small non-urgent amounts, systems such as DNS are mainly intended, which serve mainly client payments for small wholesale and retail transactions - at the local level or on a national scale. eighteen
Although net systems can also be used for large payments, in most countries interbank large sum transfer systems are gross systems operating on the principles of RTGS. They operate on a nationwide scale and serve mainly wholesale transactions. The main flow of non-cash payments in the economy (more than 80 percent in developed countries) passes through large-value transfer systems. For the most part, these are interbank settlements, transfers on monetary obligations of financial market participants (money, securities, foreign exchange, etc.), as well as transfers related to the performance of the functions of a central bank, including the use of monetary regulation instruments. These systems are dominated by state-owned systems, owned and operated exclusively by central banks. Large-value private interbank systems are most often owned by associations of commercial banks. eighteen
The initiators of the creation of state interbank systems of large sums were the central banks, which at the same time pursued the goal of not only ensuring the stability and efficiency of the functioning of the NPS, but also maintaining the stability of the national currency and the financial system. Since the central bank is the settlement agent in most systems of this type, its money is used by participants as settlement assets. This allows you to significantly reduce risks and ensure uninterrupted operation of the system.
In recent years, the development of modern technologies has made it possible to create hybrid settlement systems that combine the advantages of RTGS and clearing systems. They can process all types of payments - large (urgent) and small (non-urgent), use combined settlement mechanisms (on a gross basis and on a clearing basis), apply unified technical means and technologies for processing electronic payment documents, etc. However, in such hybrid systems, there are settlement systems that are oriented towards processing large (urgent) amounts of payments, and systems designed to process small (non-urgent) amounts of payments (or other money transfers). eighteen
There are already several projects that provide for the creation of open-circulating systems based on electronic money without the participation of banks in general. In practice, the functioning of electronic money in such well-known systems as, for example, Web-money or Yandex-money, is due to the fact that non-banking and even non-financial institutions issue money in their electronic form. A feature of this issue is that at present the wording of money is replaced by the concept of title units, which reflect the monetary form of a certain currency. It must also be said that these systems provide several options for Internet lending when you need money urgently.
Therefore, banks cannot be regulators of money circulation in non-bank payment systems. It should be noted that commercial banks have recently been forced to adapt to servicing non-banking and non-financial payment systems. eighteen
At the same time, electronic money issued in closed circulating systems does not allow them to be considered money, as evidenced by the already mentioned wording “title units”. There are new forms of electronic money that are more like a new medium of exchange.
Electronic money, which will be issued in an openly circulating system and will have the same characteristics as cash, will play a full-fledged role as a means of payment, exchange and accumulation. eighteen
Therefore, electronic money issued in open-circulating systems can be considered real money. Electronic money can be compared to traveler's checks - they are no different from other types of money that exist today, because all types of money can not only serve as a means of credit, but also be a medium of exchange.
Recently, electronic payment systems have taken a prominent place in the world, which may be due to the active evolution of money as a means of payment. eighteen
Now let's put the question, what is an automated payment system? Currently, an automated payment system is a convenient method of payment for mobile operators, Internet providers, and large stores.
The spread of online stores in Russia, which have become serious competitors in some segments of traditional retail outlets, has led to the need to organize new ways of paying customers. It is thanks to this that the market share of electronic payment systems is growing every year.
According to Gemius, as of Q2 this year, less than 20% of online store customers consider electronic payments to be the most convenient payment method. The reasons for such low performance, market participants primarily name the distrust of consumers in virtual finance - be it payment cards, Webmoney or any other similar system. eighteen
On the other hand, a buyer who wants to pay for a purchase on the Web with electronic money sometimes faces the need for additional manipulations - for example, writing a corresponding application to a bank or difficulties with replenishing the balance in an electronic payment system. The third reason for the low popularity of online payments is the low level of well-being of the population of our country - as numerous studies of the Internet audience show, online shopping remains the prerogative of users with an income above the average. However, despite this, the number of people who prefer payments with virtual money is growing every year.
Electronic platforms for paying for services on the Internet are becoming more popular among users and make it possible to top up the balance or close the accounts of most services provided by Russian companies on time and without hassle, not to mention shopping in online stores. The specialists of the analytical groups decided to compile a rating of the popularity of electronic payment systems and provide the information received to the public for review. eighteen]
To compile this rating, several factors were taken into account in varying degrees of value for users. For analysis, in particular, user queries were taken, left in the Yandex search engine and related to electronic payments. In addition, articles from the media were analyzed that mentioned certain trading platforms. Finally, we analyzed the traffic statistics of payment systems sites. As a result, three brands became leaders by a large margin.
