Accounting postings for the purchase and receipt of NMA. Acquisition of an object nma Free receipt of intangible assets posting
The non-current assets owned by the enterprise are divided into fixed assets, which we discussed in detail, and intangible assets, which we will talk about now.
The main difference between intangible assets and fixed assets is that the former do not have a physical form and are created as a result of intellectual activity. An intangible asset (IA) is an exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity.
An example of an intangible asset is the exclusive right to:
- Computer programs, databases;
- Inventions, models;
- Topology of integrated circuits;
- Achievements of selection;
- know-how;
- Trademarks;
- Company names;
- Commercial designations;
- Business reputation of the organization.
Once again, I repeat, intangible assets are not the result of intellectual activity itself, but the exclusive right to it.
To be called an intangible asset, an object must simultaneously satisfy the following 4 conditions:
- It is planned to be used for a long period (over a year);
- Used for the purpose of obtaining economic benefits;
- Purchased for use, not for resale;
- You can reliably determine its value.
Receipt of intangible assets to the enterprise
First of all, we note that you need to accept an object on the basis of an acceptance certificate, after which you need to create an accounting card for it in the form of NMA-1 (similar actions are carried out with).
Documents that confirm the fact of acquisition of intangible assets can be documents such as patents, an agreement on the alienation of an exclusive right, certificates, a license agreement, etc.
An enterprise can buy an intangible asset (purchase for a fee), create it on its own or with the help of third-party organizations, receive it as a contribution to the authorized capital from the founders, and also receive it as a gift (free of charge).
Let us dwell in more detail on each of these 4 methods of receipt of an intangible asset, consider what postings must be made in accounting in this case.
Acquisition of intangible assets for a fee (purchase)
Account 04 is used to account for intangible assets. Received intangible assets are accounted for in the debit of this account at their original cost. Acceptance for accounting on account 04 is carried out through an auxiliary one, on the debit of which all costs for the acquisition of an object are collected: directly the cost of the exclusive right to this object and the costs of its use in the future, payment of various duties, taxes, customs fees, consulting and information services, services of third parties.
As for VAT on all these costs, it should be noted that not all intangible assets are subject to this tax.
VAT does not need to be allocated for the following intangible assets - the exclusive right to programs and databases, inventions, models, know-how, integrated circuits.
For other assets, it is necessary to allocate the amount of VAT from the sum of all costs that form the initial cost and send it for deduction.
Transactions when purchasing intangible assets
On account 08, we open an additional sub-account 5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”. We will collect all costs in the debit of this account, after which we will send them to the debit account 04 in one posting, so we will form the initial cost of the intangible asset.
Wiring:
Creation of intangible assets
You can create an intangible asset either independently, with the help of employees of your own enterprise, or you can place an order for a third-party organization that specializes in this.
No matter how an intangible asset is created, it is also necessary to collect all the costs associated with its creation in the debit of account 08, and then transfer them to the debit of account 04.
If the process of creating intangible assets takes place with the help of one's own forces, then the salaries of employees involved in this process, insurance premiums accrued and paid from this salary can act as expenses. Also, expenses include depreciation on equipment used in research and other work.
If third-party organizations are involved, then payment for their services acts as an expense.
After the expenses are collected on debit 08, a posting is made to accept the object for accounting D04 K08.
Introducing intangible assets into the Criminal Code
If the intangible asset is entered in in the form, then we attract the account for accounting for settlements with the founders and perform the postings:
- D08 K75 - reflects the initial cost of intangible assets
- D04 K08 - the asset is accepted for accounting
Free admission of intangible assets
Upon receipt of an intangible asset under a donation agreement, it must be valued at the average market value as of the current date in order to know at what cost to accept it and from what to accrue depreciation in the future. Read about depreciation of intangible assets.
Third party appraisal organizations may be involved in the appraisal.
To account for gratuitously received intangible assets, you need to use accounts 98 “Grants”.
Accounting entries for intangible assets received under a donation agreement:
- D08 K98 - reflects the market value of the asset obtained after appraisal.
- D04 K08 - the object is accepted for accounting.
In the future, when calculating depreciation, it is necessary to write off the amount of depreciation deductions also with account 98 posting D98 K91 / 1.
Intangible assets are property that does not have a physical form, but represents for the enterprise. In addition, they, like fixed assets, are aimed at making a profit in the course of financial activities. The accounting of this group of funds is somewhat different from the collection of information about the rest of the property. We will get acquainted with the features of its organization and the structure of the assets themselves in this article.
Specific features
What are intangible assets? What applies to them? A novice accountant is probably tormented by such questions. If the image of material property emerges immediately, how can one imagine something else?
