What is the concept of duty. What is debt? Meaning and interpretation of the word dolg, definition of the term
Civil, family, business and many other legal relationships entail financial obligations. Their occurrence and violation gives rise to concepts such as debt and debt. Despite the semantic similarity, these terms have two different meanings.
The concept and characteristics of the current obligation
The conclusion of a loan agreement, leasing, and the issuance of a loan suggest that the borrower lends funds and undertakes to repay them in a timely manner, subject to the agreed conditions. This is a debt, that is, a current obligation to return received property or cash assets. The meaning of the term only confirms a legal fact, but does not imply that the agreement has been violated or not respected.
Grounds for occurrence:
- Mutual agreement - contracts, loans, loans;
- Legal grounds - alimony, fines, court ruling, taxes.
In other words, the concept is interpreted as an obligation to pay something on time under agreed or statutory conditions in strict accordance with the payment procedure.
Breach of Arrangements
Debt is an untimely fulfilled or ignored obligation, that is, the amount of money payable so that the debt is covered.
Signs:
- This is not a current payment obligation, but a violation thereof;
- It is applied to legal entities and individuals (payables and receivables);
- Legal liability is provided.
Examples - non-payment of taxes, tax evasion, lack of loan payments.
Debt is always expressed in cash. To protect their interests, the lender has the right to go to court, which means the probability of collecting not only the principal amount, but also the imposition of penalties in the form of interest, interest and lost profit.
DEBT - Greek. deon; lat officiuum, obligatio; him. Pflicht; English duty obligation; fr. devoir, obligation; it. devere - one of the fundamental concepts of ethics, which refers to morally reasoned coercion to act; moral necessity, acting as a subjective principle of behavior. Duty embodies the imperative of morality. The actions themselves, since they are motivated by duty, are called duties; the concept of “duty” indicates that (what specific action) is being performed, and the concept of Dolg is about why it is being performed: to serve the fatherland, to keep promises, to take care of children is a duty, to do it on moral grounds is duty. An action is performed on moral grounds when it is performed not because of considerations external to it (by order, for the sake of profit, because of inclination, etc.), but on the basis that it itself contains moral value, for the subject is personally significant.
Types of debt
Russian word DEBT has a second meaning - that is borrowed and must be returned, mainly -. DEBT Value in terms of lender-debtor relationship, allows you to discover the historical roots and socio-communicative context of its moral significance. At least in part, “in debt law there is a breeding ground for the moral concepts of“ guilt, ”“ conscience, ”“ duty, ”and“ sacredness of duty ”(F. Nietzsche). Debentures became a prototype of obligations, the fulfillment of which is unconditional. It is such an unconditionality that cannot be reliably guaranteed externally. This also requires internal coercion imposing an obligation on the obligation itself, which is sense of moral DEBT
The beginning of the theoretical understanding of Duty goes back to the stoic school, to the selection by Zenon of Kition of the allocation in human behavior of two sections: proper moral and proper. Proper (nature-like) actions are the subject area of \u200b\u200bthe morally due, its matter; the moral due itself in this case acts as the principle of actions, an unnatural form. Such a theoretical construction made it possible to supplement the rational-pragmatic validity of actions with their rational-moral justification and comprehend them as a duty, duties.
A duty can be social, and relate to a person performing public functions related primarily to his professional duties. For example, the duty of a doctor or the duty of a judge. Debt concept It also applies to situations where a person has the right to choose, but public morality forces him to act in accordance with the accepted rules. For example, to maintain the cleanliness and neatness of clothes, going to a public place or to help a person who became ill on the street.
Personal duty concerns the fulfillment by a person of obligations to himself and his family. The believer sees his personal duty in serving God, fulfilling his commandments. Personal duty drives a person who cares about the health and well-being of people close to him.
A duty can be performed by a person formally or with a sense of responsibility and satisfaction. A formal duty involves the performance of one's duties as prescribed. Then the duties are carried out carefully, but without the participation of internal interest and pleasure from a sense of accomplishment.
On the contrary, when the fulfillment of a duty coincides with an internal need for this and responsibility, then a person fulfills it not formally, but giving all his strength and abilities, while experiencing a sense of moral satisfaction.
Often, the performance of a duty is associated with a person having high moral and moral qualities. This is required in situations where these qualities are constantly tested for strength. For example, the duty of a doctor, military or judge. Society places special demands on such people. They all swear an oath, reinforcing their duty to society - to fulfill their duties at a high moral and moral level.