The first place was taken by the QIWI payment system, which was one of the first to guess to provide the Russian population with convenient payment terminals, as well as specialized mobile applications.
The second place was taken by the WebMoney system, which is the de facto standard in conducting many Internet transactions. 22]
The third place is consistently occupied by the Yandex.Money system, which offers a number of opportunities for users of Yandex services.
One of the main advantages of electronic payments for merchants is the possibility of prepayment, which guarantees the reality of the order and the safety of the courier. In addition, when paying online, online merchants can outsource the delivery of goods using the services of various domestic or international services. This approach, which is not possible with cash, electronic payments make it possible to make the store structure more flexible and optimize logistics costs.
The main players in the electronic payment market in our country unanimously declare an increase in the circulation of money using automated payment systems over the past year by two to three times. Also systematically, the average transaction amount is increasing - annually by 10-20%. Such rates significantly exceed similar figures in European countries during the formation of electronic automated payment systems there, which is explained by the presence of foreign experience, which is successfully adopted by domestic companies. 22]
All solutions available on the market can be divided into acquiring systems that work directly with payment bank cards, and companies that issue their own "electronic currency". The former allow online stores to accept payments directly from customers' accounts, the latter serve as a kind of "buffer" between the bank account of the client and the supplier of the goods or service. In some cases, such a system can act as a third party in transactions, guaranteeing the possibility of returning the transferred funds. In addition, such virtual financial resources are conveniently used for mutual settlements by residents of different countries. 22]
1.2 Classification of automated payment systems
Today VISA Inc. is the largest payment system that offers plastic cards on the financial services market. More than 200 Sira countries accept cards of this system for payment. The total number of issued cards currently stands at about two billion pieces. The main contribution to the development of financial services are innovative payment products for individuals and companies. You can talk about the beginning of the history of VISA, considering the appearance in 1958 of a plastic card, quite popular in America and no less hated in the countries participating in the war, Bank of America. As a result of the issue and the first experiences with the use of the card, it became obvious that a separate institution should be created, whose activities would be aimed at the production and maintenance of such cards. 22]
As a result, BankAmericard Service Corporation was founded, which later began to sell cards to other banks on the terms of fulfilling the rules for their use and sale. The development and increase in the turnover of plastic cards was the reason why the corporation had to enter the international market. However, there were many obstacles on the way to world domination, one of the most important was a complex and associative name, which led to a negative attitude of customers. 22]
As a result, in 1976, a short but capacious name was chosen for the payment system - VISA. The development of the company never stopped. As a result - the formation in 2007 of a single corporation VISA inc. as a single legal entity with branches in different parts of the world. The history of VISA in Russia began in 1988, when the first plastic cards in the Soviet Union were received by athletes participating in the Seoul Olympics.
In the current situation, it is Russia, as one of the seven regions into which the corporation divides its activities, that accounts for about 30-45% of the total number of plastic card transactions. Currently, the corporation is ready to offer customers three types of cards. Within these types, they are differentiated on various grounds - the class of consumers, prestige, purpose of use, degree of security, cost, additional services. 22]
The first type of cards - the most common - debit cards. They allow you to deposit money into your account, and then write it off when making transactions with the card. The second type of cards is credit cards, which allow the client to spend the borrowed funds of the bank, paying interest for this, making monthly payments. The third type is prepaid cards that use a checking account without the ability to write a check to it. Today VISA offers physical customers the following card products:
1. Visa Electron card. Represents the simplest type of cards that do not have convex elements on the surface. The use of such cards is rather limited. There are limits on transactions on such cards.
2. Visa Virtual Card. Such a card is used to make transactions via the Internet. Often, customers do not even receive cards in their hands, they use only basic data - number, expiration date, CVV-2 code used to protect personal data. Such plastic cards are often prepaid and non-rechargeable.
3. Visa Classic card. A standard plastic card with a familiar set of functions. Most outlets in two hundred countries around the world accept these cards for payment.
A status card that implies a greater creditworthiness of the client compared to the classic product. This type of card provides additional benefits, which are represented by the speed of service by the issuer and the corporation, insurance, discounts and additional guarantees.
