Agriculture of Russia.
2. Agriculture (AIC) It is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sale, as well as industries that provide agriculture and the processing industry with means of production.
2.1. Three main areas of agriculture.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex distinguishes three main areas:
v First the sphere includes industries producing means of production for agriculture: tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for livestock and feed production, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural industrial construction, animal feed and microbiological industries, serving agricultural production, etc.
v Second scope - agriculture. Agricultural production is the central link in the country's agricultural sector. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It gives a person vital products: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods.
Agriculture is a special area of \u200b\u200bthe economy, radically different from all other areas, because the main means of production in agriculture is land. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, when rationally used in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its basic and valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production gradually become obsolete and morally physically replaced by others. Earth is both a means of production and an object of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which causes unevenness in the production of products, the use of labor, consumption and use of material and financial resources throughout the year.
The main branches of agriculture:
O crop production with sub-sectors:
grain farming
(The main crops are wheat, rye, millet, buckwheat, barley, rice, oats, corn). This is a leading branch of agriculture, providing the needs of the population for bakery products, and animal husbandry for high-quality feed.
industrial crop production
Technical fibrous(cotton, linen) oilseeds (sunflower, mustard, soy), sugar plants (sugar beet), tonic (tea) crops used in the form of raw materials for individual industries (sugar, textile, etc.)
vegetable growing (cultivation of crops such as cabbage, beetroot, carrots, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers)
gardening (cultivation of fruit crops)
O livestock with sub-sectors:
cattle breeding (main products are milk and meat)
pig breeding (products - meat, fat, skin, the level of development is highest in areas of highly developed potato grain farming)
sheep breeding (besides meat, wool is also the most valuable raw material for the textile industry)
poultry farming(products - meat, egg, fluff)
rabbit breeding(Meat)
pond fishing
beekeeping(honey, wax)
The distribution of agricultural production depends on the following factors:
· Natural factors affect the location, its industry structure, determine territorial differences and the instability of production volumes over the years.
The most important natural factors of the location and specialization of the economy are the following:
1) soil quality
2) the duration of the frost-free period
3) the sum of active temperatures (heat supply)
4) total solar radiation (provision with light)
5) humidification conditions (rainfall)
6) topographic conditions of the terrain (plains, elevations)
7) the probability of the recurrence of adverse weather conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion)
8) water availability
Crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in the required amount of heat, light, moisture, present their requirements for soil quality. This determines the features of their distribution not only by region, but also within individual farms. Natural factors through the feed base also affect the distribution of livestock. The development of science and technology will weaken the influence of natural conditions, but to certain limits.
In this regard, land reclamation is of utmost importance. (Land reclamation is a system of organizational and economic and technical measures to radically improve unfavorable hydrolytic, soil, and other unfavorable land conditions in order to use them most efficiently.) Only it can provide high and sustainable crops.
1. Forest reclamation - afforestation of slopes, ravines, creation of shelterbelts;
2. Amelioration - the right choice of depth and direction of plowing, etc .;
3. water reclamation - drainage, watering and irrigation;
4. chemical reclamation - the introduction of chemicals into the soil: lime, gypsum, etc .;
5. cultural and technical reclamation - surface cultivation, cleaning from stones.
The greatest effect is provided by complex reclamation, i.e. simultaneous holding of several reclamation measures.
To a greater extent, natural factors affect the distribution of crop production sectors, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly heat-loving), these areas are extremely limited, such as grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others, they are much wider (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.).
The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is grazing (reindeer husbandry, horse breeding, etc.). It is influenced by factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the duration of their use.
· For locating agriculture is also extremely important socio-demographic factors.
The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; there are regional characteristics of the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is affected by the ratio between urban and rural population. In addition, the population provides reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), this or that agricultural production is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. Increased population migration in a number of regions limits the production of labor-intensive types of products.
The most labor-intensive are considered the production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, some livestock industries. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. The location and specialization are also influenced by the interests of the local population.
· Economic factor agricultural location
1) the location of farms in relation to the consumer, to sales markets and the availability of processing enterprises, storage tanks for raw materials and final products,
2) provision of production and transport infrastructure, quality of vehicles and means of communication, product transportability, development of interregional relations
3) the level of scientific and technological progress, the achievements of science and technology that can dramatically increase the efficiency of a particular agricultural production, expand production areas, remove strict restrictions on the specific gravity of certain crops in crop rotation, etc.
4) the location of farms in relation to auxiliary bases. Placement of livestock production is based primarily on its rapprochement with feed bases and consumers of products. Breeding of cattle of the dairy direction, pig breeding and poultry farming are located mainly near the areas of developed agriculture, which is the main, largest and most versatile base for the production of various and highly productive feeds. Breeding cattle of meat direction and sheep breeding are located where there are natural grasslands and pastures, which saves money and labor on the transportation of feed.
v in third agribusiness includes processing industries:
O Food industry
The main purpose of the food industry is food production. The food industry is characterized by a complex structure. It consists of over two dozen sub-sectors with numerous specialized industries (bakeries, meat plants, dairies, confectioneries, oil and fat, beer and soft drinks, flour-grinding and large-scale plants, etc.)
The food industry is based on two factors:
Raw
Orientation to raw material bases is determined by the material consumption of the food industry.
Consumer
The low transportability of agricultural raw materials is taken into account, which is explained by the deterioration of its quality during long-term transportation and storage.
O Light industry
Processing of agricultural raw materials for light industry is the processing of flax for the textile industry, beets for sugar production, etc.
