The basic concepts of economic informatics. Theoretical Foundations of Economic Informatics
The training manual was developed in accordance with the program of the discipline "Economic Informatics" and is intended for students studying in the field of preparation 036401 (customs), in the preparation of seminars, course projects, practice reports, theses.
The manual reveals the current state of information technology in the economy, discusses the basic principles of the use of information systems in the professional activities of specialists in economic fields, as well as the main categories of computer software used in economic calculations.
1.1. The main categories and concepts of computer science.
It is advisable to begin the study of such a discipline as “economic informatics” with the formulation of definitions of key concepts and categories of informatics as a basic science that studies the structure and general properties of information. Information is one of the basic concepts of science, which forms the basis of the modern scientific picture of the world.
A feature of this concept is that it is intuitively clear for almost everyone, however, its generally accepted interpretation in the scientific literature does not exist. It should be especially noted that, as a scientific category, “information” is a subject of study for various fields of knowledge: philosophy, computer science, systems theory, cybernetics, etc.
It is well known that the term "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio", originally meaning a statement or explanation. Due to its universality, volume, and vagueness, “information” is often understood inaccurately and incompletely not only by trainees. Information is interpreted differently, for example, as:
- any entity that causes changes in some informational-logical (infological - consisting of data, knowledge, abstractions, etc.) model of the system (mathematics, system analysis);
- messages received by the system from the outside world in the process of adaptive control, adaptation (control theory, cybernetics);
- denial of entropy, reflection of the measure of chaos in the system (thermodynamics);
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. LECTURE 1. BASIC CATEGORIES AND NOTIONS OF INFORMATICS.
1.1. Approaches to the definition of information.
1.2. The structure, form, measurement of information.
1.3. Informatics and information technology.
1.4. The main informational aspects of management.
2. LECTURE 2. OBJECT, SUBJECT, METHODS AND OBJECTIVES OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS.
2.1. Object, subject, tasks of economic informatics.
2.2. Basic concepts in economic informatics.
2.3. Information technology in the economy.
2.4. Informatics and information systems.
3. LECTURE 3. INFORMATION AS A PRODUCT.
3.1. Price and value information.
3.2. Features of information as a commodity.
3.3 Economic information as a commodity and an object of security.
4. LECTURE 4. INFORMATION AS A NEW KIND OF RESOURCE. INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES.
4.1. The concept of a resource in economic informatics.
4.2. Information as an economic resource.
4.3. Information resources in the economic system.
4.4. Information as a management resource.
LECTURE 5. ECONOMIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
5.1. Information systems in the economy.
5.2. Automated control systems.
5.3. The structure of information systems.
5.4. Functions of information economic systems.
6. LECTURE 6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR
APPLICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TASKS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY.
6.1. Information technology for working with documents.
6.2. Information technology for information processing and management in real time.
6.3. General information technology for working with documents.
6.4. General information technology for working with documents.
7. TASKS FOR PRACTICAL WORKS.
8. MATERIALS FOR CONTROL (SELF-CONTROL).
8.1. Basic terms and concepts.
8.2. Test work.
LITERATURE.
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Economic information - characterizes production relations in society (information economy character. About resources, management processes, financial processes). Properties: alphabet-civr signs, meaning the volume of variable and post signs; discreteness, heterogeneity, shelf life, re-usability, long shelf life, change)
Economic Informatics - This is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The objecteconomic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Subject: technology and stages of development of systems for automated processing of economic information and justification of the appropriateness of such processing, functional analysis of the subject area, algorithmic representation of the problem and its software implementation.
Features: presentation and reflection in the form of first and summary documents, repetition of the stages of information processing, the prevalence of arithmetic and log operations during processing
Analysis and design of business processes. Functional modeling that describes the sequence of operations of a business process, as well as modeling the data used in it.
Analysis and design of the architecture of enterprise information systems.Here, the model apparatus is somewhat wider, along with the modeling of functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting IP performance, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc.
Improving IP Management It is solved by the methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Of great importance are the methods and models of project management.
Analysis and increase the economic efficiency of IPused a variety of methods of economic analysis. Currently, we are talking about neoclassical tools, a new institutional economic theory and management theory.
15. Technology. Information Technology. Information processes.
Technology - a set of methods, processes and materials used in any industry, as well as a scientific description of the methods of technical production.
