Creation of small enterprises at universities. Who needs small innovative enterprises in universities
Alexander Sergeev, Head of the Department of Intellectual Property Commercialization and Technology Transfer at St. Petersburg State University, told how young researchers can start their own business and how the university can help in this.
What is a small innovative enterprise and what is it for?
A small innovative enterprise, or SIE, in which the University is a co-founder, is a business society created for the purpose of introducing the result of intellectual activity, the exclusive rights to which belong to the University. The creation of an MIP with the participation of the University is one of the mechanisms of technology transfer - the transfer of technology from one subject to another for the purpose of its implementation, as a rule, on a commercial basis.
Usually a MIP is a limited liability company or a joint stock company, where one of the co-founders is a university or a research institute, in a word, a center where an intellectual product is created.
Today universities are becoming an important part of the economic system and must show that their intellectual products can turn into real products.
For example, these are medicines for previously incurable diseases, new ways of safe waste processing, equipment and various devices with new characteristics, etc. MIPs are needed just in order to introduce into production this or that scientific development that will ultimately improve the quality of life people or the use of resources in society.
Are there many MIPs working at St. Petersburg State University today? Are there young scientists among their employees?
We have 12 such enterprises. One of the most successful examples is OOO Geological Center of St. Petersburg State University, established at the end of 2011. The center provides services in the field of geological exploration of subsoil in various fields. The company has many orders and a good turnover; it is widely known in Russia.
Another successful MIP is the Center for Information and Diagnostic Systems of St. Petersburg State University, which develops software for nuclear medicine. For example, special programs for tomographs and other devices that "shine through" the human body. The software has no analogues in the country, therefore it is popular with medical institutions, research institutes related to medicine, as well as manufacturers of radio electronics products. This is a prime example of import substitution. There are enterprises where young scientists also work: Nonlocal Plasma Technologies LLC, Laser Chemistry LLC and others.
How can SPbU help aspiring businessmen to create a MIP?
First of all, it should be noted that the very legal possibility of creating a MIP arises when the university is ready to grant the right to use intellectual property, the copyright holder of which it is.
Help is always providing some kind of resources.
One of the significant intangible advantages is the brand, image and reputation of St. Petersburg State University, because a small business was created with the participation of St. Petersburg State University and, of course, is associated with the University. This is noted by all directors of MIPs. The university fully undertakes the registration of the enterprise so that the initiators of the MIP do not understand how to fill out the registration form, what documents are needed, how to write the charter, when to go to the tax office, and so on.
MIPs have access to the equipment of the Science Park, and since these are our enterprises, certain preferential conditions are possible here, which may be spelled out in the contract. Thanks to the creation of MIPs, the staff and students of the University have additional sources of income. For students, a small innovative enterprise is an opportunity, without leaving the desk, to begin to apply the knowledge that they are given in lectures. For researchers involved in applied research, this is an opportunity to test their developments, to find out how effectively their developments solve practical problems.
I would also like to note that there are benefits provided by the state for MIPs. One of the most significant is the reduced amount of insurance premium payments. For ordinary enterprises, in general, it is about 30%, but for SIPs created at universities, at the moment it is 14%. There are also benefits for renting premises in a state educational institution: in the first year, a SIE can pay 40% of the rent, in the second - 60%, in the third - 80%. In a word, the status of a MIP gives certain preferences.
Is it possible to combine work at a small enterprise and study at St. Petersburg State University?
The candidacies of general directors are discussed at the commission for the creation of MIPs and agreed with the leadership of the University. For the rest of the positions, in general, it is allowed for students, graduate students and young scientists to be employees of small innovative enterprises.
Where can a small innovative enterprise find funds to implement its project?
Today the state offers a lot of ways to attract financing for companies that are at the initial stage of development. For example, the Fund for the Promotion of Innovations implements a number of such programs, the most popular of which is “Start”. Small businesses apply for this program to raise funds and master the production and sale of products based on their development. Enterprises at St. Petersburg State University often work immediately with industrial customers. But there are also precedents for receiving grants: we have two MIPs that are recipients of grants in the same Fund for the Promotion of Innovations - LLC Geological Center of St. Petersburg State University and LLC Scientific Research Center of Information Technologies of St. Petersburg State University.
