Coursework: Problems of Russia's economic security. Actual problems of the country's economic security
General Director of Winteri LLC
Annotation:
In the modern world, economic security occupies a special place in determining the national security of any state. Tax evasion can directly affect economic and national security. To improve modern Russian tax legislation, the tax is considered as a legal category, the legal signs of the tax are indicated. In modern science, three main concepts have been formulated: the concept of tax as a procedure, the concept of tax as a material object, the concept of tax as a legal form of imposing a duty. The concepts for defining tax as a legal form are analyzed. The most relevant and significant is the concept of tax as a material object.. The position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is also close to this concept. In this article, the author critically examines various aspects of this issue.
Keywords:
economic activity, economic security, national security, shadow financial system, tax as a legal category, legal signs of tax, the concept of tax as a procedure, the concept of tax as a material object, the concept of tax as a legal form of imposing a duty.
For the stable development of any state in the world space, an important factor is national security in accordance with the socio-economic policy of a particular country. An important component in the 21st century is the finances of the state, as a subject of legal regulation. A special place in the structure of national security is occupied by economic security due to the fact that all existing types of security cannot be sufficiently implemented without the economic support of the state.
Experts from well-known international organizations declare the "prosperity" of crime in the financial and economic spheres, which have reached the international level and pose a real threat already on a global scale. In modern Europe, to combat money laundering and improve taxation, the European Parliament adopted an interim draft of the Special Commission on Organized Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering, which makes it possible to formulate new legal norms and develop mechanisms in this area at the international level. It is proposed, for example, to abolish banking secrecy, since The "non-transparency" of deposits gives a reason to hide the proceeds of crime.
According to research by Global Financial Integrity, 859 billion dollars of illegal financial flows leave developing countries every year, and 25-30% of all financial flows in the world are organized crime proceeds. The main intermediary is the shadow financial system on a global scale. This financial system consists of secret jurisdictions and "tax havens" in offshore zones, fictitious companies, banks, funds over which control mechanisms are not established. The urgency of the problem lies in the need to resolve issues of the exchange of information in the tax sphere between states, to develop international standards to combat these problems and transnational organized crime, which receives hundreds of billions of dollars in income every year.
As for modern Russia, the development of the "Legal concept of economic security in the Russian Federation" solves the problems of overcoming the self-destruction of the state and confronting it with economic crises that regularly manifest themselves in market relations. It should be noted that the crisis of 1998 and 2008 showed the need and relevance of research to improve legislation in order to overcome the existing contradictions in modern Russia.
Many Russian researchers note that in the Russian Federation there is a serious problem of mass tax evasion by enterprises, accompanied by the export of capital, which arose in the early 1990s. of the twentieth century as a result of reforms that took place with weak state power and political instability in Russia. The existing weak legal framework made it possible, without any consequences, to withdraw significant financial resources to offshore zones that provide a high level of confidentiality and low tax rates, as well as the freedom to invest capital in any state of the world community.
There is a need to seriously consider these issues and develop effective control measures at the state level, including at the legislative level. The relevance of these issues is confirmed, for example, by the research and human rights organization Global Financial Integrity, which indicates that the size of the shadow economy in Russia averages 46% of GDP. Another example, according to the data presented by the World Bank for 1999-2007, Russia is significantly ahead of other states in terms of the volume of the shadow economy. Thus, in 2011 in the Russian Federation the volume of the shadow economy amounted to 19 trillion. rubles. The growth of the shadow economy by only 1% increases the size of illegal financial flows by 7% from the country. We have to talk about the reduction of the tax base, and the weakness of the legislation greatly facilitates the activities of criminal structures and stimulates their significant financial flows outside the country.
The development of any state is closely connected with its economic basis and the sphere of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes ensuring national security aimed at protecting national interests and national values. Ensuring national security, including economic security, should be aimed at the implementation of a set of measures, as well as the development of modern methods of control and counteraction to the practice of tax evasion and the export of capital from Russia using the legal framework.
The study of economic security issues in the Russian Federation in the field of law is due to a change in the nature of the legal impact on economic relations in society, where an important role in modern Russia is occupied by issues of tax and legal regulation, which can effectively resolve the most complex law enforcement problems. The problems of taxation, tax enforcement and tax liability in the Russian Federation need to be improved. There is a need to consider this problem primarily through the prism of protecting the vital interests of the individual, society and the state. The paper attempts to change the traditional approach to economic security as an economic category and consider economic security as a legal category. The existing state-legal system for ensuring economic security needs to be improved. Of particular relevance is the study of tax legislation, which has gaps and allows you to "legally" export funds to offshore jurisdictions and save on paying Russian taxes. The absence of anti-offshore legislation in the Russian Federation leads to the fact that foreign incomes of residents are not taxed and are not regulated, incl. and offshore companies.
In market conditions, economic security as a legal category has its own subject and specific research methods.
The legal principles of economic activity in Russia are contained in four most important constitutional norms:
- freedom of economic activity;
- unity of the economic space;
- diversity and equality of different forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship based on them;
- protection of competition.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the foundations for the development of a social market economy, securing the fundamental rights and freedoms of a citizen, such as the right to freely use one's abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other activities not prohibited by law (Article 34); private property (Art. 35.36); freely dispose of their abilities for work (Article 37); to free movement and choice of place of residence (art. 27); to the free movement of goods, services and financial resources (art. 8); on intellectual property (Article 44); to freedom of contract (the right to conclude civil law transactions (part 2 of article 35), to protection against unfair competition (part 2 of article 34); to compensation by the state for damages (art. 53). It should be noted that many constitutional norms , are specified by a large number of legislative acts and are especially detailed in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Legal principles are the basic principles of legal regulation of state regulation of activities to ensure the economic security of the country. They should be distributed and taken into account in all the legislation of the country in order to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, increase the efficiency of legal activities to ensure the security of economic relations in the Russian Federation on tax regulation.
Tax plays a fundamental role in any state. Consider tax as a legal category and its legal features.
When considering tax as a legal category, through which the circle of taxable persons is determined, their respective obligations are established. Understanding the tax as a legal category, imposing an obligation on the participation of individuals and organizations in the formation of the budget, according to I.I. Kucherov, reflects its essence to the best extent. He defined tax as a legal form imposed on individuals and organizations, based on the law and secured by the power of state coercion, the obligation to participate in the formation of a public fund of funds (budget) to cover socially significant expenses on the terms of individual gratuitousness and irrevocable.
The concept of tax in modern science is significant. D.V. Vinnitsky believes that tax can be understood as a set of norms, a legal institution, or as a tax liability relationship.
Three concepts are known and widespread:
- the concept of tax as a procedure,
- the concept of tax as a material object,
- the concept of tax as a legal form of imposition of duty.
The concept of tax as a procedure defines this concept through the order of actions, including specific actions, such as collecting or paying a tax. I.I. Kucherov defines tax as a certain action that is performed in connection with the fulfillment of a tax obligation. At the same time, in the definition of tax there is an indication of both the action of the state that collects it, and the actions of the taxpayer himself who pays it. This implies the transfer or withdrawal of funds, resulting in the transfer of ownership of them from the taxpayer to the state or municipality. S.G. Pepelyaev defined tax as a statutory form of alienation of property of individuals and legal entities on the basis of obligation, individual gratuitousness, irrevocable, secured by state coercion, not bearing the nature of punishment or indemnity, in order to ensure the solvency of public authorities.
In the Tax Code (Article 8, Clause 1.), a tax is understood as a mandatory, individually gratuitous payment levied from organizations and individuals in the form of alienation of funds belonging to them on the basis of ownership, economic management or operational management of funds, in order to financially support the activities of the state or municipalities.
The concept of tax as a material object considers the tax as part of the property of the taxpayer, a certain amount of money, which is transferred to the last subjects of public authority as part of the fulfillment of the tax obligation. The representative of this concept is M.V. Karasev, which proceeds from the fact that tax is an object of financial legal relations. It is impossible to consider the tax as a result of actions, which manifests itself in the process of their commission, because. these actions do not exist. One of the main features of the tax is that it is a part of the property of the taxpayer, which must be transferred on the basis of laws to subjects of public authority (budget or state off-budget fund) upon the occurrence of certain deadlines. Tax as a payment is considered by V.A. Solovyov, associated with the transfer of ownership from a private entity to public law, while the taxpayer parted with his property and loses ownership of it.
Equally important is the concept of tax as a legal form of imposition of duty. provides for the tax as a legal structure, made up of a number of elements, in accordance with which certain persons are obliged to participate with their property in the financing of public authorities, through the establishment of a tax, such obligations are formalized. This approach in determining the tax is due to the views of a number of jurists, for example, N.I. Khimicheva, which considers the tax as an obligatory individually gratuitous payment of individuals and legal entities, established by the legislative body of state power or local self-government for crediting to the state or local treasury with the determination of the amount and term of payment. In financial law, the definition of tax is interpreted as a mandatory individual non-reimbursable cash payment to the budget and state extra-budgetary funds levied from the payer in the legally established manner and amount. In this statement, the elements of taxation (the term, amount and rate of taxes) are presented as elements of the legal structure of the tax.
The definition of tax from the standpoint of law involves the allocation of its important legal principles. In modern scientific legal literature, there are different points of view on determining the legal features of a tax.
D.V. Vinnitsa refers to the inalienable legal features such as:
- the establishment of a tax by a representative body of power;
- restriction of the right of ownership or other legal possession by alienating a part of material goods in favor of the fiscal;
- social conditioning;
- irrevocable and gratuitousness;
- value character (monetary);
- compliance with the principles of universality, equality, proportionality.
There are different opinions regarding the sign of social conditioning as a legal one. In favor of this legal principle can be attributed to the provision of Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and indicates that the Russian Federation is a welfare state.
Yu.A. Krokhin proposes to consider mandatory, irrevocable and individual gratuitousness, monetary nature and public purpose as legal signs of tax.
N.P. Kucheryavenko identifies the following legal features:
- fixed by an act of the competent authority;
- individual security;
- unconditional character, non-target character;
- income to the budget of the corresponding level;
- binding and irrevocable;
- monetary form of payment.