It is an elite product, the amount of settlements, the amount of discounts and the amount of insurance for which is much higher than that of the Gold card. It also allows you to receive increased credit lines from issuing banks.
A unique card not only in its "stuffing", but also in the material from which it is made. The use of a proprietary composition of carbon fiber makes this card a kind of "pass" to the highest circles of modern business society. In addition to the listed types of products, VISA offers a number of card solutions for business:
1. Visa Business Credit or Debit card. Small business product. It is used mainly by business representatives to carry out transactions for the purposes of the company's activities. 22]
2. Visa Business Electron card. This type of plastic card is offered to small businesses in developing countries. 3. Visa Fleet card. It was proposed by the corporation to solve the issues of cashless payments for representatives of those businesses where the share of using their own transport is large. Until now, VISA inc. is engaged in innovative developments in the field of operations with plastic cards. 31]
So, for example, there are already Visa Mini - a card of non-standard size, which is mainly used in conjunction with the main classic card; Visa Buxx - a card for teenagers whose "pocket money" budget is formed by their parents; Visa Horizon is a card for customers who do not have a banking or credit history, which allows them to link the card to a bank account and make transactions on the account. Thus, more than half a century of history of Visa cards allows us today to use not only the usual card products, but also innovative solutions in the field of transactions.
MasterCard Worldwide is an international payment system with more than twenty thousand financial institutions in more than two hundred countries around the world. About 30% of all cards in the world belong to the MasterCard Worldwide payment system. The year of foundation of the financial company can be considered 1966, when several banks in the United States of America entered into an agreement with one of the Mexican banks. The same year was marked by the signing of an agreement with the European system Eurocard, under which a long-term cooperation between MasterCard International and Europay began.
The MasterCard Worldwide name was adopted in 1979. The main activity of the corporation is the introduction of modern technological developments in the standards for the circulation of microprocessor plastic cards, as well as the promotion of such products on the international market, positioning it as the most convenient and secure means of payment and settlement. 31]
Currently, MasterCard Worldwide is actively working to transfer card portfolios to new, high-performance and secure technologies based on the use of chips.
1) MasterCard® Standard - debit or credit card, depending on the offers of the banks that issue the card, which allows it to be used worldwide for making payments in retail chains, restaurants and other businesses. The convenience of using this card is the ability to receive discounts and bonuses when paying for purchases in partner networks, as well as high security of funds, provided by the ability to block the card if it is lost or stolen.
2) Gold MasterCard® is a premium plastic card, which is one of the standard card products. The convenience of using this card lies in its special status and privileges that it provides for settlements in retail and other networks, as well as in the ability to control spending.
In addition, additional service features of such cards make it a safe and reliable budget keeper. This card opens up new business opportunities and also provides 24/7 customer support.
3) Platinum MasterCard® is another premium MasterCard Worldwide product that will emphasize the status of the owner, providing him not only with a special attitude, but also with special privileges. Among the additional opportunities available to cardholders is joining a closed travel club, which allows you to organize a trip to travel anywhere in the world. Discounts and gifts are provided when paying for purchases in partner networks, ongoing support and unique business opportunities. 31]
4) World MasterCard® - a card for those who love to travel and who care about the safety of personal funds. This product allows you to pay anywhere in the world where cards are accepted for payment. In addition, it is possible to receive discounts and bonuses in various countries and stores, retail chains.
5) World Black Edition MasterCard® - the unique design of the card is successfully combined with exclusive privileges and offers for those who love and know how to travel.
This card will increase the comfort of flights and transfers around the world.
There is a concierge service on the map, access to a closed travel club, which helps organize trips to anywhere in the world. An integral part of using the card is discounts, bonuses, 24/7 support and certain business opportunities.
6) World Elite MasterCard® is a card product of the highest class, which provides the opportunity to use first-class services around the world. The most status card that opens up new opportunities for travel, shopping, recreation, financial management, and business. 31]
Plastic cards of this system have become an invariable attribute of many wealthy people who prefer a comfortable life.