How many startups are becoming successful businesses? And how can you help young entrepreneurs who want to develop knowledge-intensive technologies?
It is believed that the standard percentage of "survival" of startups not only in high-tech business, but in general among innovative enterprises does not exceed 10%.
There is always a chance to "shoot", but this work requires a lot of enthusiasm and knowledge, and in order for aspiring entrepreneurs to get it, they need an innovative infrastructure.
At St. Petersburg State University, we are currently working on the development of a business incubator - a structure that will help a young enterprise get on its feet faster with the help of three basic things: teaching the basics of enterprise economics and innovation management, consulting on applied business issues, including mentoring from business experts. environment, and networking.
At the first stage, we plan to discuss the most basic issues and provide guidance to those who are just starting to take an interest in entrepreneurship. For example, how to segment the market? How to build a pricing policy? How do you link pricing and sales? How to write a business plan and why? Where to attract financial resources and how to do it? For such questions. It is important to learn not only from theorists, but also from entrepreneurs who have achieved success and can advise, including on an individual basis, how not to get big. In addition, business contacts are established in the business incubator, which help to attract finance and customers.
I think that for the guys participating in the Start-up SPbU competition, the incubator will become the main resource that will help them transform from a startup into a rapidly growing business.
ITMO University and Accelerator NeuroNet held an open seminar on the topic “University MIPs. Barriers of the existing legislation on the way of technology transfer and recommendations for their elimination. " Lawyers and representatives of technology parks, business incubators and acceleration programs of St. Petersburg State University, Moscow State University, Polytechnic named after Peter the Great, Ingria Technopark and ITMO University met to discuss the problems and prospects of small innovative enterprises, created on the basis of higher education.
Source: depositpotos.com
Why did you come up with MIPs?
Small innovative enterprises are one of the ways to commercialize the developments of the university, which provide additional jobs for teachers, students and graduate students of the university. MIP employees apply the knowledge gained at the university in practice, learn to communicate with business not as representatives of a government institution, but as entrepreneurs.
"MIPs contribute to the increase of competitiveness and the development of the innovative infrastructure of the university, since university employees, in addition to research competencies, develop entrepreneurial skills", - says the head of the department for work with MIPs at ITMO University Alexander Ostroukhov.
Foreign universities have formed a system of MIPs in order to motivate their employees to earn additional money within the institution, doing business, and the universities themselves thus form new sources of funding. In addition, an atmosphere of innovation is formed at the university, in which new technologies are developed and new personnel “grow” - students can get a job in one of the SIPs.
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Founder of MIPs in Russia, Director of the Analytical Consulting Center of the Department of Economics of Innovation, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Andrey Kolesnikov, has been promoting the concept of innovative entrepreneurship for many years. He believes that development is impossible without practical application of research results. In his opinion, education cannot be completed if it does not have a module dealing with innovation.
Innovative business at ITMO University
Currently, ITMO University encourages MIP directors and provides support to companies. The Department of Project and Innovation Activities of the university provides free consulting assistance of lawyers, marketing specialists and fundraising specialists. MIPs can use the umbrella brand of the university, positioning themselves as a company with good work experience. The employees of such an enterprise have access to experts and high-tech equipment. In addition, such an innovative business receives exemptions on insurance premiums (14% instead of 30% as in ordinary companies) and is exempt from value added tax (VAT) on the final product, which can range from 9% to 18%.
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The last most successful small innovative projects of ITMO University were "", "Food technologies and equipment", and. Over the past year, they have reached self-sufficiency and no longer need support, while remaining university SIPs.
Barriers at MIPs
The experts named the number of documents, mistrust between the administration of universities and teachers, determination of the university's share in the company, difficulties in providing premises for work on projects and the difficulty of closing non-working SIEs as the main obstacles in the creation of SIPs.
To solve these problems, the participants in the meeting proposed to use regulations in the university to resolve conflicts, to simplify the lease and access to business incubators, as well as to pay bonuses for the creation and successful maintenance of a MIP on the basis of the university.