The most detailed legal features of the tax are set forth and described by I.I. Kucherov, who highlighted the following:
- publicity;
- legitimacy of the establishment;
- obligation;
- compulsion to collect
- procedural order of payment;
- property character;
- abstractness (non-target character);
- individual gratuitousness (non-equivalence);
- irrevocable.
Thus, various concepts for defining tax as a legal form are analyzed. The concept of tax as a material object can be considered the most relevant and significant. Close position to this concept and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to this scientific concept. The Decree of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1996 No. 20-P “On the case of checking the constitutionality of paragraphs 2 and 3 of part one of Article 11 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of June 24, 1993 “On federal tax police bodies” states that “a taxpayer does not have the right to dispose at his own discretion of that part of his property, which in the form of a certain amount of money is subject to contribution to the treasury, and is obliged to regularly transfer this amount to the state.
LITERATURE:
AJ Fagan. Examination / Spark No. 29. 2013.
Constitutional Law of Russia / Ed. Yu.A. Tikhomirov. M., 2005. S. 338; The constitutional law of Russia. / Ed. A.E. Postnikov. – M.: Prospekt, 2009.
Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 2013.
Kucherov I.I. Theory of taxes and fees (legal aspects): Monograph. - M .: CJSC "YurInfoR" 2009.
Kucherov I.I. A new conceptual approach to the definition of tax. // Financial Law, 2008. No. 1.
Vinnitsky D.V. Taxes and fees: Concept. legal signs. Genesis. M., 2002.
Vinnitsky D.V. Russian tax law: problems of theory and practice. St. Petersburg, 2003.
Tax Law: Textbook. Ed. S.G. Pepelyaev. M, 2000.
Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part 1) dated 31.07. 1998. No. 146-FZ // SPS "Consultant Plus" ..
Karaseva M.V. Financial relationship. Voronezh, 1997.
Solovyov V.A. On the legal nature of the tax // Journal of Russian law. 2002. No. 3.
COURSE WORK
on the course "Economics"
on the topic: "Economic security of the Russian Federation"
- Introduction
- 1. Economic security as a type of state security
- 2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
- 2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy
- 2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security
- 3. Ways to improve the economic security of the Russian Federation
- Conclusion
- Literature
- Introduction
- Second half of the 1990s marked by the revival of the attention of state structures and the public to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a socially oriented market economy necessitated the development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.
- The modern reform of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state cannot but take into account the interests of national security. This problem becomes especially acute in the context of increasing globalization and in connection with Russia's active involvement in international political and economic processes. Foreign economic aspects of the national security of the country are the most important component of the system of economic security of the state. The more economically developed the country, the more economic resources it has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection from possible threats.
- At the present stage, economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, determines the possibility of pursuing an independent economic policy and creates a condition for stability and success in the context of the globalization of the world economy.
- In the period from 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific papers, collective monographs on this issue Senchagova V.K., Oleinikova E.A., Grunina O., Guseva G. and others were published. educational process and special courses are taught on national security and its various aspects. The urgency of the problems of economic security is reflected in the work of all-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.
- The paper considers the general problems of Russia's economic security associated with its activities in the system of international economic relations.
- 1. Economic security as a typestate security
Signs of the state are Ilyin M. S., Tikhonov A. G. Financial and industrial integration and corporate structures: world experience and realities of Russia. M., 2002. C. 2.:
the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions exercising the functions of state power;
· the law fixing a certain system of norms sanctioned by the state;
a certain territory to which the jurisdiction of the state extends and in which its population lives.
The life and activities of the people, the state are deployed in various spheres, and in each of them the action of adverse factors, dangers and threats that disrupt the normal life of a person, society and the state is possible. In terms of content, the following types (spheres) of its activity are distinguished: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, informational, demographic, psychological, and many others.
The state protects its interests, its territory, its population from external and internal threats.
A threat to the security of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence Yarochkin V.I. Securitology - The science of life safety. M.: 1999. S. 9 ..
There are the following types of state security Ismailov R. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. St. Petersburg, 1999. S. 103.:
geopolitical security;
Geopolitical security is the protection and security of state interests guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and practical measures.
political security;
Each state is interested in having a stable internal political situation, in creating an internal state climate conducive to the normal development of all spheres of society and the individual. Political security is the state of security of the country's geopolitical life. The goal of political security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the ability to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy and to resolve issues of state structure.
· military security;
Military security is the ability to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and population of a country from internal and external threats. Military security includes the following areas: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.
economic security.
The problems of national economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of study by representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, define the essential features of this complex social phenomenon, reveal emerging social connections between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many “dark spots” in this area. Until now, there is no unanimity of opinion among the researchers of this problem on the definition of basic concepts, which in practice gives rise to significant difficulties in applying the legislation on economic security. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the development of a conceptual apparatus.
The legal definition of the concept of "economic security" can be found in the Federal Law of October 13, 1995 No. No. 157-FZ "On state regulation of foreign trade activities". In accordance with Article 2 of the said Law, economic security is a state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, the invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. Therefore, the state of the economy is the main sign of economic security.
Therefore, in a compressed (concentrated) form, we can say that national economic security is a state of protection of the main national economic interests from internal and external threats. Tsyganov S. I., Manina A. Ya. Foreign investment in Russia: problems of national economic security: Monograph. Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of UrGUA, 2000. P.16..
It is important to emphasize that such concepts as "conditions", "factors", "correlation" characterize economic security from different points of view. Thus, a condition is an environment (environment) in which economic security proceeds (realizes). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal and other conditions. The factor is the reason, the driving force of economic security. The ratio of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, location relative to each other.
Economic security is characterized by the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual, society, state, the presence of minerals, developed infrastructure, skilled labor and its training system, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.
The objects of economic security are:
· economic system of the country: producers and sellers of products, works and services;
· natural wealth of the country - agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelf, minerals.
The subjects of economic security are:
functional and sectoral ministries and departments;
tax and customs services;
Banks, stock exchanges, funds and insurance companies;
Manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;
Society for the protection of consumer rights.
In Russia, the doctrine of economic security was approved and introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996. No. 608 "The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)". In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree on December 27, 1996. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1569 “On priority measures for the implementation of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)” was adopted. These documents define the purpose and objects of the state strategy of economic security, characterize the threats to the economic security of Russia, formulate the criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security, describe the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, “in international relations, Russia is faced with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in their economic and political interests ... Without ensuring economic security it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.” By the above Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a number of federal executive bodies (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc.) are responsible for developing quantitative and qualitative parameters of economic security criteria, monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine the occurrence of threats to economic security, for conducting research to identify trends and opportunities for the development of threats and the search for optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic security system should identify situations in which the actual or projected parameters of economic development go beyond the threshold values, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to exit the country from the danger zone), conduct an examination of the adopted regulatory legal acts, state decisions on financial and economic issues from the standpoint of Russia's economic security.
To understand the essence of threats to Russia's economic security, let's consider the structure of the modern world community.
Some scientists divide the world community into two parts Kolosov A.V. Economic security. - M.: CJSC Finstatinform, 1999. S. 24.: privileged and adjoining wealthy developed states (Kuwait, Arab Emirates, Singapore and some others) with a population of about 1 billion. people (“golden billion”) and other unprivileged countries, whose population by 2000 exceeded 5 billion people. In 1994, 1 billion people in rich countries accounted for 70% of the world total social product, and the remaining 4.6 billion people accounted for 30%.
Other scholars divide the countries into three groups: the countries of the "golden billion", the newly industrialized countries that have established themselves on the periphery of the developed world (China, India, most of the "Asian tigers", some of the countries of Latin America, the former socialist countries, most of the oil-producing states), and, finally, the third group of so-called "falling" states (a significant part of the countries of the American continent and Asia, as well as the former USSR) Zotova N. Gusakov N. Modern problems of national security. // National security. 2001-№8-9..
The peculiarity of such a division of countries is that competition between these groups of states is practically impossible, “vertical” upward movement is extremely difficult, while competition within each of the groups is becoming increasingly fierce.
Russia's place in terms of general economic indicators can be determined at the lower border of the second group of states. The reality of the threat of consolidation on this border and a possible further weakening of positions is based on the structural regression of the Russian economy as the main trend of the past decade.
2. Problems of economic securityRF
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy
We can agree with the assessments of the well-known American economist Turow that “today Russia is halfway between a market and a planned economy, and neither of them works Brzezhinsky Z. Grand chessboard. America's dominance and its geostrategic imperatives. M.: International relations, 1999. S. 85.».
The economic result of the reform is a drop in Russia's share in world GDP to 2.4% and a transition from 3rd place, which was occupied by Russia in the USSR (after the USA and Japan and shared it with Germany) to 15th. Up to 1.3% , i.e. Russia's share in world exports has also roughly halved compared to the pre-perestroika period.
As a result, the share of Russian products in the world markets for science-intensive civilian products is 1%. For comparison, the US accounts for 36% , Japan - 30% of these markets. Especially dangerous is the lag in such industries as computer science, electronics, communications, which has developed in the past decades, including because of the existing gap between the civilian and military-industrial sectors of the economy.
Many Western experts explain the general economic weakening of Russia by the ineffectiveness of economic reforms and the excessive opening of the economy to foreign competition. Others emphasize that it is not "liberalism, but the economy of plunder that has been established in the country" that is to blame. Ibid. P. 86. The assessments of French economists are distinguished by a particularly critical approach. Professor Brandet (Paris University Dauphine) writes: “Everything that could be sold was sold in Russia, and as a result, in the absence of funds for investment, huge amounts of money ended up in individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The industrial potential of the country was practically destroyed, and the volume of industrial production decreased by 10% per year Brzezhinsky Z. Great chessboard. America's dominance and its geostrategic imperatives. M.: International relations, 1999. S. 85.».
The Russian economy currently remains largely reformed, transitional, and has not completed its transformation into any particular state. It combines elements of the old and new systems. If in terms of the share of non-state economic entities the Russian economy can be considered a fully market economy, then in terms of the efficiency of their activities and the level of competitiveness, it is not. In addition, more than half of Russian firms are generally fictitious and are often associated with illegal activities.