Let us analyze the main conditions for assigning funds to the group of intangible assets. So, representatives of this category must meet the following criteria:
- have no physical form;
- be used in the production and sales processes of the enterprise or for management needs;
- be in circulation for 12 or more months;
- make a profit in the present or predicted time;
- comply with the requirements of the legislation on documentary execution;
- be able to transfer ownership to another person or entity.
The enterprise itself, in order to use intangible assets in its activities, must have the right of ownership to them.
Classification of intangible assets by types
With the growth of scientific technologies, the number of types of intangible forms of property increases. A dozen years ago, only exclusive copyrights were included here, but now the group has about 7 categories, which include:
- The right to use natural resources.
- Property rights.
- Designations of a commercial nature (use of a brand, name).
- Objects of property in the industrial sector.
- Copyright.
- Goodwill.
- Other intangible assets (in particular, some costs).
It should be borne in mind that, as an intangible asset, it is not the result of research and intellectual work that is recognized, but the exclusive right to use it for commercial purposes.
Intellectual property
The results of intellectual activity are also intangible assets. What applies to them? Predominantly patent or copyright assets. The first category includes rights arising in the scientific and design field. It:
- new inventions;
- industrial samples;
- technical models;
- names and trademarks.
The second category includes property created on the basis of the objective ideas of a certain author. These are works of art, software, databases, topologies of integrated circuits and other assets.
The main difference between copyright and patent law lies in the way it is recognized, which in this case resembles the relation of the part to the whole. If a patent is issued for any invention and protects the work itself, then copyright is assigned only to the form of expression of the subjective view of different owners on the same idea.
Expenses for setting up a legal entity
It would seem that what is common between the costs and assets of the enterprise? In some cases, they may be reflected in the composition of intangible assets. To do this, it is enough to meet several conditions:
- expenses must be made during the preparation of documents when creating an enterprise until the moment of its registration with the regulatory authorities;
- they are aimed at remuneration of legal consultants, repayment of registration fees and other costs for the legal opening of a legal entity;
- the amount of expenses should be included in the authorized capital of the organization.
Funds that meet these criteria can be confidently included in intangible assets. All further expenses for changing accounting policies, stamps, seals and other documents are classified as general business expenses.
Goodwill
The classification of intangible assets provides for the formation of such property as goodwill. It is considered only if there is a sale of the enterprise. Goodwill is understood as the difference between a market company and a company with an established reputation (positive or negative). It turns out that goodwill has its own price, which means that it is sold and bought in the same way as any other property.
In the case of the formation of a positive business reputation, they talk about an additional amount of a premium that must be paid to the seller, since in the future the presence of goodwill will bring economic benefits to the new owner. The negative characterization of the company in the market can lead to problems and difficulties that hinder activity and profit. This is due to poor management, the lack of an established sales system, marketing plan, regular customers and connections, and other reasons. This situation reduces the cost of the enterprise and requires a discount from the seller.
Depreciation rules
It has already been clarified what intangible assets are, what applies to them, what are their specific features. Realizing that this property is equated to fixed assets, the question should be asked: is it depreciable? Since NMAs do not have a physical form, how will they wear out? Basically, depreciation takes the form of obsolescence. When determining the amount of deductions, one should rely on the following rules:
- Evaluate the cost and useful life of intangible assets.
- Depending on the specific situation and the provisions of the accounting policy, calculate the amount using one of three methods: linear, declining balance, production.
- Deductions are made from the 1st day of the month following the acceptance of the asset for accounting.
- Depreciation is not charged on intangible assets of non-profit organizations.
Account 05 is used to collect accumulations of depreciation amounts. This is a passive accounting account: credit is accrued, and debit is written off. When compiling the balance sheet, the credit balance is used in calculating the intangible asset index.
Characteristics of depreciation methods
Different types of intangible assets require an individual approach to their evaluation and depreciation. The linear method is universal for any property, regardless of its useful life, the amount of profit generated and other indicators. The method is often resorted to in cases where it is impossible to determine the exact operating period, and it is difficult to predict the receipt of possible economic benefits in the future. The method assumes a uniform distribution of the total amount of depreciation over the months.
They are used for intangible assets, the profit from which will be the largest in the first years of operation. The amounts are unevenly distributed but remain constant over one period. For the calculation, an acceleration factor is used, which is regulated by accounting policy. The indicator of residual or market value is multiplied by a fraction: the numerator is the coefficient, the denominator is the period of the remaining operation, defined in months.
The production method is the most flexible approach, depending on the financial result obtained. The amounts are calculated in direct proportion to the volume of manufactured / sold products with the participation of intangible assets.
Initial cost of intangible assets
In order for a property to be registered, it is necessary to know exactly the value of its value. Like other non-current assets, intangible assets are reflected in accounting at the cost of the original, identified on a certain date. The composition of the actual amount that had to be spent on the manufacture or acquisition of intangible assets includes:
- accounts payable directly related to the creation/purchase of property;
- the net worth of the asset itself.