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“What needs to be done to motivate a professor to do business? It is necessary to provide him with access to the necessary infrastructure, - says the director of the Technopark "Polytechnic" Mikhail Rayak. — But, unfortunately, now SIPs appear mostly by chance, and reporting previously followed the principle “the more SIPs, the better”. Now, on the contrary, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the number of small innovative enterprises and an increase in the quality of working SIPs ”.
As a result of the meeting, the experts formulated a package of proposals and amendments to the current legislation. The participants plan to promote it with the support of ASI.
Arseny Tretyakov,
Department of Design and Innovation Activities
A small innovative enterprise or company is usually called a science-intensive enterprise, the profile of which belongs to the so-called high-tech, high technologies, and which produces goods or services that are competitive in the market of technical innovations.The creation of an IIP is provided Federal Law No. 217 FZ.
Scientific institutions and universities can create small enterprises for the commercialization of their developments and contribute the results of intellectual property to the authorized capital of this enterprise.If in the course of your work or study you have invented something useful and new in the field of technology, whether it be computer programs, databases, breeding achievements, and so on, you can patent it.
Since you are using the scientific and experimental base of a university or research enterprise, the intellectual property rights will belong to the university or research enterprise.
To commercialize your developments, you need to create a small business that will own intellectual property.
8 steps to create an IIP:
- STEP 1. Visit the rector or head of a scientific enterprise. Tell about a development that can be sold as a product or service. On this basis, create a SIP.
- STEP 2. Patent or register your intellectual property. The university should help with this.
- STEP 3.Conduct an intellectual property valuation. According to the law, the assessment is approved by the decision of the general meeting of the founders (if its value is up to 500 thousand rubles). If the cost is higher- an independent appraiser is needed.
- STEP 4.Prepare documents for registration of a MIP:
- Charter. Examples of IIP Chartersis publicly available on the Internet . Go through a few of them and make your own by example. The share of the university or scientific institution in the authorized capitallimited liability companies should be more than one third, and the rest of the participants pay the remaining share in money.
- Memorandum of association. A document that defines the procedure for joint activities to create an LLC. The conditions for the transfer of their property and participation in the activities of the LLC are also indicated. In particular, the agreement determines the conditions and procedure for the distribution of profits and losses between the participants, management of the activities of a legal entity, withdrawal of the founders (participants) from its composition.
- License agreement. A document in which one party grants or undertakes to grant the other party the right to use the result of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity.
- General meeting minutes. For this, a general meeting of founders of LLC Small Innovative Enterprise is convened"Your name"... There can be only two founders: you and the head of an organization or university.
- STEP 5. This is followed by the standard registration of the LLC. You can contact a notary or arrange everything yourself by submitting the above documents to the tax office and paying a state fee of 4000 rubles:
STEP 6.Attention! Even before visiting the tax office, you need to open a savings account in a bank to deposit the authorized capital on it. Therefore, the following documents were also added to the tax office: - Notification letter from the bank about opening a savings account of a small innovative enterprise.
- Certificates confirming the deposit of the required amounts of the authorized capital to the company's accumulation account.
- STEP 7. Go to the statistics department, where you will be givenOKVED , type of activity of the organization. For example 73.10 is research and development) there can be several codes.
- STEP 8.Now it is necessary throughspecialized site notify the Ministry of Education and Science of the establishment of the IIP.
Why not just open an LLC?Because you continue to use the property of the university or scientific institution, of course, if it is provided for in the contract. Also a plus are tax incentives for small innovative enterprises in terms of payroll taxes.
The creation of a small innovative enterprise ends with its state registration. After-
the enterprise receives the status of a legal entity, is included in the register and is registered with the tax authorities, the local branch of the Federal State Statistics Service, and the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.
Do you still have questions about creating an MIP? Please contact our specialists to get advice on your specific case.
You can sign up:
- by calling the toll-free hotline 8 800 500 38 59
- personal account on the website of the Crimean Entrepreneurship Support Fund
associates initially with one specific innovative idea or product. The spatial organization of the SIP is determined by the nature of the processes being carried out, the composition of contractors, cooperation, the division of labor processes, and the structure of suppliers. The location of the IIP and its structural links affects the construction of communication systems and the management structure of the IIP.