The territorial organization of light industry is affected by the raw material factor.
The balanced development of all parts of the agro-industrial complex is a necessary condition for solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials.
2.2. Development of agribusiness.
Intensification - an increase in material labor costs per unit of land in order to increase the output of agricultural products, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production.
Worldwide intensification of agricultural production in various regions on a machine and agrotechnical basis, for which it is necessary to give priority in the agrarian policy to the development of large farms of various forms of ownership, turning them into high-value and low-cost industries with the expansion of various types of production and supply marketing cooperation.
Necessary conditions for the successful development of the agro-industrial complex:
1. Equipping with modern technology (mechanization of production)
2. Introduction of new scientific developments (chemicalization, land reclamation, improvement of production technology)
3. The solution of social issues (rural issues, staff)
4. Development of transport infrastructure (construction, updating of cars and railways)
5. The development of ties between all areas of the agro-industrial complex
3. AIC of Russia.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex of Russia is far from perfect, there are serious structural imbalances. An important problem that impedes the normal, balanced development of the entire agricultural sector is the underdevelopment of the means of production.
The formation of the production market, improving the quality of products in the industries of the first sector of the agro-industrial complex are necessary to create highly efficient agricultural production in Russia.
The natural resource potential of Russia allows it to produce almost all the main types of agricultural products. Nevertheless, our country is one of the main countries - importers of food. The main reasons are inefficient production, large losses and poor product quality.
In Russia, there are three agricultural zones:
North Caucasian - supplies the market with grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets (factory), vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oils, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, tobacco, flax, meat, wool.
Central Black Sea - grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley, legumes), sunflower, vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oils, tobacco, milk, meat, eggs.
Volga region - grain, melons, vegetables, berries, meat, milk, wool.
An important problem is the development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. It includes the North-West, Central, Volga, Ural regions. These areas are industrially developed; more than 40% of the total population of Russia is concentrated here. Therefore, the acute problem of providing people with food. The non-chernozem zone of Russia is at the same time a large agricultural region with significant volumes of production and with established specialization. Nevertheless, the needs of the population for food are far from being fully satisfied.
The main goal of modern agricultural policy - the formation of an effective and sustainable agricultural production, providing the population with food, and industry with agricultural raw materials, increasing the income level of people engaged in agricultural production, rural social development, and ensuring the country's food security.
The situation in the agrarian sector is complicated by the lack of effective state financial support, sharply worsened material and technical support, adopted ugly forms of pricing, an unprofitable system for the formation of state food resources for producers, and a number of other reasons.
Agrarian reform
Problems cause the need for active agrarian reform, the main areas of which are:
Land reform (the creation of an economic mechanism, regulation of land relations and the promotion of rational use and protection of land).
Creature market infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex (agricultural exchanges, banks, trading houses, tenders are created and operate, systems for collecting, storing, processing information, and insurance systems for agricultural enterprises are being developed).
For successful agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure rural transformations (housing, construction of cultural, health, educational facilities, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications, i.e. create conditions for resettlement of citizens in abandoned villages and sparsely populated regions).
Modern agrarian policy of Russia is aimed at withdrawing the agrarian sector of the economy from the crisis.
State priorities in agriculture:
Grain Export Development
Forced breeding of livestock
Sustainable agricultural development
The leading project in the development of agriculture is played by the national project "Effective Agriculture", the implementation of which began in 2005.
Structure and purpose of functioning
Introduction
Introduction
1. Structure and purpose of functioning
agricultural sector of Russia
2. Placement of agricultural sectors
Conclusion
List of references
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It gives a person vital products: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of gross social product and more than 15% of Russia's national income, and concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies its products to sixty industries.
The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes sectors that have close economic and industrial relations, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including sectors for the production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing them to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and livestock), forestry and fisheries.
2. Branches processing agricultural raw materials (food industry, light industry sectors associated with the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Industries that produce capital goods for agriculture and agricultural processing industries (agricultural machinery, tractor manufacturing, mechanical engineering, manufacturing equipment for the food and light industry, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that ensure the procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex of Russia is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex’s output, has 68% of the production fixed assets of the complex, it employs almost 67% of those working in the agricultural production sectors. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sector of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing sectors account for 73% of agricultural production, and agriculture accounts for only 13%).
The urgent task of the modern development of the agro-industrial complex is the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
The acute development problem that arose in the context of economic reforms and the long crisis development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the capital goods market. This contributed to the progressive depreciation of equipment (in processing industries it reaches 75%), reduced use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land was reduced by more than 10 times), and the fleet of automobile, tractor and agricultural equipment was reduced (for the indicated period is almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, should be recognized as the most important element of the national economy, the main goals of which, in our opinion, will be:
Satisfying the needs of the population at the level of scientifically based standards in food products and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such quantities of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure food security of the country, i.e. independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agricultural system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agricultural sector. It provides more than half of all agricultural production, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of sectors - crop production (farming) and animal husbandry with such sub-sectors as grain farming, fodder production, industrial crop production, gardening, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, animal husbandry, pond fish farming and other
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products of the country, being the leading sector of agriculture, since the level of livestock production depends to a large extent on its development.
Grain crops occupy more than half of the sown area of \u200b\u200bthe country. During the years of the economic crisis, the area under crops under crops was reduced. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a reduction in the harvest of grain crops (in the late 1990s, the annual harvest was 60–70 million tons), and a decrease in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on heat and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in areas of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and soil-less crop, are located in the forest zone. The heat-loving crop of corn for grain is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga region (the so-called "corn belt").
