Accounting for the sale of goods and services. Accounting for the sale of products, works and services
Finished products and their evaluation
Finished products are products that are completely finished processing, accepted by technical control and delivered to the warehouse or accepted by the customer. Products that have not passed control or all stages of processing are accounted for as part of work in progress.
For enterprises performing work and providing services, the product of their production activity is considered to be work performed for other enterprises and services rendered.
Finished products are valued in accounting either at actual or standard cost. In the same assessment, it is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Valuation at actual production cost is used in individual production of products. For other industries, discount prices are used, which can be used as selling prices or planned cost.
Shipment (release) of products, works and services to buyers and customers
15. Accounting for the sale of products (works, services).
Under a sale and purchase agreement in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, one party (the seller) undertakes to transfer the thing (goods) into the ownership of the other party (the buyer), and the buyer undertakes to accept the property and pay a certain amount for it. sum of money(price).
The contract usually defines the moment of transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer. The right of ownership of the acquirer of the thing under the contract has arisen. from the moment of its transfer. To account for the implementation is ready. products, works, conv. used sch. 90 "Sales".
On the account 90 for both D and K reflection. the same sales volume. (works, services), but in different estimates: for K - at sales prices.), And for D - at full cost with VAT. Comparing sales revenue. products (works, services) with the amount reflected in D sc. 90, reveals the result from the sale of products (works, services) - profit or loss.
Sales proceeds. products reflect according to D sch 62 in correspondence with sch 90.
Account 62 keeps records of settlements with purchases and customers. However, if using typical scheme of economic operations (delivery of products, payment for a specific delivery), sub-accounts to account 62 without opening.
In the event that the supply contract provides for collection form of calculation, to account 62 opens sub-account 62-1 “Settlements in the order of collection”, for which it takes into account. calculations on presented. buy and order and accepted by the bank for payment of the settlement document for the shipment of products (output of work, provision of services).
If m / y buy. and seller to them. long-term household connection, to account 62 m.b, sub-account 62-2 “Settlements with planned payments” was opened. On this subsc. taking into account calculations are not specific. delivery, but plans. payments and scheduled deliveries on a regular basis. clarification of the status of settlements.
Analytical accounting for account 62 led. for each presented. to buyers (customers of the account), and when calculating planned payments - for each. buy-lu and the customer.
acc. with a conclusion contracts org. can. receive advance. payment for goods. Receipt Accounting preliminary payment from the buyer is carried out on account 62 / subaccount “Calculations for advance payment”. By K reflect the amount received. preliminary payment for goods in correspondence with account. accounting for DS, for D - advance payment offset.
Prepayment received. to the PC or to the cashier, reflected by the wiring:
D51.50 K62 "Calculations on advance payment."
Recognition of these receipts as income of the seller organization is possible only after the proper execution of the contract for the supply of goods, vol. works, prov. services. Prior to this, the seller organization has creditors. debt before the pre-paid counterparty.
In data situational from the amount of the preliminary payment accrued VAT.
D62 "Calc. in advance payment "K68" Calc. for VAT.
Tax calculated. prepaid, accept to the deduction of independent from the moment sales of goods, i.e. the deduction is made on the day of shipment.
After fulfilling the terms of the contract, the seller received possibility of income recognition. and expense., connected. with sale.
D62K90 reflects the proceeds from the sale of products.
D90K43 the cost of production has been written off.
D90K68 reflects VAT, accrued. when shipping products.
Since income and expenses are recognized in the accounting system in full, it is necessary. make a final settlement on an advance payment.
D51K62 the debt for shipped products was repaid.
D62 “Calculations according to preliminary payment "K62 - the amount of the previously paid prepayment is credited to the total amount of debt.
D68 K 62 “Calc. in advance payment" - restored. the amount of VAT on the previously received prepayment.
Recently distributed Commercial lending in the form of an advance payment, deferred and installment payment.
The terms of the commercial agreement credit m.b. provided for accrual of % on the amount of the buyer's (customer's) debt.
commercial credit is not self-sustaining. a loan type transaction, but one of the terms of the supply agreement. Therefore, % on the main. the amount of debt under the contract, accrued in the event of a delay in its repayment, represents an increase in the price of goods, works, services sold under the contract.
Based on clause 6.2 of PBU 9/99, it follows that when selling goods, issuing works, rendering services on the basis of a commercial loan provided in the form of a deferment and installment payment, we will accept the full amount of receivables. debt.
