The "special path" of the development of England. Great Britain in the 19th century A special way of development of England
"A special path" of the development of England France towards the end of the 18th - the end of the 19th century. in. 5 revolutions? England end of XVII - end of XIX century in. Reforms
The evolutionary nature of England's development was largely due to the presence in the country of a long-standing (since the 13th century) parliamentary tradition. Large powers of the parliament made it possible to resolve emerging conflicts peacefully. Society was not interested in revolutionary (as in Europe), but in economic theories that offered real benefits. A. Smith advocated complete freedom of enterprise. In his opinion, the state should protect the interests of its producers with a reasonable customs and tax policy. David Ricardo believed that an entrepreneur has the right to unlimited profit, but it should not infringe on the interests of workers.
Industrial revolution From the 17th century. the use of machines begins in the country's economy. Remember the consequences of this? In England, industry developed rapidly (over 100 years in various industries, production growth rates ranged from 300 to 2000%). Smelt steel
The use of machines led to the final landlessness of the peasants and the ruin of artisans. As a result, the second side of the industrial revolution manifested itself - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat became the main classes of English society.
Despite active participation in the anti-Napoleonic coalitions, the economy did not slow down. By 1840 England produced 45% of the world's industrial output. But from the end of the 20s of the XIX century. regular economic crises begin to occur in the country.
Political reforms and Chartism "Rotten townships" depopulated in the late 18th - early 19th centuries, villages and towns in Great Britain, while retaining representation in parliament. Votes of voters in these settlements were often controlled by the landlord, the owner of the land. Often, a seat in the House of Commons was simply bought, which was not difficult with several dozen voters. The role of parliament in the life of the country was great. But due to the large number of "rotten townships", many districts did not have representatives in it. In 1832, a parliamentary reform took place in the country, which destroyed the "rotten townships". But only 12% of the country's adult population could vote.
In 1838, William Lovett drew up the Charter (a program of struggle for universal suffrage): men from 21 years of age are elected, the property qualification is abolished. In 1839 the Chartists collected 1.3 million signatures and submitted the Charter to Parliament, but he rejected it. Having split into supporters of "moral" and "physical" strength, the Chartists continued their struggle. In 1842, 3.3 million signatures were collected, and in 1848 - 5 million, but both times the parliament again refused to even consider the popular demands. The Chartist movement soon died out.
“Workshop of the World” / 1850-1860s These two decades marked the "golden age" in the development of the English economy. The rapid development of mechanical engineering, railway construction, the use of steam power on land and at sea made England not only the "workshop of the world", but also a "world cab" and "world banker". In a world in which a single industrial civilization was developing more and more actively, England was the undisputed leader. Half of the population of England already lived in cities at that time. The British bourgeoisie was the most powerful in the world, exporting from the country not only goods, but also huge amounts of money. The British money - the pound sterling - became the main means of settlements between the countries of the world, and the British Exchange was the regulator of the world currency market.
In 1852. was launched "Agamemnon" - the world's first steam vessel with a screw engine. Many countries of the world bought ships from England for the transport of goods and engineering products. The land still belonged to landlords who leased it to capitalist farmers who sought to use machinery in the economy. A huge flow of food and raw materials went to England from other countries and their own colonies.
Until 1870, the pace of industrial development, despite constant economic crises, was consistently high. Over 40 years, steel smelting has increased 4 times, coal production has grown 3, 5 times. In England, new methods of steelmaking were invented, refrigeration units and other innovations appeared.
At the 1851 World Trade Fair, England's technical superiority was overwhelming. The main goal of the exhibition is to show the achievements of the industry of European nations. It was attended by 6, 5 thousand representatives of European countries.
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat England was the scene of clashes between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Entrepreneurs, seeking to increase profits, tried to increase the working day and reduce wages. The number of workers grew rapidly. A sharp conflict was brewing. Cheap labor of children and women was widely used.