In Russia, an inefficient structure of social production is preserved - the predominance of fuel and energy and raw materials industries and a low share of engineering products and modern high-tech, science-intensive industries. Weak is the financial and credit in general and the banking system, in particular, which limits the investment of production. Internal parameters largely determine external ones: Russia remains a supplier of raw materials and an importer of finished products on world markets, including various types of modern equipment and foodstuffs.
Russia's participation in international economic relations is still insignificant. The share of Russia in the world population is 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (moreover, in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in world imports - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is weakly involved in global processes, which is connected both with the legacy of the past and with the weaknesses of its present position.
At the same time, the importance of the world market for the Russian economy is enormous. So, in 2002, exports amounted to 133.7 billion dollars, and imports - 57.4 billion dollars.
Table 1.1 Ismailov R. The economic security of Russia characterizes the current state of Russia's economic security. // Business and security. 2004-№2.:
Table 1.1
Current indicators of economic security of the Russian Federation
No. p / p | Indicators | Threshold | Actual state | The actual ratioOth and threshold valueenia | Grade | |
Gross domestic product: overall from average by "seven" per capita from average by "seven" per capita from the world average | ||||||
Share in industrial production processing industry | ||||||
Share in machine production mechanical engineering | ||||||
Investment volume in % | ||||||
Scientific expenses research in % of GDP | ||||||
The share of new types of products in the volume manufactured products | ||||||
Share in the population people with income below subsistence minimum (2004) | ||||||
Duration life of the population | ||||||
Income Gap high income groups population and 10% of the most low-income groups | ||||||
Crime level (number of crimes per 100 thousand population) | ||||||
Unemployment rate according to ILO methodology | ||||||
Inflation rate for the year | ||||||
Volume of domestic debt in % to GDP for comparable time period | ||||||
Current need for service and repayment internal debt in % to tax budget receipts | ||||||
Volume of external debt | ||||||
Share of external borrowings in covering the deficit budget (2004) | ||||||
Budget deficit in % of GDP (2004) | ||||||
The volume of foreign currencies in cash to the amount of cash rubles | ||||||
The volume of foreign currencies against ruble mass in national currency | ||||||
Money supply (M2) as a percentage of GDP | ||||||
Share of imports in total domestic consumption including food | ||||||
Differentiation subjects Living Wage Federation |
Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the past few years, positive trends have emerged in the development of the Russian economy, outpacing some global processes. For example, the growth rate of the world gross domestic product in 2002 was 2.8%; - 2.5%, and the growth rates of Russian GDP amounted to 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.
The growth of production and GDP that has emerged in the past two years and is forecasted in Russia can be regarded as a sustainable trend only if it is possible to make maximum use of favorable conditions for the growth of domestic production (devaluation of the ruble, growth in world oil prices) and other market factors that Unfortunately, they may be reversible.
However, with all the shortcomings of the country's economic policy, one cannot fail to see that the free access of Russian producers to foreign markets is limited by far from liberal measures: the practice of double standards is widely used in relation to Russia, as well as special concessions and demands in domestic and foreign economic policy, the pressure of external debt .
As a result, Russia, with a weakened and unbalanced economy, must fit into an international situation characterized by at least three main intractable problems:
The split of civilization
· the growing unpredictability of global economic processes, especially in the field of financial movement;
· opposition of the national management of many countries to the methods and forms of globalization.
Russia has both competitive advantages and weaknesses in the world markets. Competitive advantages include:
a) high availability of mineral resources - 13% of the world's proven oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;
b) a significant amount of accumulated fixed production assets and funds of universal equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the capital intensity of the technological modernization of a number of industries (although a significant part of them has a long service life and wear and tear);
c) cheap labor combined with a sufficiently high level of its qualifications;
d) the presence of unique advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex, etc.
It should be noted that these advantages lose their nature over time - natural resources are exhausted, equipment and new technologies become obsolete, skilled labor is aging and emigrating.
At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited by Russia's strategic weaknesses, which include:
a) weakness of the system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;
b) a sharp reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West and an increase in deformations in this area (increasing the raw material orientation of Russian exports, the loss of traditional sales markets);
c) blocking entry to markets where Russia has competitive advantages;
d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small series of products with a weak level of control of material costs;
e) a rapid decline in domestic demand for science-intensive products, which destroys the already weak competitive environment for the “running in” of goods and technologies prior to their promotion to the foreign market.
Nevertheless, modern Russia is characterized by ever-expanding interaction with the world market. Russia's share in world GDP after the 1998 crisis has a constant upward trend. This also leads to increased threats associated with the foreign economic sphere.
2 . 2 Types of threats to the economic security of Russia
In the specialized literature, there is no consensus among scientists on the list of threats to national economic security. Different researchers define the composition of internal and external threats in different ways. Note that this composition often varies without taking into account the changed political, socio-economic and other conditions. Sometimes there is a combination of internal and external threats to economic security, current and strategic.
The main threats to Russia's economic security are manifested in those sectors in which economic relations with international actors are carried out. Let's consider the most important of them.
1. Commodity market.
According to specialists' forecasts, exports of finished products will grow faster in international trade in the future, the market share of raw materials and income from it will decrease due to the introduction of resource-saving technologies.
In this area, the main threats to Russia are:
· irrational structure of exports and imports and the possibility of its conservation, the share of engineering products in Russian exports is less than 5%, (high-tech - about 1%), and in imports - more than a third;
· discriminatory measures and, above all, anti-dumping sanctions of other countries and blocs, in relation to Russia in 2001. there were 99 anti-dumping and other procedures in 24 countries of the world (in relation to ferrous metals, rolled metal, nitrogen fertilizers, textiles), which annually cause damage in the amount of 3.5 billion dollars;
· illegal export of natural resources from Russia;
· illegal (smuggling) import of goods into Russia;
· chronic large non-payments for fuel and energy resources supplied to the CIS countries;
· the dependence of the state of the Russian economy (GDP, inflation, budget revenues, trade balance, etc.) on world oil prices;
· sharp liberalization of foreign trade, which can lead to an increase in the export of non-renewable natural resources and the ruin of most domestic producers, increase unemployment.
2. Financial and credit sphere.
Threats include the following:
· the weakness of the banking sector (its total capital is only 4% of GDP) threatens the disappearance of domestic and the emergence of foreign entities and regulators (both private companies and international organizations) of this sector and the economy as a whole in their own interests. In 2001, the capital and assets of the Russian banking system amounted to 10 and 80 billion dollars, while these figures for any Western bank were 30-40 and 700-800 billion dollars, respectively;
· the growing influence of global financial processes, fluctuations in the market, including negative ones, on the financial sector and the economy as a whole, which was demonstrated by the 1998 crisis;
· Capital flight, which bled the economy, depriving it of investments, and the budget lost 100 billion dollars. Russia, which is in great need for investments, is, paradoxically, a major exporter of capital (especially illegal) in the world capital market.
· An increase in the inflow of foreign investment has a number of negative consequences. First, it actually contributes to the consolidation of the raw-material export-oriented model of the Russian economy, since half of the total investment in industry is investment in the fuel, energy and raw materials sectors. Secondly, at present there is not so much a threat of an outflow of capital from Russia as a threat of its significant inflow to the market, which, due to its narrowness, can create serious problems both for the stability of the market itself and for the stability of the ruble.
· inflexible and irrational debt policy. Russia's external debt payments reach $17 billion annually. Russia's entry into the Paris Club cost it a loss of $110 billion, owed to other countries out of a total debt of $160 billion. Today, this figure is $10 billion. Russia has received significant revenues from high oil prices on world markets and increased gold reserves. The Russian leadership, however, announced the full and timely (and even early) payment of the external debt, although it was possible to negotiate its restructuring and use these funds for investment.
3. Foreign exchange market.
Main threats:
· Pegging the Russian ruble to the US dollar. Russia actually credits the USA with the fact that there are about 100 billion dollars in cash in Russia. Moreover, Russia is actually strengthening the dollar, since gold and foreign exchange reserves are kept mainly in dollars. In the event of a fall in the dollar, a financial crisis awaits Russia;
· a policy of underestimating the value of the ruble against the dollar by several times is being pursued, which provides current, short-term benefits, but a strategic loss. A weak ruble is generating cost-push inflation, excessive exports of raw materials, and capital outflows. Current export earnings, which are high due to the undervalued ruble, bring short-term benefits that do not lead to an increase in investment in the economy. The cheap national currency makes it easier for foreign companies to buy Russian assets.
4. Labor market.
While the developed countries are restricting the process of immigration, Russia is already experiencing a real expansion from Asia, primarily from China. Moreover, illegal immigration is many times greater than legal. This threat leads to an aggravation in the Russian labor market, increasing the demand for jobs and reducing the price of labor (wages). In addition, immigrants are cheaper for employers, because do not have any social guarantees.
The threats to the economic security of Russia can also be attributed Ismailov R. Business and security. 2004-№2. S. 19.:
Table 1.2
Threats to the economic security of Russia
Russia's relations with international subjects of economic relations are ambiguous and can both open up new opportunities for Russia and carry certain threats to its security. Let's consider these relations, firstly, with international economic organizations and countries, and, secondly, with the subjects of international business.
Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is of great importance. Tasks, the solution of which can ensure Russia's participation in the WTO:
for the sake of being present as an equal member,
support for Russian exporters,
stimulating the development of new sectors,
Limitation of domestic monopolies.
However, the WTO requires a sharp liberalization of the Russian economy, including its opening to foreign entities. Among the requirements:
· liberalization of foreign labor force access to the Russian labor market;
· liberalization of access for foreign firms (first of all, financial, trade, construction, tourism, etc.) to the service market;
· reduction of import duty rates to a level lower than in the US and the EU;
· complete liberalization of exports and the abolition of measures of non-tariff regulation;
· alignment of domestic and world energy prices, liberalization of the current regime of currency regulation;
Providing non-residents with a national tax regime;
· rejection of subsidies to producers at the federal and regional levels, etc.