Accounting: Cheat Sheet Team of Authors
60. Sales accounting
60. Sales accounting
Accounting for the sale of products, works, services is kept on account 90 "Sales".
When recognized in accounting, the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, etc. is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”. At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, etc. is debited from the credit of accounts 43 “Finished products”, 41 “Goods”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 20 “Main production”, etc. to the debit of account 90 “Sales” .
In organizations engaged in production agricultural products, the credit of account 90 "Sales" reflects the proceeds from the sale of products (in correspondence with account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"), and the debit - its planned cost (during the year when actual cost not identified) and the difference between the planned and actual cost of goods sold (at the end of the year). The planned cost of products sold, as well as the amount of differences, are written off to the debit of account 90 "Sales" (or reversed) in correspondence with those accounts on which these products were recorded.
In organizations that carry out retail and keeping records of goods at sales prices, the credit of account 90 "Sales" is reflected sale value goods sold (in correspondence with accounting accounts Money and settlements), and in debit - their accounting value (in correspondence with account 41 "Goods") with simultaneous reversal of the amounts of discounts (markups) related to the goods sold (in correspondence with account 42 "Trade margin").
To account 90 "Sales" sub-accounts can be opened.
Sub-account 90-1 "Revenue" takes into account the receipt of assets recognized as revenue.
Subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales" takes into account the cost of sales, for which revenue is recognized on subaccount 90-1 "Revenue".
On sub-account 90-3 "Value added tax" the amounts of value added tax due to be received from the buyer (customer) are taken into account.
On sub-account 90-4 "Excises" the amounts of excises included in the price of sold products (goods) are taken into account.
Organizations - payers of export duties can open a sub-account 90-5 "Export duties" to account 90 "Sales" to record the amounts of export duties.
At the end of the reporting year all sub-accounts opened for account 90 "Sales" (except for sub-account 90-9 "Profit/loss from sales") are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90-9 "Profit/loss from sales".
Analytical accounting on account 90 “Sales” is maintained for each type of goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered, etc. In addition, analytical accounting on this account can be maintained by sales regions and other areas necessary for managing the organization.
Funds of the enterprise, participating in economic activity, make a circuit. The movement of funds is determined by three relatively independent processes: supply, production, sale.
The process of selling products is the final stage in the circulation of enterprise funds. At this stage, a set of marketing activities is carried out finished products, works, services to the buyer. The result of the sale process for the manufacturing organization is the proceeds that the company uses to restore inventories, maintain supply and production processes, and form accumulation funds for other purposes. The process of selling products is carried out in four stages: 1) the conclusion of the contract; 2) drawing up an implementation plan, taking into account the balances in the warehouse; 3) fulfillment of the conditions for the delivery of products specified in the contract; 4) receipt of payment to the current account.
The process of selling products (works, services) - this is a process during which the enterprise sells finished products (works, services) to the buyer and receives revenue.
Documentary confirmation of the fact of sale indicates that the manufactured products correspond in quality, assortment, terms of delivery and price according to market demand. Answer to main question: "Did the enterprise manage to cover the costs incurred and make a profit with the funds received in the form of revenue?", the enterprise can only after the manufactured products are sold. In this connection, the accounting tasks at this stage are the following:
- Properly set primary accounting at the stage of the process of selling products (works, services);
- Economically justified price for sold products;
- Correctly calculated actual cost of goods sold;
- Implementation of the control function for timely repayment accounts receivable;
- Calculation of the financial result from the sale of products.
Reflection of the implementation process on the accounts of accounting
The process of selling (selling) products is reflected in account 90 "Sales". This account reflects the income and expenses of the organization for the main and secondary activities. This account is active-passive, depending on the account corresponding to it.
Typical accounting entries:
For the debit of account 90:
- D90 K43- finished products of the current year are sold at the planned cost;
- D90 K43- finished products of the previous year were sold at actual cost;
- D90 K68— VAT included;
- D90 K44- written off selling expenses;
- D90 K20 - adjustment for sold products written off;
On the credit of account 90:
- D62 K90- revenue for sold products has been accrued (VAT is calculated from this amount).
At the end of the year is determined financial results from sales by comparing debit and credit turnover.
The result from the sale of products as a whole is determined on account 90/9 "Profit (loss) from sales"
If the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover, then the economy has received a loss - D90/9 K 90/1.
If the credit turnover is greater than the debit turnover, then the farm has made a profit - D90/1 K90/9.
Profit (loss) for the whole economy is reflected in account 99.
