Economic informatics basic concepts and definitions. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-1.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e ECONOMIC INFORMATICS Lecture No. 1 Lecturer: Kochkina"> ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА Лекция № 1 Лектор: Кочкина В. Р.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-2.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e ECONOMIC INFORMATICS AND INFORMATION 1. 1. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics 1 . 1."> ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА И ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 1. 1. Теоретические основы экономической информатики 1. 1. 1. Объект, предмет, методы и задачи экономической информатики Интенсивное внедрение информационных технологий в экономику привело к появлению одного из направлений в информатике – экономической информатики, которая является интегрированной прикладной дисциплиной, основанной на межпредметных связях информатики, экономики математики. Теоретической основой для изучения экономической информатики является информатика. Слово "информатика" (informatique) происходит от слияния двух французских слов: information (информация) и automatique (автоматика), введено во Франции для определения сферы деятельности, занимающейся автоматизированной обработкой информации.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-3.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, methods her"> Существует много определений информатики. Информатика - это наука об информации, способах ее сбора, хранения, обработки и предоставления с помощью компьютерной техники. Информатика - это прикладная дисциплина, изучающая структуру и общие свойства научной информации и т. д. Информатика состоит из трех взаимосвязанных составляющих: информатика как фундаментальная наука, как прикладная дисциплина и как отрасль производства. Основными объектами информатики выступают: · информация; · компьютеры; · информационные системы; . Общие теоретические основы информатики: · информация; · системы счисления; · кодирование; · алгоритмы.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-4.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e The structure of modern informatics: 1. Theoretical informatics. 2. Computing 3. Programming."> Структура современной информатики: 1. Теоретическая информатика. 2. Вычислительная техника. 3. Программирование. 4. Информационные системы. 5. Искусственный интеллект. Экономическая информатика - это наука об информационных системах, используемых для подготовки и принятия решений в управлении, экономике и бизнесе. Объектом экономической информатики выступают информационные системы, которые обеспечивают решение предпринимательских и организационных задач, возникающих в экономических системах (экономических объектах). То есть, объектом экономической информатики выступают экономические информационные системы, конечная цель функционирования которых является эффективное управление экономической системой.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-5.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e An information system is a combination of software and hardware, methods and people which"> Информационная система – это совокупность программно- аппаратных средств, способов и людей, которые обеспечивают сбор, хранение, обработку и выдачу информации для обеспечения подготовки и принятия решений. К основным компонентам информационных систем, используемых в экономике, относятся: программно-аппаратные средства, бизнес-приложения и управление информационными системами. Назначение информационных систем - создание современной информационной инфраструктуры для управления компанией. Предмет дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - технологии способы автоматизации информационных процессов с применением экономических данных. Задача дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - изучение теоретических основ информатики и приобретение навыков использования прикладных систем обработки экономических данных и систем программирования для персональных компьютеров и компьютерных сетей.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-6.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e 1. 1. THEORETICAL BASES OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS 1. 1. 2 DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 2. ДАННЫЕ, ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ЗНАНИЯ Основные понятия данных, информации, знаний. К базовым понятиям, которые используются в экономической информатике, относятся: данные, информация и знания. Эти понятия часто используются как синонимы, однако между этими понятиями существуют принципиальные различия. Термин данные происходит от слова data - факт, а информация (informatio) означает разъяснение, изложение, т. е. сведения или сообщение. Данные - это совокупность сведений, зафиксированных на определенном носителе в форме, пригодной для постоянного хранения, передачи и обработки. Преобразование и обработка данных позволяет получить информацию.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-7.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Information is the result of data conversion and analysis. The difference between information and data"> Информация - это результат преобразования и анализа данных. Отличие информации от данных состоит в том, что данные - это фиксированные сведения о событиях и явлениях, которые хранятся на определенных носителях, а информация появляется в результате обработки данных при решении конкретных задач. Например, в базах данных хранятся различные данные, а по определенному запросу система управления базой данных выдает требуемую информацию. Существуют и другие определения информации, например, информация – это сведения об объектах и явлениях окружающей среды, их параметрах, свойствах и состоянии, которые уменьшают имеющуюся о них степень неопределенности, неполноты знаний. Знания – это зафиксированная и проверенная практикой обработанная информация, которая использовалась и может многократно использоваться для принятия решений. Знания – это вид информации, которая хранится в базе знаний и отображает знания специалиста в конкретной предметной области. Знания – это интеллектуальный капитал.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-8.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations), decision making"> Формальные знания могут быть в виде документов (стандартов, нормативов), регламентирующих принятие решений или учебников, инструкций с описанием решения задач. Неформальные знания – это знания и опыт специалистов в определенной предметной области. Необходимо отметить, что универсальных определений этих понятий (данных, информации, знаний) нет, они трактуются по-разному. Принятия решений осуществляются на основе полученной информации и имеющихся знаний. Принятие решений – это выбор наилучшего в некотором смысле варианта решения из множества допустимых на основании имеющейся информации.