Introduction to macroeconomics presentation for a lesson on the topic. Introduction to macroeconomics presentation for the lesson on the topic Lectures on macroeconomics download presentation
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Contents: The concept and goals of macroeconomics 1 Main macroeconomic indicators 2 State regulation 3 Macroeconomic equilibrium 4slide 3
The concept of macroeconomics: Macroeconomics is a section of economic theory that studies the patterns of development of the economy as a whole, or the process of reproduction at the national (national) and global (groups of countries) levels.slide 4
The object of study of macroeconomics is the processes of economic growth; structural shifts in production; formation and use of national wealth, GDP, national income; employment and income of the population; monetary circulation and inflation; foreign economic relations and international financial systems.slide 5
Goals of macroeconomics: Macroeconomics Improving the structure of the economy Social stability Stabilizing prices Active balance of payments and foreign trade Employment Economic growth Balance in interaction with natureslide 6
Main macroeconomic indicators: Macroeconomic indicators Definition Gross general product The value of material goods created by society during a certain period. Intermediate product The portion of a national product that continues to be used in economic activity through further processing or resale. Gross national product The total market value of all products and services in a year. Gross domestic product The total annual market value of the final products of the country's material production and services sector for the year. National income Equal to net domestic product minus indirect taxes on business.Slide 7
Macroeconomic Indicators Definition Disposable income Equal to the amount of personal income minus taxes on personal income. National wealth Monetary expression of the totality of consumer values accumulated by society over the previous period. Net National Product The total amount of goods and services produced and consumed by a country over a given period of time in all sectors of its national economy Net economic good A measure of adjusted GNP. Personal Income Equal to national income minus social security contributions, corporate income taxes, and transfer payments.Slide 8
State regulation: The state is an institution that represents the entire society and has the right to non-economic intervention in economic relations. State economic regulation - the impact of the state on economic entities to achieve certain socio-economic goals by establishing legal norms and organizational rules for their behavior in the process of creation. The global strategic goal of state regulation of the economy is the preservation and multiplication of national wealth in the interests of the living and future generations of the country.Slide 9
Subjects of state regulation of the economy Carriers of economic interests: Classes Social groups Citizens Representatives of economic interests: Parties Trade unions Public associations Performers of economic interests: State Bodies and institutions of all branches of government of the stateslide 10
Objects of state regulation of macroeconomics: Scientific and technological progress Economic cycle Structure of the economy Accumulation and consumption Employment of the population Budget Money circulation and pricing Banks and credit Foreign economic relations Training and retraining of personnel Conditions of production and marketing Ecologyslide 11
Economic functions of the state: Protection of property rights and ensuring freedom of entrepreneurial activity. Stimulation of business activity; protection of competition and fight against monopolistic tendencies. Ensuring law and order in the economic sphere. Satisfaction of needs in the so-called "public" goods and services, the main feature of which is joint consumption. Regulation of relationships: between labor and capital; between entrepreneurs and employees. Ensuring the stability of the national currency and the regulation of money circulation. Control over foreign economic activity and ensuring the economic security of the country.slide 12
Macroeconomic equilibrium: This is a state of the state economy, when the introduction of limited production resources for the creation of products and services and their distribution among different members of society are balanced, i.e. there is an overall proportionality between: - resources and their implementation; - factors of production and the fruits of their use; - cumulative creation and cumulative consumption; - aggregate supply and aggregate demand; - material and financial flows. Consequently, macroeconomic equilibrium implies the stable implementation of their interests in all spheres of the state economy.slide 13
Types of economic equilibrium: Ideal Real Achieved with full optimal realization of the interests of all economic entities in conditions of perfect competition and the absence of side effects It is established in the economic system in conditions of imperfect competition with external factors influencing the market. Partial: Equilibrium in a single market. General: Simultaneous equilibrium in all markets - macroeconomic equilibriumslide 14