If it is difficult to evaluate self-made intangible assets, a comparative analysis should be carried out with similar products on the market.
In the future, the company has the right to revaluate property in accordance with the instructions of the accounting policy. In the event of a decrease in the price of an intangible asset, the initial cost changes. The difference between the market and actual cost is written off to the financial results of the enterprise.
Service life of NMA
After determining the initial cost, it is necessary to establish the useful life of intangible assets. The duration of the property rights to the possession of intangible assets is taken as a basis. In other cases, they rely on the possible period of profit. The main intangible assets are divided into two categories:
- with an indefinite operational period;
- with a limited period of use.
If everything is clear with the second type, then for the first it is recommended to stop at 20 years. The determination of the operating period must necessarily be based on an analysis of the possible profit, since the period is used to calculate depreciation.
Accounting for intangible assets
To collect and group information about property that does not have a material form, two accounts are used: 04 and 05. The latter, as already known, is created to accumulate depreciation. Account 04, on the other hand, collects all data on the types, costs and processes taking place with intangible assets. This is an active inventory account, the debit balance of which is reflected in the financial statements. In addition, the company uses accounts 19.2 and 48 to characterize VAT and the sale of intangible assets.
A prerequisite for the organization of accounting of intangible assets is the maintenance of analytical accounts for each group or individual units of property. The following sub-accounts can be used as an example:
- 04.1 "Intellectual Property".
- 04.2 "The right to use natural resources".
- 04.3 "Deferred costs".
- 04.4 Goodwill.
- 04.5 "Commercial designations".
- 04.6 "Other objects of intangible assets".
Analytical accounting data must be indicated in the annual reporting (form No. 5) in the section characterizing the composition of intangible property.
Correspondence with other accounts
Knowing what intangible assets are, what relates to them, we can assume with which accounting accounts account 04 will interact. Based on the characteristics of an active account, debit operations characterize the acceptance of intangible assets for accounting through purchase, receipt, exchange. 04 and 08, 50-52, 55, 75-76, 87-88 become interconnected accounts. The write-off of intangible assets in particular cases of sale, liquidation, exchange leads to an entry in the credit of account 04. In this case, there is an interaction with the debit of accounts 06, 48, 58, 87.
Accounting for the receipt of intangible assets
The act of acceptance of intangible assets is a document on the basis of which the receipt of property is recorded. The procedure for reflecting intangible assets differs depending on the method of obtaining them:
- Purchase - the acquisition of assets for a fee stipulated by the agreement between the seller and the buyer. The costs that must be included in the initial cost are collected in the debit of account 08. After the intangible assets are ready for commissioning, the data is written off to account 04 by posting Dt 04 Kt 08.
- Barter is a mutually beneficial and equivalent exchange between subjects of economic relations. The accountant writes account assignment Dt 08 Kt 60/76, characterizing the receipt of intangible assets through the fulfillment of obligations to the other party to the exchange. If the process is accompanied by an additional payment or additional costs, they are reflected in the debit 08 of the account. After the calculation and the start of use, the posting is similar to the first paragraph: Dt 04 Kt 08. The transfer of intangible assets is recorded in the credit of the accounts of inventories or inventories and the debit of accounts 46, 47 or 48.
- In the process of organizing an enterprise, intangible assets can be obtained from the founders. An example of a wiring design looks like this: Dt 04 Kt 75.1.
- In case of gratuitous transfer of intangible assets to the possession of the company, the amounts are credited to account 87.3 at the current market value of the object. Account 04 is debited.
- A prerequisite is the allocation of VAT, which occurs on accounts 68 "VAT" and 19.2. The process of acquiring intangible assets is accompanied by posting Dt 19.2 Kt 60/76 or other settlement accounts. After the assets are accepted for accounting, the amount of VAT is written off in equal installments within six months: Dt 68 "VAT" Kt 19.2.
- VAT on intangible assets acquired for household and other needs outside of production is taken into account somewhat differently. The tax is covered by own sources of financing: Dt 29, 88, 96 Kt 19.2.
- The acquired intangible assets exempted from payment of VAT for the needs of production include the amount of tax in the initial cost.
Disposal of intangible assets in accounting
Property of this type can be written off from account 04 in cases of sale, gratuitous transfer, liquidation or redirection to the capital of other enterprises. These are the main reasons why intangible assets are retired. Regardless of the write-off method, the 48th account with an active-passive structure is used. The debit records the value of the initial cost of intangible assets, the amount of VAT on them, as well as disposal costs. The loan indicates the accumulated depreciation, as well as the amount of income from the sale or other benefits.