Of the cereal crops in Russia, the main ones are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisturizing and does not tolerate high air temperatures, which is why it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, Volga - Akhtuba floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are flax flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is demanding on moisture and not demanding on soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beets mainly grow in the Central Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop, sunflower, is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth region, in the southern regions of the Urals and Western Siberia. Mostly in the same areas there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country, potatoes are cultivated. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, some other areas, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the livestock industries, cattle breeding is of prime importance. Dairy and dairy and beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in the suburban areas, gravitating to the consumer, and secondly, in areas of growing juicy green fodder, which contribute to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the mentioned cattle breeding specialization are the Non-Chernozem Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in the arid steppe and semi-desert regions - the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural, usually unsuitable for other types of livestock, pastures. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine-carved sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and north-west of the Non-Black Earth region.
Pig production, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive livestock industry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the areas of grain farming and potato growing (Northern Caucasus, Volga region, Central regions), and secondly, in suburban areas where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Almost everywhere poultry farming is located - one of the most precocious branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountain - steppe regions of Siberia. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and the south of Siberia (Altai, Sayan Mountains), deer breeding has developed, and in the zones of the tundra and northern taiga, the main livestock industry is reindeer husbandry.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and agribusiness in Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasus Economic Region, where the main marketable agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Volga economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The remaining economic areas are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Ural region takes out grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cage farming and reindeer herding; Central and Volga-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cage animal husbandry and antler reindeer husbandry; Far Eastern - soybeans, rice, products of cage farming, antler and reindeer herding.
The food industry - one of the constituent parts of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: the flavoring industry (flour and cereal, sugar, baking, oil and fat, confectionery, winemaking, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries that focus on sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, oil mill, canned milk, butter, canned fruits and vegetables, etc.
2. Branches, mainly gravitating to places of consumption of finished products - bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Branches simultaneously located in raw and consumer areas - meat, flour-grinding - groats, tobacco, etc.
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Introduction
2. Features of the agribusiness sectors
Introduction
The industry is a set of enterprises and organizations characterized by the commonality of products, production technology, fixed assets and professional training of employees.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest interindustry complex uniting several sectors of the economy aimed at the production and processing of agricultural raw materials and the production of products brought to the final consumer. The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is a set of sectors of the country's economy, including agriculture and industries closely related to agricultural production, transporting, storing, processing agricultural products, supplying them to consumers, providing agriculture with machinery, chemicals and fertilizers, serving agricultural production.
The agricultural sector includes 4 areas of activity: Agriculture - the core of the agricultural sector, which includes crop production, animal husbandry, farming, personal subsidiary plots, etc. Branches and services providing agriculture with means of production and material resources: tractor and agricultural engineering, mineral production fertilizers, chemicals, etc. Industries that process agricultural raw materials: food processing, primary processing industries for light industry. Infrastructure block - production, which are engaged in the procurement of agricultural raw materials, transportation, storage, trade in consumer goods, training for agriculture, construction in the agricultural sector.
1. The concept and structure of the industry
The national economy of Russia is a set of interrelated industries, each of which performs a specific economic function and is distinguished by a number of essential features, such as the type and purpose of the products, features of the means of production, professional qualities of workers, etc. All sectors of the economy are usually divided into two groups : material production and socio-cultural sphere (intangible production). In the industries of the first group, a material product is created, in the second group, an intellectual and information product.
Currently, more than 300 industries are distinguished in the Russian economy; some of them having close technological ties are combined into complexes: fuel and energy, engineering, chemical and forestry, etc. The agro-industrial complex has a particularly complex sectoral structure; about 80 branches of the national economy are directly or indirectly involved in it. The industrial branches of the agro-industrial complex include food, which includes food flavoring (sugar, baking, confectionery, pasta, oil and fat, fruits and vegetables), meat, dairy, flour and cereal, and animal feed; light (textile, leather and fur, shoe); mechanical engineering for agriculture, etc.
The main (complex-forming) branch of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. At earlier stages of the social division of labor, it included only two sub-sectors - agriculture and livestock. In the future, the production of various products - grain farming, sugar beet production, horticulture, horticulture, cattle breeding, pig farming, etc. gradually emerged as independent industries. All of them differ in the types of products manufactured, the technology and organization of production, and the systems of machines used. At the same time, large industries are divided into smaller ones. For example, animal husbandry includes cattle breeding and other industries, and cattle breeding, in turn, is divided into dairy and beef cattle breeding, breeding of young cattle.
For the rational use of land, material and labor resources in agricultural enterprises, usually there are several sectors; according to economic importance, they are divided into primary, secondary and auxiliary (auxiliary).
The main ones are the sectors that play the most important role in the economy of the economy and have the largest share in their marketable products. Among them, one main industry can stand out, which accounts for more than 50% of the structure of marketable products.
Additional industries, like the main ones, are commodity, but they are of less importance in the economy of the economy, contributing to the development of the main industries. They allow more efficient use of available production resources and receive additional income.
Subsidiary branches, as a rule, are non-marketable; they ensure the normal functioning of the main and additional industries (for example, feed production).
2. Features of the agribusiness sectors
Each branch of the national economy is characterized by specific means of production, labor skills of workers, manufactured products, and production relations. Agro-industrial production has its own specificity, which must be taken into account when conducting entrepreneurial activities.