Reckless compliance with WTO requirements can lead to an increase in energy prices in Russia (and, therefore, to everything), an uncontrolled increase in the export of raw materials and a decrease in income from it due to lower world prices, a sharp increase in imports and the ruin of domestic producers of most goods and services, and , hence - the growth of unemployment, the massive influx of foreign labor (Asian), not spoiled by social guarantees and therefore cheaper. The abolition of export duties will lead to higher prices for energy carriers and then for all goods and services.
Russian legislation does not comply with WTO rules in the area of government-approved forms of support for the economy. In the event of accession to the WTO and the transition to international rules (since the Constitution establishes the priority of international norms), the manufacturing industry, the service sector and agriculture in Russia will practically disappear.
In addition, joining this organization does not in itself guarantee economic growth. For example, although Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Georgia joined the WTO, their GDP per capita indicators remained the lowest among the 14 countries accepted in the last 5 years.
A special area is the activities of large international business entities in Russia, primarily transnational corporations (TNCs).
International business (represented by large corporations) poses an increased danger to the Russian economy, because:
Differs in activity and aggressiveness;
· its activities are hidden in contrast to state institutions or international organizations;
is guided solely by considerations of profit;
· carries out industrial espionage, from which our firms have not learned to defend themselves.
TNCs seek to subordinate to their interests the sectors of the national economy that have competitive advantages.
TNCs seek to consolidate the raw material orientation of the Russian economy, and in promising industries - to ensure their leadership. They benefit from the economic crisis in the country - they buy cheaper unprofitable competing enterprises. Despite the well-known information of all international rating agencies about the risk of investing in the Russian economy, the share of foreign entities in the capital of leading Russian companies is constantly growing.
The penetration of international business entities into Russia goes through investments in the capital of Russian business entities (companies, banks), loans to Russian firms, imported goods, the provision of various services (banking, insurance, financial), etc.
A number of large TNCs are already operating in the real sector of the Russian economy - General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Renault, Shell, McDonald's, Canon, Nestle, Procter & Gamble, Coca Cola, Siemens, Erickson, etc.
A special type of threat is associated with the activities of the oligarchs in Russia and the possible oligarchic modernization of Russia.
It should be taken into account that the oligarchic groups have made a significant contribution to the integration of our country into the world economy; they provide today the bulk of domestic investment. Oil companies ensured a significant reduction in the cost of oil produced, thereby reducing the dependence of the country's economy on the world market. Today, oligarchic groups are in many ways the initiators of further liberalization of the domestic economy.
At the same time, the role of oligarchic groups, according to some authors, is anti-national. As subjects of the Russian economy, the oligarchs act mainly as foreign investors. Oligarchic property in Russia is registered with foreign legal entities, mostly offshore companies. The families of the majority of oligarchs permanently live outside of Russia, and the majority of oligarchs do not associate their personal and family strategic interests with Russia as a geopolitical and ethno-cultural entity, which gives rise, among other things, to the continued large-scale export of capital outside of Russia.
A serious danger is the high degree of criminalization of the economy. The "shadow" component of the Russian economy has reached critical levels - if the share of the illegal sector in the GDP of Western countries is officially estimated at 5-10%, then in Russia it is almost 25%.
Among the general trends of Russian organized crime, the following Belozerov I.P. Economic security of Russia // Proceedings of the conference "Reforms in Russia, history and modernity".:
domestic crime has gone far beyond the Russian territory, establishing contacts both with criminal structures and quite legally operating subjects of the economy of various states;
· the scale of illegal export operations with energy carriers, especially with oil, other strategic raw materials and materials, is constantly increasing, and not only domestic organizations, but also their foreign partners are involved in actions that damage Russian interests;
The activity and influence of “ethnic” criminal groups that have ties with the diaspora in the near and far abroad are increasing throughout Russia (their areas of activity are export-import operations with raw materials and scarce everyday goods, counterfeiting, crimes in the Russian gold and diamond complex Using the "shuttle" method of committing crimes, hiding behind a language barrier, differences in culture, they are hardly vulnerable to the law enforcement forces of any country);
· positions of criminal formations in the field of drug business are consistently strengthening, their organization and interaction with similar structures abroad is growing;
· Smuggling of weapons and ammunition, explosives and devices, their leakage from military facilities and manufacturing plants, from areas of military conflicts is looming large (at the same time, modern Western-made weapons are smuggled into conflict areas in Russia);
· there is a further strengthening of the material, technical and financial base of criminal structures, the growth of the professionalism of their participants due to the expansion of international relations.
Russia is also increasingly involved in the process of transnationalization of crime. One notable example is the Russian mafia's money-laundering scandal and its transfer through the Banc of New York to firms controlled by criminal leaders. From October 1998 to March 1999 alone, $4.2 billion passed through this bank.
Consequently, Russia participates in international economic relations in the context of globalization, having a weak economy with an inefficient structure, a sharp discrepancy between the domestic and foreign markets, with an aggressive policy of strong international actors.
3 . Ways to improve economic securityRF
The situation in the sphere of Russia's economic security is difficult, but not hopeless.
Rashid Ismailov, a legal expert who has written a number of works on economic security issues, believes that in order to mitigate external threats to the country's economic security, it is necessary to strengthen state control over the movement and use of natural resources, restore the volume of geological exploration and outstrip the growth of proven reserves of fuel and raw materials compared to production; implementation of a broad modernization of production and primary processing of fuel and raw materials, the transition to resource-saving technologies. This will allow in the future to achieve a relative and absolute reduction in domestic needs of natural resources, to increase the share of export foreign exchange earnings allocated for investment purposes Ismailov R. Russia's economic security: theory and practice. St. Petersburg, 1999..
In order to weaken import dependence, it is necessary to provide financial support from the state to domestic producers capable of producing goods that are in demand by the West today. It is also necessary to apply a more flexible system of customs duties, identify sectors of the economy that need customs protection, introduce a state monopoly on the import of medicines, tobacco products, alcohol, grain and on the export of oil and oil products, non-ferrous metals, etc.
Lykshin S. and Svinarenko A. note that a market economy (especially in a country like Russia) is unthinkable without elements of centralized leadership. Where it is reasonable, it is necessary to actively introduce methods of state planning and management of the country's economic life. Lykshin S., Svinarenko A. Development of the Russian economy and its restructuring as a guarantee of economic security / / Issues of Economics. 2004. No. 12. S. 117-118.
In this regard, it is possible to single out the main directions of state-legal regulation of the economy in general and entrepreneurial activity in particular. These are, in particular: state ownership and entrepreneurship, the use of forms and methods of state planning and regulation (norms, regulations, quotas, a system of state, regional and municipal orders); state regulation of the national market of Russia, state regulation of international economic relations
In the economic program of Russia, the main emphasis should be placed on the development (with elements of powerful state support and protectionism) of the backbone sectors of the national economy, such as engineering, the metallurgical industry, the fuel and energy, chemical and forestry complexes, and light industry. It is in these areas of the economy that investments and capital injections should be purposefully and systematically carried out.
From the standpoint of ensuring national economic security, an important problem is Russia's rental income. The redistribution of rental income will, on the one hand, eliminate (or at least reduce) the gap in the property status of Russian citizens - between the poor and the very rich. On the other hand, this redistribution will make it possible to somewhat reduce the number of domestic billionaires who appropriate a significant part of the rental income.
In order to ensure national economic security, the country's leadership needs to pursue a more balanced and consistent foreign policy.
Borisova V.D. notes that it is impossible for any country to achieve the state of the national and incl. economic security, if the needs of the population for food as one of the foundations of the life of society are not satisfied Borisova V.D. Actual problems of Russia's economic security at the present stage.// Questions of Economics. 2002.-№2..
It is necessary to methodologically clearly distinguish between the concepts of "food security of society" and "food security". Food security - the ability of the state to provide all members of society with food in sufficient, rational, environmentally friendly and safe nutrition in order to improve the health of the nation and preserve its gene pool, increase life expectancy, improve the quality of life, increase the labor activity of the population not only through self-sufficiency, but also with active use of the advantages of the international division of labor. Food security implies the ability of a country to provide food for its current and emergency needs of the population of the country as a whole, and of each individual person in food in accordance with scientifically based standards at the expense of its own resources.
As a criterion of the country's food security, the level of imported food supplies from the total volume of its consumption in the country is used. In the Russian Federation, the threshold value should not exceed 25%. Exceeding this level gives rise to strategic dependence on food-importing countries.
It is noteworthy that in developed countries, for example, in the USA back in the 70s. A law on the country's food security was adopted, aimed at ensuring a stable food supply by supporting domestic agriculture and preserving its natural resources, as well as ensuring the high quality of food products, maintaining their high competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets.
The priority tasks in the field of ensuring food security in Russia should be recognized as:
Formation of a single food complex in the country and its achievement of an optimal level of food production in the volume, assortment and quality sufficient to meet the population's need for nutrition in accordance with scientifically based standards.
Development of optimal options for the structure of food imports (tropical and subtropical crops).
Determining the needs of the country's population in nutrition and providing the population with environmentally friendly food, which determines the health and life expectancy of the population, the gene pool of the nation.
Ensuring economic access to a basic set of food products, which means ensuring the solvency of demand among the main social groups of the population and the elimination of hunger and malnutrition. A state policy is needed to redistribute incomes, expand employment and increase the consumption of quality food, regulate prices for agricultural products and food.
Creation and maintenance of food reserves that can be used in extreme situations.
Timely detection, forecasting and elimination of threats to food security, determination of threshold values.
Strengthening state regulation of interregional supplies of food and raw materials for a more complete provision of regions with food. For example, 23 regions of Russia grow grain in excess, and 50 regions feel a shortage of it, while the state does not have effective levers for regulating the Russian grain market, which allows some regions to set a monopoly price, while others import grain, because. taking into account transportation costs, domestic grain becomes uncompetitive.
Active support for the development of integration and cooperation, which will reduce transaction costs, optimize commodity and financial flows, and increase the competitiveness of enterprises.