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-9.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure .">!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-10.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e To solve this problem, fixed data is processed based on existing knowledge, then"> Для решения поставленной задачи фиксированные данные обрабатываются на основании имеющихся знаний, далее полученная информация анализируется с помощью имеющихся знаний. На основании анализа, предлагаются все допустимые решения, а в результате выбора принимается одно наилучшее в некотором смысле решение. Результаты решения пополняют знания. В зависимости от сферы использования информация может быть различной: научной, технической, управляющей, экономической и т. д. Для экономической информатики интерес представляет экономическая информация.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-11.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e 1. 1. THEORETICAL BASES OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS 1. 1. 3 ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 3. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ Экономическая информация – это преобразованная и обработанная совокупность сведений, отражающая состояние и ход экономических процессов. Экономическая информация циркулирует в экономической системе и сопровождает процессы производства, распределения, обмена и потребления материальных благ и услуг. Экономическую информацию следует рассматривать как одну из разновидностей управленческой информации. Экономическая информация может быть: v управляющая (в форме прямых приказов, плановых заданий и т. д.); v осведомляющая (в отчетных показателях, выполняет в экономической системе функцию обратной связи).!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-12.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources . Information"> Информацию можно рассматривать как ресурс, аналогичный материальным, трудовым и денежным ресурсам. Информационные ресурсы – совокупность накопленной информации, зафиксированной на материальных носителях в любой форме, обеспечивающей ее передачу во времени и пространстве для решения научных, производственных, управленческих и других задач. Информационные технологии Сбор, хранение, обработка, передача информации в числовой форме осуществляется с помощью информационных технологий. Особенностью информационных технологий является то, что в них и предметом и продуктом труда является информация, а орудиями труда – средства вычислительной техники и связи. Основная цель информационных технологий - производство необходимой пользователю информации в результате целенаправленных действий по ее переработке.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-13.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Information technology is known to be a combination"> Известно, что информационная технология – это совокупность методов, производственных и программно- технологических средств, объединенных в технологическую цепочку, обеспечивающую сбор, хранение, обработку, вывод и распространение информации. С точки зрения информационных технологий для информации необходим материальный носитель в качестве источника информации, передатчик, канал связи, приемник и получатель информации. Сообщение от источника к получателю передается через каналы связи или посредством среды.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-14.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Information is a form of communication between managed and managed objects in any control system IN"> Информация является формой связи между управляемыми и управляющими объектами в любой системе управления В соответствии с общей теорией управления, процесс управления можно представить как взаимодействие двух систем - управляющей и управляемой. Структура системы управления представлена на рисунке!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-15.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs"> Система управления предприятием функционирует на базе информации о состоянии объекта, его входов Х (материальные, трудовые, финансовые ресурсы) и выходов Y (готовая продукция, экономические и финансовые результаты) в соответствии с поставленной целью (обеспечить выпуск необходимой продукции).!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-16.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Management is carried out by submitting managerial influence 1 (production plan) with considering"> Управление осуществляется путем подачи управленческого воздействия 1 (план выпуска продукции) с учетом обратной связи - текущего состояния управляемой системы (производства) и внешней среды (2, 3) - рынок, вышестоящие органы управления. Назначение управляющей системы - формировать такие воздействия на управляемую систему, которые побуждали бы последнюю принять состояние, определяемое целью управления. Применительно к промышленному предприятию с некоторой долей условности можно считать, что цель управления - это выполнение производственной программы в рамках технико- экономических ограничении; управляющие воздействия - это планы работ подразделении, обратная связь данные о ходе производства: выпуске и перемещении изделии, состоянии оборудования, запасах на складе и т. д.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-17.jpg" alt \u003d "(! LANG:\u003e Obviously, the plans and content of the feedback are nothing but as"> Очевидно, что планы и содержание обратной связи - не что иное, как информация. Поэтому процессы формирования управляющих воздействий как раз и являются процессами преобразования экономической информации. Реализация этих процессов и составляет основное содержание управленческих служб, в том числе экономических. К экономической информации предъявляются следующие требования: точность, достоверность, оперативность. Точность информации обеспечивает ее однозначное восприятие всеми потребителями. Достоверность определяет допустимый уровень искажения как поступающей, так и результатной информации, при котором сохраняется эффективность функционирования системы. Оперативность отражает актуальность информации для необходимых расчетов и принятия решений в изменившихся условиях.!}
1. What is economic informatics? What place does learning take in it?
Informatics is the science of information, how to collect, store, process and provide it using computer technology. The object of computer science is both computers and information systems.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics, and business. The object of economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects).
