Object subject and methods of economic informatics. Economic Informatics
1.1.1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
The intensive introduction of information technology in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in computer science - economic computer science, which is an integrated applied discipline based on intersubject communications of computer science, economics, and mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word informatique comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatics), introduced in France to define the scope of activities involved in the automated processing of information. There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how to collect, store, process and provide it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interconnected components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline, and as a branch of production. The main objects of computer science are:
information;
computers;
information systems ;. General theoretical foundations of computer science:
information;
number systems;
coding;
algorithms. The structure of modern computer science: 1. Theoretical computer science. 2. Computing technique. 3. Programming. 4. Information systems. 5. Artificial intelligence. Economic Informatics - This is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics advocate information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Information system - a set of software and hardware, methods and people who provide for the collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure the preparation and adoption of decisions. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management. Subject of discipline - technology ways to automate information processes using economic data. Discipline task - the study of the theoretical foundations of computer science and the acquisition of skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks. Further ... \u003e\u003e\u003e Subject: 1.1.2. Data, Information and Knowledge
1.1.2. Data, Information and Knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge. The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, however, there are fundamental differences between these concepts. The term data comes from the word data - a fact, and information (informatio) means an explanation, a statement, i.e. information or message. Data - a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Data conversion and processing allows you to get information. Information - This is the result of data conversion and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a specific request, the database management system provides the required information. There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and environmental phenomena, their parameters, properties and condition, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them. Knowledge - This is processed information recorded and verified by practice, which was used and can be repeatedly used for decision-making. Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and displays specialist knowledge in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital. Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, norms) governing decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing problem solving. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a specific subject area. It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decision making is based on the information received and the knowledge available. Making decisions - this is the choice of the best in a sense solution option from the set of acceptable ones based on the available information. The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure.
To solve this problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the received information is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the selection, one is made in the best sense. The results of the solution replenish knowledge. Depending on the scope of use, the information may be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
Kiev National University of Economics
Introduction
Always and in all spheres of his activity, a person made decisions. An important area of \u200b\u200bdecision making is related to manufacturing. The larger the volume of production, the more difficult it is to make a decision and, therefore, it is easier to make a mistake. A natural question arises: is it possible to use computers to avoid such errors? The answer to this question is given by science, called cybernetics.
Cybernetics (derived from the Greek "kybernetike" - the art of management) is the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, transmitting and processing information.
The most important branch of cybernetics is economic cybernetics - a science that deals with the application of ideas and methods of cybernetics to economic systems.
Economic cybernetics uses a set of methods for studying management processes in the economy, including economic and mathematical methods.
Currently, the use of computers in production management has reached a large scale. However, in most cases, computers are used to solve the so-called routine tasks, that is, tasks associated with the processing of various data that were solved the same way before using the computer, but manually. Another class of problems that can be solved with the help of computers is decision-making problems. To use computers for decision making, it is necessary to compile a mathematical model.
Is it necessary to use a computer in making decisions?
Human capabilities are quite diverse. If you arrange them, you can distinguish two types: physical and mental. So the man is arranged that what he possesses is not enough for him. And the endless process of increasing its capabilities begins. To lift more, one of the first inventions appears - the lever, to make it easier to move the load - the wheel. In these tools, only the energy of the person himself is still used. Over time, the use of external energy sources begins: gunpowder, steam, electricity, atomic energy. It is impossible to assess how much the energy used by external sources exceeds today the physical capabilities of man. As for the mental abilities of a person, then, as they say, everyone is dissatisfied with his condition, but satisfied with his mind. Is it possible to make a person smarter than he is? To answer this question, it should be clarified that all intellectual activity of a person can be subdivided into formalized and unformalized.
Formalized is the kind of activity that is performed according to certain rules. For example, performing calculations, searching directories, and graphic work can undoubtedly be entrusted to computers. And like everything that a computer can do, it does it better, that is, faster and better than a person.
Unformalized is the kind of activity that occurs with the use of any rules unknown to us. Thinking, reasoning, intuition, common sense - we still do not know what it is, and naturally, all this cannot be entrusted to a computer, if only because we simply do not know what to assign, what task to set for the computer.
A kind of mental activity is decision making. It is generally accepted that decision-making refers to informal activities. However, this is not always the case. On the one hand, we do not know how we make decisions. And the explanation of some words with the help of others like “make a decision with the help of common sense” gives nothing. On the other hand, a significant number of decision-making tasks can be formalized. One of the types of decision-making tasks that can be formalized are optimal decision-making problems, or optimization problems. The optimization problem is solved using mathematical models and the use of computer technology.
Modern computers meet the highest requirements. They are capable of performing millions of operations per second, they can contain all the necessary information in their memory, the combination of a display-keyboard provides a dialogue between a person and a computer. However, successes in the creation of computers should not be confused with achievements in their field of application. In fact, all that a computer can do is, according to a program given by a person, ensure the conversion of the source data into a result. It must be clearly understood that the computer does not make decisions and cannot accept them. The decision can only be made by a person-manager who is vested with certain rights for this. But for a competent leader, a computer is an excellent assistant, able to develop and offer a set of various solutions. And from this set, a person will choose the option that, from his point of view, will be more suitable. Of course, not all decision-making tasks can be solved with the help of computers. Nevertheless, even if the solution of the problem on the computer does not end in complete success, it still turns out to be useful, as it contributes to a deeper understanding of this problem and its more rigorous formulation.