Development of market infrastructure: organization of regional wholesale markets and credit institutions, which will allow efficient intra- and inter-regional exchange.
Conclusion
1. Economic security is the state of protection of the economy from internal and external threats. The goal of economic security is to ensure the sustainable economic development of the country in the interests of meeting the social and economic needs of citizens with optimal labor costs and reasonable use of natural resources.
2. Threats in the economic sphere are complex. This means that economic security is affected by various factors; and not only in pure economic form. It is significantly influenced by geopolitical, social, environmental and other factors.
3. Among the main threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation are considered: an increase in the property differentiation of the population and an increase in the level of poverty, the deformity of the structure of the Russian economy, an increase in the uneven socio-economic development of regions, the criminalization and oligarchization of society and economic activity.
4. To combat the threat to the economic security of Russia, an economic security strategy must be developed, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate both internal and external threats that can have a destabilizing effect on the economy.
5. Russia's national idea should be Russia's attempts to regain the status of a world power. We used to build developed socialism, then communism. Now, for the revival of the nation, the awakening of its spiritual, moral principles, a new ideal is needed: Russia is a strong and prosperous state.
Literature
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The current state of development of economic security problems. Factor of globalization of national and economic security. Applied aspects of economic security. Methodology for determining the key problems of economic security.
Course work
On the topic of:ProblemsRussia's economic security
INTRODUCTION
1. The current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key economic security issues: historical aspect
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Conclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
The study of the problems of Russia's economic security, by right, has today taken a leading place in the work of Russian research and analytical centers. A significant number of author's articles, monographs, collective studies are devoted to this topic, see: Illarionov A.I. Criteria of economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10; Economic Security: Production Finance Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagov. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004; Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - S. 28; Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12; Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3; Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - S. 114; Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5. . In essence, the current socio-economic situation in Russia is such that no matter what research Russian economists undertake in one area or another, they cannot but touch upon the problems of the country's economic security.
Economic security has different structural levels. We are talking about the economic security of the state, society, enterprise, individual. All these levels form a complicated economic system that does not float in a vacuum, but has a solid foundation - the economic space.
The economic space is the basis of the modern economic system, while possessing relative independence. The economic role of space, its heterogeneity, fragmentation, and in former times, was taken into account when analyzing the conditions for the formation of differential land rent, which was expressed in specific cost values.
Target term paper - Determining the place and role of economic security in the system of development of the modern economic system.
We must not forget that space paired with time are fundamental philosophical categories, the nature of which has not yet been thoroughly studied.
1. The current state of development of economic security problems
1.1 key teconomic security trends
The increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security is based on objective processes and phenomena taking place in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in the global economy and in international economic relations. It seems appropriate to include the following among the most important such processes and phenomena.
First, the economic experiment of the 1990s in Russia had as its main goal the redistribution of property and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. On the whole, it is quite understandable that in the course of privatization the only effective means to achieve this goal was the destruction of the state administration system, since it was the state that was the main holder of ownership of the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive rather than constructive. Russia has set a kind of record for the duration and depth of the economic downturn in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, the socio-economic problems of Russia had become so acute that changing domestic and foreign economic policy became not a matter of discussion between economists and political scientists, but a matter of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, has chosen the goals of achieving economic growth through the predominant development of the production of durable goods as reform priorities. Naturally, this was accompanied by a structural redistribution of property to the extent that it met the main goals of development without destroying the national system of governance.
National interests, issues of economic security of the state have been and remain decisive in the complex of reforms carried out in China. As a result, the People's Republic of China has demonstrated record rates of economic growth, has become one of the driving forces and a stabilizing factor in the world economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally "inundated" with Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad took a strong position in local business circles not only in developing countries, but also in industrialized countries. Unlike many, it was this country that withstood the unfolding in 1997-1998. world financial crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change in the leadership of Russia at the turn of the century, the problem of the economic security of the state from a declarative and opportunistic one began to gradually turn into a question of the practical economic policy of the state. This served as an impetus for conducting new research and developing practical approaches to ensuring national security in various areas, including the security of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, observed today, seems to reflect the completion of some transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already taken place, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social upheavals no longer meet the interests of entrepreneurship, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sale of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs themselves are increasingly becoming interested in securing their position in a regulated market, while improving the legal framework for entrepreneurship, protecting the individual, property rights, in other words, in the implementation by the state of its fundamental tasks of ensuring the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourth, there was a clear disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the "reformers" who stood at the origins of the start of economic reforms. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained "outboard" of market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment conducted in the country. The demand for economic and political "radical liberalism" was extremely high at the stage of the destruction of the existing system of state administration and the implementation of privatization. At the same time, as in other social upheavals that occurred in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the completion of the redistribution of national wealth. Under these conditions, the Russian economic literature intensified critical reflection on the ongoing reforms, and more and more attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.
Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: the degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems. Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of the situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAS "EPIKON", 2004. - S. 77. . Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization the problem of national interests and the economic security of the state is aggravated is evidenced by such trends as the implementation in explicit and hidden forms of state support for national business in world markets; expansion and increase in the number of zones of national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the United States; active study of the problems of ensuring the security of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
It would be possible to continue enumerating the objective processes that underlie the recently increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. At the same time, both the trends listed above and the studies conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite specific.
1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security
In the extensive literature on the entire spectrum of issues of state, national and economic security, the factor of globalization has not yet received proper coverage, which is interpreted mainly as the next step in the linear development of the international division of labor. And in modern economic literature there are arguments about the comparative costs and comparative advantages of various options for the division of labor between countries. It is assumed that it is still deployed on the basis of the principle of mutual benefit and interdependence, and not so long ago the last word in the theory of international relations was the concept of interdependence of nations and states in the world economy.
At the same time, the experience of the world, or, as it was called in the literature, the "Asian" crisis of 1997-1998, although this crisis is not regional, but systemic, shows that the capital flight organized by large financial speculators, which bankrupted the dynamically developing countries of the Asian region, changed the configuration of the world economy, bringing to the surface the destructive role of global financial capital.
There are many examples, but only one can be cited - the more than sad fate of Indonesia, which had a backlog of high-tech industries for the 21st century and could really take its rightful place among the developed countries. The instant withdrawal of capital in the form of portfolio investments ruined the country, caused the sharpest social conflicts and even the division of the territory.
Using such examples, one can assess the entire degree of risk for national economies, which is associated with the globalization factor. With this in mind, the country must be prepared to take proactive steps to ensure its economic security.
In this case, it is necessary to correctly determine the vector of such actions. Some experts consider the probable decline in world prices for exported raw materials, as the main source of foreign exchange earnings to the country, to be a special destabilizing factor. See: Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - S. 28. . At the same time, economic threats to a much greater extent for our country, as well as for many others, today come from the instability of foreign exchange and financial markets. This is no longer interdependence, but dependence within the system of the world economy, due to its structural imbalance.
The globalization factor has upset the relative balance of the world economy system, the interdependence of its structural elements and components.
The qualitative difference between the global system and the previous traditional model of international economic relations is its structural asymmetry, not only due to the hypertrophy of its financial segment, but also its separation from the system due to the exceptional mobility of portfolio investments.
In this regard, experts point to the threat to the economic security of the country of sudden outbreaks of financial epidemics: “Thus, we are talking about the formation of qualitatively new processes that make the situation less and less manageable by the traditional set of levers. This trend is also enhanced by the peculiarities of the behavior of market operators, the action of which can be provoked by the steps of some large participants (the so-called crowd behavior Ї herd behavior). Hence the threat of the spread of financial epidemics, often based on the subjective mood of the market. It is these circumstances that make many economists and practitioners (P. Krugman, J. Bhagwati, J. Soros and others) talk about the need to limit the mobility of capital, reduce the destabilizing possibilities of "hot" short-term money" See: Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization politics // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - S. 3. .
Following the old scheme, one can assume that the mobility of capital constitutes the investment potential for material production, that the competitive mechanism of the free flow of capital is the basis for the modernization of production. This was the case as long as finance capital was functionally connected with productive capital.
At the same time, a different scheme has been operating for some time now. Despite the short historical period of its implementation, material has already been accumulated for summing up some results.
Of course, the new situation requires in-depth scientific research leading to successful economic practices that can ensure the economic security of the country at all its structural levels.
2. Applied aspects of economic security
2.1 Methodology for identifying key economic security issues
The relevance, complexity and novelty of the problem of economic security and the security of its financial component in the context of globalization suggests a combination of empirical analysis with the implementation of the scientific potential of methodology and theory.
Deep structural changes in the system of economic relations in our country quite naturally gave a powerful impetus to the development of specific applied work across the entire spectrum of market relations, their structure and infrastructure. Our scientists, specialists, and practitioners had to master both new economic vocabulary and new approaches to real economic processes on the go.
Questions of methodology and theory have been relegated to the background and even further, perhaps because of their dubious "Marxist" origins. Generations of young PhDs in economics understand the intricacies of banking but believe that methodology and technique are one and the same. But if in applied economic research, perhaps, it is possible to confine oneself to methods, then for a qualified determination of the nature of such complex phenomena as economic security, it is necessary to use both method and theory in combination.
As a method in this work, an attempt was made to use the universal principles of the systems approach.
The issue of economic security is already being actively developed in our country, a solid basis has been created for its further theoretical understanding, a number of definitions have been proposed. But the work done seems to be predominantly analytical. The subject has been studied in parts, and the time has come to move from the particular to the general, i.e. make a synthesis. As a result of the synthesis, the subject under study - economic security - will appear as a whole, and the whole, as follows from the general theory of systems, is an interconnected set See: Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989. .
In relation to economic security, this can be represented as an interconnected set of economic relations within a large system organized according to the principle of hierarchy, i.e. subordination of some structural elements of the system to others.
The main property of the system is its integrity. This means that the system is not a simple collection of its elements, their arithmetic sum. Its qualitative certainty depends on the strength of the interaction, the adhesion of its constituent parts. If individual elements fall out of the system, then it does not decrease, but collapses.