The concept of debt provides for the transformation of external duties prescribed to a person by society into an internal need to fulfill them. Thus, from the external category, debt is gradually moving into the internal category. Only then does a person begin to fulfill it voluntarily and with responsibility. Dictatorial methods, when a person is forced to perform something by force, is not related to the concept of duty. Therefore, all world dictatorships through public consciousness inspire people with a high sense of duty, while using a reward system in the form of positive public opinion, creating a kind of cult from people who are good at doing their duty. In a democratic society, duty involves an internal voluntary need to act in the interest of others.
Here is how modern American economist Ben Bernank explains what debt is: “This is the obligation of the borrower to return borrowed funds, stocks or other values. At the same time, this word also refers to the values \u200b\u200bthemselves to be returned. ” Moreover, it is often necessary to return not only the amount taken from the creditor, but also the remuneration on the terms of payment of which the loan was made. In fact, borrowing money allows a person or organization to carry out what would otherwise be impossible: to acquire movable or immovable property, to establish a business, to hold a large-scale event.
Debt to the bank
The most typical bank debt is certain. It is called so because the loan agreement, on the basis of which the funds were issued, has a 100% chance of being recognized in court. According to statistics, more than 50% of all debts of individuals are indisputable - that is, without cause for doubt.
If the debt, on the contrary, is controversial, it always means a theoretical opportunity to challenge it in court. However, both the lender and the borrower, as a rule, try to settle the matter without bringing it to court, since this option is too troublesome and time-consuming.
State debt
The debt of the central government of the country - this is the national debt. Its size can be expressed both in the currency of the creditor country and in the currency of the borrowing country.
The United States interprets this concept much more broadly: in this country “federal” can be called federal, and regional, and municipal, and even local debt of any self-government bodies.
Here are examples of monetary sovereign countries that independently regulate the issue of their currency: Russia, Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan. Countries that use “foreign” currency over which they do not have sovereignty are Italy, France, and Greece.
Debt collection
What do creditors do if the undisputed (that is, not requiring evidence) debt is not repaid? Contrary to the prevailing myth, not all such matters are immediately transferred to collection agencies so that they can recover debts. According to Russian statistics for 2010-2015, only 15–20% of cases reach the transfer of collectors. If it is obvious that the borrower is not repaying due to temporary financial difficulties, the bank will be inclined to extend the period allotted for paying off the debt. In legal language, this is called credit debt restructuring.
Debt term
Sometimes a bank makes a request to its borrower to repay a loan, although the contract has already expired. Does a creditor bank have the right to do so?
According to the law, there is a period during which the bank has the right to file a lawsuit to recover the debt. This is 3 years since the last contact of the bank with the debtor who stopped payments. What is considered the contact of the creditor with the debtor? This is a telephone conversation with a bank consultant, or a signature of the borrower, put on the form for receiving a letter from the bank.
If there were no such contacts with the debtor for 3 years, the debt is considered expired and the debt is canceled (unless otherwise specified in the contract).
Loan debts
Recently, the Vedomosti newspaper published stunning data: the total amount of overdue debts to banks in Russia reached 1 trillion rubles. More than 5 million residents of our country do not fulfill loan obligations. Moreover, a quarter of them have not one, but two or three outstanding. This includes all kinds of loan debts: for “secondary” housing, apartments in new buildings, etc. In this regard, experienced economists urge to learn from the bitter example of our fellow citizens, trying not to incur debt obligations - after all, no one can say for sure that tomorrow he will have all the same stable work and the same good health to perform it.
Private debt
It happens that in addition to credit organizations and banks, individuals are also ready to lend money. These large-sized individuals are often former bank employees. They are well acquainted with the interest calculation system and are ready to issue a loan under certain conditions. In this case, the borrowed funds and interest on them - all this will be called “private debt”. After reaching an oral agreement, such a loan is notarized.
This is convenient, but professionals are not advised to trust the very first announcement of such loans. In no case should you trust a person who requires an advance payment for a future loan.
Debt agreement
The agreement between the lender and the borrower must be certified officially. Russian lawyers advise: before concluding a debt agreement, carefully review each item. The following facts should alert the borrower:
- If the conditions for issuing a loan specified in the contract differ from those that were mentioned during oral consultation (even if at first glance this discrepancy is very small).
- If the contract contains postscript in small print, difficult to read.
- If the document imposes on the borrower any additional obligations that were not mentioned in the loan program.