5.2. General procedure for creating a new IIP
The creation of a new IIP is the content of the first phase of its life cycle. Its success depends on the quality and depth of elaboration of decisions made at this stage. It is known from international practice that half of the created SIE ceases to operate in the first four years due to incorrect decisions made during its creation. The most common reasons for the closure of young SIE are the following: lack of entrepreneurial experience and economic knowledge of the innovator; incorrect commercial assessment of the innovation goal; errors in market assessment or behavior on it; incorrect assessment of the competitiveness of an idea, scientific and technical level of an innovative product; mistakes in planning required investments, in financial accounting; revaluation of their own capabilities; mistakes in personnel selection; lack of own funds, inability to obtain (repay) a loan; high management and staff costs; wrong organization, outdated equipment.
Depending on the nature of the emergence and the level of development of an innovative idea in international practice, there are three types of SIP creation: systemic, interactive, and spontaneous.
The most promising and competitive of them is the system type, which is distinguished by the ideal elaboration of the project, an objective assessment of risks and chances, detailed design study of the organization of activities, financial sources and funds. This type is based on technical or manufacturing know-how, patent or acquired license and is characterized by high professionalism. It is focused on long-term goals.
Interactive typethe emergence of SIE is characterized by the progressive development of the entrepreneurial concept. It is usually associated with an insufficiently defined innovative idea that has various aspects of commercial use. The entrepreneurial concept is constantly being refined, changing as new conditions arise, the market situation becomes clear and the entrepreneur gains business experience. This type is associated with higher costs and more risky decisions.
The most dangerous, risky and expensive is the spontaneous type of SIE, created according to the principle “the main thing is to start, and success will come with experience”. The increased costs in this case are associated not only with erroneous decisions, but also with the need to correct their consequences. For a successful function
the implementation of the IIP requires a systematic study of many interrelated issues.
The general procedure for creating a new SIE usually includes three main stages: preparatory, constituent and organizational (Figure 2.3.3).
Marketing research at the stage of creating a new IIP is always limited due to the lack of the necessary experience, skills and information, and the lack of funds.
1. Preparatory stage
2. Founding stage
3. Organizational | |||
1.1. Definition of the subject | 2.1. Preparation of the | 3.1. Network formation |
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and scope | tel documents | implementation of innovative |
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1.2. Organizational choice | 2.2. Coordination of documents | th product |
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legal form | tov and state re- | 3.2. Network formation for |
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1.3. Location | registration | suppliers of raw materials, materials |
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location of the enterprise | 2.3. Obligation clearance | fishing, semi-finished products |
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1.4. Development of an enterprise | tel attributes of pre- | 3.3. Staff recruitment |
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matel concept | acceptance (stamps, invoices, | 3.4. Organization of scientific |
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rank, forms, etc.) | production process |
||
3.5. Management organization |
Fig. 2.3.3. Stages of MIP creation
The initial marketing research of an innovative idea should provide answers to five sets of questions:
9 Who can be a consumer of a new product? What are their needs and what motives do they have for purchasing a new product?
9 Which competitors are already operating in established markets and what are their opportunities?
9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed new product?
9 What value can the markets have on their own efforts aimed at increasing the competitiveness of a product, shortening its delivery time, reducing costs, etc.?
9 How much sales and business scale will ensure commercial success?
Assessment of the market situation is the main factor determining the volume and structure of the IIP production program, as well as the scale of its activities.
The choice of the organizational and legal form of SIE is important for building a management system, the procedure for making strategic decisions, determining the method of distributing profits, the nature of the financial responsibility of the founders, motivational levers and many other factors of the enterprise's activity. The composition of the organizational and legal forms of SIE as a variety of innovative organizations is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. When comparing and choosing them, the following criteria should be borne in mind:
limitations in management (the decision-making process should be clear and fast, control - based on the final results);
distribution of profits (if possible under the innovator's own responsibility) in accordance with the objectives of the IIP;
tax pressure (as simple and business-friendly as possible);
material liability (if possible - only property
investment opportunities (as broad as possible).