Turnovers on account 48 allow you to highlight the financial result from the process: income in the event that the turnover on the loan exceeds the turnover on the debit and vice versa. The data is written off to the appropriate account - 80, 84, 83, 98 (depending on the reason for the exit of intangible assets from the balance).
Characteristics of a business transaction |
||
Income from the sale of intangible assets was attributed to the increase in the authorized capital. |
||
The loss from the realization of the property right is attributed to the reduction of the initial capital. |
||
Income from gratuitous receipt of intangible assets is not included. |
||
On account of the uncovered loss, a patent for industrial purposes was donated free of charge. |
||
A positive difference is reflected between the contractual and book value of intangible assets to be transferred as a contribution to the capital of a third-party company. |
||
Income from investing intangible assets in another organization is written off in equal shares to the authorized capital. |
Intangible assets are no less important for the success of the enterprise than other types of non-current assets. It is this type of ownership that becomes a unique advantage in the market for the company over competitors.
3. To accept an object for accounting as an intangible asset, the following conditions must be met at a time:
a) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future, in particular, the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating a non-profit organization (including in business activities carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation);
b) the organization has the right to receive economic benefits that this object is capable of bringing in the future (including the organization has properly executed documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the right of this organization to the result of intellectual activity or a means of individualization - patents, certificates, other titles of protection , an agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization, documents confirming the transfer of the exclusive right without an agreement, etc.), as well as there are restrictions on the access of other persons to such economic benefits (hereinafter referred to as control over the object);
c) the possibility of separating or separating (identifying) an object from other assets;
d) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. useful life, lasting more than 12 months or normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months;
e) the entity does not intend to sell the property within 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
f) the actual (initial) cost of the object can be reliably determined;
g) the object has no material form.
6. An intangible asset is accepted for accounting at the actual (initial) cost determined as of the date of its acceptance for accounting.
7. The actual (initial) cost of an intangible asset is an amount calculated in monetary terms, equal to the amount of payment in cash and in other form or the amount of accounts payable, paid or accrued by the organization upon acquisition, creation of the asset and provision of conditions for the use of the asset for the planned purposes.
8. Expenses for the acquisition of an intangible asset are:
- amounts paid in accordance with an agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization to the right holder (seller);
- customs duties and customs fees;
- non-refundable amounts of taxes, state, patent and other fees paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;
- remuneration paid to an intermediary organization and other persons through which an intangible asset was acquired;
- amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of an intangible asset;
- other expenses directly related to the acquisition of an intangible asset and the provision of conditions for the use of the asset for the planned purposes.
9. When creating an intangible asset, in addition to the expenses provided for in paragraph 8 of this Regulation, expenses also include:
- amounts paid for the performance of work or the provision of services to third parties under orders, work contracts, contracts for author's order or contracts for the performance of research, development or technological work;
- labor costs of employees directly involved in the creation of an intangible asset or in the performance of research, development or technological work under an employment contract;
- deductions for social needs (including the unified social tax);
- expenses for the maintenance and operation of research equipment, installations and structures, other fixed assets and other property, depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets used directly in the creation of an intangible asset, the actual (initial) cost of which is formed;
- other expenses directly related to the creation of an intangible asset and the provision of conditions for the use of the asset for the planned purposes.
Due to the lack of forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for the movement of intangible assets, the organization can independently develop them.
Regardless of the direction of receipt of intangible assets, it is recommended to use primary documents similar to the documents used in accounting for fixed assets:
1. in accordance with the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments, approved by the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1993 No. 160, clause 5.2.4, intangible assets are accepted for accounting on the basis of an acceptance certificate;
2. primary documents developed in the organization itself in accordance with the norms of Art. 9 "Primary accounting documents" of the Federal Law "On Accounting" No. 129 FZ and approved by the Order of the head in the accounting policy:
- act of acceptance (posting) of intangible assets;
- act of acceptance and transfer of intangible assets, etc.
In these documents, the mandatory details characterizing the object of intangible assets should be its initial cost, the amount of accrued depreciation, useful life, inventory number, data of the security document (patent, certificate, agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to an intellectual property object, etc.).
When intangible assets are disposed of and written off from the balance sheet, an act is issued to write off the intangible asset, similar to the act to write off fixed assets.
The accounting unit of intangible assets is an inventory item. For each object of intangible assets, an Intangible Asset Accounting Card (form No. NMA-1) is opened, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a, which is a register of analytical accounting. On the front side of the card indicate the full name and purpose of the object, the initial cost, useful life, the rate and amount of accrued depreciation, the date of registration, method of acquisition, registration document and basic information on the disposal of the object (document number and date, reason for disposal, sales proceeds). The reverse side of the card contains the characteristics of the object of intangible assets.
