Vertical marks on the master plan. Excavation at a construction site
Drawings are made on sheets of A1 or A2 format, in pencil or in ink with washing (facade and master plan, with the obligatory observance of the rules of graphic design, the established scales provided for by the SPDS. The frame of the drawing and the stamp is made with a solid main line with a thickness of 0.6 ÷ 0.8 mm. The outline of the contour of building elements that did not fall into the section, dimension lines, dashed, extension, etc., are made with a solid line 2-3 times thinner the main stroke line.
On the drawings, dimensions are applied and explanatory inscriptions are made necessary to obtain a complete picture of the building. The dimensions in the drawings are indicated without designation of the unit of measurement. All inscriptions in the drawings and designations in the drawing field and in the stamp are made in a standard font. Names, titles are performed above the drawing and underline.
All sheets must be framed. In the lower right corner of each sheet, a stamp of a certain shape and size is drawn and filled in (Appendix, page 59).
6. Master plan
The general plan is a drawing (horizontal projection) land plot, on which the projected building is located.
The general plan addresses the issues of horizontal and vertical planning of the site. The master plan should be carried out on a scale of 1: 1000 - 1: 500.
The general plan should show the main buildings and structures, roads, footpaths, green spaces. The placement of buildings should be subordinate to functional, architectural and compositional, fire-fighting and sanitary requirements.
Depending on the purpose of the building, the site may adjoin the city square, the main street, or be inside a residential neighborhood.
It is necessary to strive to ensure that the size and shape of the site allowed to compactly place all buildings and structures that make up a functional complex with the projected building, while the distances between buildings and structures must correspond to fire (at least 12 m) and sanitary (at least two heights of the shading building ) gaps, and should also allow the design of the necessary driveways for vehicles, sidewalks for pedestrians, areas for recreation, sports and household needs, landscaping of the site with tall trees, shrubs, plantations, flower beds on the site and between buildings (Fig. 1).
It is advisable to take the relief of the site even, with a small, predetermined slope towards the existing or projected streets and driveways adjacent to the site, along which it will be possible to divert the common sewage system or rain and melt water to lowered areas of the adjacent territory.
The relief of the site should be shown in the general plan with black contours, which must be interrupted at the locations of buildings and structures, projected streets, driveways and sites (Fig. 2).
Absolute elevations of contour lines should be taken in excess of 0.5 m, and their numerical values are assigned conditionally. The distance between the contour lines on the master plan (their placement) must be determined by dividing the elevation (0.5 m) by the slope of the surface of the building site specified in the assignment or accepted by the student (in dimensionless expression) and its value, obtained in meters, should be set aside on the master plan between the horizontals on the scale of the master plan ...
The numerical values of the absolute elevations of the contour lines should decrease in the direction of the outlet from the section of rain and melt water.
On the general plan drawing, it is necessary to show the horizontal and vertical reference of the projected building, i.e. the distance from the initial longitudinal and transverse axes to the boundaries of the plot, black and red absolute marks at the corners of the building, as well as the absolute elevation of the ground floor, corresponding to a relative elevation of 0.000. Absolute marks at the corners of the building are shown as a fraction, where the numerator contains the red mark (the intersection of the basement with the blind area), and the denominator - black (the intersection of the base with the existing relief).
Having the relief of the site in the horizontals and the plan of the projected building, it is necessary to find black marks at the corners of the building by interpolation. Red marks at the corners of the building are determined depending on the vertical layout of the site (from the projected relief). And since in the course project the natural relief is assumed to be calm, with a slight slope of the surface, the vertical layout of the entire territory of the site is not required. It is carried out only in the locations of buildings, structures, roads and sites, i.e. local (selective) vertical planning is in progress. Therefore, around the projected building, it is sufficient to provide blind areas with a rise of 1:10 to the building and with a slope of i = 0.003 along the walls of the building according to the relief to drain rain and melt water from the walls of the building towards the driveways.
The intersection points of the blind area with the plinth at the corners of the building are called red marks. The highest red mark on the corner of a building must not exceed the absolute mark of the ground floor level.
Absolute, the floor mark of the 1st floor will be equal to the red mark at the entrance to the building plus the height of the porch or basement (if the entrance is designed through a staircase).
On the site, it is also necessary to show the dimensions of the site in footage.
Next to the general plan drawing, you should build a wind rose, place an explication to the general plan, technical and economic indicators for the master plan, summarizing them in a table, and symbols for the general plan.