The consequence of the integrity of the system is integrativity. Integrity is the basic law of any system - technological, biological, cultural, military, social, economic. The integrativity of the system in an abstract form is expressed in the irreducibility of the parts of the system to their sum, which is greater than the terms.
In the language of economics, this means that the system, through the interaction of its parts, creates an additional productive force that is greater than the productive force of its individual parts.
The positive dynamics of the economic system is characterized by natural and monetary, absolute and relative indicators and indicates its economic security.
Economic security is a dynamic integral indicator of the integrity of the economic system.
Economic security belongs to the category of complex economic categories, in this capacity it reflects the interconnections and interdependencies of a large economic system. This system can be characterized with varying degrees of abstraction in accordance with the methodological principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete. Therefore, the proposed definition, due to its abstract nature, expands into a number of other, more specific definitions as a necessary approximation to the modern realities of the Russian economy.
Nevertheless, it is possible to understand the current situation in a constantly reforming economy (although it is high time to stop at least in order to understand what economic system we are in) with minimal costs using the best practices of the theory, thereby making the transition from methodological to conceptual research principles.
At the same time, if science has developed universal principles of a systematic approach as a research method, then modern economic science does not have such universal principles. On the contrary, it breaks up into different schools, directions that offer conflicting concepts that explain the same economic phenomena and processes, often from opposite positions.
In recent years, the opinion about the crisis of economic theory as a whole has begun to spread. Both in our country and in the West, economic theory turned out to be untenable in solving the problems of transitional post-socialist economies. For example, the inflation forecast for Russia turned out to be underestimated by tens of thousands of times, privatization did not lead to the emergence of an effective owner. True, claims in this case should be presented to liberal economists. Well-known Western economists of alternative directions - the late V. Leontiev, K. Arrow, J. Tobin and others - were critical of the recommendations of experts close to the International Monetary Fund, for whom the main thing is to remove the state from the economy, while economists close to the institutional direction, they believe that during the period of radical restructuring of the economy, the regulatory role of the state should not be weakened, but strengthened.
Within the scope of this study, it is not possible to dwell on this issue specifically. At the same time, it is incorrect to leave it aside because of the need to turn to theory.
The reform of the economy of our country was and is being carried out according to the liberal model, and its failures, at least in the West, are explained in the opposite way: supporters of economic liberalism Ї by the fact that the state continues to interfere in the economy, and their opponents Ї by the fact that the state has abstained from regulating complex economic processes, which ultimately led to the threat of losing its economic security.
In 2001, a study was published in the United States, carried out under the auspices of the American independent research Institute for Peace under the eloquent title "The Tragedy of Russian Reforms", in which the thesis is consistently carried out that the reforms would be effective in economic and social relations if they were carried out differently, democratically, taking into account the interests of the country's population, its economic security See: Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The tragedy of Russia "s Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001. .
The liberal model of reforms was, as already noted, focused on the eradication of state ownership, the creation of the social base of capitalism, and has already conceptually created a threat to the country's economic security, since this model lacked criteria for economic and social efficiency.
It is not by chance that the reality of such a threat turned out to be in the center of attention of politicians, sociologists, economists, and the problem of the economic security of our country came to the first place in importance.
The crisis state of modern economic theory can be seen as an incentive to develop new approaches on the basis of economic knowledge accumulated over many decades, which cannot be depreciated due to the failure of any school or theory.
In this regard, institutional theory has great scientific potential, the fashion for which has led to significant costs and confusion, since it is difficult to understand why, for example, “new institutionalism” and “neo-institutionalism” exist, as it were, independently.
It seems to us that modern economic theory cannot be reduced to institutionalism, no matter how it is interpreted, it must be based on the synthesis of the actual interpretation of the classics, neoclassics and institutionalism. This version of the formation of a general economic theory is close to what Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. Maevsky calls evolutionary theory. He writes: “The paradox of modern post-industrial society is that fundamental economic science in countries that have achieved success in the field of technological progress is still in captivity of the so-called orthodoxy, primarily neoclassical theory. The latter does not adequately describe the characteristics of a technologically progressing market economy... A consequence of this paradox can be considered the fact that something like a Chinese wall has arisen between orthodoxy and modern business in the field of technology. See: Issues of Economics. - 2005. - No. 11. - S. 4. .
The author rightly points to the timeliness of the process of formation of modern evolutionary theory, which considers economic development as an irreversible process of increasing complexity, diversity and productivity of production due to periodically recurring changes in technologies, types of products, organizations and institutions (rules of conduct, according to D. North) See: There. - S. 4-5. .
D. North, the Nobel Prize winner, is the most authoritative representative of the version of institutionalism that adequately perceives and scientifically interprets the modern economy, which functions on the basis of the interaction of market and non-market factors.
This important circumstance is also pointed out by J. Kornai, who made significant clarifications to the principles of systemic research within the framework of the “systemic paradigm”, modernizing it by including both market and non-market institutions in the system.
He offers a fairly broad understanding of the concept of institutions, which "includes the dominant legal structure of the system under consideration, its moral norms and property rights, the distribution of power centers, incentives that interact with the subjects of society, and the information structure" See: Issues of Economics. - 2005. - No. 4 - S. 11. .
The modern economic system is a more complex and more contradictory interaction of its constituent elements and components than the system of the classical market economy of the past. That is why it is advisable to trace the process of historical changes that have taken place, comparing the past with the present, referring to the classical systemic paradigm.
As is known, the classical school of English political economy made a historical transition from fragmented economic knowledge to systemic knowledge. It was the classics who made a breakthrough in theory, presenting the market economy as a large economic system of social division of labor, in which the relationship between production and consumption is mediated by exchange and distribution.
A large economic system is economic relations between people in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, which are self-regulated by the "invisible hand of the market", i.e. competition. A large system is structurally composed of small systems. This means that both production, and exchange, and distribution, and consumption have relative independence, their own structure and logic of development. We emphasize that this independence is relative, i.e. should not go beyond the dependence between small systems in accordance with the principles of hierarchy and integrity.
It is advisable to represent a large economic system through the interconnections of its enlarged blocks - production and circulation. This is a departure from the scheme under consideration, but it allows us to dwell on two interpretations of the nature of the relationship between them, the concept of the primacy of production over circulation and the concept of exchange, which assigns a decisive role to the sphere of circulation.
The classical concept of the primacy of production over circulation was opposed in the past and is opposed in the present by the exchange concept, which considers the sphere of circulation as a system, and production as a subsystem.
Of course, 200 years ago there were other terms in circulation. The question rested on the nature of wealth and the sources of its achievement. Wealth was a central theme and subject of controversy between the mercantilists, on the one hand, and the physiocrats, and then the classics, on the other. The classics, as you know, associated wealth with the production of material wealth.
Thus, under industrial capitalism, the growth of profits was ensured by the expansion and modernization of production, led to an increase in labor productivity, with the growth of the wealth of individual capitalists, the wealth of society grew. Capital needed qualified workers, and this expanded the scope of education, capital was interested in the development of science and technology, using their achievements in competition. The system was integrative, its dynamics were positive. On this real basis, the ideology of liberalism was quite organically formed. The emerging new economic system was dynamic, its integrativity is beyond doubt. The connections and interconnections of production, exchange, distribution and consumption were mediated by the market; the contradictions inherent in the relative isolation of each of the small systems were successfully resolved until the first crisis of overproduction, which occurred in 1825 and was considered at first as a temporary failure in the sphere of marketing. But later it turned out that since 1825 the market system entered into a stage of cyclical development that continues to this day.
During a crisis, the system loses its integrative properties, the whole ceases to be greater than the sum of its parts. In terms of organizational science - A. Bogdanov's tectology, ingression is a general form of a chain connection and is equal to organization. Its opposite is disingression or disorganization, the sign of which is “the reduction of the practical sum of activities by the very way they are combined. And it becomes conceivable only in such a form that some part of them becomes resistance for some other part of them ”See: Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science, book 1. - M., 1989. - S. 161. . Such a part that resists is consumption limited by solvent needs. Resistance in the sphere of consumption is constantly operating and only gradually reaches a critical mass, which manifests itself through a crisis.
Before the global crisis of 1929-1933. the system coped with crises on its own, and each point of economic recovery exceeded the previous one. The system developed along an ascending line, albeit through periodic recessions, i.e. she was in relative economic security.
At the same time, the global crisis of 1929-1933, which was especially devastating in the United States and rightly called the "Great Depression" there, turned out to be irreversible. It was, in the full meaning of this definition, a crisis in the system of market self-regulation.
The way out of the crisis was not carried out by the "invisible hand of the market", not through the mechanisms of competition, but by the methods of strict state regulation within the framework of the "New Deal" of President Roosevelt. The adopted laws "On the Restoration of the National Industry", "On the Regulation of Agriculture" and others contradicted the US Constitution, but met the needs of US national security, in which economic security was given a central place.
The history of a mixed economy in the USA and Europe begins with Roosevelt's New Deal, where economic policy was formed under the influence of the ideas of John Keynes, outlined by him in his monograph “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” published in 1936.
Keynesianism was established in the post-war period for three decades. Every government of any developed country put the fight against unemployment at the forefront by increasing the aggregate demand of the population. Without going into the details of his well-reasoned recommendations to increase aggregate demand in order to stimulate investment through various social payments, etc., it can be stated that they were ultimately aimed at intra-system balancing of production and consumption. But this turned out to be necessary methods of state intervention in the economy, both direct and indirect, through financial and credit instruments and levers.
The terms belonging to Keynes, such as "built-in stabilizer", "budget multiplier", testify to the introduction of non-market institutions into the system of market relations.
In a certain sense, Keynes' predecessors in this direction were the American institutionalists, who drew attention to the limitations of the neoclassical analysis of human economic behavior, which is supposedly guided only by the relations of supply and demand, while in reality various institutions influence his behavior - the family, trade unions, traditions, education, culture, religion. J. Commons, for example, considered such a market category as value not as a result of the interaction of supply and demand, but as a product of a legal agreement of "collective institutions".