Models of macroeconomic equilibrium: Currently, in economics there is a large set of models of economic equilibrium that characterize the peculiarities of the approach to this problem in different historical periods: F. Quesnay (1694-1774) - equilibrium is achieved by establishing exchange processes between classes, as a result of which distribution of the net product (a model of ordinary reproduction on the example of the economy of France in the 18th century). J.B. Say (1767-1832) - macroeconomic supply creates and balances its own demand, which is based on the position that every seller is at the same time a buyer of the goods. K. Marx (1818-1883) - the balance between the elements of the value of the social product and between the two divisions of social production, the scheme of ordinary and expanded capitalist public reproduction; L. Walras (1834-1910) - the general position of final products should be equal to the total demand for them as the sum of income brought by all factors of production to their owners; J. Keynes (1883-1946) - a model of short-term economic equilibrium of the money market. V. Leontiev (1905-1999) - chess construction of a model of intersectoral balance, providing sectoral, intersectoral and general balance.slide 15
List of references: "Fundamentals of macroeconomic analysis" Kosov, 2007. "Introduction to macroeconomics" Matveeva, 2007. I. V. Rodionova "History of economic doctrines" textbook, part 3, 2010. "Economics (theory)", textbook for students of non-economic specialties, Zaloznaya G.M., 2007.transcript
1 Macroeconomics presentation on the subject and method of macroeconomics
2 Subject, object and subjects of macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a part of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole. The object of macroeconomics: the national economy as a system, based on the specifics of the object, the features of the subject of macroeconomics are determined. The subjects of macroeconomics are: households, firms, the state and abroad.
3 Macroeconomic Goals Economic Growth Increasing Economic Efficiency Economic Freedom Stable Price Level Full Employment of the Population Equitable Distribution of Income Supporting Low-Income Sectors of the Population Solving Environmental Problems Maintaining Balance of Foreign Trade Balance
4 Functions of macroeconomics Methodological Serves as a foundation for specific applied economic sciences, provides a theoretical justification for the need and methodology for the implementation of an economic event. Practical (pragmatic) not only explains economic phenomena, but also reveals ways and options for their improvement, clarifies the economic policy of the state. Prognostic Involves the development of scientific forecasts and the identification of prospects for social development. Critical Develops a critical approach to the phenomena under consideration, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, indicates the appropriateness of using the results obtained.
5 Macroeconomic instruments Monetary policy; fiscal policy; Social politics; Foreign economic policy; Regulation of payments and trade balance;
6 methodology methods Statistical Aggregation Experiment Graphical Modeling Observation Observation Systematic analysis of scientific abstraction General scientific methods: analysis and synthesis induction and deduction combination of logical and historical analysis and others
7 Method and methodology Method is a tool of scientific knowledge, which includes a set of techniques, methods and forms of collecting, processing and studying information. In macroeconomics, both general scientific and specific (private) methods are used. Methodology is a system of applying methods of cognition to the analysis of specific phenomena of reality called
8 General scientific methods. Scientific abstraction is a distraction from secondary phenomena and a focus on the main thing. As a result of such an analysis, economic categories, laws are derived, and economic models are built. A combination of logical and historical analysis. In accordance with it, the facts of reality are first collected and studied and the most frequently repeated ones are singled out. The facts are compiled in their historical sequence, freed from random phenomena and the logic of what is happening is formed. Induction is the receipt of general conclusions based on the analysis of individual facts. Deduction is the application of general provisions to the analysis of individual facts and phenomena. Analysis and synthesis is the mental division of the whole into separate parts, the study of each of them (analysis), and then the movement from a separate to a holistic description of an object (synthesis). System analysis involves a holistic, integrated approach to the consideration of the phenomenon, taking into account the manifestation of its various properties.
9 Specific methods The statistical method allows you to select the necessary facts obtained during the observation and accumulate quantitative indicators that characterize certain economic phenomena. Statistical data are the basis of theoretical research, and also allow you to check the correctness of theoretical conclusions. Experiment reproduction of real phenomena in controlled and controlled conditions. A model is generalizations and assumptions presented in a graphical or mathematical form. Aggregation is the combination of individual units or data into a single indicator, an aggregate.
10 Modeling the main method of macroeconomic analysis A model is a formalized description of a macroeconomic object and identification of the functional dependencies inherent in this object. Two types of variables are used in models: Exogenous (existing outside the model and, as a rule, being the initial information for building the model); Endogenous (arise as a result of solving this model).