General plan M1: 500
R A windbreak is a drawing that depicts the frequency and speed of winds throughout the year (annual rose) or seasonal (summer, winter, etc. rose) in the area where the construction site is located. In the course project, it is enough to build an annual wind rose. It is constructed as follows. According to SNIP 2.01 1-82 "Construction climatology and geophysics", the number of days per year is determined during which the wind blew from one direction or another of the horizon (eight directions are taken: north, northeast, east, etc. to the north -west). Then, on a conditional scale (for example, 1 cm contains 10 days of wind recurrence), days of wind recurrence are postponed in the corresponding direction of the horizon from the center of the Rose. The obtained points in all directions of the horizon are connected by straight lines, which form an octagon, which is a rose of the repeatability of the winds.
The side of the world, on the straight line of which the greatest number of days of wind recurrence is postponed, determines the direction of the prevailing wind for a given construction area.
Taking into account the location of the cardinal points, the projected building is oriented on the site - with windows in the direction of that direction (south, southeast, etc.), which is most favorable for this building, depending on its purpose (for example, living quarters, classrooms, group rooms childcare facilities are recommended to be oriented with windows to the south or southeast, and operating rooms, drawing rooms - to the north).
A favorable orientation for various buildings and premises is indicated in the corresponding chapters of SNiP.
Table 3
Technical and economic indicators for the general plan
The name of indicators |
Unit of measurement |
Number of units |
Note: |
|
Land area | ||||
Building area "plot | ||||
Area of roads, playgrounds, sidewalks and blind area | ||||
Landscaping area | ||||
Building factor built-up area land area | ||||
Landscaping factor green area land area | ||||
Technical and economic indicators for the general plan will be determined as follows:
- the area of the site is determined by its projected dimensions;
the building area of the site is determined as the sum of the areas occupied by buildings and structures of all types, with the exception of the areas occupied by highways, sidewalks, blind areas around buildings, sports and recreation areas, etc.;
the area of roads, playgrounds, sidewalks, blind areas and other surfaces is determined by their projected dimensions;
the area of greenery is defined as the sum of the areas of projected green spaces (trees and shrubs, lawns, flower beds, etc.).
Vertical binding of buildings to a site, the relief of which is characterized by horizontal lines, is performed by the interpolation method. To do this, consider the following:
1. If a point (building corner) lies on the horizontal, then its elevation is equal to the horizontal elevation.
2. If the point lies between the contour lines, then it is necessary to draw a line through this point perpendicular to the adjacent contours and measure the length of the segment " m"In mm (distance from the lowest horizontal to the point) and distance" d " in mm between contours.
3.The calculation of the black marks of the corners of the building is carried out according to the formula:
m- distance from the lowest horizontal to the corner of the building
d- the distance between the contours, between which the corner of the building is located.
h- the height of the relief of the section.
We find the mark of the finished floor of the first floor as the arithmetic mean of the obtained marks of the corners of the building.
This value is equal to:
But the level of the floor of the first floor must be 1-1,200m higher than the level of the layout - this is the mark of the ground surface for residential buildings with an entrance to the staircase.
H 0 = 198.450 + 1.00 = 199.450 - this mark of the finished floor of the first floor is conventionally taken as the zero design horizon.
For industrial buildings, the mark of the ground surface is taken 0.150 m below the floor mark of the workshop, therefore
H 0 = 198.450 + 0.150 = 198.600
Thus, the floor level of the first floor has two marks:
Relative or conditional (0.000) and absolute or geodesic.
The design (red) marks of the planning of the corners of the building are selected in such a way that the slopes of the planning in the direction of the longitudinal and transverse axes of the building are in the range from 0.0010 + 0.0030 and ensure the flow of atmospheric water in the desired directions.
Taking into account these slopes and the size of the building, the red marks of its corners can be taken: H a = 198.60; H c = 198.80; H d = 198.20; H c = 198.30 and, accordingly, we determine the relative elevations of the ground of the corners of the building, which should be written in brackets next to the absolute marks.
To do this, successively subtract the angular absolute marks of the corners A from the absolute elevation of the ground floor level; V; WITH; D.
For example: angle A
199,45 – 198,60 = - 0,85
199,45 – 198,63 = - 0,83
Knowing the values of the relative elevations of the ground levels at the corners of the building, pay attention to the number of steps in the porches of external entrances, and for industrial workshops the device of inclined planes - ramps.
An example of high-altitude binding is shown in the figure.
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Black marks are written below the line.
Purpose of vertical referencing of a building- this is the definition of the absolute elevation of the finished floor level of the 1st floor, i.e. the origin of relative elevations (0.000). During the design and reconstruction, this elevation is determined based on the planning elevation of the transformed relief of the territory adjacent to the building. This mark - red - is determined by the red (planning) contours. It is known that red (design) marks, as well as black (marks of the existing terrain), are called absolute.