If the amounts accounted for in the debit of account 90/9 are greater than the turnover on the loan, then the result of sales is a loss D99 K90/9.
If the amounts recorded on the credit of account 90/9 are greater than the turnover on the debit, then the result from sales is profit - D90/9 K99.
Practical task on the topic: "Accounting for the sales (sales) process in accounting"
Exercise 1. LLC Svet sold 320 c. buckwheat at the planned cost of 7,685 rubles. for 1c. The actual cost of 1 c. - 7 625 rubles. for 1c. Selling expenses amounted to RUB 183,000. The average selling price for 1ts. 8 000 rub. VAT -10%. Determine the result from the sale of products, draw up correspondence accounts.
- D90 / 2 K43 - (320 * 7 685) \u003d 2,459,200 rubles.
- Adjustment for 1 c. 7 625-7 685 = 60 rubles
- D 90/2 K 20 (60 * 320) \u003d 19,200 rubles.
- D 90/2 K44 - 183,000 rubles.
- D62 K90 / 1 - 2,560,000 rubles.
- D90 / 3 K68 - 256,000 rubles.
Dt (Debit) | 90 "Sale of buckwheat" |
CT (Credit) | |
opening balance - rub. |
|||
1) RUB 2,459,200 3) 19,200 rubles. 4) 183,000 rubles. 6) 256,000 rubles. |
5) 2,560,000 rubles. | ||
Turnover RUB 2,879,000 |
Turnover RUB 2,560,000 |
||
RUB 319,000 | |||
Total RUB 2,879,000 |
Total RUB 2,879,000 |
- D 90/9 K 90/1 - 319,000 rubles.
- D 99 K 90/9 - 319,000 rubles.
Task 2. Rassvet LLC sold 280 c. wheat at the planned cost of 185 rubles. for 1c. The actual cost of 1 c. — 193 rubles. Selling expenses RUB 10,485 The average selling price for 1c. 240 rub. VAT -10%. Determine the result from the sale of products, draw up correspondence accounts.
- D90 / 2 K43 (280 * 185) = 51,800 rubles.
- Adjustment for 1 c. 193 rub. — 185 rubles. = 8 rubles.
- D 90/2 K 20 (8 * 280) \u003d 2,240 rubles.
- D 90/2 K44 - 10,485 rubles.
- D62 K90 / 1 - 67,200 rubles.
- D90 / 3 K68 - 6,720 rubles.
Dt (Debit) | 90 "Sale of wheat" |
CT (Credit) | |
opening balance - rub. |
|||
1) 51,800 rubles. 3) 2 240 rub. 4) 10,485 rubles. 6) 6 720 rub. |
5) 67200 rub. | ||
Turnover RUB 71,245 | Turnover RUB 67,200 | ||
RUB 4,045 | |||
Total RUB 71,245 |
Total RUB 71,245 |
- D 90/9 K 90/1 - 4,045 rubles.
- D 99 K 90/9 - 4,045 rubles.
Task 3. Luch LLC sold 780 units. parts at the planned cost of 380 rubles. for 1pc. Actual cost of 1 pc. - 400 rubles. Sales expenses 15,000 rubles. Realization price for 1 piece. 740 rub. VAT -18%. Determine the result from the sale of products, draw up correspondence accounts.
Sale of finished products refers to ordinary species organization's activities.
For purposes accounting revenue from the sale of finished products is determined based on the assumption of the temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity (by shipment or accrual basis).
Finished products are considered sold from the date of their shipment to buyers and presentation of shipping documents for payment. With the sale of products, the ownership of the products (goods, works, services) is transferred from the supplier to the buyer, and from this date the enterprise has obligations to the state to pay taxes and fees.
Sales of finished products are carried out by organizations at prices including VAT.
To account for the sale of finished products, an active-passive account 90 "Sales" is provided.
There is no balance on the account, since in the amount of the balance account 90 "Sales" is closed to account 99 "Profit and Loss" in order to determine the financial result of the operation.
The credit of the account includes the proceeds from the sale of products in the reporting period.
The debit accounts include indirect taxes accrued from the turnover for the sale of products, such as VAT, excises, as well as costs associated with the production and sale of products.
Such a construction of accounting provides information, on the one hand, on income in connection with the sale of products, on the other hand, on costs in connection with its production and sale. By comparing the credit and debit turnovers on account 90 "Sales", the financial result (profit or loss) from the sale of products is determined. The excess of the credit turnover of account 90 "Sales" over the debit one shows a profit, and the excess of the debit turnover of account 90 "Sales" over the credit one shows a loss.