Cards from DCI are not only a means of payment designed for any non-cash payments. Cardholders automatically become customers of the extensive Diners Club service network. Representative offices of this company operate all over the world, DCI bank cards can be used to pay in a variety of trade and service enterprises (more than 30 million). At the same time, more than 70 thousand such enterprises are located on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Possibilities of the DCI card With the DCI card you can: Pay for goods (services) in millions of various trade and service organizations around the world; Cash out on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad at any ATM with the MasterCard Maestro (Cirrus) logo. In addition to the above features, all holders of international DCI cards have access to a unique service package that includes: Information support, that is, all holders of these cards can take advantage of multilingual round-the-clock information support by calling the customer service phone; Card protection program, as well as assistance to the owner in case of its loss; Control over operations on the card (registration of statements online, informing via SMS about the operations performed, etc.); Provision of comfortable travel services (free comfortable rest in lounges at many major airports in the world, etc.); Insurance services (cardholders can insure their own life and the life of family members during trips, cargo insurance, etc.); Bonus program Diners Bonus Club; Special privileges from the best hotels in the world and exclusive car rental offers. Which banks represent Diners Club in Russia? Since 2002, the Diners Club payment system began issuing cards in the Russian Federation jointly with banks, concluding sublicensing agreements for the issuance and acquiring of such cards. Initially, Slavyansky Bank was the shareholder and the only DCI settlement bank in the Russian Federation. But by the end of 2009 this bank lost its license due to serious financial difficulties. Since December 2010, Russian Standard Bank has been the settlement DCI bank, which carries out settlements with both issuers and acquirers of DCI in Russia. Currently, more than 60 Russian banks provide club cards: Gazbank, Bank of Moscow, Otkritie Bank, Master Bank, SB Bank, Mi-Bank, etc. Russian banks issue both credit and debit cards and plastic credit cards under the Diners Club brand. cards with a grace period. Especially for gourmets, a VINOMania card from Diners Club is provided, which provides a 15% discount in wine boutiques and restaurants. For car enthusiasts and fans of skiing, the DCI card, called Russian Week, will be useful. Prompt access to legal and medical advice is provided by the Wellcare card. There are many other varieties of Diners Club cards that provide various privileges for their holders. The annual maintenance of a DCI card averages 3,000 rubles. 31
Additionally, you can connect a program to protect the card from unauthorized use, the cost of connection is 1500 rubles. Settlement service in the bank of this card per year is about 1500 rubles. In addition, the bank will without fail ask you to replenish the card by 30 thousand rubles, this amount is the minimum balance on the card. For an overdraft, the interest in rubles per year will be 50-60%, while in foreign currency the interest will be almost two times less. Cash from ATMs can be withdrawn from a DCI card by paying a 4% fee. Advantages and disadvantages of the Diners Club card Advantages of the card: A huge advantage of Diners Club cards is exclusive services and the highest level of service provided. A member of the club will always be a welcome guest in the most prestigious establishments around the world. In case of loss of a club card, the holder is provided with an urgent issue of a new plastic card and delivery of a new card to any country in the world. In all countries, you can get round-the-clock consultation on the map. There is no maximum limit on a one-time transaction, as the owners of such cards are wealthy people. 31]
Low percentage of common fraudulent transactions on these cards. Disadvantages of the DCI card: The high cost of maintaining such a card. For example, if the card is lost, the restoration will cost the owner $200. Limited number of merchants accepting the DCI card compared to the more common MasterCard or Visa cards. At the same time, in many regions of the Russian Federation, using such a card is quite difficult and expensive. Often, most DCI cardholders use it as an insurance policy and a pass to lounges at international airports, and not as a payment instrument.
E-Gold is an international payment system whose funds are corresponded to precious metals: silver, gold, platinum and palladium. This feature makes E-Gold especially effective for making international payments, since user accounts are not tied to any national currency.
The E-Gold payment system began its work in 1996 and is managed by Gold&Silver Reserve (G&SR). During these eight years, more than 300 thousand accounts have been opened, with a daily turnover of about $ 800,000.
Before proceeding to a more detailed consideration of the principles of the E-Gold system, I would like to emphasize the main positive features of this payment system.
High liquidity of E-Gold;
Anonymity of payments, both from the side of the client and from the side
seller;
High degree of protection;
Possibility of micropayments;
Internationality;
Simplicity and cheapness in service, low tariffs.
According to the Charter of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication - the Community of Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications), in each country represented in the Community, a National SWIFT Members Group and a SWIFT Users Group are created, uniting all network users.
In the Russian Federation, the organization representing the interests of both groups and acting on their behalf is the Russian National SWIFT Association (ROSSWIFT), which was established in May 1994 and is a non-governmental, non-profit organization.