On the entire territory of the Russian Federation, they have a single reference point - the level of the Baltic Sea. The elevations of the elements of each individual building are called relative. The starting point for them in each building is the level of the finished floor of the first floor. To calculate the absolute elevation of the finished floor of the first floor of any building, you need to know how much the floor is located above the ground. As a rule, this value - elevation (ground level) - is indicated on the drawings of the facades and sections of the building with a minus sign. Without taking into account the sign, it is added to the absolute planning mark of the earth and the desired value is obtained.
In the training project, it is allowed to tie the building to the existing relief of green areas, i.e. calculate black marks at the corners of the building. The grading mark (red) should be taken at the highest elevation of the entrance. At all corners of buildings on the master plan, red marks should be indicated on the outriggers at the top, black marks below. In the center of the building in a rectangle indicate the absolute elevation corresponding to the value of 0.000 relative elevations (Fig. 1).
Picture 1.l - projected building; II - existing building; i - direction of surface water runoff; A, B, 1, 10 - axis designations
In conditions of significant differences in the heights of the relief of the territory of the microdistrict, urban planners use a wide range of vertical planning techniques. With their help, they form the planning surface of the microdistrict territory, organize transport and pedestrian traffic between the terraces lying at different levels. In each specific case, one or another method or device of vertical planning is chosen depending on the properties of the soil, geological and hydrological conditions, and the requirements for the territory of the microdistrict.
The simplest element of the vertical planning of the territory when surfaces are mated with a difference in elevation is a slope. Main question when designing slopes - establishing its steepness. It is chosen from the conditions of soil stability, prevention of landslides and erosion. It depends on the height of the elevation difference. At a slope height of up to 6 m in stable soils (semi-rocky and similar), the steepness is expressed in a ratio from 1: 1 to 1: 0.5; with soils of medium stability - up to 1: 1.5; with loose soils (fine-grained sands and the like) - 1: 1.5 or less. To protect the slope from erosion by surface waters, trays, ditches, drain pipes buried in the ground are arranged at its bottom (Fig. 2). Through them, rainwater is directed to the intake grids of the city drain or to the nearest reservoir. In addition, the slopes are strengthened by planting green spaces, sowed with herbs with a developed root system, covered with sod, paved with stones, concrete and reinforced concrete slabs. For the same purpose, cement-concrete slabs with holes filled with grasses or perennial flowers are used for paving slopes. When using green spaces to anchor slopes, it is important to provide them with a vegetative layer of soil.
Figure 2.
Retaining walls make vertical and inclined (slopes 1:10 and 1: 12). To prevent the soil of the overlying terrace from being washed away, the upper terrace is provided with drainage system and trays intercepting rain streams. Retaining walls are decorated with stone, rustication and other types of finishes.
For pedestrians, the terraces at different levels are connected by stairs. Ladders are arranged in slopes and breaks of retaining walls with a slope of no more than 1: 3, with a riser height of 10 ... 14 cm. The width of the tread of the stairs is not limited. With a slope of less than 1:13 (8%), it is allowed to arrange pedestrian inclined ramps - ramps. Stairs and ramps are arranged taking into account the main directions of the system of transport and pedestrian routes.
On the vertical planning project, design marks of characteristic points are indicated: at the corners and entrances of buildings, at places where the longitudinal slope changes and at the intersections of red lines of streets by passages, arrows in the street trays indicate the directions and values of the longitudinal slopes (in percent). In these directions, there will be surface water runoff. In addition to longitudinal slopes of driveways, sidewalks, green areas, as well as areas of microdistricts, for the convenience of drainage of rainwater, transverse slopes are arranged (Table 1).
Table 1.
Type of construction |
Cross-section view |
||
longitudinal |
transverse |
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Leaning from the house |
|||
Venues: |
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sports |
Single slope |
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Single slope |
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economic |
Gable |
||
Car parks |
Single slope |
||
Green spaces |
Single slope |
||
Garden paths |
Single slope with trays |
Slopes high heights (more than 5 m), it is sometimes advisable to dismember in height by horizontal surfaces, which are called berms. Berms can be used for walking paths.
Instead of slopes, retaining walls are often arranged. They are made of a durable material (stone, concrete, reinforced concrete) that can withstand the pressure of the overlying soil. Retaining walls are calculated in shape and section from the condition of equilibrium of the earth masses. The height is determined by the vertical leveling according to the height difference.
The longitudinal and transverse slopes of all platforms and paths have a direction that ensures the flow of water towards the nearest passage.