The first feature of agriculture is that land is the main, irreplaceable means of production. Unlike other means of production, when used properly, it does not wear out, but retains its qualities. Land resources used in agriculture differ sharply in fertility and location, which leads to the emergence of differential rent I; producers with better soils and closer to sales markets receive additional income (profit).
The second feature is that living organisms (plants and animals) that develop in accordance with biological laws act as specific means of production in agriculture. The economic process of reproduction in agriculture is intertwined with the natural, natural.
The third feature is the spatial dispersion of agricultural production; it is carried out in various soil and climatic conditions, and this has to be taken into account when choosing means of mechanizing production processes, selecting varieties of crops and animal breeds, chemicalization and reclamation.
The fourth feature - the results of agricultural production are highly dependent on natural conditions, while this factor does not significantly affect industrial production. For example, the yield of grain crops in the Central Economic Region is 12-15 centners per 1 ha, and in the North Caucasus - 22-25 centners per 1 ha; the cost of production in the second region is 40--45% lower than in the first. In addition, climatic conditions have a significant impact on the location and specialization of agriculture. Many crops can only be cultivated in certain climatic conditions. Weather conditions have a strong impact on market conditions. So, in 2002, favorable for the cultivation of grain crops, the volume of grain production in Russia amounted to 86.6 million tons - 30% more than in 2000.
The fifth feature is that in agriculture the working period does not coincide with the production period, which leads to a high seasonality of production, primarily in crop production. This is most clearly manifested when growing winter crops. The period of their production begins in July-August, from the moment of soil preparation and sowing, and ends in July next year with harvesting. During this time, the working period is interrupted and resumed several times, while the production period, which is determined mainly by the natural conditions of plant growth and development, continues uninterrupted. This has a significant impact on the organization of production, the use of equipment and labor. Seasonality is also characteristic of the processing industry, since agricultural raw materials arrive very unevenly throughout the year. For example, sugar plants are most loaded in September - November, during the harvesting of root crops and their delivery to the plant; dairies - in the spring-summer period, the volume of milk production on farms usually increases.
The sixth feature of agriculture - the products created in it often continues to be used in the industry itself (seeds, feed, young cattle, organic fertilizers, etc.); on the contrary, industry receives its main raw materials from enterprises in other industries. The specificity of production technologies is also associated with this feature. In agriculture, the technological process is based on biological factors characteristic of living organisms, while in industry the technology is based on chemical, physical and mechanical processes.
The seventh feature is the high capital intensity of the industry, the low rate of capital turnover, which makes agriculture less attractive for investment in comparison with other industries and objectively strengthens the need for state assistance.
The eighth feature is related to the conditions of use of the equipment. In agriculture, as a rule, implements of production (tractors, cars, combines and other agricultural machinery) move, and objects of labor (plants) are stationary. In industry, on the contrary, objects of labor (raw materials) usually move, and equipment, machines, and machine tools are fixed in place. Agricultural machinery is very specific, and many machines can be used to produce one type of product. In fact, each sub-sector has its own set of machines. Therefore, the total demand for technology per unit of production is much higher than in industry.
The ninth feature of agriculture is that the social division of labor is manifested here in a different way than in industry, where enterprises are usually highly specialized. Most agricultural enterprises produce several types of marketable products, while developing crop and livestock production. This allows efficient use of by-products (for example, grain waste and manure), as well as land resources unsuitable for cultivating field crops.
The tenth feature is the price inelasticity of demand for agricultural products; the elasticity coefficient in this case is much less than unity (in most developed countries it is 0.2-0.25). This means that agricultural prices should drop by 40-50% so that consumers increase their purchases by only 10%. This significantly worsens the financial conditions for the development of the industry, requires great efforts to stabilize the market.
Finally, the eleventh feature of agriculture is the presence of a large number of similar producers, which creates the conditions for high competition in the market. This makes it impossible to influence the market price on the part of an individual agricultural enterprise or their group; there are no conditions for creating a monopoly.
The above and some other features of agricultural production must be taken into account when analyzing and evaluating the functioning of agricultural enterprises.
agricultural rural livestock
List of references
1. Brief Economic Dictionary, M., 1987
2. The economy of agribusiness sectors - Ed. Doctors I. A. Minakov, M: KolosS, 2004
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Agricultural Technology
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest interdisciplinary unit in the country's economy. The share of its branches accounts for about a third of the gross social product and production fixed assets.
Agro-industrial complex (AIC)
The totality of sectors of the economy, interconnected technologically, economically and organizationally. The main goal of their joint activity is to provide the population with food products and goods produced from agricultural raw materials.
The activities of the agro-industrial complex are ensured by the production infrastructure - transport, communications, material and technical supply, energy and water supply, in total about 80 industries.
The basis of the agro-industrial complex is 3 areas of activity:
capital-forming industries
agriculture itself;
agricultural processing industries.
The structure of agribusiness sectors is presented in the diagram.
With the development of scientific, technical and social progress, the role of capital-forming and processing industries is gradually increasing. This is due to increased consumption of products. Modern technological capabilities allow maximum processing of the main types of agricultural raw materials.
The effectiveness of agricultural enterprises depends on the internal balance of industries in the areas of activity. Unfortunately, at present, the development of agribusiness is characterized by a number of imbalances. So, the agricultural sector is still not adequately provided with means of production. The share of manual labor is still large in agricultural production, about 70% of technological operations are carried out manually, tractors and agricultural machines are not provided with a sufficient set of trailed and mounted implements, and there is a lack of small-sized equipment. This situation is getting worse due to the transition to market relations, a reduction in production volumes, and a delay in agricultural financing.