On the basis of SWIFT, settlement systems have been implemented in more than 50 countries of the world, including payment systems of all EU countries, as well as such infrastructure projects as the European system of cross-border payments TARGET, the global currency exchange system CLS, etc.
International experience shows that using SWIFT as an infrastructure for creating a national payment system is a cost-effective and efficient solution to minimize settlement and technical risks. In addition, national payment systems built on the basis of the SWIFT network and standards are transparent and are integrated into the largest international payment systems. 35]
It is impossible not to mention such a well-known electronic payment system as PayPal. Its distinctive features are:
1) ease of use.
3) low service rates;
4) developed arbitration system.
China has developed its own payment system - Alipay, one of the largest payment systems included in the Alibaba Group. Founded in 2004. In addition to using the products offered by Alibaba Group within the group, more than 460,000 other companies also use this payment system. Not so long ago, the company developed a system for paying for an order directly from a mobile phone, and also signed a cooperation agreement with China Unicom, one of the largest mobile operators in China.
1.3 Foreign experience of using automated payment systems
Today, in developed countries, the share of electronic payments significantly exceeds the share of cash. The lowest level of cash settlements is typical for Iceland (9%) and the Scandinavian countries: 28% - in Norway, 32% - in Finland, 37% - in Sweden. The smallest share of non-cash payments is observed in southern European countries.
Due to the presence of a wide network of trade and service enterprises that accept cards for payment for goods and services, ATMs that allow you to make payments, deposit and withdraw money from a bank account, bank cards are gaining more and more popularity. For certain segments of the population, a bank card has become a part of life. 35, p.17]
The main issuers of payment cards in the world market are credit institutions that are members of the international systems Visa and MasterCard, which respectively account for 50% and 30% of the total number of issued cards. Third place goes to American Express with 18%, while Diners Club, JCB and others account for less than 2%. In some countries of the Eurozone, national payment systems also function (in Germany - GeldKarte, in France - Cartes Bancaires).
Automated clearing houses (hereinafter referred to as ACHs) are among the rapidly developing electronic settlement systems in the field of retail turnover, contributing to the reduction of the use of cash and checks as a means of payment. They are an electronic clearing system, i.e. mutual offset of payment orders in electronic form, which are exchanged by financial institutions participating in these systems.
In the US, this chamber was created under the leadership of the Fed FedACH (subordinate to the Fed). In addition to this network, the US also operates a private ARP - EPS, which previously accounted for about 15% of all ARP payments. In 2007, both chambers - FedACH and EPS - had equal market shares. Currently, ARPs operate in many countries in Europe, North and South America, Southeast Asia and Australia. 35, p.18]
ATMs are especially effective when making bulk, regularly recurring payments. They serve both debit and credit transactions. Debit transactions are associated with multiple repeated or one-time debits specified in the contract from the deposit account of a bank client, for example, to pay for utilities, insurance, repay a previously taken loan, repay a credit card debt, and so on.
Credit transactions through the ARP are associated with repeated transfers of money to the bank accounts of customers - for wages, pensions and other social benefits, interest and dividends, and so on. Credit entries are also made to insurance companies and utilities, allowing them to save significant costs associated with processing and receiving money from checks received from consumers in payment for services.
In the UK, the automated settlement system developed rapidly in the 70s and 80s. Electronic clearing is currently occupied by computer centers: BACS (Banker's Automated Clearing Services) and CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System). 35, p. 19]
In Japan, the automated payment system includes advance payment of utility bills, direct deposit of wages, pensions and benefits, and paperless settlement using a communications network.
At the same time, the role of electronic money in non-cash payments of individuals is increasing. In terms of payment transactions using electronic money based on cards, according to the statistics of the Bank for International Settlements, Singapore occupies a leading position, where in 2008 the share of payment instruments using electronic money in terms of the number of transactions was 84.3%, and in terms of the volume of transactions - 0.3% or 1.592 billion US dollars.
In connection with the intensive process of economic integration of European countries, the compatibility of retail systems that operate on the territory of the EU countries and which were originally focused on national markets is of great importance. An important task is also to reduce the cost of settlements and increase their security. 35]
The number of registered users as of July 6, 2009 has exceeded 200 million, and the daily turnover has exceeded 700 million yuan.