As a result of a long struggle, the parties gradually came to a compromise. In 1830, night work of adolescents was prohibited, and the working day for children was reduced. Since 1824, trade unions began to operate in the country. The working class became an active participant in the Chartist movement, defending its political rights. Trade union Trade union (trade union) is a voluntary public association of people connected by common interests by the nature of their activities in production, in the service sector, culture, etc. Associations are created to represent and protect the rights of workers in labor relations, as well as socially -economic interests of members of the organization, with the possibility of wider representation of employees.
However, in the 1860s. there have been several strikes of shipbuilding workers. Their experience prompted the idea of organizing trade unions into larger organizations. In 1860 a Professional Council was created in London to protect the interests of labor, and in 1868 the National Congress of Trade Unions, which still exists today.
All these measures reduced social tensions, but the standard of living of workers remained low. In order to avoid revolutionary uprisings, entrepreneurs found a clever move: they divided the unity of the ranks of the workers by paying relatively high salaries to skilled workers. A "labor aristocracy" appeared.
In an era of industrial prosperity, the position of skilled workers has improved. Part of the huge profits entrepreneurs, not forgetting about the events of the Chartist movement, spent on raising wages and living standards of workers. In the country, trade unions (trade unions) became more active, the purpose of which was to fight to improve working conditions and weaken exploitation within the framework of the existing system. Consisting, as a rule, of skilled, highly paid workers, the trade unions provided their members with insurance against accidents, illnesses, and unemployment.
Results and significance of the Chartist movement Ø The first workers' party was created. Ø Child labor is limited. Ø Introduced minimum wages. Ø The working day was reduced to 10 hours. Ø Adopted a law on secret ballot. Ø The electoral right has been expanded (the property qualification for deputies of Parliament has been canceled, the right to vote is given to any man - the head of the family).
Economic difficulties at the end of the 19th century After 1870, the high rate of development of the country slowed down. This was due to the reluctance of the British to use new types of energy - electricity and liquid fuels. In trade, the Germans more accurately took into account the needs of the market. This led to the fact that in the end of the 19th century, England lost the primacy to the USA and Germany.
Part of the population, still living in poverty, went overseas to seek their fortune. From 1852 to 1868, about 3 million people emigrated to Canada, Australia and other colonies. From 1837 to 1901, Queen Victoria, a strong-willed, energetic personality, was on the throne of England. In honor of her, a whole era of cultural and historical development of the country was named Victorian. The Tories and Whigs were still in power alternately, but the name and composition of these political parties changed. Queen Victoria
Domestic politics Major political parties after the reform of 1832 Tories (Conservatives) Whigs (Liberals) Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone
Ø Ø Ø Ø Tories began to be called conservatives; they represented the large landowning aristocracy, as well as large shipowners and colonial merchants. Conservatives made concessions to the workers easier, but they zealously defended the traditional institutions of the state - the Anglican Church, the monarchy, the aristocracy. Whigs, having received the name liberals, represented the manufacturers, the merchant bourgeoisie, and part of the landlords. They easily went to reforms in favor of the bourgeoisie, but they were unyielding to the demands of the workers. Both parties pursued a policy of colonial conquest and sought to prevent a repetition of the mass labor movement.
By the mid-1850s. in England, estate privileges lost their importance, the personality itself, its abilities and enterprise began to play an increasing role. The country has largely developed a civil society. After the decline of the Chartist movement, the struggle for universal suffrage did not stop. The bourgeoisie was still very poorly represented in parliament. The issue became particularly acute in the mid-1860s, when liberal leader William Gladstone introduced a draft electoral reform. But he was not supported and the party split.
Benjamin Disraeli Conservatives came to power led by Disraeli. He unexpectedly supported his opponent. The reform of 1867 finally destroyed 46 "rotten" townships, reduced the property qualification. According to the electoral reform law of August 15, 1867, the number of voters was increased at the expense of skilled workers, the petty bourgeoisie of industrial cities and the well-to-do part of the farmers. Half of the adult male population of the country received the right to vote. The liberal government of Gladstone continued the course towards democratization of the country, free primary education was introduced, and many public schools were created. In 1885 W. Gladstone carried out the third reform, finally destroying the “townships”. The number of voters increased to 13% of the population.