Debt percentage
Oddly enough, the highest percentage of debt is calculated not on large loans, but on microloans. That is, when borrowing money “to pay”. The reason is simple: microfinance organizations issue funds according to simplified schemes, without checking the borrower's credit history thoroughly. So, they risk more than large banks, and must advance to cover those debts that may remain unpaid. As a result, it turns out that lending money to such a company is simple, but paying back may not be so easy. That is why financiers advise again and again: try to do it by your own means, not putting yourself in financial dependence.
You or your acquaintances, friends, relatives must have used in your speech such phrases as “moral duty”, “I will have to”, “repay debts”, etc. Have you ever wondered what debt is? In what equivalent can it be measured?
The definition of word "debt"
This word can be understood both in direct meaning and in figurative:
Direct meaning. Debt is something (most often it is money) borrowed, that is, repayable after the agreed date. For example, loans from friends or a bank, loans - all that a person is obliged to repay.
Figurative meaning.Duty is a person’s duty to someone or something. Moreover, a person is not forced to fulfill this duty, an inner call encourages him to do just that. Usually in this sense, the concept, the word "duty" is associated with patriotism, honor, etc.
Etymology of the word "duty"
There is no consensus on this word, and therefore linguists are hesitant to say for sure where the word "duty" came from. There are two most likely assumptions for the occurrence of the word considered in this article:
It came from the Gothic dialect, which has a similar word - dulgs, which means the same as Russian "duty".
The word "duty" occurred in Russia from the word "long." Usually they take loans for a long time, respectively, they wait a long time, and therefore the borrowed amounts to be repaid are called debts.
What is “duty” as part of speech?
There are many parts of speech in the Russian language: adjective, verb, noun, adverb, numeral, pronoun, participle, participle, as well as conjunctions, particles, interjections, prepositions.
To determine which part of speech the selected word belongs to, you should select a question for it. In this case, the word "debt" is appropriate to the question "what?". Thus, it is easy to guess that in front of you is a noun.
What mistakes can be made in the word "duty"
The word analyzed in this article is practically beyond doubt, because it consists of only four letters and only one syllable. However, the letter "g", which is located at the very end of the word, is pronounced as "k" when pronouncing. This can be demonstrated by the transcription of the word: [dolc].
To check a dubious letter, you should choose a word in which it will be clearly heard. If it is an unstressed vowel, then the test word should be such that the sound in this position is stressed. If, as in this case, a “problem” consonant, look for an option where a vowel will follow it.
The letter “g”, which may be spelled out when writing, is easy to verify by putting “debt” in the plural: debt. Thus, it is correct to write the word parsed in this article with the letter "g" at the end.
Synonym
It often happens that a word should be replaced by another, similar in meaning. Most often this is necessary when writing informational material. For example, such as it is now in front of you.
The replacement of words with synonyms is necessary in order to make the text more expressive, interesting and in no case monotonous. And also synonyms help to ensure that the information is presented in the most understandable way, and the word itself is not "boring" as you read.
So, you already know that the word “debt” can be represented in two meanings. Therefore, depending on the context you need, use words that are meaningful. By the word "debt", synonyms can be: a loan, a loan, a favor, a duty, a vocation, a "tail", a duty, a burden.
Antonym
Remember, in the lessons of the Russian language you studied such a thing as antonyms? Can you now pick it up to the word analyzed in this article?
If you forget what antonym is, it doesn’t matter. Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning. For example, white is black, weakness is strength, stupid is smart, cheerful is sad, to run is to stand, etc.
Does the word “duty” have the opposite meaning? In fact, picking up this is pretty difficult. There is no direct antonym to the word “duty”. But there are indirect ones: a gift, a bribe, a gift, freedom.
So understandable?
What is debt in simple words? The article presents the most understandable definitions of a parsed word. However, they are taken from dictionaries, which means they can be somewhat tricky. Therefore, if you still have not figured out what the word “debt” means, read this section.
So, the most important meaning of the word “duty” is a duty. But to what or to whom does a person owe? And how should this debt be repaid?
First you need to clarify that debt can be material and moral.
The first is all that a person takes and undertakes to give. Most often, in such cases, there is a certain agreement on a loan and subsequent repayment. It stipulates the subject or the amount borrowed, the period for which they are given in debt and possible interest (may be imposed on the payment term or in case of non-payment on time, although there are both options).
Such an agreement can be verbal if people know each other well. Or written - a bond, a loan agreement. It is drawn up if the debt is taken from strangers, in a bank, or represents the amount generated in the event of, for example, losing a card.