The founder-innovator makes an assessment of each of the listed criteria when choosing the organizational and legal form of a SIE on the basis of the planned scale of activities, investment needs and the complexity of the ongoing production processes.
The location of the IIP should not be associated only with the place of residence of the entrepreneur-innovator. It is determined by two groups of factors: determining the choice of the legal address of the SIE and determining the geographic location of the SIE and its structural units.
The first group of factors, which determines the place of state registration of an enterprise, focuses on the search for regions with the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity (the level of taxes, the availability of state or regional support, customs and other benefits, etc.).
When determining the geographic location of the IIP, the following characteristics should be taken into account:
the nature of the innovative product, the conditions for its transportation;
the nature of the technological process and its spatial conditions;
the composition of markets for the sale of products and their geographic location;
the composition of suppliers of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components and their geographical location;
logistic characteristics of MIP (external material flows, their intensity, rhythm, seasonality);
comparative assessments of energy, economic, demographic, social, climatic and other conditions at possible MIP locations.
The selection of the most favorable MIP location, taking into account the above factors, is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of the criterion of minimizing costs and terms of customer satisfaction.
The preparatory stage for the creation of the IIP should end with the development of the entrepreneurial concept of the new IIP. The entrepreneurial concept is an absolutely necessary element of the process of creating the IIP, necessary for both internal and external purposes. As an internal document, it is used in the form of a consolidated justification of an innovative project at the stage of creation of the IIP and as a control tool in assessing the development of an enterprise. As an external document, the entrepreneurial concept is used for the purpose of obtaining external credit and investment, creating various business associations and unions, and obtaining a state or regional order or an international contract. The most common and internationally accepted form of preparing the entrepreneurial concept of MIP is the preparation of business plans. In fig. 2.3.4 presents the organizational and legal forms of M&E.
INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONS
commercial | nonprofit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consumer | Public | Associations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cooperative union (union, | the organization | legal entities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(associations) | (associations and unions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Household | Industrial | State | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
partnerships | cooperative (artel) | and municipal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and society | enterprises | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Household | Household | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
comrade Property (HT) | communities (XO) | economic | operational | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
management | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Full HT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(federal treasury | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
new enterprise) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HT on faith | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(limited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock | Society with | Society with additional |
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community (JSC) | no liability | thread responsible |
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Open JSC | Closed JSC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fig. 2.3.4. Form of incorporation
small innovation organizations
5.3. The constituent stage of the creation of the IIP
The constituent stage of the creation of the IIP is regulated as a whole by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and is specified by regional norms of state registration of entrepreneurial activity. It is after the state
registration, the new organizational structure becomes the primary business link and acquires the status of a legal entity. In the process of establishing the IIP, there is a need for a number of important managerial decisions. We list the composition of the decisions of the constituent stage:
1. Determining the composition of the founders of the IIP.
2. Establishment of the size of the authorized capital.
3. Determining the nature of the founders' participation and the size of the equity contribution to the authorized capital.
4. Drawing up a memorandum of association.
5. Definition of the company name.
6. Preparation of the IIP charter.
7. Determination of the legal address.
8. Selection and appointment of senior management (director, deputy director and chief accountant).
9. Preparation of agreed and permissive documents.
10. Payment of state duty and other fees.
11. Choosing a bank and opening a current account.
12. Preparation of letterheads, production and registration of printing
The most responsible decision of the constituent stage of the creation of the IIP is to determine the composition of the founders. The founders may be individual individuals, groups of individuals or legal entities. Collective foundation - compared with individual - has several advantages. The main ones are:
expansion of know-how through the exchange of experience and the rights of founders;
joint decision making and risk reduction in this regard;
the possibility of division of labor and increase due to this productive
increase in joint seed capital;
sharing financial risk and reducing personal liability.
The main advantage of an individual foundation is the complete freedom of making all decisions, the absence of the need for coordination. This form is preferable for innovative projects with a small share of risk, relatively simple processes and low initial costs.
test questions
1. Organizational forms of innovative entrepreneurship.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of IDP and MIP.
3. Terms of registration of IDPs.
4. MIP registration conditions.
5. Classification of MIP species.
6. The composition of the stages of the creation of MIP.
7. Legal Forms innovative organizations.