Information Technology (information technology, IT) - A wide class of disciplines and fields of activity related to control and data processing technologies using computer technology.
Information process - the process of obtaining, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, disseminating, using information.
Encoding (recording on a medium), signal transmission via a communication channel, decoding (conversion to received code), code processing.
The characteristic features of modern IT are:
Less labor costs for processing, more quality;
the interactive nature of information processing, a wide range of users and the collective nature of working with information and computing resources;
providing a unified IT information space, teamwork with information and computing resources based on computer networks and telecommunication systems;
support for multi-media (multimedia) IT, paperless technology.
Information technology can be divided into classes:
1. General-purpose IT (work with text documents, calculations in spreadsheets, database maintenance, work with computer graphics, etc.).
2. Method-oriented IT, providing the use of special models and algorithms for solving problems (mathematical apparatus, statistics, project management, etc.).
3. Problem-oriented IT, taking into account the specifics of the subject area, information needs of users.
Information technologies are developing in the following areas: computer technology; means of communication and communication; software; methodology for the organization of design work on the creation of IP.
IT development is related to:
progress in the field of hardware for data processing (computers, storage media, communications and communications, etc.), industrial technologies for the production of computer components;
the development of methods and tools for software development, storage and retrieval of data on computer media;
16. Information society. Informatization of society at present. The concept of the information society took shape at the end of the 20th century, it is closely connected with the concept of post-industrial society, a new phase in the development of our entire civilization. Distinctive features of the information society:Information / knowledge - the main product of production; the increase in employment in the field of IT, communications and services; continuous informatization (Internet, TV), globalization of the information space; the growing role of the individual in the management of social and eco relations, the development of digital markets, e-democracy / state
Project "Information Society" of the Russian Federation:e-government, improving the quality of life of citizens, overcoming the digital divide, security, digital content for museums and archives, developing the ICT market
Informatization - This is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including the elimination of computer illiteracy, the formation of a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The driving force behind the development of society should be the production of an informational rather than a material product. In the information society, not only production, but the whole way of life, the value system is changing, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values \u200b\u200bis increasing. In the information society, intelligence and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative; the demand for knowledge is growing. The material and technological base of society’s information will be various systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, telecommunications.
Informatization of society - An organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for satisfying information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, state authorities, local authorities, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
The goal of informatization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
The main criteria for the development of the information society are the following:
Availability of computers; level of development of computer networks Possession of information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology
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Basic concepts of economic informatics
Plan
- 4. Information technology
- Conclusion
1. The basic concepts of economic informatics
Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Intensive implementation of information technology in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in computer science - economic computer science, which is an integrated applied discipline based on intersubject communications of computer science, economics, and mathematics.
The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word informatique comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatics), introduced in France to define the scope of activities involved in the automated processing of information.
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how to collect, store, process and provide it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interconnected components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline, and as a branch of production.
The main objects of computer science are:
information;
computers
information Systems.
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
information;
number systems;
coding;
algorithms
The structure of modern computer science:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computing technique.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics, and business.
The object of economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
An information system is a set of software and hardware tools, methods and people that provide for the collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure the preparation and adoption of decisions. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
The subject of economic informatics is technology, methods of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of economic informatics is the study of the theoretical foundations of informatics and the acquisition of skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
2. Data, information and knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge
The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, however, there are fundamental differences between these concepts.
The term data comes from the word data - a fact, and information (informatio) means an explanation, a statement, i.e. information or message.
Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Data conversion and processing allows you to get information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a specific request, the database management system provides the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and environmental phenomena, their parameters, properties and condition, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.
Knowledge is processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision making.
economic informatics software information
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and displays specialist knowledge in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, norms) governing decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing problem solving. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a specific subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decision making is based on the information received and the knowledge available.
Decision making is the choice of the best in a sense solution option from the set of acceptable ones based on the available information.
To solve this problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the received information is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the selection, one is made in the best sense. The results of the solution replenish knowledge.
Depending on the scope of use, the information may be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
3. Economic information and information technology
Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information that reflects the state and progress of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information.
Economic information may be:
managing director (in the form of direct orders, planned tasks, etc.);
informative (in reporting indicators, it performs a feedback function in the economic system).
Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources - a set of accumulated information recorded on material carriers in any form, ensuring its transmission in time and space for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other tasks.