11 The most famous macroeconomic models are: Circular flow model Keynesian cross Macroeconomic equilibrium model IS-LM model Phillips, Laffer, Lorenz curves, etc.
12 Circular flow model
13 Relations between the subjects of macroeconomics Alternative Expectancy There are several types of expectations in the economy: Static (behavior of subjects does not change); Adaptive (subjects change their behavior based on the analysis of information from the past Rational (subjects' behavior is based on the analysis of all available information);
14 Functional dependences in macroeconomics are behavioral, characterizing the behavior of economic agents (for example, the consumption function: С = Сo + mpсyd, technological, describing the technology of production (for example, the production function: Y = F (K, L), institutional, showing the impact of institutional factors ( parameters of government) on macroeconomic values (for example, the function of taxes: T = T + ty, definitional, reflecting the definition of a particular macroeconomic value (for example, the function of aggregate demand, which by definition is the sum of the demands of all macroeconomic agents, has the form: AD = C + I + G + Xn,
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The presentation on the topic "Macroeconomics" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Economics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 15 slide(s).
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The concept of macroeconomics:
Macroeconomics is a branch of economic theory that studies the patterns of development of the economy as a whole, or the process of reproduction at the national (national) and global (groups of countries) levels.
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State regulation:
The state is an institution that represents the whole of society and has the right to non-economic intervention in economic relations. State economic regulation - the impact of the state on economic entities to achieve certain socio-economic goals by establishing legal norms and organizational rules for their behavior in the process of creation. The global strategic goal of state regulation of the economy is the preservation and multiplication of national wealth in the interests of the living and future generations of the country.
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Subjects of state regulation of the economy
Bearers of economic interests: Classes Social groups Citizens
Spokesmen for economic interests: Parties Trade unions Public associations
Executors of economic interests: State Bodies and institutions of all branches of government of the state
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Objects of state regulation of macroeconomics:
Business cycle
Structure of the economy
Accumulation and consumption
Employment
Money circulation and pricing
Banks and credit
Foreign economic relations
Training and retraining of personnel
Terms of production and marketing
Ecology
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Economic functions of the state:
Protection of property rights and ensuring freedom of entrepreneurial activity. Stimulation of business activity; protection of competition and fight against monopolistic tendencies. Ensuring law and order in the economic sphere. Satisfaction of needs in the so-called "public" goods and services, the main feature of which is joint consumption. Regulation of relationships: between labor and capital; between entrepreneurs and employees. Ensuring the stability of the national currency and the regulation of money circulation. Control over foreign economic activity and ensuring the economic security of the country.
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Macroeconomic balance:
This is a state of the state economy, when the introduction of limited production resources for the creation of products and services and their distribution among the various members of society are balanced, that is, there is an overall proportionality between: - resources and their implementation; - factors of production and the fruits of their use; - cumulative creation and cumulative consumption; - aggregate supply and aggregate demand; - material and financial flows. Consequently, macroeconomic equilibrium implies the stable implementation of their interests in all spheres of the state economy.
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Types of economic equilibrium:
Ideal Real
Achieved with full optimal realization of the interests of all economic entities in conditions of perfect competition and the absence of side effects
It is established in the economic system in conditions of imperfect competition with external factors influencing the market.
Partial: Equilibrium in a single market.
General: Simultaneous equilibrium in all markets - macroeconomic equilibrium
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Models of macroeconomic equilibrium:
Currently, economic science has a large set of models of economic equilibrium that characterize the peculiarities of the approach to this problem in different historical periods: F. Quesnay (1694-1774) - equilibrium is achieved by establishing exchange processes between classes, as a result of which the net product is distributed ( model of ordinary reproduction on the example of the French economy of the 18th century). J.B. Say (1767-1832) - macroeconomic supply creates and balances its own demand, which is based on the position that every seller is at the same time a buyer of the goods. K. Marx (1818-1883) - the balance between the elements of the value of the social product and between the two divisions of social production, the scheme of ordinary and expanded capitalist public reproduction; L. Walras (1834-1910) - the general position of final products should be equal to the total demand for them as the sum of income brought by all factors of production to their owners; J. Keynes (1883-1946) - a model of short-term economic equilibrium of the money market. V. Leontiev (1905-1999) - chess construction of a model of intersectoral balance, providing sectoral, intersectoral and general balance.