Synthetic accounting of intangible assets is carried out on accounts 04 "Intangible assets", 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets". Account 04 "Intangible Assets" is the main, active account, designed to obtain information on the presence and movement of intangible assets owned by the organization. Accounting for intangible assets on account 04 "Intangible assets" is carried out at the actual (initial) cost.
Account 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets” is a regulatory, passive account that reflects the accumulated depreciation.
Expenses for the acquisition and creation of intangible assets are classified as long-term investments and are reflected in debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets”. Account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” is a calculation account, intended for the formation of the actual (initial) cost by grouping all expenses associated with the acquisition (creation) of an intangible asset.
After registration of acquired or created intangible assets, they are debited from the credit of this account to the debit of account 04 "Intangible assets" (D 04 K 08).
The reflection on the accounts of the facts of economic activity associated with the receipt of intangible assets depends on the direction of their acquisition. Intangible assets can enter the organization by:
- acquisitions for a fee (implementation of capital investments);
- receipts on account of the contribution to the authorized capital from the founders;
- under a donation agreement;
- under an exchange agreement;
- under a simple partnership agreement;
Amount, rub. |
||||
Suppliers' invoices for the received intangible asset were accepted: For the purchase price (without VAT) - for the amount of VAT (18%) |
||||
Accepted accounts of intermediary organizations, consulting firms for services for the acquisition of an intangible asset: - for the purchase price (excluding VAT) - for the amount of VAT (18%) |
||||
Suppliers and consultants invoices paid |
||||
The object of intangible assets is accepted for accounting at the actual (initial) cost |
||||
VAT accepted for deduction |
Intangible assets contributed by the founders or participants on account of their contributions to the authorized capital of the organization (at an agreed value) are also reflected through account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”.
For the value of the intangible assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital, accounting entries are made: Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 75 “Settlements with the founders”. Debit 04 "Intangible assets" Credit 08 "Investments in non-current assets." Intangible assets received free of charge under a donation agreement come in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” from the credit of account 98 “Deferred income”, subaccount 98-2 “Grant-free receipts”. From account 08, the actual (initial) value of intangible assets is written off to account 04 "Intangible assets". The cost of gratuitously received intangible assets, accounted for on sub-account 98-2, is subsequently written off monthly in the amount of accrued depreciation deductions to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and is recognized as income for the reporting period.
Correspondence of accounts for accounting for the receipt of intangible assets free of charge (under a donation agreement)
Amount, rub. |
||||
For the market value of received intangible assets |
||||
On the actual (initial) cost of objects accepted for balance |
||||
Deferred income is recognized as income of the reporting period from the next month, in the amount of accrued depreciation (useful life 10 years) |
For intangible assets received free of charge, taxable income is increased by the value of the received assets, but not lower than their residual value, which is in the possession of the transferring organization.
The receipt of intangible assets under an exchange agreement is also initially recorded on account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” from the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” or 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, followed by posting to the debit of account 04 “Intangible assets” from the credit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". The objects of property transferred in the exchange order are debited from the credit of the relevant property accounting accounts to the debit of the sales accounts (90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”).
The receipt of intangible assets under a simple partnership agreement in joint activities is reflected in the organization conducting common business with an accounting entry D 04 K 80 “Contributions of comrades at an agreed value”.
Intangible assets received for use, in accordance with clause 39 of PBU 14/2007, are accounted for by the user (licensee) on an off-balance sheet account in an assessment determined based on the amount of remuneration established in the agreement. Payments for the granted right in the form of a fixed one-time payment are reflected in the licensee's accounting as deferred expenses (D 97 K 76) and are subject to write-off during the term of the contract for expenses of the reporting period (D 26, 25 K 97).
Periodic payments paid from the bank's current account reflect D 76 K 51.
Accounting for the receipt of intangible assets
Synthetic accounting of intangible assets is kept on accounts: 04 "Intangible assets", 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets", 19 "Value added tax on acquired values", subaccount 19-2 "VAT on acquired intangible assets", 91 "Other income and expenses ".
Account 04 "Intangible assets" - active, designed to summarize information about the presence and movement of intangible assets that are owned by the organization. Analytical accounting on account 04 is carried out by types and individual objects, depending on their composition.
The main document in the analytical accounting of intangible assets is intangible assets accounting card(Form No. NML-1). It is used to account for all types of intangible assets received for use in the organization. The card is opened in the accounting department for each object and filled out in one copy on the basis of documents for posting, moving intangible assets. The card shows the amount of accrued depreciation on a monthly basis. In the “Brief description of the object and intangible assets” section, only the main indicators of the object are recorded.
When posting intangible assets, certificates for the right to use a particular object, patents, copyright and license agreements, acceptance certificates for software development and other documents are used.