The development of the processing industry is constrained by the lack of modern packaging, refrigeration equipment, and a network of storage facilities. All this leads to huge losses of agricultural products.
In order to balance the work of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to increase the return on capital-forming industries and agricultural processing industries. In addition, it is necessary to develop an optimal organizational structure for managing agricultural production.
The main interrelated stages of agricultural production technology are presented in the diagram.
Scheme. Agricultural Technology
At each stage of agricultural production, specific technologies are applied. Thus, in the production of agricultural products, intensive agricultural and livestock farming technologies are used, which allow to consistently obtain high results using selection work, mechanization and automation of labor, and the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Plant protection technology includes a set of measures:
agrotechnical (pre-sowing, after-sowing, post-harvest tillage);
chemical (seed treatment, spraying of crops with pesticides, storage disinfection);
biological (the use of biological preparations, bacterial baits, beneficial insects).
Depending on the characteristics of the agricultural product, the following processing industries (technologies) are distinguished as independent ones:
flour and grain elevator;
bakery;
pasta and cereal;
dairy, meat-making and cheese-making;
production of meat products;
production of fish products;
sugar production;
confectionery
microbiological and others
Agricultural products may also be sold in various ways (selling to the state, selling on the market, barter exchange, etc.).
In a market economy, along with collective farms (collective farms, state farms), farm and peasant farms, limited liability companies, closed and open joint-stock companies, etc. are beginning to actively participate. All of them produce products in conditions of intense competition.
Agricultural Specific Features
In agriculture, the same general economic laws apply as in other sectors of the national economy. However, they appear taking into account the specific characteristics of the industry.
Agricultural Specific Features
The main means of production is land. The earth does not wear out, but with proper use it improves its quality parameters.
Living organisms, such as animals and plants, which develop on the basis of biological laws, act as means of production.
Production of agricultural products is carried out on vast areas and is dispersed in various climatic zones. The final results largely depend on the conditions in which the production takes place.
The territorial location of agricultural production is associated with a large volume of transportation of manufactured products, equipment and material resources.
Products created in agriculture take part in the further production process as means of production (seeds, planting stock, feed, livestock for restoration and expansion of the herd of animals).
The working period does not coincide with the period of agricultural production. The period of production consists of the time when it takes place under the influence of human labor and when it is carried out directly under the influence of natural factors
Seasonality of agricultural production
The division of labor and specialization of production are manifested differently,
than in industry and other sectors of the economy. For the rational use of resources, it is necessary to achieve the optimal combination of crop production sectors with livestock industries and the development of auxiliary industries and trades
The implements of production (machines, combines, agricultural machinery) are moving, and the objects of labor (plants) are in one place. The demand for energy resources is much higher than in industry.
The employee does not have a permanent job
Relations of agriculture with other sectors of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Food sub-complexes
Currently, agriculture is not possible to consider in isolation from other sectors that make up the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The latter is a combination of sectors of the economy related to the development of agriculture, maintenance of its production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. As part of the agro-industrial complex, it is usually customary to distinguish 4 main areas:
The first is the production of means of production for the entire agricultural sector.
The second is agriculture itself.
The third is the industrial processing of agricultural products, as well as their procurement and sale.
Fourth - production and social infrastructure.
The effective functioning of the entire agro-industrial complex depends not only on agricultural activities, but also on the quality of work of all the units involved in bringing the final product to the consumer. The value of the final product of the agro-industrial complex (SK) is made up of the mass of pure product created in agriculture (NPs) and part of the net product of the food (light) industry (NPP), as well as the industries of circulation, transport and communication (NPT):
Sk \u003d NPs + NPp + ChPt
The result of intersectoral integration in the agro-industrial complex is the formation of product sub-complexes. The set of product sub-complexes forms a vertical section of the organizational structure of the agro-industrial complex, in which its overall goal is differentiated by the main leading verticals. Isolation of product subcomplexes in the structure of the agroindustrial complex allows revealing imbalances, applying a program-targeted approach to investment policy and management, based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the final product of each subcomplex.
Any grocery subcomplex is a combination of enterprises and organizations both for the production of raw materials and the receipt of finished products, and for industries serving the subcomplex. That is, the grocery subcomplex includes industries for the production of relevant agricultural products (including breeding and seed production, breeding highly productive livestock, etc.), production of equipment and other means of production, technological development, research, procurement, storage, transportation, processing and sales of products of a particular industry.
In accordance with the product structure, the formation of food sub-complexes is carried out, the main of which are: grain, potato, fruit and vegetable, meat, dairy. Let's consider them in more detail.
Grain Product Subcomplex
In modern conditions, the Russian Federation is one of the largest grain producers, occupying the sixth place in terms of population, and the fourth place in the world in terms of grain production. The sown area under crops is more than 50% of all sown area.
Grain is a universal food raw material and a basic product of the agro-industrial complex. Increasing grain production is critical to the rise of all agricultural sectors. This is determined by the multilateral relations of the grain product subcomplex with the adjacent branches of agriculture and industry.
Potato-food subcomplex
Potatoes are a daily and affordable food product for the majority of the population, a source of relatively cheap carbohydrates in the diet, widespread animal feed, and indispensable raw materials for the food and processing industry. Potatoes are an important technical raw material for the production of starch and alcohol. Potato products are used in food, meat and dairy, pharmaceutical, textile, leather and other industries.