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List of used literature:
"Fundamentals of macroeconomic analysis" Kosov, 2007. "Introduction to macroeconomics" Matveeva, 2007. I. V. Rodionova "History of economic doctrines" textbook, part 3, 2010. "Economics (theory)", textbook for students of non-economic specialties, Zaloznaya G.M., 2007.
Macroeconomics
Slides: 86 Words: 5042 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Methodology of macroeconomics. Economic theory. Macroeconomics. The term "macroeconomics". macroeconomic theory. Problems common to the entire economy. Main problems. The need for an independent section. Importance of studying macroeconomics. Basic theories of macroeconomics. Macroeconomic analysis. Two types of analysis of macroeconomic processes. Principles of macroeconomic analysis. Actual state of affairs. Aggregation. macroeconomic agents. Households. Firms. Investment goods. The private sector of the economy. State. Rules of the game. The main types of macroeconomic policy. - Macroeconomics.ppt
Society and economy
Slides: 19 Words: 557 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Economy and its role in the life of modern society. Economy. Economics is the art of satisfying boundless needs. The state of the economy and the standard of living. Standard of living. Continuous economic growth. Gross national product. General economic indicator. Gross domestic product (GDP). National income (ND). Intensive way of development of production. What determines the standard of living in the country. Property relations. Own. Types of property. A significant number of small and medium-sized firms. large industrial enterprises. Each member of the cooperative has its share in its property. - Society and economy.ppt
Macroeconomic indicators
Slides: 49 Words: 2154 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1Main macroeconomic indicators. Group of indicators. The volume of production assets. The most important indicators. Assignment of indicators. Production results indicators. Gross indicators. net scores. Depreciation. GDP. Aggregate score. Price. end products. Payments. Statement. The difference between GDP and GNI. Country. Products. The cost of the intermediate product. Human. Methods for calculating GDP. Proportions. net export. distribution method. The proportions are consistent with GDP data. Wage. Added value summation. Added value. - Macroeconomic indicators.pptx
GDP
Slides: 37 Words: 1113 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most important indicator of the SNS. Three methods for calculating GDP. The difference between GDP and national income: GDP can be calculated in the following three ways: As the sum of gross value added (production method); as the sum of end use components (end use method); as the sum of primary incomes (distributive method). When calculated by the production method, GDP is calculated by summing the gross value added of all resident production units grouped by industry or sector. The difference between the value of goods produced and services rendered (output) and the value of goods and services fully consumed in the production process. - GDP.ppt
national income
Slides: 21 Words: 966 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Economics presentation. national income. Calculation of national income. Public finances. Number of countries. Calculation of the national product. national product. primary income. disposable personal income. The state budget. State budget deficit. Budget revenues. total disposable income. Nominal and real GDP. The volume of output of all final goods. The volume of output of all final goods and services. Nominal and real GDP of the Russian Federation. Indicators measured in current prices. The total amount of nominal GDP. The total size of real GDP. The volume of all products. - National Income.ppt
Aggregate supply
Slides: 11 Words: 224 Sounds: 0 Effects: 25Aggregate offer. macroeconomic equilibrium. Aggregate offer? GDP. The total offer depends on: The amount of costs. Changes in the labor market, capital, land and other natural resources. Changes in technology and productivity. Question. What is the difference between individual, market and aggregate supply? Non-price factors of aggregate supply. Change in resource prices. performance change. Changing legal norms. macroeconomic models. D. Keynes. Demand shock. Offer shock. Problem solving. - Aggregate offer.ppt
Gross domestic product
Slides: 11 Words: 617 Sounds: 0 Effects: 41GDP. Gross domestic product. end goods. Nominal GDP. History of origin. GNP. Methods for calculating GDP. Cost stream summation method. Income stream summation method. net national product. Gross national product. - Gross domestic product.ppt
Macroeconomic balance
Slides: 23 Words: 1006 Sounds: 0 Effects: 73macroeconomic equilibrium. State of the economic system. The equilibrium of the economic system as a whole. The economy returns to a stable state on its own. Equilibrium in the goods market. Consumption. The ratio of the increase in consumption to the increase in income. national income. Multiplier. aggregate demand. Aggregate demand curve. Irving Fisher Equation. Irving Fisher. Demand. Money Demand Formula. Aggregate offer. John Maynard Keynes. Intersection of aggregate demand curves. The state of the economy. Basic models of macroeconomic equilibrium. Jean Baptiste Say. - Macroeconomic balance.ppt
SNA