Stages of the decision.
Task selection
Model compilation
Algorithm Design
Programming
Input data entry
Analysis of the solution
In order to make a decision without a computer, often nothing is needed. Thought and decided. Man, good or bad, solves all the problems that arise before him. True, there are no guarantees of correctness. The computer does not make any decisions, but only helps to find solutions. This process consists of the following steps:
1. Choice of task.
Solving a problem, especially a rather complicated one, is a rather difficult task, requiring a lot of time. And if the task is chosen unsuccessfully, then this can lead to loss of time and disappointment in the use of computers for decision-making. What basic requirements should the task satisfy?
There must be at least one solution, because if there are no solutions, then there is nothing to choose from.
You need to clearly know in what sense the desired solution should be the best, because if we do not know what we want, computers will not be able to help us choose the best solution.
The choice of the task ends with its meaningful statement. It is necessary to clearly formulate the problem in a regular language, highlight the purpose of the study, indicate the limitations, pose the main questions to which we want to receive answers as a result of solving the problem.
Here it is necessary to highlight the most significant features of the economic object, the most important dependencies that we want to take into account when building the model. Some hypotheses of the development of the object of study are being formed, the selected dependencies and relationships are studied. When a task is selected and its meaningful statement is made, one has to deal with specialists in the subject field (engineers, technologists, designers, etc.). These specialists, as a rule, are well aware of their subject, but do not always have an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is required to solve a computer problem. Therefore, a meaningful statement of the problem is often oversaturated with information that is completely redundant for working on computers.
2. Drawing up the model
Under the economic-mathematical model is understood the mathematical description of the studied economic object or process in which economic patterns are expressed in an abstract form using mathematical relationships.
The basic principles of the model are reduced to the following two concepts:
When formulating the problem, it is necessary to sufficiently cover the simulated phenomenon. Otherwise, the model will not give a global optimum and will not reflect the essence of the matter. The danger is that the optimization of one part can be carried out at the expense of others and to the detriment of the general organization.
The model should be as simple as possible. The model should be such that it can be evaluated, verified and understood, and the results obtained from the model should be clear to both its creator and the decision maker.
In practice, these concepts often come into conflict, primarily because a human element is included in the collection and input of data, error checking, and interpretation of results, which limits the size of the model, which can be analyzed satisfactorily. The dimensions of the model are used as a limiting factor, and if we want to increase the breadth of coverage, we have to reduce the detail and vice versa.
We introduce the concept of a hierarchy of models, where the breadth of coverage increases and detail decreases as we move to higher levels of the hierarchy. At higher levels, in turn, limitations and goals are formed for lower levels.
When constructing a model, it is also necessary to take into account the time aspect: the planning horizon generally increases with the growth of the hierarchy. If the long-term planning model of the entire corporation may contain few everyday current details, then the production planning model of an individual unit consists mainly of such details.
When formulating the problem, the following three aspects must be taken into account:
Investigated factors: The objectives of the study are defined quite freely and to a large extent depend on what is included in the model. In this regard, it is easier for engineers, since the studied factors are usually standard, and the objective function is expressed in terms of a maximum income, a minimum of costs, or, possibly, a minimum consumption of a resource. At the same time, sociologists, for example, usually set themselves the goal of “social utility” or something like that and find themselves in a difficult position when they have to attribute a certain “utility” to various actions, expressing it in mathematical form.
Physical boundaries: The spatial aspects of the study require detailed consideration. If production is concentrated at more than one point, it is necessary to take into account the corresponding distribution processes in the model. These processes may include warehousing, transportation, and scheduling tasks for equipment loading.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic task;
Data -these are messages about objects and processes presented in a structured or unstructured form, on some material medium (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for the data to be processed by a computer, a number of operations for their input must be performed on them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on material medium (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, data is transferred to a computer, where it is structured and located in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information defined as information about one side or another of the material world and the processes occurring in it. The term “information” is most often understood as the substantial aspect of data, in contrast to data (“data” is a fact).
From the point of view of science, information is a measure of eliminating uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of the implementation of a particular event.
Information cannot exist by itself, therefore, the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects, and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storage, transmission and transformation of information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by its objective content, it is one of the main resources of the life of society, but, unlike natural resources, its volume does not decrease with time, but on the contrary only increases.
Allocate the following information properties:
1. Reliability and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of things. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making.
2. Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what tasks are solved with its help. It is important to have up-to-date information when working in constantly changing conditions of our world.
3. Clarity and comprehensibility.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
By type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, industrial, managerial, economic, social, legal, and so on. Each of the areas of human knowledge operates with “its” type of information. Economics, economic activity operates with economic information, which applies to both the general properties of information and properties that reflect its characteristic features arising from its nature.
Economic information - this information reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered a kind of management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management and increasing production volumes is accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows.
· Cycling.