Potatoes are grown everywhere, mainly in the suburban areas, as it is a low-growing crop and requires well-equipped special storages. The largest areas for planting potatoes are concentrated in the Central, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, Ural economic regions. Potato deficiency is observed in the northern, eastern and southern regions of the country, which are regions with limited opportunities for the development of potato growing. Providing the population of these regions with potatoes requires additional material costs for the transportation, storage and procurement of these products.
The main directions of increasing the efficiency of potato production are the growth of tuber productivity, the introduction of high-yielding varieties, the use of integrated mechanization of cultivation and harvesting, improving the technology of storage and sale of products, the choice of ways and channels for selling products.
Vegetable preserving subcomplex
While products made from grains and potatoes are of vital energy importance for the nutrition of the population, vegetables and fruits are indispensable dietary products containing vitamins, useful minerals and easily digestible carbohydrates. An increase in the production of fruits and vegetables has been achieved at present due to personal subsidiary plots of the population, collective gardening and horticulture. In the future, it is planned to increase the production of fruits and vegetables on open and protected ground, mainly due to large specialized farms of various forms of ownership (following the example of the Moscow and Leningrad regions). It is advisable to import into Russia only those vegetables whose production in the country is impossible.
The development of the vegetable preservative subcomplex takes into account its organizational and production structure and technological ties. These relations are ensured by the contractual relations of enterprises and organizations that purchase products, form consignments and flows, and also ensure the promotion of products from producer to consumer. For year-round supply of fruits and vegetables to the population, a marketing infrastructure should be developed to ensure the effective promotion of goods from producer to consumer, and to create conditions for the integration of agriculture with industry and trade.
Fruits and vegetables are perishable and non-transportable, which is associated with the peculiarities of the biochemical structure of vegetable and fruit crops, the presence in their composition of a large amount of water. For this reason, the transportation of fresh produce over long distances is very difficult and the processing of vegetables should be developed in the places of their cultivation. The main vegetable crop is cabbage, and tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers are mainly consumed in canned form. The largest fruit and vegetable processing facilities are concentrated in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Volgograd Region. Almost all fruit and vegetable products are used for personal consumption in fresh form and only 7-8% goes for processing.
Dairy Subcomplex
The task of the subcomplex is to provide the population of the country with milk and products of its processing, without them it is impossible to provide a high level of nutrition. The dairy subcomplex includes: dairy cattle breeding, feed production, primary milk processing, milk processing under industrial conditions, transportation and sales of products.
In its structure, the dairy subcomplex consists of two main interconnected elements - livestock farms and processing enterprises, which are directly dependent on the country's food market (demand for dairy products and their supply).
Meat sub-complex
Meat is the main source of essential protein in the diet of the population. Livestock production provides valuable types of raw materials for industry, and the development of livestock industries allows productive use of labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year.
The modern production process of bringing meat and meat products to the final consumer is ensured by the interaction of several economically separate units - agriculture, procurement, storage and processing, wholesale and retail trade. The unity of these links and the integrity of the production process are realized through economic relations.
Introduction
1. Structure and purpose of functioning
agricultural sector of Russia
2. Placement of agricultural sectors
3. The main objectives of livestock
4. The main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
Conclusion
List of references
Introduction
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It gives a person vital products: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of gross social product and more than 15% of Russia's national income, and concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies its products to sixty industries.
The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes sectors that have close economic and industrial relations, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production.
1. Structure and purpose of functioning
agricultural sector of Russia
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including sectors for the production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing them to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and livestock), forestry and fisheries.
2. Branches processing agricultural raw materials (food industry, light industry sectors associated with the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Industries that produce capital goods for agriculture and agricultural processing industries (agricultural machinery, tractor manufacturing, mechanical engineering, manufacturing equipment for the food and light industry, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that ensure the procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex of Russia is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex’s output, has 68% of the production fixed assets of the complex, it employs almost 67% of those working in the agricultural production sectors. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sector of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing sectors account for 73% of agricultural production, and agriculture accounts for only 13%).
The urgent task of the modern development of the agro-industrial complex is the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
The acute development problem that arose in the context of economic reforms and the long crisis development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the capital goods market. This contributed to the progressive depreciation of equipment (in processing industries it reaches 75%), reduced use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land was reduced by more than 10 times), and the fleet of automobile, tractor and agricultural equipment was reduced (for the indicated period is almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, should be recognized as the most important element of the national economy, the main goals of which, in our opinion, will be:
Satisfying the needs of the population at the level of scientifically based standards in food products and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such quantities of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure food security of the country, i.e. independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agricultural system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agricultural sector. It provides more than half of all agricultural production, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of sectors - crop production (farming) and animal husbandry with such sub-sectors as grain farming, fodder production, industrial crop production, gardening, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, animal husbandry, pond fish farming and other
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products of the country, being the leading sector of agriculture, since the level of livestock production depends to a large extent on its development.
Grain crops occupy more than half of the sown area of \u200b\u200bthe country. During the years of the economic crisis, the area under crops under crops was reduced. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a reduction in the harvest of grain crops (in the late 1990s, the annual harvest was 60–70 million tons), and a decrease in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on heat and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in areas of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and soil-less crop, are located in the forest zone. The heat-loving crop of corn for grain is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga region (the so-called "corn belt").