In the case of difficult terrain with slopes greater than the limit adopted for sites, they are located in recesses, on embankments
or partially by using cut and fill. At the same time, the architectural and planning combination of territories should not deteriorate.
Introduction
During the construction of any building or structure, as well as the planning and improvement of territories, soil is processed. Recycling includes the following main processes: soil development, movement, laying and compaction.
In a number of cases, this direct process is accompanied by preparatory and auxiliary processes. Preparatory processes are carried out before the start of soil development, and auxiliary processes are carried out before or during the construction of structures.
The construction master plan for installation works shows the location of construction cranes, temporary roads, storage areas for materials, utility and utility rooms. A crane with the necessary characteristics is assigned, measures are taken to prevent injuries during construction and installation work.
Production earthworks on construction site
Determination of black, red and working marks, determination of the contour of earth masses
Definition of black marks
In accordance with the assignment for the course project, it is necessary to plan the construction site in a certain area of the terrain. On the terrain plan attached to the assignment, contours are plotted with a predetermined dip - 1.0 m. The size of the side of the grid cell in accordance with the assignment is 100m.
Black marks are determined at the nodes of the coordinate grid by interpolation according to the shortest distance between adjacent horizontals and applied in the drawing with an accuracy of 0.01 m to the right, at the bottom of the node in black.
X h1 = 105 + 29/47 = 105 + 0.67 = 105.67
X h2 = 105 + 23/40 = 105 + 0.57 = 105.57
Definition of red marks
Red marks, i.e. the elevations of the planning plane are determined similarly to the black ones, at the nodes of the coordinate grid plotted on the terrain plan.
There are 4 methods for determining red marks:
The position of the grading plane and its slope are set
The position of the leveling plane is given, the slope of the plane must be selected based on the minimum earthwork
· The position of the leveling plane is not specified, it must be selected from the condition of the zero balance of earth masses; the slope of the grading plane is set
Position and slope of the grading plane are not specified
On assignment term paper the position of the leveling plane is not specified, it must be selected from the condition of zero balance of earth masses, and the slope - from the condition of minimum earthwork.
In accordance with the design assignment, the fourth version of the calculation of red marks was applied.
At zero balance earthworks on the site, the volume of excavation is equal to the volume of the embankment. Determine the black weighted average mark H cf. in all elementary figures. This mark is generally determined by the formula:
where n- the number of elementary figures on the site;
- the middle black mark within the limits of a separate elementary figure of the site (determined by the known black marks of its corner points);
Is the frequency coefficient of the i-th figure. The frequency coefficient is proportional to the area of the elementary figure.
Since the leveling plane has a slope, the resulting black mark N Wed in is equal to the red mark only in the center of gravity of the massif. It can be roughly assumed that the center of gravity of the array coincides with the center of gravity of the horizontal projection of the site.
According to the assignment, the slope of the planning plane must be selected based on the minimum of earthworks. Along the line of the greatest slope of the terrain, we build the profile of the site, on which we apply the found weighted average point of the planning plane. The slope of the planning plane is linked to the slope of the terrain, in order to obtain the minimum marks of the embankment and cut on the site.
Figure - Profile of the terrain
Then, according to the known red mark, its position and the slope of the planning plane, we determine all the other red marks by the formula.
Considerable attention should be paid to the location of buildings on the terrain.
Sites for placing buildings are created by vertical planning in various ways, depending on the location of buildings in relation to the horizontals. With insignificant longitudinal slopes along the building and along its width, the vertical layout of the sites does not encounter difficulties and is most closely approximated to the natural relief.
To adapt the building to the natural relief, space-planning techniques are used: the arrangement of buildings parallel to the horizontal slopes, a blocked arrangement in terms of single-section houses, a stepped arrangement of the building due to the vertical shift of the section. In addition to solutions for architectural planning and compositional problems, it is necessary to ensure the convenience of approach to buildings, as well as drainage from them. The slopes of the surface from buildings are designed towards the driveways (especially from buildings with basements) with a slope from the building of at least 2%. When the passage is 3 m away from the building, the mark of the blind area near the building must be at least 18 cm higher than the mark of the passage chute, based on the height of the side of the passage 15 cm and the lateral slope of the sidewalk at least 0.01.
The direction of the natural slope is not always consistent with the proposed site of buildings, determined by both the architectural and spatial design of the building and the requirements of insolation, ventilation or wind protection.
Planting a building of a simple shape in the plan, directed by the long side along the slope, can be carried out in two ways (Figure 67).