The second is moral duty. There are several varieties of it:
Before people - to respect the rights and freedom of others, not to interfere with their existence, not to harm them.
Before the state - to protect, protect and defend their country, their homeland, to carry out their service with honor and dignity.
Before God - to fulfill the commandments of God, to be a pious Christian, to place above all his moral and moral duty to people and the country.
These moral duties often compete with each other, as a result of human torment tormented conscience. Ideally, you should try to combine the different meanings of the word "duty" into a single aspiration.
What could be the debt?
What is debt has been covered in detail above. But it remains unclear what it is all the same:
In front of people - public, marital, card, gambling, filial, fatherly, maternal, daughter, parental, family, medical, kindred, human, etc.
Before the state -civil, service, military, patriotic, soldier, national, chivalrous, etc.
In front of -moral, personal, moral, own, masculine, etc.
Before God -sacred, saint, christian, religious, etc.
Why is debt payment red?
Have you ever heard the proverb “debt by payment is beautiful”? What do you think she means?
It is possible that it is about lending any amount in debt - it’s good and very pleasant, because then she will return to you. And who does not like to receive money ?! Let his own, albeit back ...
However, every proverb, saying, saying of the Russian language carries a huge meaning, which has been accumulated and verified by many generations, and eventually formed into a certain phrase. Based on this, it follows that in fact the proverb “debt by payment is red” should have a different, deeper meaning. Which do you think?
This proverb expresses the centuries-old folk wisdom about how important it is for a person to repay his debts on time. And these are not empty words, but a recommendation. It should be carried out in order to avoid the negative consequences that will certainly overtake if a person does not pay his debts in the right time.
Psychics, magicians and other representatives of all kinds of mystical teachings often use such a thing as karma. The outstanding debt, which hangs both on the person himself and on his entire family, makes a huge gap in his karma. And over time, a person or his descendants may develop some kind of disease, it is quite possible that it is fatal.
Why it happens? The reason is pretty simple. A person does not want to repay a debt because of his greed, stinginess, spiritual callousness and lack of honor. Indeed, if there is a real reason why it is not possible to pay off debts (for example, there is really no money, sits on the porch), he may ask for a postponement of the return date. In most cases, they will meet him or offer another repayment option.
But still delayed repayment is highly discouraged. After all, astrologers argue that every person needs to pay off all his debts (both spiritual - with promises, and material - with money) before the coming of the next year.
This is what debt is and why it is red by payment.
Why is it better for friends not to lend?
There are a huge number of proverbs with the word "duty". But there is one of them that haunts many people. She says: "If you want to lose a friend, give him a loan." Why do they say that?
Everything is quite simple, and the answer can be said to lie directly on the surface. It is inexpedient for acquaintances, friends, relatives to lend money, because it is very likely that you will not receive anything back. Indeed, they can be demanded from a stranger, and it is inconvenient to remind a friend or relative once again. It turns out that you have to beg and beg for your own. Unpleasant situation.
Not for nothing in the Russian language there is another saying: "Give a friend a loan, and borrow from an enemy yourself." That is, if your friend does not repay the debt, the relationship with him will deteriorate, and you will have to “knock out” your money from the enemy.
Cicero on duty - wisdom forever
Mark Tullius Cicero, an ancient Roman philosopher, speaker and politician, once said: "Only he who finds joy in the performance of his duty lives freely." Stop reading and think for a moment what meaning lies in these words.
Perhaps the main idea that Cicero sought to convey to his fellow citizens and future descendants is that a person can get real pleasure from life only by bringing joy to others.
This does not mean that he must infringe on himself in everything or go against his principles for the sake of the desires of another person. There is such a thing as "the good of all mankind." It implies activities, behavior that will help the inhabitants of the whole Earth to become better, stronger, happier and richer spiritually.
That is what other teachings teach people. Not only the divine commandments presented in the Bible, but also the law of law also calls for living not for oneself, killing, robbing, indulging base desires, but for others. Remember, not a single rich person who has received from life whatever he pleases has remained for centuries. They forgot about it over time. And the great scientists, military or political figures, writers, actors, as well as many other people who lived not only for themselves, but for others, are still held in high esteem by citizens. Many were even counted as saints, they are addressed to them in difficult times of life, they are asked for help and blessing.
So you have learned what the word “debt” means, and also why it is so important to repay debts on time. Now, not only can you use the word correctly, but you will start to live better. After all, you have learned wisdom carried through the centuries.