Of the cereal crops in Russia, the main ones are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisturizing and does not tolerate high air temperatures, which is why it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, Volga - Akhtuba floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are flax flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is demanding on moisture and not demanding on soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beets mainly grow in the Central Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop, sunflower, is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth region, in the southern regions of the Urals and Western Siberia. Mostly in the same areas there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country, potatoes are cultivated. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, some other areas, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the livestock industries, cattle breeding is of prime importance. Dairy and dairy and beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in the suburban areas, gravitating to the consumer, and secondly, in areas of growing juicy green fodder, which contribute to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the mentioned cattle breeding specialization are the Non-Chernozem Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in the arid steppe and semi-desert regions - the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural, usually unsuitable for other types of livestock, pastures. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine-carved sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and north-west of the Non-Black Earth region.
Pig production, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive livestock industry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the areas of grain farming and potato growing (Northern Caucasus, Volga region, Central regions), and secondly, in suburban areas where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Almost everywhere poultry farming is located - one of the most precocious branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountain - steppe regions of Siberia. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and the south of Siberia (Altai, Sayan Mountains), deer breeding has developed, and in the zones of the tundra and northern taiga, the main livestock industry is reindeer husbandry.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and agribusiness in Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasus Economic Region, where the main marketable agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Volga economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The remaining economic areas are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Ural region takes out grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cage farming and reindeer herding; Central and Volga-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cage animal husbandry and antler reindeer husbandry; Far Eastern - soybeans, rice, products of cage farming, antler and reindeer herding.
The food industry - one of the constituent parts of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: the flavoring industry (flour and cereal, sugar, baking, oil and fat, confectionery, winemaking, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries that focus on sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, oil mill, canned milk, butter, canned fruits and vegetables, etc.
2. Branches, mainly gravitating to places of consumption of finished products - bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Branches simultaneously located in raw and consumer areas - meat, flour-grinding - groats, tobacco, etc.
2. Placement of agricultural sectors
The location and specialization of agricultural sectors are influenced by natural and socio-economic factors, with the first group of factors having a predominant influence. Crops need certain natural conditions for their cultivation. The duration of the growing season, the demands on heat, light and soil quality in crops are different, and therefore the boundaries of their distribution are not the same. The influence of natural factors manifests itself on the distribution of livestock industries through the feed base.
The main natural factors in the distribution of agricultural sectors are soil quality, duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply), total solar radiation (light supply), humidification conditions, rainfall, water resources, relief terrain conditions, etc.
Natural factors most affect the distribution of crop production.
Of the livestock industries, livestock breeding is most dependent on natural conditions (some areas of sheep and cattle breeding, as well as reindeer herding, horse breeding, etc.). The development of its industries depends on the availability of pastures, their size, composition of vegetation and the duration of their use.
An important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which leads to an uneven use of labor throughout the year, makes agriculture dependent on the natural conditions of production, and causes an uneven flow of products and cash income throughout the year. A feature of agriculture is that it is biological in nature, i.e. here, plants and animals act as means of production.
The most important natural factors in the distribution and specialization of agriculture are the following: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of the active temperatures (heat supply); total solar radiation (light supply); humidification conditions; rainfall; the probability of the recurrence of adverse weather conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion); water availability; topographic conditions of the area, etc. To a greater extent, natural factors affect the distribution of crop production sectors, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly heat-loving), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc .; for others it is much wider (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant effect on the placement of livestock, manifesting through the feed base. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is grazing (some areas of sheep and cattle breeding; reindeer herding, horse breeding, etc.). Here we can distinguish factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, composition of vegetation and the duration of their use.
Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for locating agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products, therefore, there are regional characteristics of the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is affected by the ratio between urban and rural population. In addition, the population provides reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), this or that agricultural production is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. The most labor-intensive industries are: vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, some livestock industries. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Increased population migration in a number of regions currently limits the production of labor-intensive types of products. An important factor in accommodation and specialization is also the interests of the local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account and which in some cases significantly limit the possibility of production for export of many types of products, previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.
The most significant economic factors in the allocation and specialization of agriculture include:
1. Location of households in relation to markets. The position of agricultural enterprises in relation to sales markets. The production of low-transportable agricultural products is concentrated near the mass consumer (areas of population concentration). Large cities, metropolitan areas and urban areas contribute to the development of a suburban area of \u200b\u200bagricultural specialization (production of perishable and bulk agricultural products).
2. The location of processing enterprises, which often determines the nature of specialization and the level of concentration of agricultural production. So, the canning industry enterprises concentrate near vegetable growing, fruit growing, cattle-breeding of the dairy or meat directions, and sugar factories - crops of sugar beets, etc.
3. The nature of the development of transport, primarily automobile, the provision of territory with paved roads.
The nature and condition of communication lines also have a direct impact. Production of products that are easy to transport can be concentrated in places where it is most efficient. The ability to transport products in large volumes also makes transportation cheaper.
4. The already created production potential of agriculture: the availability of reclaimed land, livestock of productive livestock, agricultural facilities, industrial buildings, etc.
5. The area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land, their structure: the size of arable land and farmland per capita.
6. Economic efficiency of agricultural production, determined by a system of indicators, the main of which are: the output of agricultural products and gross income per unit of land area and unit of material and labor costs, profitability of production. It should be noted that economic efficiency is influenced by the totality of all the factors considered for the allocation and specialization of agriculture.
7. Features and stability of interregional relations on agricultural products. The possibility of purchasing agricultural products, their guarantee creates the basis for the development in certain regions of only those sectors of agriculture for which there are the most favorable conditions. Of course, this takes into account the costs of purchasing the necessary agricultural products, their transportation in comparison with the costs of its production in this region.