Most production and business processes are characterized by the repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information allows you to reuse once created program for data processing.
· Variety of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the variety of industrial and economic activities of people.
· The proportion of logical operations during processing.
Logical operations provide an appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant and variables). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as streamlining, distribution, selection, selection, unification.
Economic information - characterizes production relations in society (information economy character. About resources, management processes, financial processes). Properties: alphabet-civr signs, meaning the volume of variable and post signs; discreteness, heterogeneity, shelf life, re-usability, long shelf life, change)
Economic Informatics - This is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The objecteconomic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Subject: technology and stages of development of systems for automated processing of economic information and justification of the appropriateness of such processing, functional analysis of the subject area, algorithmic representation of the problem and its software implementation.
Features: presentation and reflection in the form of first and summary documents, repetition of the stages of information processing, the prevalence of arithmetic and log operations during processing
Analysis and design of business processes. Functional modeling that describes the sequence of operations of a business process, as well as modeling the data used in it.
Analysis and design of the architecture of enterprise information systems.Here, the model apparatus is somewhat wider, along with the modeling of functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting IP performance, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc.
Improving IP Management It is solved by the methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Of great importance are the methods and models of project management.
Analysis and increase the economic efficiency of IPused a variety of methods of economic analysis. Currently, we are talking about neoclassical tools, a new institutional economic theory and management theory.
15. Technology. Information Technology. Information processes.
Technology - a set of methods, processes and materials used in any industry, as well as a scientific description of the methods of technical production.
Information Technology (information technology, IT) - A wide class of disciplines and fields of activity related to control and data processing technologies using computer technology.
Information process - the process of obtaining, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, disseminating, using information.
Encoding (recording on a medium), signal transmission via a communication channel, decoding (conversion to received code), code processing.
The characteristic features of modern IT are:
Less labor costs for processing, more quality;
the interactive nature of information processing, a wide range of users and the collective nature of working with information and computing resources;
providing a unified IT information space, teamwork with information and computing resources based on computer networks and telecommunication systems;
support for multi-media (multimedia) IT, paperless technology.
Information technology can be divided into classes:
1. General-purpose IT (work with text documents, calculations in spreadsheets, database maintenance, work with computer graphics, etc.).
2. Method-oriented IT, providing the use of special models and algorithms for solving problems (mathematical apparatus, statistics, project management, etc.).
3. Problem-oriented IT, taking into account the specifics of the subject area, information needs of users.
Information technologies are developing in the following areas: computer technology; means of communication and communication; software; methodology for the organization of design work on the creation of IP.
IT development is related to:
progress in the field of hardware for data processing (computers, storage media, communications and communications, etc.), industrial technologies for the production of computer components;
the development of methods and tools for software development, storage and retrieval of data on computer media;
16. Information society. Informatization of society at present. The concept of the information society took shape at the end of the 20th century, it is closely connected with the concept of post-industrial society, a new phase in the development of our entire civilization. Distinctive features of the information society:Information / knowledge - the main product of production; the increase in employment in the field of IT, communications and services; continuous informatization (Internet, TV), globalization of the information space; the growing role of the individual in the management of social and eco relations, the development of digital markets, e-democracy / state
Project "Information Society" of the Russian Federation:e-government, improving the quality of life of citizens, overcoming the digital divide, security, digital content for museums and archives, developing the ICT market
Informatization - This is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including the elimination of computer illiteracy, the formation of a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The driving force behind the development of society should be the production of an informational rather than a material product. In the information society, not only production, but the whole way of life, the value system is changing, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values \u200b\u200bis increasing. In the information society, intelligence and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative; the demand for knowledge is growing. The material and technological base of society’s information will be various systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, telecommunications.
Informatization of society - An organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for satisfying information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, state authorities, local authorities, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
The goal of informatization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
The main criteria for the development of the information society are the following:
Availability of computers; level of development of computer networks Possession of information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology
Theme 1.1: Theoretical Foundations of Economic Informatics
Theme 1.2: Technical means of information processing
Theme 1.3: System Software
Theme 1.4: Utility software and basic algorithms
Economic Informatics and Information
1.1. Theoretical Foundations of Economic Informatics
1.1.1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Intensive implementation of information technology in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in computer science - economic computer science, which is an integrated applied discipline based on intersubject communications of computer science, economics, and mathematics.
The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word informatique comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatics), introduced in France to define the scope of activities involved in the automated processing of information.
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how to collect, store, process and provide it using computer technology.
Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interconnected components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline, and as a branch of production.
The main objects of computer science are:
- information;
- computers
- information Systems.
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
- information;
- number systems;
- coding;
- algorithms
The structure of modern computer science:
- Theoretical computer science.
- Computer Engineering.
- Programming.
- Information Systems.
- Artificial Intelligence.
Economic Informatics - This is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics advocate information systems that provide solutions to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics are economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Information system - a set of software and hardware, methods and people who provide for the collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure the preparation and adoption of decisions. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
The subject of discipline "Economic informatics" - ways to automate information processes using economic data.
The task of the discipline "Economic informatics" - the study of the theoretical foundations of computer science and the acquisition of skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.