In the 20s of the 20th century, institutionalists justified state intervention in the economy with the aim of curbing the power of monopolies; in the 30s, anti-crisis regulation was considered the main task of the state. In this regard, the structure of a large economic system has become more complex due to the incorporation of non-market institutions, or stabilizers, into its subsystems. Thus, in direct production, the relationship between labor and capital has lost its purely market character due to the legislative establishment of the minimum wage and the participation of trade unions in the conclusion of collective agreements between employees and their employers.
In the post-war period, state support for business began to be carried out through tax incentives, the accelerated depreciation method, which was first used in the United States in 1942. Then other countries began to use it: in 1948 Germany, in 1960 France, in 1962 Great Britain .
Social payments, including unemployment benefits, should also be included among the built-in stabilizers. Indeed, the taxes that fund unemployment benefits rise sharply when employment is high. Therefore, the reserve fund grows during the boom and puts pressure on spending too much, curbing inflation. On the contrary, during a period of weak employment, the reserve fund is used to pay income, which increases effective demand, supporting consumption, which leads to a decrease in the rate of decline in production, thereby mitigating the recession.
Other types of benefits - such as charitable payments outside the social insurance system - are also of the stabilizing type due to the nature of their automatic counter-cyclical regulation.
Thus, not only the production segment of the economic system falls out of the space of free competition to the extent that state regulation exists. This applies to exchange, distribution, and consumption.
One of the conditions for Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization is, as is known, the deregulation of agricultural production. At the same time, in the United States, Canada and Europe, favorable climatic conditions do not prevent agricultural subsidies in amounts that are incomparable with the costs of this key industry for Russia in terms of its economic security. In the United States, the number of employees in the system of the Department of Agriculture is second only to the Pentagon, but the point is not in the number, but in the variety of the functions that the employees of this ministry perform in regulating such an important industry.
The state in the United States uses a powerful tool to stabilize the economy through a system of purchasing goods and services for its needs in the amount of about 2 trillion. US dollars, i.e. is a permanent participant in the exchange relationship. The data presented do not give a complete picture of the institutional features of the modern economic system, but can serve to expose the myth about the advantages of a free competitive market system, which has long been absent in nature.
The inclusion of non-market institutions in the economic system is caused by the objective need to ensure its economic security and was achieved by maintaining the integrity of the system, greater or lesser consistency of its structural elements and components. Periodically arising after the crisis of the 30s. of the last century, recessions were not threatening to economic security, with the exception of the global crises of 1974-75. and the crisis that began in 2001 and continues today, which in many ways is of a systemic nature.
It can be argued that the crisis of the early 70s. of the last century was the prologue of the modern crisis.
In the early 70s of the last century, two events took place that left their mark on all subsequent years. This is the collapse of the gold standard as a result of the refusal of the United States to exchange paper dollars for gold to IMF member states.
Masses of paper dollars were issued on euro markets, then eurobonds were issued, the issue of which was not taxed, euro-commercial bills appeared with the condition of payment in eurocurrency, and so on. This was the first impetus to the isolated position of the sphere of circulation in the economic system, which quickly acquired a supranational character.
Another important event in the early 1970s was the organization of the international cartel of oil producers and exporters OPEC and its decision to multiply oil prices.
Both of these factors influenced the nature of the next cyclical crisis, which was characterized by a combination of high unemployment and high inflation, which formally contradicted the Keynesian model of combining low unemployment with metered inflation.
The classical cycle in the phase of depression is characterized by a decrease in prices and, on this basis, the dissipation of commodity surpluses, the crisis in 1974-1975. was not classical in this regard, prices were kept high not only because of oil prices, but also because of the excess money in circulation associated with the collapse of the gold standard.
The current situation's accusations against Keynesian counter-cyclical regulation were, to say the least, not correct. Keynes recommended paper issuance as the government's monetary reserve, which should be used for investment in production during a recession, but with the condition that investment should go to the real sector of the economy, and not to speculative transactions in the markets.
The ambiguity of the course towards deregulation and liberalization of economic relations has another aspect - the discrepancy between the ideology of economic liberalism and the actual practice of state regulation in all economically developed countries with a "market economy".
The course towards deregulation within the framework of Reaganomics or Thatcherism was resolutely declared, but implemented with great caution. In practice, Keynesian methods of influencing the economic cycle were preserved, for example, the well-known practice of regulating the lending interest rate by the US central bank - the Fed, raising it during a period of high market conditions and reducing it during a recession.
Important areas of key importance for the country's economic security, such as agriculture and energy, not to mention military and space programs, remained under state protection and control.
It wasn't until 1996 that the California Legislature decided to remove state control over the electricity system within its jurisdiction.
It was assumed that energy producers freed from state control would enter into noble competition for the consumer, market mechanisms would work and prices would begin to fall, as it is written in the textbooks of Economics. According to A. Marshall's pricing model, the surplus profit, which he called "quasi-rent", formed as a result of rising prices due to the excess of demand over supply, should be invested in increasing production capacity, as a result, supply will increase and prices will decrease.
At the same time, in reality, it turned out that billions of dollars of investments are required for the construction of powerful power plants, i.e. long money, while the shortage of electricity during peak hours allows it to be sold at a price 8-10 times higher than the cost of its production. California has experienced rolling blackouts that have made a strong impression on other states that are slow to take advantage of the free market economy of the California model See: Ortting R. RAO UES of California. - N.G. 01/20/2001. .
Investment in the real sector of the economy becomes unattractive in comparison with the fantastic profitability of stock speculation and the possibility of relocating enterprises to countries with low labor costs. This practice is associated with the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs), which explodes national economic systems and does not fit into the traditional economic theory of the international division of labor. The new world economy, which began to be designated as global, has not received a worthy theoretical interpretation. It, of course, is not in the system of A. Smith, nor in the system of K. Marx, nor in the system of J. Keynes, who considered international processes as national processes that went beyond their borders, and did not attach to them the special significance that they acquired today.
2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state
Indeed, in the past, the external economy did not break away from its national soil, international economic relations were interstate in nature and guaranteed the inviolability of sovereignty and economic security, and the principle of mutual benefit acted in international exchange.
Globalization poses a threat to the sovereignty of the state and its national security, if it is considered in the aspect of the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is equal to the economic space for the free movement of their goods and capital.
It is known that the basis of the economic global system is about 500 TNCs, five of them control more than half of the world production of durable goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment of cars, etc.
Supporting the ideology of economic liberalism, advocating the free movement of capital, goods, services within the global economic space, TNCs themselves use planning, set prices not as a result of the struggle between supply and demand, but by administrative means. But the most important thing is that in the 90s of the last century there was a transformation of transnational capital into financial capital with its separation from real capital.
At the system level, this means a gap between the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation, an imbalance in the relationship between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. And this is no longer abstract reasoning, but an objective reality expressed in numbers. So, if in 1990 600 billion US dollars were sent to money speculation every day, then in 1997 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is 29-30 times the cost of goods and services sold per day See: Movsesyan A., Ognivtsev S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6. - S. 56-57. .
The separation of finance from the real economy is a historical reality of the late twentieth century.
With the increase in the power of computers, secondary securities began to dominate the securities market, united by the general concept of “derivatives”. These are futures, swaps, options, etc. Not so long ago, these securities were a kind of insurance for the real economy. But then, with the development of the electronic market, derivatives trading became completely autonomous. In the middle of the 90s of the XX century. T. Fischer, commercial director of Deutsche Bank, defined the current situation as follows: “the financial world has emancipated itself from the real sphere.” See: Martin GP, Schumann H. Globalization Trap: Attack on Prosperity and Democracy. - M.: Publishing house "ALPINA", 2001. - S. 82. .
Such emancipation was expressed in astronomical sums: at the end of the 20th century. the total volume of the secondary securities market was approaching 100 trillion. US dollars, and the annual turnover of financial transactions has reached half a quadrillion US dollars See: ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6.- P. 57. .
An economist who has not accepted the postulates of modern monetarism must ask himself how it is possible to achieve such fantastic sums, which is the source of enrichment for financial speculators, were the old mercantilists who believed that trade was the source of wealth really right? The answer can be unequivocal: the superprofits of financial speculators are the result of the redistribution of material wealth on a global scale. This is made possible by the liberalization of national economies, which deprives the state of the possibility of strict financial control, regulation of the foreign exchange market, and preservation of national wealth.
The new economic system that is being formed as a result of globalization contains a destructive gene that gives rise to and multiplies the value of the asymmetry factor - stock market hypertrophy, which feeds on dimensionless credit resources.
The well-known historian, ethnologist L. Gumilyov called space and time the parameters of the history of ethnic groups. He gave space an essentially economic definition, calling it "enclosing and feeding landscape." He interpreted time in an extraordinary way, emphasizing the conditionality of both linear and cyclic time. See: Gumelev A.A. From Russia to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of economy. - 2004. - No. 5. .
But time, like space, has an economic content, for example, an indicator of hourly labor productivity, the cyclical nature of a market economy, depreciation periods, etc. At the same time, these indicators may be included in the integrative indicator of the security of the economic system. It should be clarified that logically, at the level of theory, we can talk about a single integrative indicator of economic security, its positive dynamics. At the same time, economic security is made up of many factors - military, political, economic, social, demographic. Of particular importance in modern conditions are energy and food security, which are directly related to the economic space. And this is nothing new. As we have seen, the economic aspect of space was taken into account earlier both in theory and in practice, however, the economic space was not an independent object of scientific research and was not considered as an economic category, as it is today See: Chekmarev V.V. To the theory of economic space // Proceedings of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3. .
There are quite serious grounds for bringing the problem of the security of the economic space to the fore.
Of course, this is directly related to globalization, which has already been discussed. At the same time, attention to the negative manifestations of globalization, which constitute a threat to economic security not only for Russia, but also for the world economy, should not distract from the objective processes underlying the globalization of the world space.
The economic space coincides with the territory in a natural closed economy, existing on the principles of self-sufficiency, or autarky.
In a market economy, the economic space is determined by the scale of production and the geography of the sale of its product. Its conquest is carried out on the basis of specialization and cooperation. This is the material basis for the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is an economic space without national borders, in which capital, goods, and services move freely. Modern communications and, potentially, the "Internet" make the economic space single and non-national.