An information system is a combination of hardware and software, methods and people that provide for the collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure the preparation and adoption of decisions.
The task of the discipline is the study of the theoretical foundations of computer science and the acquisition of skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and local computer networks.
The subject of the discipline is how to automate information processes using economic data.
Education occupies a critical place in economic informatics, as this science does not stand still and new technologies are constantly appearing that require special knowledge. Continuous training is required. There is the possibility of distance learning.
2. What is information technology? What do they consist of and how do they relate to the information being processed?
Informatics and information technology
Discussions about the qualitative change in the role that information began to play both in the life of society as a whole and in the lives of individuals can be found on the pages of scientific, journalistic, and even fiction. We will try to summarize in summary what these changes most vividly expressed:
firstly, over the past decades there has been a steady acceleration in the growth rate of information. Briefly and succinctly, this situation was formulated as the thesis: "Information is the only non-decreasing resource of society."
The consequence of this state of affairs has become a quantitative barrier in the processes of information processing: roughly speaking, sometimes there is no point in collecting and storing information, since there are still no possibilities for its processing and rational use;
secondly, the proportion of communicative problems (distortion and loss of information during transmission) has increased;
thirdly, the existence of inter-linguistic, geographical, administrative, terminological and other barriers creates serious difficulties;
fourthly, the practical application of information often becomes impossible due to its chaotic dispersal over various sources (the so-called scattering of information).
The work to solve these problems ultimately led to the separation of an independent scientific discipline - computer science, the subject of which was the properties of information, its behavior in technogenic, social and biological systems, as well as methods and technologies aimed at collecting, processing, storage, transmission and dissemination information, or, briefly, information technology (IT).
This wording of the subject of computer science is not the only one. Quite popular is the definition according to which, "Computer science is the science of describing, presenting, interpreting, formalizing and applying knowledge accumulated using computer technology in order to obtain new knowledge." In addition, we point out that the very use of the term "computer science" to denote the corresponding field of scientific knowledge is not universally recognized. In particular, in the United States, the term "computer science" (or less commonly "computing") is much more often used to name this area.
A feature of IT in comparison with traditional technologies is a qualitatively different sphere of their application. First of all, this is due to their universal Character. The flip side of this "universalism" is the difficulty that arises when creating formal descriptions of information technology. Such attempts were far from always successful. Traditionally, there are several levels of IT representation: conceptual, at the level of information flows, at the level of tools and some others.
The general scheme of the cycle of the information process, which should be covered by appropriate technologies, is shown in Fig. 1.1.
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Fig. 1.1. General block diagram of the information process cycle
The result of IT development has become the processes of global informatization of society. The latter means that an increasing number of its members are involved in professional activities within the information sectors of the economy, the proportion of which is steadily increasing. Over the past ten to fifteen years, significant shifts have occurred in the structure of the market for software and hardware for computers. It is largely turning from a market for products and services into a technology market.
Information Technology
Under the technology understand the combination of processing methods, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, forms of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products carried out in the production process. This is the highest ability to do anything. When talking about information technology, information acts as a material. As a product - also information. But this is a qualitatively new information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The technology is represented by methods and ways of working with personnel information and technical devices.
Information technology is a combination of methods, production processes and software and hardware integrated into a technological chain that provides for the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the complexity of the processes of using an information resource, increase their reliability and efficiency, rational organization of another quite often repeated information process. This saves labor, energy or material resources necessary for the implementation of this process.
Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:
1. provide a high degree of dismemberment of the entire process of processing information into stages (phases), operations, actions;
2. include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;
3. have a regular character, i.e. stages, actions, operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which allows more efficient targeted management of information processes.