The market of payment systems in Russia is developing, and in the near future, most likely, it will grow rapidly, both in terms of turnover and in terms of the number of offers. The fact of improving the quality of services provided from year to year is undoubted. already today there is competition, more pronounced among electronic payment systems focused on housing and communal services and Internet commerce, there are more and more simple and cheaper services. 35]
Trends in the creation of a national payment system in the Russian Federation also suggest the popularization of non-cash electronic payments, the acceleration of settlements between citizens of the Russian Federation and organizations. Over time, cashless payment systems will replace cash transactions.
The development of the market for electronic banking applications is facilitated by the spread of low-cost PCs and network devices, as well as the further growth in the number of Internet users. According to IDC, the electronic banking applications market has good development prospects. In 1998, there were 6.6 million online banking customers, and in 2003 there should be more than 32 million such users. 35]
Electronic banking applications are attractive to banks that expect to increase their profits through new customers (primarily remote ones). According to IDC, sales of electronic banking applications in the United States in 1998 amounted to $93 million. An increasing number of banks offer their customers Internet banking services. According to IDC, the number of such banks should increase from 1,150 in 1998 to 15,845 in 2003. Over 1,200 US banks and credit unions in 1998. signed agreements with manufacturers and providers of Internet banking services on the opening of sites with the performance of all types of transactions. In 1999, the number of such applicants exceeded 7,200. According to IDC, in 2000, Internet banking applications will occupy almost a third of the total banking application market in the United States. According to Gomez Advisors (a company that specializes in research on banks, financial institutions and brokerage firms), 39 of the top 100 US banks already provide online bill payment services (up from 17 in 1998). 62% of surveyed banks provide online information about transactions in real time. It should be noted that banks use every opportunity to make a profit with the help of modern technologies. For example, Deutsche Bank has already started trading stocks over the Internet. 35]
The development of Internet banking applications must go through three main stages. The first stage provides for clients to access bank accounts and conduct transactions by phone or through a Web browser. At the second stage, interactive technologies such as online bill payment services and personalized reminders of the client's account status are used. The third stage offers such functions for managing personal finances as the possibility of lending, making secure trade transactions and issuing insurance.
As the market for electronic banking services develops further, customers will be able not to come to the bank at all. They will be able to open an account, transfer money, pay for goods and services directly from their home, office or store using a PC or a credit card terminal. They can withdraw cash from an ATM. An example of a thriving Internet bank is the American Security First Network Bank. It doesn't even have an office for customer service, yet the number is increasing every year.
By saving on rent and other costs, it offers its customers very competitive terms of service and thus attracts them. Currently, in Western Europe (Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands) there are 2 times more electronic banks than in the USA. 35]
An appeal to foreign experience in the development of payment systems showed that the Russian card payments market has problems similar to historical foreign experience and the risks associated with them, which it is advisable for Russia to foresee and provide for measures to minimize or avoid. The general prerequisites for the development of card systems in Russia and abroad were the needs of growing economies, but Russia has a stable technological base and solutions tested by world experience. Russia has a more specific and practical goal - to reduce non-cash transactions and reduce costs in the economy, which is also driven by relevant foreign experience. 35]
The global card system has gone from the initially disorderly development of individual competing systems led by the leading bank based on its settlement capabilities to the globalization of payment systems with the creation of associations that provide reliable infrastructure and quality services. The result of the efforts was the formation of competitive market payment systems that received the status of world and the penetration of electronic payment technologies in all areas of the economy. Russian practice is characterized by the use of foreign payment systems and their infrastructure, the use of foreign technologies in the creation of local card systems and the insufficient coverage of the country's territories and individual sectors of the economy by electronic payment technologies, which determines the possible potential for future growth. Prospects for the development of the domestic market consist in the creation of a national payment system and its own infrastructure that combines local (private) systems, with their penetration into all areas of economic and social activity and the entry of the national payment system into the world market. 35]
The main conclusions on the experience of using payment systems in developed countries:
1) the basic principle of PS is the mass character and great depth of implementation of services for using these systems;
2) integration of payment systems with the means of providing public services, or building a PS that is available throughout the territory of a particular state (national payment systems);
3) the status of this or that PS, its transformation into a kind of separate institution.