In the first case, the natural surface does not undergo changes, and the difference in elevations at the corners of the building is compensated by the device of the basement part of variable height (with large slopes - even a special basement floor). At the same time, a minimum amount of earthwork is achieved.
In the second case, the building is placed on a specially planned flat area, mated by slopes with the surrounding area. So, if when planting a building on the relief shown in Fig. 67a, a basement is required with a height of 1-1.7 m, then when it is placed on a planned site (Fig. 67b), the height of the base along the entire length of the building is 1 m, and the height the slope of the embankment does not exceed 0.7 m.
The choice of the method of planting a building is largely determined by the conditions of its placement relative to the boundaries of inter-highway territories and neighboring buildings. When placing a building in a small quarter, especially with perimeter development without gaps, when planting a building on a cramped area between existing ones altitude position building sites are usually predetermined by street surface elevations or points along the contour of existing buildings, which in most cases makes it impossible to create a leveled site. In microdistrict development, the placement of a building is not so rigidly dependent on the high-rise location of the surface of the streets, and in these conditions, their construction is widely used on separate sites with local cuts-backfills. This is especially true for buildings that are far from the red lines.
The planned site for the building can be carried out by cutting into the slope, embankment or half-cut-half-embankment. In this case, the length of the site and the length of the building to be placed on it at a certain value of the difference between the existing marks at the ends will be the less, the steeper the slope.
The height of the slopes of the leveled site is limited in terms of structural, aesthetic and sanitary requirements. Usually the height of the embankment is 1 m; even in the case of very deep foundations when placing buildings with basements, it should not be more than 1.8 m in order not to complicate the connection of the entrances to the building with the passage.
If the site is formed by cutting into the slope, the height of the slope is not related to the structure of the foundation, but the need for sufficient insolation of the premises of the first floor, their ventilation, and ensuring good visibility of the surrounding area does not allow the site to be buried below the existing elevations by more than 1.5-1.8 m.
The site, made by the embankment, is in an advantageous position in terms of drainage; it can be horizontal, and surface water is easily discharged from the blind area in the transverse direction. The width of such sites is usually equal to the width of the building itself plus the width of the blind area. The platform incised into the slope must have a longitudinal slope (not less than 0.05), which ensures the drainage of water from the slope chutes. In the case of laying drainage trays and to ensure visibility from the windows of the first floor, it is necessary to arrange platforms in the recess of a larger width - the strip from the walls to the slope can reach up to 6 m.
The most convenient for creating local sites for buildings are slopes with slopes in the range of 0.006-0.01.
The design elevations of the corners and entrances of buildings located on the red line of the block are determined in the process of high-rise organization of streets.
When placing buildings and designing sites for them, one should always keep in mind not only the engineering requirements of the vertical layout (compliance with favorable slopes of passages, drainage, etc.), but also the aesthetic side of the architectural and planning composition of the building.
The purpose of the floor marks of the first floor of a residential building depends on the total difference in marks at the end walls of the building and the number of steps at the porches of the entrances to the stairwells (no more than 6 steps, 12 cm each).
In this case, there may be the following options:
A. The floor elevation of the first floor is uniform along the entire length of the building. In this case, guided by the standard porch of 6 steps, we obtain an admissible difference in marks along the length of the building of no more than 120 cm and the longitudinal slope of the passage adjacent to the building of 0.015. See Fig.
B. the same conditions, but the longitudinal slope of the passage and the transverse slope from the passage to the porch with 6 steps are increased. In this case, the longitudinal slope increases to 0.03 and additional steps are arranged on a transverse slope to the porch of 6 steps. See Fig.
B. The elevation of the floor is not the same along the entire length of the building, but it is solved with differences. This case can be with longitudinal slopes of the passage from 0.03 to 0.08. See Fig. The mark of the ground floor in options A and B is solved by increasing the mark of the blind area at the highest (in relief) porch, which has one step, by one meter.
In option B, this principle should be applied to every part of the house (from drop to drop). Determination of the floor marks of the first floor of non-residential buildings depends on the relief, design situation, and the nature of the building.
When planning, it is necessary to provide blind area around buildings to protect foundations from surface water. The width of the blind area is from 0.5 to 0.75 m. The cross slope is from 3 to 8%.
Consider the height anchoring of buildings on specific example(fig. 15 and 16).
Fig. 15. Definition elevation building.
1. Determine the marks of the corner of the house A (the most elevated):
164,32 + 0,10 + 5 0,025 = 164,55
2. Determine the marks of the corner of the house B: 164.55 + 0.05 = 164.60
3. Determine the marks of the finished floor: 164.60 + 0.85 = 165.45