Receipt of intangible assets from external organizations reflected in the following main accounting entries:
for acquired intangible assets:
VAT on acquired intangible assets:
- Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors";
costs associated with bringing intangible assets to a state of readiness for their use:
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors";
transfers for acquired intangible assets:
- Dt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”
- Kt 51 “Settlement accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, etc.;
posting of intangible assets:
- Kt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets";
VAT on capitalized intangible assets is charged to the budget (after payment and capitalization):
Posting of intangible objects produced in the organization itself, on the accounts of accounting is recorded:
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 10 “Materials”, 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, etc. - for the amount of expenses;
- Dr. 04 "Intangible assets"
- Kt 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, sub-account 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets” - when the created objects are transferred into operation.
Capitalized intangible assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital or as a share subscription payment:
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 75 "Settlements with the founders", sub-account 75-1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" and
- Dr. 04 "Intangible assets"
Unitary state or municipal enterprise received from the founder and accepted for accounting intangible assets:
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 75 “Settlements with the founders”, sub-account “Settlements with the state and municipal authorities for the allocated property” and
- Dr. 04 "Intangible assets"
- Kt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets".
Intangible assets received free of charge under a donation agreement or as a subsidy of a government body, are accounted for at market value on the date of accounting for:
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 98 "Deferred income", sub-account 98-2 "Grants".
When transferring intangible assets into operation, an entry is made:
- Dr. 04 "Intangible assets"
- Kt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets".
In the future, the value of gratuitously received assets is written off in the amount of monthly depreciation (if depreciation is charged on them) to the organization's income with the following entry:
- Dt 98 "Deferred income", sub-account 98-2 "Grant-free receipts";
- Kt 91 “Other income and expenses”, sub-account 91-4 “Disposal of intangible assets”.
The amount of VAT accepted for deduction on debt to the budget. relating to intangible assets:
- Dt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees"
- Kt 19 "VAT on acquired values", sub-account 19-2 "VAT on acquired intangible assets".
Consider an example of registration on the accounts of the receipt of intangible assets under an exchange agreement. As you know, the initial cost of intangible assets received under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations by non-monetary means is equal to the value of the property transferred in exchange. The cost of this property corresponds to the price at which the entity determines the cost of similar goods in comparable circumstances. If this price cannot be determined, the value of the assets received is determined based on the price at which similar intangible assets are usually acquired. The difference between the cost of received intangible assets and transferred values is reflected as non-operating income or expense.
Example. CJSC "Zeus" entered into an exchange agreement with CJSC "Romulus". According to the agreement ZAO "Zeus" supplies ZAO "Romul" 10 units. own products. In exchange, CJSC Romul transfers exclusive rights to the accounting computer program. The parties recognized this exchange as equivalent.
CJSC "Zeus" usually sells products of its own production at a price of 1180 rubles. (including VAT - 180 rubles) for 1 unit. Exclusive rights to a program of this type usually cost 17,700 rubles. (including VAT - 2700 rubles).
In the accounting of CJSC Zeus, this transaction is reflected as follows:
- Dt 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
- Kt 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-1 "Revenue" - 18 thousand rubles. - proceeds from the sale of products (the cost of the acquired object of intangible assets;
- Dt 08 "Investments in non-current assets", sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"
- Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - 10 thousand rubles. - the received object of intangible assets was credited at the cost of the exchanged products (180 rubles. 10 units);
- Dt 19 "VAT on acquired values", sub-account 19-2 "VAT on acquired intangible assets"
- Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - 1800 rubles. - the amount of VAT on acquired intangible assets (180 rubles - 10 units);
- Dt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
- Kt 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" - 11,800 rubles. - obligations under the exchange agreement are set off:
- Dt 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-1 "Revenue"
- Kt 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" - 5900 rubles. - reflects the difference between the value of intangible assets and sold products (17,700 - 11,800).