Chapter 2 The Current State of Automated Payment Systems
2.1 Analysis of automated payment systems of Russian banks
The payment system of the Bank of Russia implements a number of functions aimed at achieving the main goals of the Bank of Russia established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, provides a wide range of payment services to credit institutions and public authorities, possessing the lowest level of risks in the national payment system (hereinafter referred to as NPS), is its main stabilizing element. The systemic importance of the payment system of the Bank of Russia is legally fixed. 33]
The legal basis for the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the payment system of the Bank of Russia is provided by the regulations of the Bank of Russia.
The Bank of Russia is the owner and operator of the payment system of the Bank of Russia, the money transfer operator and the operator of payment infrastructure services in the payment system of the Bank of Russia.
Bank of Russia:
Determines the rules for transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;
Transfers funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia for its own operations and operations of its clients, settlement services for accounts of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation and other clients that are not credit institutions;
Provides operational services, payment clearing services and settlement services when transferring funds through the payment system of the Bank of Russia;
Carries out regulation, operational management, monitoring, support and control over the functioning of the payment system of the Bank of Russia.
The development of the payment system of the Bank of Russia is carried out in accordance with the Concept for the Development of the Payment System of the Bank of Russia for the period up to 2015, approved by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia (minutes No. 16 of July 16, 2010), to ensure: 33]
Improving the efficiency of conducting a unified state monetary policy through the implementation of real-time settlement operations for its implementation;
Increasing the stability of the banking system of the Russian Federation to the spread of risks by monitoring their occurrence and localization by the Bank of Russia;
Creation of conditions conducive to improving the efficiency of the functioning of national financial markets, including through the use of reliable mechanisms for settlements on concluded transactions adopted in international practice;
Expanding the capabilities of credit institutions and their clients to use payment services provided in the payment system of the Bank of Russia;
Providing the Federal Treasury with new opportunities to effectively solve problems in the control of the revenue side and management of the expenditure side of the federal budget. 33]
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Central Bank of the Russian Federation
Information about the customer
The Bank of Russia is the main bank of the first level, the main issuing, monetary institution of the Russian Federation, developing and implementing, together with the Government of Russia, a unified state monetary policy and endowed with special powers (including the right to issue banknotes and regulate the activities of commercial banks) . The Bank of Russia is the main coordinating and regulating body of the entire credit system of the country: it controls the activities of credit institutions, issues and revokes their banking licenses. The Banking Supervision Department of the Bank of Russia supervises the activities of credit institutions. As part of supervision, the financial condition of credit institutions, the compliance of the credit institution with the legislation of the Russian Federation and a number of other aspects of activity are analyzed.
In the payment system of the Bank of Russia, money transfers are made daily by various clients, most of which are credit institutions that have correspondent accounts with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Until 2009, the information processed in this system was only partially used by the Bank of Russia Banking Supervision Department and divisions of the supervisory block in the territories, so the generation of the necessary reports required a lot of labor. At the same time, there was no possibility of a comprehensive analysis of all information.
To solve this problem, the specialists of the company "Prognoz" developed and implemented an automated system "Analysis of correspondent accounts of credit institutions" in the bank's divisions. The system makes it possible to collect and provide users with verified information on CB settlements in the Bank of Russia payment system on a daily basis, which significantly increases the efficiency of banking supervision.
Description
The system created by Prognoz automates the following activities of the Bank of Russia divisions:
- monitoring and analysis of information on credit institutions and their branches;
- monitoring of the main indicators for the settlement of credit institutions in the payment system;
- analysis of summary information on correspondent accounts in the context of territorial institutions and for the Bank of Russia as a whole;
- monitoring of large payments by territorial institutions, counterparties for which are state institutions, budget organizations and extra-budgetary funds;
- analysis of the functioning of the payment system of the Bank of Russia;
- analysis of the relationship of settlement participants based on payment information and other sources.
Project Features
- the system allows daily collection and consolidation of large amounts of data from the Bank of Russia payment system for all regions connected to the Collective Information Processing Centers (more than 7 million payments per day);
- the system is able to work with large amounts of data (the current volume of the database since the beginning of 2010 is more than 2 TB, about 2 billion records);
- the system operates via a web interface, its users are more than 1,000 employees of the Bank of Russia in Moscow and the regions;
- high confidentiality status of processed data and, as a result, a high level of protection of processed information at all levels.
System implementation results
- improving the efficiency of banking supervision through the use of information on payments by credit institutions;
- increasing the efficiency of banking supervision (implemented the possibility of permanent access to information for the previous day);
- it became possible to identify dubious payment transactions and promptly respond to such transactions;
- the problem of collecting and consolidating a large amount of data from the payment system of the Bank of Russia and analyzing this information within a centralized system was solved.