The main properties of information technology that are of strategic importance for the development of modern society
Among the distinctive properties of information technologies that are of strategic importance for the development of society, it seems appropriate to single out the following seven most important:
1. Information technology allows you to activate and effectively use the information resources of society, which today are the most important strategic factor in its development. The activation, dissemination and effective use of information resources (scientific knowledge, discoveries, inventions, technologies, best practices) allow us to obtain significant savings in other types of resources - raw materials, energy, minerals, materials and equipment, human resources and social time.
2. Information technologies make it possible to optimize and, in many cases, automate information processes, which in recent years have occupied an increasing place in the life of human society. It is well known that the development of civilization proceeds in the direction of the formation of the information society in which the objects and results of the labor of the majority of the employed population are no longer material values, but mainly information and scientific knowledge. Currently, in most developed countries, the majority of the employed population in their activities is more or less connected with the processes of preparing, storing, processing and transmitting information, and therefore has to master and practically use the information technologies appropriate to these processes.
3. Information processes are important elements of other more complex production or social processes. Therefore, very often, information technologies also act as components of the corresponding production or social technologies. Moreover, they, as a rule, implement the most important, “intellectual” functions of these technologies. Typical examples are computer-aided design systems for industrial products, flexible automated and robotic production, automated process control systems, etc.
4. Information technology today plays an extremely important role in ensuring information interaction between people, as well as in the systems of preparation and dissemination of mass media. In addition to the already traditional means of communication (such as telephone, telegraph, radio and television) in the social sphere, electronic communication systems, electronic mail, facsimile transmission of information and other types of telematic communications are increasingly used. These funds are quickly assimilated by the culture of our society, as they not only create conveniences, but also remove many of the production, social and domestic problems caused by the processes of globalization and integration of the world community, expansion of domestic and international economic and cultural ties, population migration and its increasingly dynamic moving around the planet.
5. Information technology today occupies a central place in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of its educational system and culture. In almost all developed and many developing countries, computer and television equipment, educational programs on optical discs such as CD-ROMs and multimedia (technologies are already familiar attributes of not only higher education institutions, but also ordinary schools of primary and secondary education. technology has proven to be a very effective method for self-education systems, continuing education, as well as for continuing education and retraining systems.
Multimedia technologies have become the technical basis of a rapidly developing new direction in art - screen art. Tens of thousands of optical computer disks of the CD-ROM type have already been created and are being industrially replicated, popularizing the masterpieces of world culture that were previously available for viewing only with direct visits to museums, palaces, art galleries, art exhibitions. At the same time, it is possible to combine in a general thematic plan not only colorful and sufficiently detailed images of works of architecture, sculpture and painting, but also to accompany these images with multidimensional reference textual information, as well as musical works, television and animated films corresponding to a particular topic. All this creates a sufficiently strong emotional impact on the viewer, develops his artistic taste and at the same time gives the opportunity to obtain the necessary knowledge in the field of culture, art, human history.
The possibilities of this direction of information technology development are so promising that it is quite reasonable to talk about the emergence of a whole new direction in the field of culture - screen culture.
6. Information technology currently plays a key role also in the processes of acquiring and accumulating new knowledge. At the same time, the traditional methods of information support of scientific research by the accumulation, classification and dissemination of scientific and technical information are being replaced by new methods based on the use of the newly emerging opportunities for information support of fundamental and applied sciences, which are provided by modern information technologies.
First of all, methods of information modeling of the processes and phenomena studied by science are distinguished here, allowing the scientist to conduct a kind of "computational experiment". In this case, the experimental conditions can be chosen such that often can not be practically implemented in a full-scale experiment due to their great complexity, high cost or danger to the experimenter. This direction, actively developed by Academician A.A. Samara, has already received well-deserved recognition not only of domestic, but also foreign scientists.
The second promising area is artificial intelligence methods that allow finding solutions to poorly formalized tasks, as well as tasks with incomplete information and fuzzy source data. At the same time, the logic of an automated search for a solution to the class of problems described above begins to approach those procedures that are used by the human brain.
The third promising direction are the methods of so-called cognitive computer graphics. Using these methods, which allow figuratively representing various mathematical formulas and laws, it has already been possible to prove several very complicated theorems in number theory. In addition, their use, apparently, opens up new possibilities for a person to know himself, the principles of functioning of his consciousness - this most complex and innermost mystery of the universe.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic task;
Data -these are messages about objects and processes presented in a structured or unstructured form, on some material medium (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for the data to be processed by a computer, a number of operations for their input must be performed on them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on material medium (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, data is transferred to a computer, where it is structured and located in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information defined as information about one side or another of the material world and the processes occurring in it. The term “information” is most often understood as the substantial aspect of data, in contrast to data (“data” is a fact).