4. Information technology
The collection, storage, processing, transmission of information in numerical form is carried out using information technology. The peculiarity of information technologies is that in them both the subject and the product of labor is information, and the tools of labor are computer facilities and communications. The main goal of information technology is the production of information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for its processing.
It is known that information technology is a combination of methods, production and software and technology tools combined into a technological chain that provides for the collection, storage, processing, output and dissemination of information.
From the point of view of information technology, information requires a tangible medium as a source of information, a transmitter, a communication channel, a receiver and a receiver of information.
The message from the source to the recipient is transmitted through communication channels or through the medium.
Information is a form of communication between managed and controlling objects in any control system. In accordance with the general theory of control, the control process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - control and controlled.
The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the facility, its inputs (material, labor, financial resources) and outputs (finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the necessary products).
Management is carried out by submitting a managerial impact (production plan) taking into account feedback - the current state of the managed system (production) and the external environment - the market, higher governing bodies.
The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would induce the latter to adopt a state determined by the goal of control.
With regard to an industrial enterprise, with a certain degree of conditionality, it can be considered that the goal of management is the implementation of the production program within the framework of technical and economic restrictions; control actions - this is the work plans of the unit, feedback data on the progress of production: release and movement of the product, condition of equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc.
Obviously, the plans and content of the feedback are nothing more than information. Therefore, the processes of formation of control actions are precisely the processes of transformation of economic information. The implementation of these processes is the main content of management services, including economic ones. The following requirements are imposed on economic information: accuracy, reliability, efficiency.
The accuracy of the information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers. Reliability determines the acceptable level of distortion of both the incoming and the resulting information, at which the efficiency of the system is maintained. Efficiency reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in changing conditions.
Informatics and information systems
The word "system" comes from the Greek systema, which means a whole made up of parts or many elements. A system is a collection of interconnected elements that function to achieve a specific goal.
The main characteristics of the systems: target, inputs, outputs, feedback and the external environment. Systems are significantly different from each other both in composition and in main objectives. Systems include hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, life support systems, education systems, etc.
Economic systems include: industrial enterprises, trade organizations, commercial banks, government agencies, etc.
So, economic information systems are the object of economic informatics, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Thus, the main purpose of the information system is to create a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, institution.
A variety of tasks solved with the help of IP has led to the emergence of many heterogeneous systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules for processing information embedded in them. Information systems can be classified according to a number of different attributes.
Classification of information systems based on the structure of tasks.
There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:
structured (formalized);
unstructured (unformalized);
partially structured.
A structured (formalized) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.
An unstructured (unformalized) task is a task in which it is impossible to isolate elements and establish relationships between them.
Information systems for partially structured tasks. Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types creating management reports and oriented mainly to data processing; developing alternative solutions.
Classification of the information systems market by the scale of the system:
Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.)
Small integrated systems (Skala, Sail, Galaxy and others)
Medium Integrated Systems (MFG-PRO and others)
Large integrated systems (SAP / R3 others)
Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business tasks.
The principles of classification of management information systems:
1. The level of strategic management (3 - 5 years)
2. The level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years)
3. The level of operational management (month - quarter - half year)
4. The level of operational management (day - week)
5. Real-time control level
There are other types of classification of information systems. Special programs have been developed abroad
Standards of information systems for enterprise management systems MRP, MRP-II, ERP, ERPII.
MRP - a system of planning the needs for material resources (provides the necessary amount of residual materials in the warehouse).
RP-II - designed to plan production resources, i.e. resources used to produce products.
ERP - designed for planning and managing material, production and human resources. SAP R / 3 is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system for enterprise resource management or SAP ER. ERP II - designed to manage the resources and external relations of enterprises.
Information systems used to plan and manage various resources are called integrated management systems or corporate information systems.
The main components of information systems used in the economy include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management.
1. Software and hardware of information systems:
technical means of information processing (computers and peripherals);
system and service software (operating systems and utilities)
Office application software (MS Office);
computer networks (communication equipment, network software and network applications);
databases and data banks.
2. Business applications (applications):
local information systems (1C: Bookkeeping, Infin, Sail, etc.);
small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Sail, Galaxy, etc.);
medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);
integrated management systems (ERP).
3. Management of information systems is intended to manage and support the information processes of the enterprise (personnel management, development, quality, security, operational management, etc.)
Thus, information systems, which are considered in economic informatics, consist of three main components:
information technologies (hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, data);
functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);
information systems management (personnel, users, IP development, finance)
Currently, the most appropriate way to build an economic information system is to use ready-made solutions that are implemented as ready-made applications.