Slides: 44 Words: 3024 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Macroeconomic indicators in the system of national accounts. Relationships are reflected on the basis of SNA indicators. Account or groups of accounts. The main indicators of the SNA. The central indicator of the system is GDP. GNI is the sum of primary income. GNI is different from GNI. The CP includes household final consumption expenditure. Gross capital formation covers the accumulation of fixed capital. Gross capital formation as an element of GDP. Foreign trade balance. Interrelation of SNA indicators. Indicators of economic activity and methods of their calculation. Net tax on the product. Gross national saving. - SNS.ppt
System of National Accounts
Slides: 28 Words: 2222 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0System of national accounts. System of indicators and tables. System of interconnected indicators. Main characteristics. Account of goods and services. Production account. Income generation account. Disposable income account. Secondary distribution account. Capital account. Added value. Value added. A number of statistical indicators. Differences. The volume of annual (quarterly, monthly) output of goods. Macroeconomic indicators. Financial indicators. Foreign economic indicators. Characteristics of the region. Relatively isolated reproductive system. - System of National Accounts.pptx
Infrastructure
Slides: 16 Words: 2933 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12Infrastructure. Rhythm. Planned. Proportionality. C - the environment of the social organism (created with the help. Wed - the main product of MP; MP. NP, NP - tools; H - the main product of NP; MP, NP and I - tools of "production of H". Material production. Non-material production. TRANSPORT. TRADE (and public catering) Function - distribution of products of labor (and activity) Unevenness of the "implementation of the function" has increased. ENERGY. COMMUNICATIONS. The work of this industry is consumed as an activity. INFORMATION PRODUCTION. The work of this industry is consumed as an information product. - Infrastructure.ppt
infrastructure complex
Slides: 21 Words: 988 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0infrastructure complex. Infrastructure. The infrastructure complex unites the branches of the economy. Service is a type of activity. Consider service classifications. Development and use of any territory. For a long time, due attention was not paid to the development of the infrastructure complex. The composition of the infrastructure complex. The communication system covers transport and communications. Transport. Transport system. Transport work. Cargo turnover. Passenger turnover. When choosing a mode of transport, the cost and speed are usually taken into account. The cost of transportation by individual modes of transport. - Infrastructure complex.pptx
National economy
Slides: 31 Words: 1289 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Definition of the subject of the theory of national economy. National economy. The term "national economy" has a triple meaning: National economy as a system of social economy that has developed on the territory of a particular state. The question of the subject of the theory of national economy has not yet been finally resolved. Descriptive approach: Analytical approach: A feature of the national economy is. The logic of the formation and development of the theory of national economy. The period of emergence of the national economy dates back to the 40s of the 19th century. List ideas. The importance of economic freedom in promoting prosperity should not be underestimated. - National economy.ppt
Structure of the national economy
Slides: 43 Words: 1401 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The systemic nature of the national economy. National economy. Structural complexity of the economy. Diversity. Integrity. General system properties. Hierarchy. Integrity. specific properties. Openness of the national economy. Stochasticity of the national economy. proportions of the national economy. proportions of the national economy. territorial proportions. Proportions. types of proportions. proportion trends. Functional and production proportions. Activities. Agro-industrial complex. Defense-industrial complex. Fuel and energy complex. - Structure of the national economy.ppt
Regional economy
Slides: 14 Words: 619 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Regional economy and management. Main objectives of the course Basic concepts. Subject and object of the regional economy. Stages of formation of science. Region: content and functioning. Economic zoning. Approaches to consider the problems of the functioning of regions. Methods of regional economy. Stages of regional economic research. Questions for independent work: The concept of spatial development, factors reflecting the influence of space. Tasks of regional management Distribution of productive forces - regularities, principles and factors. - Regional economics.ppt
Development of the regional economy
Slides: 25 Words: 1115 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Prospects for the development of the regional economy. Main conclusions. World perspectives. Representing differences in recovery rates. Rebalancing. Risks of lower growth rates. Offers of wheat. inflationary pressure. Growing demand for oil. export levels. Rates of growth. levels of disposable income. budget consolidation. Measures to reduce external vulnerability. Non-performing loans. You need to pay attention to inflation. The impact of monetary policy. Low levels of financial sector development. Insufficient competition. dollarization levels. Customs Union. - Development of the regional economy.ppt