8. Saturation of the territory with basic production assets consisting of technical (storage, agricultural equipment, etc.) and infrastructure (storage, industrial buildings, agricultural facilities, energy and water supply systems, etc.) elements.
7. The availability of labor. As you know, many sectors of agriculture are quite laborious, so the possibility of developing a number of sectors, primarily in crop production, depends on the availability of labor in the region.
3. The main objectives of livestock
The main objective in the livestock industry is to create conditions for the production of products in terms of volume and quality, corresponding to the country's population, food standards and prices that ensure both the profitability of its production and the commensurability with the size of the incomes of the majority of the population. Previously, the main task was to get as many products as possible, at almost any cost, but now the main criterion has become the competitiveness and break-even of the industry. To successfully complete this task, along with solving other problems, it is necessary to ensure a high level of herd reproduction.
The decrease in the number of cattle in recent years does not indicate a curtailment of the livestock industry. Culling of livestock, including cows, takes place in agricultural enterprises with low animal productivity and unprofitable production of livestock products. Therefore, special attention in animal husbandry is given to creating a highly productive dairy herd using decades of accumulated domestic and foreign breeding resources.
Of particular social importance for stabilizing the food market is poultry products.
In livestock breeding and in other agricultural enterprises, advanced domestic and foreign technologies, machines and equipment are introduced into production, which allow obtaining competitive, profitable products. In order to realize the genetic potential of animals and the efficient production of products, work is underway to strengthen the feed base, change the structure of feed and rational use. In livestock farming, long-term cultural pastures using portable electric hedges serve this purpose. They allow you to receive products with minimal cost.
4. The main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
There are two ways to increase agricultural production - extensive (that is, as a result of expansion of sown areas, increase in livestock, etc. without updating the material and technical basis) and intensive, providing for an increase in output per unit area as a result of more effective means of production, using the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
The opportunities for extensive development are almost exhausted, so intensification (i.e. increasing material and labor costs per unit of land in order to increase the output of agricultural products per hectare, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production) is the most effective and the only possible way to develop production.
The main areas of intensification are: comprehensive mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increasing the labor power ratio in agriculture, improving the production technologies used. The intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, the further development of agricultural integration.
Many agricultural enterprises do not have a real opportunity to cultivate the land assigned to them due to a lack of labor resources and material and technical equipment. On the other hand, there is not enough land to allocate to farmers and other newly created agricultural enterprises on the basis of new forms of management, plots for conducting personal subsidiary plots, where land can be used efficiently. The land reform is aimed at increasing the fertility of the land and maintaining the ecological balance in agriculture.
An economic mechanism is being created to regulate land relations and stimulate the rational use and protection of land. It is important to take into account the principle of socially fair redistribution of land and the creation of equal conditions for all forms of management. Land reform provides for the introduction of private ownership of land and the formation of the land market. When making the transition to private ownership of land, it is important that land does not become a means of profit, speculation, therefore, a mechanism has been developed for state regulation of this process. It includes strictly targeted use of land, restriction of their size, temporary restriction on their sale, etc. New land management schemes are developed on the basis of a balance of land availability and need for them, on the basis of an objective assessment of the condition, land distribution and land users' ability to cultivate them.
The economy of agricultural enterprises is adversely affected by the monopolism of the processing industry and the agricultural service sector, which is intensifying with the process of denationalization. As part of the ongoing agrarian reform in the fight against monopoly, it is proposed to carry out the corporatization of these enterprises with the transfer of a controlling stake to farmers. To this end, it is advisable on the part of the state through a system of tax incentives and soft loans to financially and organizationally assist agricultural enterprises in acquiring shares.
One of the most important reasons for the decline in agricultural production is the inequality of the exchange between agriculture and the sectors producing means of production for agriculture. Agrarian reform involves the implementation of measures that maintain the parity of prices for agricultural industrial products through indexation, direct compensation to enterprises for the costs associated with raising wholesale prices for material and technical resources, and the abolition of all types of taxes except land tax.
A market infrastructure is being created in the agricultural sector. Agricultural exchanges, banks, trading houses, tenders, etc. are being created and are functioning, effective marketing information systems for collecting, storing and processing information, and agricultural insurance systems are being developed.
In order to successfully carry out agrarian reform, it is first of all necessary to ensure social transformations in the village (housing, construction of cultural, healthcare, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications), that is, create conditions for resettlement of citizens in abandoned villages, sparsely populated regions.
Conclusion
Agriculture is a completely special sphere of production, the main feature of which is the availability of land as the main means of production. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, its size cannot be increased; when used correctly in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its qualities, but even improves them, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically, being replaced by others. Earth, being a means of production, acts both as a means of labor and as an object of labor.
Actively in the agricultural sector is the formation of new forms of management. Currently, they are represented by peasant farms, associations of peasant farms, agricultural cooperatives, agricultural combines, agricultural consortia, agricultural firms. The choice of one form or another depends on the specific conditions of the area, is carried out on a strictly voluntary basis, and only economic efficiency can be a criterion of advantage. In the coming years, 3/4 of agricultural products will be produced by large agricultural enterprises: associations of farms, joint-stock enterprises, agricultural cooperatives created on the basis of collective farms and state farms. Peasant farms will provide approximately 1% of total production, since even with serious state support (road construction, gasification, electricity supply, maintenance, product acceptance), they need long-term lending and at least 3-5 years to get on their feet .
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