From the point of view of science, information is a measure of eliminating uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of the implementation of a particular event.
Information cannot exist by itself, therefore, the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects, and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storage, transmission and transformation of information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by its objective content, it is one of the main resources of the life of society, but, unlike natural resources, its volume does not decrease with time, but on the contrary only increases.
Allocate the following information properties:
1. Reliability and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of things. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making.
2. Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what tasks are solved with its help. It is important to have up-to-date information when working in constantly changing conditions of our world.
3. Clarity and comprehensibility.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
By type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, industrial, managerial, economic, social, legal, and so on. Each of the areas of human knowledge operates with “its” type of information. Economics, economic activity operates with economic information, which applies to both the general properties of information and properties that reflect its characteristic features arising from its nature.
Economic information - this information reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered a kind of management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management and increasing production volumes is accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows.
· Cycling.
Most production and business processes are characterized by the repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information allows you to reuse once created program for data processing.
· Variety of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the variety of industrial and economic activities of people.
· The proportion of logical operations during processing.
Logical operations provide an appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant and variables). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as streamlining, distribution, selection, selection, unification.
Economic information is usually divided into the following main features:
management functions (use),
place of occurrence.
According to the management functions, economic information is divided into planned, accounting, reference, reporting and statistical.
Planned Information includes the guideline values \u200b\u200bof planned and controlled planning indicators for a certain period in the future (five-year period, year, quarter, month, day). For example, the output in physical and monetary terms, the planned demand for the product and profit from its sale, etc.
Accounting information reflects the actual values \u200b\u200bof planned indicators for a certain period of time. Based on this information, the planned information can be adjusted, an analysis of the organization’s activity is carried out, decisions are made on more effective management of the organization. The accounting information is information of natural (operational) accounting, accounting, financial accounting.
For example, accounting information is: the number of parts of a given name manufactured by a shift worker (operational accounting), the wage of a worker for manufacturing a part (accounting), the actual cost of manufacturing the product (accounting and financial accounting).
Reference Information contains various reference and regulatory data related to manufacturing processes and relationships. This is the most voluminous and diverse type of information. It is enough to note that in the total amount of information circulating in the organization, normative and reference information is 50-60%.
Examples of regulatory and reference information include: technological standards for the manufacture of parts, assemblies, products in general; cost standards (prices, tariffs, prices), reference data on suppliers and consumers of products, etc.
Reporting and statistical information reflects the results of the actual activities of the organization for higher governing bodies, state statistics bodies, tax inspectorates, etc. For example, the annual accounting report on the activities of the organization.
The classification of economic information by management level (place of origin) includes input and output information.
Input information - this is information coming into the organization (structural unit) from the outside and used as primary information for the implementation of economic and managerial functions and management tasks.
Output information - This is information coming from one management system to another. One and the same information can be input for one structural unit as its consumer, and output - for the unit that produces it.
In this case, the form of presentation of economic information can be: alphanumeric (textual) - in the form of collections of alphabetic, digital and special characters and graphic - in the form of graphs, charts, figures, and the physical medium is paper, magnetic or optical disk, image on display screen.
The most significant properties of economic information are:
semantic content of messages;
variety of data presentation forms;
large amount of data;
discreteness of values \u200b\u200band data structuring;
requirements for the quality of information, etc.
In the light of the ideas of semiotics (the science of signs), the concept of information and its properties can be considered in three aspects:
syntactic
semantic
pragmatic.
Syntactic aspect It is connected with the consideration of the form and environment for the presentation of information: a document, computer storage medium, computer memory - with the assessment of the volumes of processed and stored information, the establishment of conversion rules and the choice of data format, etc. Information at the syntactical level is traditionally called data.
On the semantic level, structural units of information are formed - economic indicatorsdesign structure database (an integrated set of interconnected data), the content of documents and the document flow chart are determined. The semantic aspect requires understanding content information.
Pragmaticaspect of information is associated with the assessment of the quality and usefulness of information for making managerial decisions. The quality of information is considered at the level of an economic indicator. It is a combination of the following properties:
Representativeness information - the methodological correctness of the formation of economic information: highlighting the most significant signs and relationships of objects, events, phenomena; measurement, selection of the correct algorithms for the formation of calculated indicators.
Necessity and sufficiency(completeness) of information for making a management decision.
Relevanceinformation - maintaining the usefulness of information over time.
Availability and Timelinessreceiving information.