In the general case, revenue is accepted for accounting in the amount calculated in monetary terms, equal to cash receipts and (or) the amount of receivables.
If the amount of receipt covers only a part of the proceeds, then the proceeds accepted for accounting is determined as the sum of the receipt and receivables, in the part not covered by the receipt.
The following features of determining the proceeds from the sale of finished products have been established:
- 1) when selling products on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of deferral and installment payment, the proceeds are accepted for accounting in the full amount of receivables;
- 2) the amount of receipts and (or) receivables under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations by non-monetary means is accepted for accounting at the cost of goods received or to be received by the organization. The cost of goods received or receivable by the organization is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).
If it is impossible to establish the cost of goods received by the organization, the amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined by the cost of products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines revenue in relation to similar products (goods);
3) the amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined taking into account all the discounts provided.
Revenue from the sale of products is recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met:
- - the organization has the right to receive this proceeds arising from a specific contract;
- - the amount of revenue can be determined;
- - there is confidence that as a result of a particular operation there will be an increase economic benefits organizations;
- – ownership of the product has passed from the organization to the customer;
- - expenses that are incurred in connection with the receipt of income from the sale of products can be determined.
If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to cash and other assets received by the organization, then the organization’s accounting recognizes accounts payable and not revenue.
Shipment (release) of products to customers is carried out on the basis of contracts concluded with them or through a retail trading network. The release of finished products to buyers is carried out in organizations on the basis of the relevant primary documents - overhead. As a standard form of an invoice, a unified form No. 15 “Invoice for the release of materials to the side”, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia No. 71a, can be used. Organizations can develop their own forms of primary accounting documents for the release of finished products, taking unified forms as a basis, while adding or removing some of the details. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the presence in the form of a document required details according to Art. 9 of the Accounting Act.
On the basis of invoices for the release of finished products (other similar primary accounting documents), the sales department issues invoices in the prescribed form in two copies, the first of which is sent (transferred) to the buyer no later than five days from the date of shipment, and the second remains with the supplier organization to reflect in the sales book and charge VAT.
The procedure for accounting for the shipment of finished products depends on the moment of transfer of ownership stipulated by the supply agreement (concluded between suppliers and the buyer). In the general procedure, the transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer occurs immediately after its shipment (Article 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Based on PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", the proceeds from the sale of products are related to income from the ordinary activities of the organization. To account for the sale of products standard plan accounting accounts, an operational-resulting account 90 is provided, to which sub-accounts are opened:
- ? 1 "Revenue" - to account for the receipt of assets recognized as revenue;
- ? 2 "Cost of sales" - to account for the cost of sales, for which revenue is recognized on account 90-1;
- ? 3 "Value added tax" - to account for the amount of VAT due to be received from the buyer;
- ? 4 "Excises" - to account for the amounts of excises included in the price of products sold;
- ? 9 "Profit / loss from sales" - to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the month.
At the end of the month, the sales expenses previously reflected during the month on the active balance account 44 “Sales expenses” are written off as an increase in the cost of sales. Sales expenses (commercial expenses) include the cost of packaging, product advertising, transportation costs for the delivery of products to customers, salaries of employees of the sales department and insurance premiums in social funds by this wages etc.
During the month, these expenses are reflected in the debit of account 44 in correspondence with accounts 10 “Materials”, 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, 69 “Settlements for social insurance and security”, etc. At the end of the month, the amount of expenses for the sale is written off to increase the cost of sales with the entry: D 90-2 - K 44.
The sale of products, the ownership of which has passed to the buyer, is reflected in the following entries (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1
Correspondence of accounts for accounting for the sale of products
* When accounting for products at the standard (planned) cost, at the end of the month, deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value are calculated and written off (see paragraph 6.2):
D 90-2 - K 43-2 - deviations in value related to sold products are written off (by normal entry, i.e. additional posting or reversal);
D 90-2 - K 40 - the full amount of deviations of the actual production cost of the released finished product from its value at accounting prices is written off (by a regular entry, i.e. additional posting or reversal).
Example 6.5. Mirage Limited Liability Company keeps records of the output of finished products at actual cost using account 43. In May 20XX, product A was shipped to the buyer - Yug LLC in the amount of 500 units. The unit cost of product A is 6156 rubles. (see example 5.5 of paragraph 5.4). The established margin for product A is 40% (includes VAT at a rate of 18%). The cost of packaging products amounted to 800 rubles.