Actual for the 3rd quarter of 2017
Acquisition and creation of intangible assets
Typical postings and primary documents
OPERATION | DEBIT | CREDIT | SOURCE DOCUMENTS |
Reflected the costs associated with the acquisition of intangible assets | 60 (76) | An agreement on the alienation of exclusive rights, an act of acceptance and transfer of work performed (services rendered) | |
An intangible asset purchased by a company is accepted for accounting | 04 | 08 sub-account "Acquisition of intangible assets" | |
Reflected VAT on the purchase of exclusive rights and purchased exclusive rights or expenses associated with their acquisition | 60 (76) | Invoice | |
Paid for the purchase of exclusive rights | 60 (76) | 51 | Bank statement on the current account, agreement on the alienation of exclusive rights |
68 sub-account "VAT settlements" | 19 sub-account "VAT on acquired intangible assets" | Invoice | |
The actual costs of creating an intangible asset are reflected | 70 (68, 69, 10, 23, 60, 76 …) | Settlement statement, contract for the provision of services, act of acceptance and delivery of work performed, accounting statement-calculation, act for the write-off of materials | |
Reflected VAT on the cost of creating an asset | 19 sub-account "VAT on acquired intangible assets" | 60 (76) | Invoice |
An intangible asset created by the company itself is accepted for accounting | 04 | 08 sub-account "Creation of intangible assets" | Accounting card for intangible assets, compiled either according to the standard form No. NMA-1, or according to a self-developed form |
Paid expenses related to the creation of intangible assets | 60 (76) | 51 | bank statement |
Accepted for the deduction of "input" VAT | 68 sub-account "VAT settlements" | 19 sub-account "VAT on acquired intangible assets" | Invoice |
1.2.1 What about intangible assets. To accept an object for accounting as an intangible asset, the following conditions must be met at a time (clause 3 of PBU 14/07):
- the facility is capable of generating economic benefits in the future (intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, or for management needs);
- the organization has the right to receive economic benefits that the asset is able to bring in the future (documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the rights to it are properly executed);
- it can be identified;
– the useful life of the object is more than 12 months;
– the sale of the asset is not expected within 12 months;
- the initial cost of the object can be reliably determined;
- it has no material-substantial form.
Intangible assets include, for example, computer programs, inventions, utility models, selection achievements, trade secrets (know-how), trademarks and service marks. Goodwill that has arisen in connection with the acquisition of an enterprise as a property complex (in whole or in part) is also taken into account as part of intangible assets.
The accounting unit of intangible assets is an inventory object (clause 5 PBU 14/07). Such is the totality of rights arising from one patent, certificate, agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization, intended to perform certain independent functions.
A complex object that includes several protected results of intellectual activity (multimedia product, single technology) can also be recognized as an inventory object of intangible assets.
An intangible asset is accepted for accounting at its actual (initial) cost. It recognizes the amount paid or accrued by the organization when acquiring (creating) an intangible asset and providing conditions for its use for the planned purposes (clause 7 PBU 14/07).
Intangible assets are written off only through depreciation. But there is an exception. On June 20, 2016, changes to PBU 14/2007 () came into force. Companies that have the right to apply simplified accounting methods can write off these expenses at a time, without depreciation. The new rules can be used from January 1, 2016. To do this, it is enough to make changes to the accounting policy ().
The costs of acquiring an intangible asset are (clause 8 PBU 14/07):
- the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the seller;
– customs duties and customs fees;
– non-refundable amounts of taxes and duties paid in connection with the acquisition of intangible assets;
– remuneration to intermediaries through which an intangible asset is acquired;
– payment for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of intangible assets;
– other expenses directly related to the acquisition of an intangible asset.
When creating an intangible asset, its value also includes (clause 9 PBU 14/07):
- amounts paid under work contracts, contracts of author's order or contracts for the performance of research, development or technological work;
- the cost of remuneration of employees directly involved in its creation, and insurance premiums;
- expenses for the maintenance and operation of research equipment and other fixed assets, their depreciation;
– other expenses directly related to the creation of intangible assets.
1.2.2 The intangible asset was created in 2016 but used in 2017. The initial cost of the asset is considered to have been formed already in 2016. And depreciation should be charged without waiting for the moment when the company starts using intangible assets. After all, according to clause 3 of PBU 14/2007, to recognize an asset as intangible, it is enough that the object is suitable for use in production or management, and not actually used for this. That is, it does not matter at what point the organization began to use the object (immediately after creation or after a few months). It is important when the asset was created for use in the production of products (works, services) or for management needs.
As for depreciation on an intangible asset that is not yet in use, PBU 14/2007 does not contain any restrictions for this case. At the same time, in tax accounting, it is forbidden to charge depreciation on an intangible asset that is not yet used. The write-off of expenses for such intangible assets is contrary to the requirements of Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. After all, the asset is not actually used in activities aimed at generating income.
1.2.3 Control over an intangible asset. According to PBU 14/2007, in order for an object to be recognized as part of an intangible asset, control must be ensured over it. This is one of the signs of intangible assets in accounting.
The concept of object control comes from international standards. Usually the concept of control follows from the legal rights to an object, that is, an intangible asset. Thus, the rights to most intangible assets, which are objects of intellectual activity in accordance with Russian law, must be registered.
Accordingly, the registration of rights will be a confirmation that only this organization has exclusive rights to the object of intangible assets and only this organization has the right to receive future economic benefits from the use of this asset.
Moreover, in the absence of registration of rights (for example, in the case when such registration of rights or a license agreement is not required), the presence of documents confirming the ownership of exclusive rights by the organization will indicate that this company controls the object of intangible assets.