The automated system "Analysis of Correspondent Accounts of Credit Institutions" in 2011 was recognized as the project of the year by the Bank of Russia.
- Gabdulkhakova Guzel Raudatovna, bachelor, student
- Bashkir State Agrarian University
- DESIGN
- AUTOMATED BANKING SYSTEMS
- Design and development of software for information support of an Internet provider
- Information protection in the economic information system
- Modular principle of building information systems in financial and credit organizations
- Application of information technology e-commerce
- Designing the database "Accounting for teacher publications"
The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services provided to its customers - from traditional monetary and cash transactions, which determine the basis of banking, to the latest forms of monetary and financial instruments used by banking structures.
In the conditions of increasing interbank competition, the success of entrepreneurial activity will be accompanied by those bankers who better master modern methods of managing banking processes, and automated information technologies help a lot in this.
An automated banking system is a form of organizational management of a bank based on the widespread use of new information technologies.
The work of banks to a large extent depends on the state of the country's economy as a whole. The relative stabilization of the domestic economy in 2003 ensured the growth of the majority of Russian banks and increased competition between them. Characteristic features of the modern market of banking services are the increasing universalization of banks, the struggle for customers. The promotion of the largest banks to the regions continues. In order to increase the efficiency of their work, banks are forced to invest heavily in IT technologies.
Very strict requirements are imposed on modern automated banking systems, not only on the part of banks - users, but also on the part of state and regulatory authorities.
The main requirements for automated banking systems can be divided into four parts:
- primary requirements;
- requirements for the automated banking system as a software tool - system technical requirements;
- special requirements reflecting the specifics of banking activities, banking operations and technologies for their implementation;
- quality indicators that characterize the process of developing an automated banking system.
We will consider only the requirements for automated banking systems as a product, these include:
- functional completeness;
- A complex approach;
- system scalability;
- system customization;
- centralized system management;
- a single database that provides multi-user work;
- work in real time;
- safety and reliability of work.
The automated banking system, in accordance with the functional purpose, is usually divided into three subsystems:
Front-office (upper level) is a subsystem that ensures the interaction of the bank with the outside world. The subsystem performs the input of primary information, the interaction of the bank with customers, other banks, stock exchanges, the Central Bank.
Back-office (middle level) - a subsystem that provides general banking and general business activities. The subsystem includes work with loans, etc.
Accounting (lower level) - a subsystem that provides timely and correct reflection of the bank's activities within the framework of existing accounting procedures.
An independent group - Analysis - includes operations that analyze the current state of the bank, planning and internal audit of the bank.
The Front-office subsystem may include the automated system "Client-Bank" designed to organize electronic document management between the bank and clients (organizations that have an account with the bank). The system consists of two parts - client and banking.
Main functions of automated banking systems:
- Automation of daily banking operations, accounting and compilation of summary reports;
- Communication system with branches and out-of-town branches;
- Analytical systems designed to analyze the activities of the bank and select the optimal solution in a given situation;
- Automation of various operations (credit cards, ATMs);
- Systems of interbank settlements.
There are about 20 developers of automated banking systems on the ABS market that create a variety of software products.
In table. 1. data on the number of banks using the developments of the main IT companies. The survey was conducted by the company "Laminfo" (1154 banks were surveyed).
One of the main functions of the banking system is to ensure continuous payments between enterprises.
Currently, interbank settlements are carried out through the following payment systems:
- payment system of the Bank of Russia (78.1% of total payments and 71.9% of total payments);
- payment systems of credit institutions on correspondent accounts opened with other credit institutions (9.3% and 3.2% respectively);
- intrabank payment systems for settlements between branches of one bank (11.8 and 24.3%);
- payment systems of settlement non-bank credit organizations (0.8 and 0.6%).
Thus, automated banking systems not only help employees quickly and efficiently perform their work, but also provide certain conveniences for bank customers.
Bibliography
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- Sharafutdinov A.G. Banking automated information systems [Text] // Trends and prospects for the development of statistical science and information technology collection of scientific articles: dedicated to the Anniversary of Professor of the Department of Statistics and Information Systems in Economics Doctor of Economics Rafikova Nuria Timergaleevna. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Bashkir State Agrarian University. - Ufa, 2013. P. 167-168.
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