Regional Economics and Management
Slides: 22 Words: 1438 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Regional economy. Methods of regional science. Economic regions of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The subject of regional economics. Objects of study of the regional economy. Tasks of the regional economy. Intersubject communications of regional economy. Methods of regional research. Scientific disciplines. The most important economic categories. Patterns of location and territorial organization of the economy. Principles of distribution of productive forces. Factors of location of production and regional development. Theories of location of production. Zones. Options for the placement of a metallurgical plant. - Regional Economics and Management.ppt
Analysis Methods
Slides: 57 Words: 1981 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Structured assessment methods. Analysis. SWOT analysis. Definition of SWOT analysis. History of the method. Scopes of SWOT. SWOT structure. Matrix. The main stages of SWOT-analysis. Search and installation of the main problematic trends. Preparation and inventory of possible actions. External analysis of opportunities and threats. Internal analysis of strengths and weaknesses. Classification of possible actions. Evaluation of the developed policy strategy. SWOT application. ex-ante level. Goals of ex-ante application of SWOT. Mid-term/on-going level. Objectives of mid-term application of SWOT. ex-post level. Goals of ex-post application of SWOT. - Methods of analysis.ppt
City Marketing
Slides: 27 Words: 634 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Territory marketing in Russia: opportunities and technologies. City perspectives. City marketing - what is it? Why Russian Cities Need Marketing: Five Reasons. post-modern economics. Territory marketing target groups. City marketing strategy tools. Promotion. Leading cities. Universal cities. Trading cities. Artisan professionals. "Delicious" (gastronomic) cities. Entertainment cities. Theme parks. Cities "at events". Ski towns. Capitals of show business. Holy cities. Smart cities. Factories of innovation. Cities are intermediaries, conductors, crossroads. - Cities.ppt
City problems
Slides: 9 Words: 650 Sounds: 0 Effects: 39“I would go to the mayors - Let them teach me. City economy. Problems of the city that I would like to touch upon… Soc. work "Clean City". Caring for the elderly. Youth problem. Homeless animals. The youth of our city. One of the main problems among young people is bad habits. Modern discos and cafes are now inaccessible to most young people. Sitting at home with your parents is very boring. Increase fines for selling alcohol to minors. Fight bad habits. To make the work of psychologists more efficient. Talk more about the dangers of smoking, tobacco anti-advertising. Promotion of healthy lifestyles. - Problems of the city.pptx
Urban Development Models
Slides: 38 Words: 1085 Sounds: 0 Effects: 9Modeling the territorial development of cities and urban systems. Two classes of urban models. Initial assumptions. Von Thunen's model. Hidden admission. Results. Results. Criticism of the von Thunen model. Models of the territorial organization of the city. Burgess model. Hoyt model. The theory of central places. Postulates. Optimization options. Correct lattice distortions. Economic landscape. The rank-size rule. Zipf's rule. Zipf's rule for Russian cities. Difficulties with Zipf's rule. Diffusion of innovations T. Hagerstrand. Process stages. Distance dynamics. gravity models. - Urban Development Models.ppt
History of urban development
Slides: 32 Words: 1995 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Genesis and development of cities. conditions for the emergence of a city. Geourbanistics. Foci of early urbanization. Geourbanistics. Planning schemes of ancient settlements. Cultural buildings. free press. Expanding urbanization. Planning systems of ancient Greece. European cities. Largest cities. The layout of European cities in the Middle Ages. Barbarian raids. money-changers. Competition among medieval cities. Conditions for the emergence of an industrial city. fortification objects. Urbanization during the industrial revolution. Innovations during the industrial revolution. Steamboat and railroad. - History of urban development.ppt
New city plan
Slides: 29 Words: 2422 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Energy saving. Our town. Tourism. Industry development. Infrastructure. Development of agriculture. Production. Recycling and industry. Agriculture. Power supply system. Industry and energy supply. Regime activities. The size. Water. Alternative energy. Network economy and communication. Savings must be economical. Uninterrupted power supply. Connection. Transport. Creation of new ways of communication. Let's take a look at the roads. Water and sewerage. If you want to go to the toilet, wash your hands. Construction. We are all about Feng Shui. Ecology. Residents. -
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Introduction to macroeconomics
Macroeconomic agents: 1 . Households 2. Firms (enterprises) 3. State 4. Foreign sector
Households are an independent, rationally acting macroeconomic agent. The goal of economic activity is the maximization of utility. Households are the owner of economic resources - labor, land, capital and entrepreneurial ability.