The control period is determined on the basis of documents confirming that the organization owns the relevant rights to intangible assets. These can be patents, certificates, other security documents, an agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization, etc.
1.2.4 Exclusive rights received for temporary use. If the organization transfers periodic payments for the use of rights, then the costs associated with obtaining intangible assets for use should be reflected in current expenses. The following entry will be made in the accounting:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) CREDIT 60 (76)
– Periodic payments for the right to use an intellectual property object are taken into account.
If the organization pays a fixed one-time amount for the use of exclusive rights, it is taken into account as part of deferred expenses. Therefore, the following entry should be made in accounting:
DEBIT 97 CREDIT 60 (76)
– a fixed one-time payment for the right to use an intellectual property object is taken into account.
This procedure follows from paragraph 39 of PBU 14/2007 and paragraph 18 of PBU 10/99. The organization establishes the procedure for writing off deferred expenses independently in the accounting policy. In this case, the following entry is made in the accounting for the debited amount:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) CREDIT 97
– expenses for acquiring the right to use an intellectual property object were written off.
In addition, assets received for use must be taken into account off the balance sheet (clause 39 of PBU 14/2007). The Chart of Accounts does not provide for a specially designated account for this. Therefore, the organization needs to open it on its own and fix it in the accounting policy. For example, it can be account 012 "Intangible assets received for use."
1.2.5 Annual check of useful life. Accounting. The company is obliged to annually check the useful life of intangible assets and the method of determining depreciation for relevance (clauses 27, 30 of PBU 14/2007). If the indicators in 2017 have changed significantly, then it is necessary to make adjustments in accounting and reporting (changes in estimated values).
Example
In January 2017, the company acquired exclusive copyright for a literary work for 500,000 rubles, in the same month it was reflected in intangible assets. It was decided to charge depreciation on a straight-line basis. The useful life is 10 years (120 months). From February to December, depreciation is 45,833 rubles. (500,000? : 120 months? 11 months).
Initially, the company planned to publish 500,000 copies of the work. But already in the first year, 150,000 copies were published. The organization decided that a more accurate depreciation method is not a linear one, but a method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (paragraph 28 of PBU 14/2007). With this method, depreciation is charged based on the natural indicator of the volume of production for the month and the ratio of the actual (initial) value of the intangible asset and the estimated volume of production for the entire useful life of the intangible asset.
The amount of depreciation accrued by the new method from February to December 2017 amounted to 150,000 rubles. (500,000 ? : 500,000 ind. ? 150,000 ind.). In the balance sheet, the value of an intangible asset should be reflected net of accrued depreciation. Moreover, in our case, a change in the estimated value of the value of an intangible asset should be made by increasing the balance on account 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” in the amount of 104,167 rubles. (150,000 - 45,833).
Account 05 should correspond with account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". You can make an adjusting entry on any reporting date or on the day when an event occurred that changed the useful life or the method of depreciation.
1.2.6 It is impossible to determine the duration of the exclusive right. In accounting for intangible assets with an indefinite useful life, depreciation is not charged (paragraph 23 of PBU 14/2007).
However, if the situation changed during the year, that is, it became possible to determine the specific life of intangible assets, the company has the right to charge depreciation. At the same time, in accounting and reporting in such a situation, it is necessary to make adjustments at the beginning of the year as changes in estimated values. The basis is paragraph 27 of PBU 14/2007.
With regard to tax accounting, for intangible assets for which it is impossible to determine the useful life, depreciation rates are set for ten years (but not more than the life of the taxpayer). This is stated in Article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
1.2.7 Future economic benefits. In order to recognize an asset as intangible in both accounting and tax accounting, an organization must be sure that intangible assets will bring economic benefits in the future. In addition, the useful life of the asset depends on the period during which the asset will generate benefits.
For example, if an intangible asset is the exclusive right to a computer program, then you need to analyze how often it is sold, what is the forecast for software aging, and thus compare the predicted periods of use of the intangible asset in the future. And if the program is not sold, but is used in the production process (for example, this is individual software for a machine tool with program control), it is necessary to determine the period of use of such an intangible asset in accordance with the useful life of the equipment itself.
Thus, it is necessary to analyze the activity itself, which is associated with the use of intangible assets by the company. This can be done most fully in a feasibility study. But such a document, if developed by a third party, can be quite expensive, so its development is not always economically feasible.
But even if the calculation is carried out by an employee of the organization, the result must be drawn up in the form of a report, giving a brief description of the intangible asset, as well as those factors that were taken into account when determining the term. This report must be approved by the manager. The document should be compiled by a specialist who understands the nature of intangible assets - a production technologist, sales manager, accountant, director. That is, a person who has sufficient information about this intangible asset, the nature and intensity of its use. The specific person responsible for the development of the calculation is appointed by order of the head.