The accounting reflects the following business transactions for the sale of finished products.
Business operations for the sale of finished products
Document- base |
Debit accounts |
Credit accounts |
Amount, rub. |
|
Invoice, invoice |
|
|||
Written off the cost of shipped products |
invoice |
3,078,000 = 6,156 rubles X 500 units |
||
Invoice, sales book |
|
|||
Reflected packaging costs |
invoice |
|||
Selling expenses written off to increase the cost of sales |
Help-calculation accounting |
Example 6.6. Mirage Limited Liability Company keeps records of the output of finished products at the standard (planned) cost on account 43, with the opening of two sub-accounts:
- ? 1 "Accounting cost of finished products";
- ? 2 "Deviation of the actual cost of finished products from the book value."
According to accounting data, the standard (planned) cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of March 20XX is 300 thousand rubles, the actual production cost of this balance is 330 thousand rubles. (the amount of deviations (overspending) - 30 thousand rubles).
During March 20XX, products were released from production at the standard (planned) production cost in the amount of 950 thousand rubles, the actual cost of production amounted to 990 thousand rubles.
The standard (planned) cost of products shipped in March 20XX amounted to 680 thousand rubles. The proceeds from the sale amounted to 1,180,000 rubles. (subject to VAT at 18%). Let us determine the actual production cost of products shipped in March and the balance of finished products at the end of March 20XX (Table 1).
Calculation of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from the standard (planned) for March 20XX
Table 1
№ p.p. |
Indicator |
Regulatory (planned) cost price |
Actual cost price |
Deviations (gr. 4- gr. 5) (+, -) |
The balance of finished products in stock at the beginning of the month |
||||
Received from production |
||||
The ratio of the amount of deviations to the standard (planned) cost |
5.6% = 70,000: 1,250,000x 100 |
|||
Products shipped |
|
680 000 X 5,6% |
||
The balance of finished products in stock at the end of the month (p. 3 - p. 5) |
The following business transactions for the production and sale of finished products are reflected in accounting (Table 2).
Business operations for the production and sale of finished products
table 2
Ending
A document base |
Debit accounts |
Credit accounts |
Amount, rub. |
|
The amount of revenue is reflected - the cost of shipped products at sales prices (including VAT and excises) |
Invoice, invoice |
|||
Accrued VAT payable to the budget from the amount of revenue |
Invoice, sales book |
1 180 000x 18/118 |
||
Written off the standard cost of shipped products |
invoice |
|||
At the end of the month, deviations in value related to products sold are written off (overrun) |
Help-calculation of accounting |
If the contract concluded between the supplier and the buyer provides for a different general order transfer of ownership of the products (for example, when exporting products), then account 45 “Goods shipped” is used to account for the shipment.
The shipment of products, the ownership of which has not been transferred to the buyer, is reflected in the entry: D 45 - K 43. When the ownership of the products is transferred to the buyer, its value is written off by the entry: D 90-2 - K 45.
Entries on accounts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, 90-4 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. The financial result of the sale of products for the reporting month (profit or loss) is determined by comparing the credit turnover of account 90-1 and the total debit turnover of accounts 90-2, 90-3, 90-4. The resulting amount of the financial result is written off to account 99 “Profit and Loss”:
D 90-9 - K 99 - written off profit from the sale of products for the reporting month;
D 99 - K 90-9 - the loss from the sale of products for the reporting month was written off.
Example 6.7. In continuation of example 6.5. The financial result (profit) from the sale of products for May 20XX was written off:
D 90-9 - K 99 - 573,064 rubles. = 4 309 200 rubles. - ((3,078,000 rubles +
800 rubles) + 657,336 rubles).
In continuation of example 6.6. The financial result (profit) from the sale of products for March 20XX was written off:
D 90-9 -K 99 - 281,920 rubles. = 1,180,000 rubles. - ((680,000 rubles +
38,080 rubles) + 180,000 rubles).
On the basis of invoices for the movement of finished products and other primary documents, accounting registers are formed on account 43. Debit transactions are recorded in the statement on account 43, on credit - in the order journal on account 43. When automated form record keeping forms of registers can be different. For example, in automated system accounting on the PPP "1C: Accounting 8.0" you can get such documents as "Account Card", "Account Analysis" (for the period and by dates), "Turnover balance sheet for the account".
Generalization of the material on the topic "Accounting for finished products and their sale" was made using the scheme (Fig. 6.1).