Firms (enterprises) Firms are an independent, rationally operating macroeconomic agent, the purpose of which is to maximize profits. Firms are the main producer of goods and services in the economy, as well as the buyer of economic resources. Households and firms form the private sector of the economy.
The state is a set of state institutions and organizations that have the political and legal right to influence the course of economic processes and regulate them. The private and public sectors form a closed economy.
The foreign sector unites all other countries of the world and is an independent operating macroeconomic agent; interacts with a particular country through international trade (export and import of goods and services) and the movement of capital (export and import of capital).
Macroeconomic markets: 1. Market of goods and services (real market). 2. Financial market. 3. Market of economic resources. 4. Foreign exchange market.
New problems studied by macroeconomics: 1. Economic growth and its rates. 2. The level of employment and the problem of unemployment. 3. Economic cycle (crises) and its causes. 4. The problem of inflation. 5. The level of the interest rate and the problem of money circulation. 6. State of the state. budget and the problem of financing the budget deficit. 7. State of the balance of payments and problems of the exchange rate.
Methods of macroeconomics A method is a set of techniques, methods, forms of studying the subject of a given science.
General scientific methods: 1. The method of scientific abstraction is a generalized concept developed by people in the process of thinking, abstracted from concrete reality. 2. Method of induction and deduction. Induction - from facts to theory, from the particular to the general. Deduction - from theory to facts, from general to particular. 3. Method of analysis and synthesis. Analysis - the separation of a single whole into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of constituent parts into a single whole. 4. Method of unity of historical and logical.
Specific methods of macroeconomics: modeling and aggregation. Economic models are formalized descriptions of various economic phenomena and processes. Macroeconomic models are an abstract reflection of reality.
In each model, two types of variables are distinguished: 1. Exogenous - introduced into the model from the outside and set before the model is built. This is the original information. 2. Endogenous - arise inside the models, in the process of solving the problem and are the result of its solution.
4 types of functional dependencies: 1. Definitional - reflect the content of phenomena or their structure. 2. Behavioral - show the preferences of economic entities. 3. Technological - reflect technological dependencies in the economy. 4. Institutional - express institutionally established dependencies.
Three main concepts of the formation of expectations: The concept of static expectations. The concept of adaptive expectations. The concept of rational expectations.
The formulas for total expenditures and incomes are E = C + I, where C is consumer spending and I is investment. Y = C + S, where C is consumption and S is savings. hence: C + I = C + S ==> I = S
Two-sector model of circulation (closed economy) Market of resources Market of products Firms Households 1 2 8 7 3 4 6 5 Designations: 1 - costs; 2 - resources; 3 - cash income (wages, rent, interest, profit); 4 - land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial ability; 5 - consumer spending; 6 - goods and services; 7 - sales revenue; 8 - goods and services.
Three-sector model of the economy Market of production factors Enterprises Households Market of goods State (government) Resources Taxes Taxes Factors of production 2 Goods and services Goods and services Goods and services Goods and services Expenses Income 4 3 Income Cons. expenses 1