Conclusion
Computer science plays an important role in modern economic science, which has led to the identification of a separate direction of the development of science - economic computer science. This new direction combines economics, mathematics and computer science, and helps economists solve the problems of optimizing the activities of enterprises, make strategically important decisions about the development of industry and manage the production process.
The developed software base is based on mathematical models of economic processes and provides a flexible and reliable mechanism for predicting the economic effect of management decisions. Using a computer, analytical tasks are quickly solved, the solution of which is beyond the power of man. Recently, the computer has become an integral part of the workplace of the manager and economist.
Bibliography
1. Information systems in the economy. Karminsky A.M., Chernikov B.V. Moscow: Finance and Statistics 2006
2. Economic informatics: Textbook for universities. Konyukhovsky P.V. St. Petersburg: Peter 2001 560s.
3. Economic informatics. Kosareva V.P., Eremina L.V. - Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2002, 592с.
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1.1.1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Intensive implementation of information technology in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in computer science - economic computer science, which is an integrated applied discipline based on intersubject communications of computer science, economics, and mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word informatique comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatics), introduced in France to define the scope of activities involved in the automated processing of information. There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how to collect, store, process and provide it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interconnected components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline, and as a branch of production. The main objects of computer science are:
information;
computers;
information systems ;. General theoretical foundations of computer science:
information;
number systems;
coding;
algorithms. The structure of modern computer science: 1. Theoretical computer science. 2. Computing technique. 3. Programming. 4. Information systems. 5. Artificial intelligence. Economic Informatics - This is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics advocate information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Information system - a set of software and hardware, methods and people who provide for the collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure the preparation and adoption of decisions. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management. Subject of discipline - technology ways to automate information processes using economic data. Discipline task - the study of the theoretical foundations of computer science and the acquisition of skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks. Further ... \u003e\u003e\u003e Subject: 1.1.2. Data, Information and Knowledge
1.1.2. Data, Information and Knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge. The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, however, there are fundamental differences between these concepts. The term data comes from the word data - a fact, and information (informatio) means an explanation, a statement, i.e. information or message. Data - a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Data conversion and processing allows you to get information. Information - This is the result of data conversion and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a specific request, the database management system provides the required information. There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and environmental phenomena, their parameters, properties and condition, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them. Knowledge - This is processed information recorded and verified by practice, which was used and can be repeatedly used for decision-making. Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and displays specialist knowledge in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital. Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, norms) governing decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing problem solving. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a specific subject area. It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decision making is based on the information received and the knowledge available. Making decisions - this is the choice of the best in a sense solution option from the set of acceptable ones based on the available information. The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure.
To solve this problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the received information is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the selection, one is made in the best sense. The results of the solution replenish knowledge. Depending on the scope of use, the information may be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic task;
Data -these are messages about objects and processes presented in a structured or unstructured form, on some material medium (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for the data to be processed by a computer, a number of operations for their input must be performed on them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on material medium (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, data is transferred to a computer, where it is structured and located in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information defined as information about one side or another of the material world and the processes occurring in it. The term “information” is most often understood as the substantial aspect of data, in contrast to data (“data” is a fact).
From the point of view of science, information is a measure of eliminating uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of the implementation of a particular event.
Information cannot exist by itself, therefore, the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects, and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storage, transmission and transformation of information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by its objective content, it is one of the main resources of the life of society, but, unlike natural resources, its volume does not decrease with time, but on the contrary only increases.
Allocate the following information properties:
1. Reliability and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of things. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making.
2. Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what tasks are solved with its help. It is important to have up-to-date information when working in constantly changing conditions of our world.
3. Clarity and comprehensibility.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
By type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, industrial, managerial, economic, social, legal, and so on. Each of the areas of human knowledge operates with “its” type of information. Economics, economic activity operates with economic information, which applies both the general properties of information and the properties that reflect its characteristic features arising from its nature.
Economic information - this information reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered a kind of management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management and increasing production volumes is accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows.
· Cycling.
Most production and business processes are characterized by the repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information allows you to reuse once created program for data processing.
· Variety of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the variety of industrial and economic activities of people.
· The proportion of logical operations during processing.
Logical operations provide an appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant and variables). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as streamlining, distribution, selection, selection, unification.