The economic space has turned into an aggressive economic, competitive environment, which is still open to new competitors. Therefore, Russia should make every possible use of its intellectual potential, natural resources, part of the surviving production base for the appropriate support of its national producers and potential exporters.
With the support of state protectionism, soft, hidden, as is done in countries with a developed market economy, domestic entrepreneurs, through the inevitable processes of mergers and acquisitions, can move on to conquer economic space, or, more precisely, to win it back. It would not be superfluous to recall that the Westerner and marketer S. Witte insisted on pursuing an active protectionist policy towards young Russian capital.
In the Soviet system, the state played the main role in ensuring economic security at all its structural levels. In addition to a powerful apparatus of political control, which is condemned by the public, the state had an equally powerful economic base.
At the same time, without delving into the still not fully clarified question of the comparative advantages or disadvantages of various models of control, we note something in common: the role of the state in the economy is proportional to the resources it manages, be it the budget, natural resources, property rights.
The Russian state continues to free itself from such a burden as industrial enterprises, land, reduces taxes and thereby loses the opportunity to have a significant impact on economic processes, not to mention economic security and its one of the main threats - the flight of capital from the country. This sensitive issue is not properly discussed, although it is the reason for the scarcity of the state budget.
In yielding the economic space to business, the state should not shirk its inherent modern functions - political, economic, social. State regulation of economic processes should be aimed at restoring optimal proportions between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. This goal can be served by institutions of property rights, contract law, competitive order, etc., the activation of which can reduce the uncertainty factor, reduce risks and threats to economic security and business and the state.
Conclusion
Summing up some results, we can state that the economic security of Russia is closely related to the structure and dynamics of the world economy, which is in a state of potential systemic crisis. Our country can protect its economy from the risks of globalization by reducing its dependence on accidents and sudden fluctuations in the world market.
The scientific achievements of the theory of catastrophes, the subject of which is the study and prevention of risks, conflicts and crises, can become a response to the needs of ensuring economic security.
The need to turn to the theory of catastrophes for many became obvious already at the beginning of “perestroika” and the answer to it was the publication of the monograph “Theory of Catastrophes” by Academician V. Arnold, in which guidelines were formulated for responding to difficulties and likely undesirable consequences of reforms See: Arnold V Theory of catastrophes. - M., 1990. .
The main thing is to realize the non-linearity of transient processes, to which it is necessary for managers accustomed to linear thinking to adapt See: Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12. .
This can be understood as a call for prompt and non-standard solutions and actions to prevent a crisis in the economic security of the country, primarily from the state, but not only from the state, but also from institutions - norms, mechanisms, rules of conduct.
Spisoto the used literature
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4. Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - S. 28
5. Gumelev A.A. From Russia to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of economy. - 2004. - No. 5.
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We can agree with the assessments of the well-known American economist Turow that "today Russia is halfway between a market economy and a planned economy, and neither of them works."
The economic result of the reform is the drop in Russia's share in world GDP to 2.4% and the transition from 3rd place, which was occupied by Russia in the USSR (after the USA and Japan and shared it with Germany) to 15th. Up to 1.3%, i.e. Russia's share in world exports has also roughly halved compared to the pre-perestroika period.
As a result, the share of Russian products in the world markets for science-intensive civilian products is 1%. For comparison: the US accounts for 36%, Japan - 30% of these markets. Especially dangerous is the lag in such industries as computer science, electronics, communications, which has developed in the past decades, including because of the existing gap between the civilian and military-industrial sectors of the economy.
Many Western experts explain the general economic weakening of Russia by the ineffectiveness of economic reforms and the excessive opening of the economy to foreign competition. Others emphasize that it is not "liberalism, but the economy of plunder that has been established in the country" that is to blame. The assessments of French economists are distinguished by a particularly critical approach. Professor Brandet (Paris University Dauphine) writes: “Everything that could be sold was sold in Russia, and as a result, in the absence of funds for investment, huge amounts of money ended up in individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The industrial potential of the country was practically destroyed, and the volume of industrial production was declining by 10% per year.”
The Russian economy currently remains largely reformed, transitional, and has not completed its transformation into any particular state. It combines elements of the old and new systems. If in terms of the share of non-state economic entities the Russian economy can be considered a fully market economy, then in terms of the efficiency of their activities and the level of competitiveness, it is not. In addition, more than half of Russian firms are generally fictitious and are often associated with illegal activities.
In Russia, an inefficient structure of social production is preserved - the predominance of fuel and energy and raw materials industries and a low share of engineering products and modern high-tech, science-intensive industries. Weak is the financial and credit in general and the banking system, in particular, which limits the investment of production. Internal parameters largely determine external ones: Russia remains a supplier of raw materials and an importer of finished products on world markets, including various types of modern equipment and foodstuffs.
Russia's participation in international economic relations is still insignificant. The share of Russia in the world population is 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (moreover, in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in world imports - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is weakly involved in global processes, which is connected both with the legacy of the past and with the weaknesses of its present position.
At the same time, the importance of the world market for the Russian economy is enormous. So, in 2002, exports amounted to 133.7 billion dollars, and imports - 57.4 billion dollars.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the past few years, positive trends have emerged in the development of the Russian economy, outpacing some global processes. For example, the growth rate of the world gross domestic product in 2002 was 2.8%; - 2.5%, and the growth rates of Russian GDP amounted to 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.
The growth of production and GDP that has emerged in the past two years and is forecasted in Russia can be regarded as a sustainable trend only if it is possible to make maximum use of favorable conditions for the growth of domestic production (devaluation of the ruble, growth in world oil prices) and other market factors that Unfortunately, they may be reversible.
However, with all the shortcomings of the country's economic policy, one cannot fail to see that the free access of Russian producers to foreign markets is limited by far from liberal measures: the practice of double standards is widely used in relation to Russia, as well as special concessions and demands in domestic and foreign economic policy, the pressure of external debt .
As a result, Russia, with a weakened and unbalanced economy, must fit into an international situation characterized by at least three main intractable problems:
- The split of civilization
- · the growing unpredictability of global economic processes, especially in the field of financial movement;
- · opposition of the national management of many countries to the methods and forms of globalization.
Russia has both competitive advantages and weaknesses in the world markets. Competitive advantages include:
- a) high availability of mineral resources - 13% of the world's proven oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;
- b) a significant amount of accumulated fixed production assets and funds of universal equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the capital intensity of the technological modernization of a number of industries (although a significant part of them has a long service life and wear and tear);
- c) cheap labor combined with a sufficiently high level of its qualifications;
- d) the presence of unique advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex, etc.
It should be noted that these advantages lose their nature over time - natural resources are exhausted, equipment and new technologies become obsolete, skilled labor is aging and emigrating.
At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited by Russia's strategic weaknesses, which include:
- a) weakness of the system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;
- b) a sharp reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West and an increase in deformations in this area (increasing the raw material orientation of Russian exports, the loss of traditional sales markets);
- c) blocking entry to markets where Russia has competitive advantages;
- d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small series of products with a weak level of control of material costs;
- e) a rapid decline in domestic demand for science-intensive products, which destroys the already weak competitive environment for the “running in” of goods and technologies prior to their promotion to the foreign market.
Nevertheless, modern Russia is characterized by ever-expanding interaction with the world market. Russia's share in world GDP after the 1998 crisis has a constant upward trend. This also leads to increased threats associated with the foreign economic sphere.
The increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security is based on objective processes and phenomena taking place in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in the global economy and in international economic relations. It seems appropriate to include the following among the most important such processes and phenomena.
First, the economic experiment of the 1990s in Russia had as its main goal the redistribution of property and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. On the whole, it is quite understandable that in the course of privatization the only effective means to achieve this goal was the destruction of the state administration system, since it was the state that was the main holder of ownership of the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive rather than constructive. Russia has set a kind of record for the duration and depth of the economic downturn in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, the socio-economic problems of Russia had become so acute that changing domestic and foreign economic policy became not a matter of discussion between economists and political scientists, but a matter of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, has chosen the goals of achieving economic growth through the predominant development of the production of durable goods as reform priorities. Naturally, this was accompanied by a structural redistribution of property to the extent that it met the main goals of development without destroying the national system of governance.
National interests, issues of economic security of the state have been and remain decisive in the complex of reforms carried out in China. As a result, the People's Republic of China has demonstrated record rates of economic growth, has become one of the driving forces and a stabilizing factor in the world economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally "inundated" with Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad took a strong position in local business circles not only in developing countries, but also in industrialized countries. Unlike many, it was this country that withstood the unfolding in 1997-1998. world financial crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change in the leadership of Russia at the turn of the century, the problem of the economic security of the state from a declarative and opportunistic one began to gradually turn into a question of the practical economic policy of the state. This served as an impetus for conducting new research and developing practical approaches to ensuring national security in various areas, including the security of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, observed at the present time, seems to reflect the completion of some transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already taken place, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social upheavals no longer meet the interests of entrepreneurship, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sale of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs themselves are increasingly becoming interested in securing their position in a regulated market, while improving the legal framework for entrepreneurship, protecting the individual, property rights, in other words, in the implementation by the state of its fundamental tasks of ensuring the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourth, there was a clear disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the "reformers" who stood at the origins of the start of economic reforms. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained "outboard" of market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment conducted in the country. The demand for economic and political "radical liberalism" was extremely high at the stage of the destruction of the existing system of state administration and the implementation of privatization. However, as with other social upheavals that occurred in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the completion of the redistribution of national wealth. Under these conditions, the Russian economic literature intensified critical reflection on the ongoing reforms, and more and more attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.
Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: the degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems. Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization the problem of national interests and the economic security of the state is aggravated is evidenced by such trends as the implementation in explicit and hidden forms of state support for national business in world markets; expansion and increase in the number of zones of national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the United States; active study of the problems of ensuring the security of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
It would be possible to continue enumerating the objective processes that underlie the recently increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. However, both the trends listed above and the studies conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite specific.
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