Accuracyof information at the level of individual economic indicators.
Credibilityinformation - display of the true value within the required accuracy with a given probability.
Valueinformation - assessment of the impact of the indicator on the efficiency of the system, etc.
Information in the management system is considered as a “management resource”, which is of great strategic importance. Information resources are largely interchangeable with respect to material, financial or labor resources. The organizational form of information resources, the amount of information, its quality affect the effectiveness of management. Currently, the most widespread forms of organization of information resources in the form of:
collections of documents, manual filing and search files;
subject databases on computer media;
integrated shared databases using computer networks, including the INTERNET;
knowledge bases providing new information based on a system of inference rules.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics, and business. The object of economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
1. EI is specific in presentation. It certainly reflects on material carriers in the form of primary and consolidated documents, to increase the reliability of the transfer and processing is only legally executed information, that is, if there is a signature on traditional or electronic documents (requires special tools and organizational measures).
2. EI is voluminous. High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management, increasing production volumes in the tangible and intangible spheres is accompanied by an increase in the associated information flows (it requires increasing productivity of processing tools and communication channels).
Z. EI cyclically. Most production and business processes are characterized by the repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes (once created information processing programs can be reused and replicated).
4. EI reflects the results of production and economic activity using a system of in-kind and value indicators. In this case, quantitative values, digital values \u200b\u200bare used (they are convenient to process).
5. EI is specific for processing methods. During processing, arithmetic and, primarily, logical (for example, sorting or selecting) operations predominate, and the results are presented in the form of text documents, tables, charts, and graphs (it makes it possible to limit oneself to a certain circle of problem-oriented software tools).
Economic information- This is a converted and processed set of information that reflects the state and progress of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information. Economic information may be:
· Manager (in the form of direct orders, planned tasks, etc.);
· Informative (in reporting indicators, it performs a feedback function in the economic system).
Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources - a set of accumulated information recorded on material carriers in any form, ensuring its transmission in time and space for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other tasks.
8 .Information product. Information resources.
Information product - documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and presented in the form of goods. Information products are software products, databases and data banks and other information. The result of information activities is an information product that appears on the market in the form of information products and services.
We note the main features of the information product that cardinally distinguish information from other products.
Firstly, the information does not disappear when consumed, but can be reused. An information product saves the information contained in it, regardless of how many times it has been used.
Secondly, over time, an information product undergoes a kind of “moral deterioration”. Although the information does not wear out when used, it can lose its value as the knowledge it provides ceases to be relevant.
Thirdly, different consumers of information products and services are comfortable with different ways of providing information, because the consumption of an information product requires effort. This is the property of targeting information.
Fourth, the production of information, in contrast to the production of tangible goods, requires significant costs compared with the cost of replication. Copying a particular information product is usually much cheaper than its production. This property of the information product - the difficulty of production and the relative simplicity of replication - creates, in particular, a lot of problems in connection with the determination of property rights within the scope of information activity.
Informational resources - this is the accumulated information about the surrounding reality, recorded on tangible media that ensure the transfer of information in time and space between consumers to solve specific problems.
It should be noted that the information resource is all the accumulated information, including:
· False information (“defectological”);
· Information that has lost its relevance;
· Information provided by false provisions and ineffective approaches;
· Disparate data accumulated by non-standard methods;
· Information that has lost concreteness as a result of subjective interpretations;
· Deliberate "misinformation."
Depending on the storage media, information resources are divided into three main classes:
· Staff who have knowledge and qualifications;
· Documents of all types and their collection on any type of media;
· Collections of inanimate and wildlife objects (industrial designs, recipes and technologies, standard designs, etc.);
Among the features of information resources include:
· Inexhaustibility - as society develops and knowledge consumption grows, their stocks do not decrease, but grow;
· Immateriality - which provides the relative ease of their reproduction, transmission, distribution in comparison with other types of resources. Information resources - individual documents and separate arrays of documents in data warehouses of information systems: libraries, archives, funds, databases, other types of data warehouses.
· Classification of information resources:
· State (national) information resources. State information resources - information resources received and paid from the federal budget. Content of state information resources (examples): activities of state authorities, legal information, exchange and financial information, commercial information.
· Information resources of enterprises. Information resources of enterprises - information resources created or accumulated at enterprises and organizations. Content of information resources of an enterprise (examples): information support of economic activities, planning and operational management of enterprise activities, business plans, foreign economic activity.
· Personal information resources. Personal information resources - information resources created and managed by a person and containing data related to his personal activity.