1906 - Formation of the Labor (Workers') Party. Traditional political parties had to come up with a broad reform agenda to seize the initiative from Labor. In 1906-1916 the Whigs were in power. David Lloyd George Under David Lloyd George, laws were passed: w on freedom to strike; about introduction 8 hours working day; w about the establishment of pensions for persons who have reached 70 years of age; won health and disability insurance; w about limiting the powers of the House of Lords (the right only to a two-time suspensive veto).
The foreign policy of England Ø was of an aggressive colonial character. Ø In September 1853 England, in alliance with France, sided with Turkey against Russia (Crimean, or Eastern, war). Ø The British colonial authorities brutally suppressed the uprising of 1857-1859 in India. Ø In the 1850s -1860s. colonial conquests extended to all of Malaysia and west Africa. Ø The colonization of Australia and New Zealand and the development of Canada continued.
Ø Physically exterminating or evicting the local population on lands of little use for life, immigrants from England and Ireland spread the spiritual and material culture of the European industrial civilization to the new lands. Ø Over the vast expanses of the English colonial empire, as they liked to say in London, "the sun never sets"
In the second half of the XIX century. England establishes: wcontrol over a large part of Africa, Burma; wintroduces a protectorate regime over Egypt in 1882; wIn 1876, Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India. Great Britain and its colonies by 1871 by 1914
Homework: paragraph 13. Make the written assignments at the end of the paragraph "?" - 1, 3, "▣" - 1.
Question 01. Write out from the paragraph the terms characterizing the political development of Great Britain.
Answer. Rotten Places, Treduions, Chartism
Question 02. Why do you think in the nineteenth century. the main demand in English society was the demand for parliamentary reform? Use the paragraph content and document for your answer.
Answer. The electoral system has not changed since the 17th century. As a result, a lot of parliamentarians represented the so-called "rotten townships", and many large industrial cities did not have their representatives at all, who could defend the interests, above all, of the numerous workers of these new cities.
Question 03. Consider why the parliamentary reform of 1832 did not stop the struggle for electoral reform.
Answer. The reform of 1832 expelled representatives of "rotten towns" from parliament and introduced representatives of industrialized cities, but did not change the basic principle of forming parliament. Representatives were sent by the city as a whole, therefore the nomination of this representative was mainly dependent on the wealthy people of that city. The poorest strata, especially the proletarians, fought for universal suffrage; they hoped that the elected parliamentarians would protect their interests.
Question 04. Tell us about the Chartist movement. What were its main tasks and methods of struggle?
Answer. Chartism is a movement for the adoption by parliament of the "People's Charter" on the introduction of universal suffrage. The struggle was expressed in the organization of demonstrations. The demonstrations were very crowded, they showed the will of the people so clearly that it was impossible to dispute this fact. But the demonstrations were exceptionally peaceful. When an armed uprising happened, the leaders of Chartism themselves condemned it and called for a temporary cessation of the struggle in order to calm down the passions.
Question 05. Tell us about the golden age of industrial England. Explain why she was called "the workshop of the world", "the world cab".
Answer. In England, the industrial revolution began and ended earlier. Mass production began there earlier than in the rest of Europe. The goods were produced in large quantities and cost much less than things from other countries. It is not surprising that English goods flooded the rest of Europe (like Chinese today), which is why the name "workshop of the world" appeared. The industrial revolution also allowed for the production of steamships in large numbers. Combined with the dominance of the British fleet in the world's oceans, this allowed England to seize most of the world's maritime trade, which is why it was also called the “world cab”.
Slide 1
1. "Special way" of development of England. 2. Industrial revolution. 3. Political reforms and Chartism. 4. Foreign policy. Lesson planSlide 2
Lesson Assignment What allowed England to overtake other countries in terms of development?Slide 3
"A special path" of the development of England France to the end of the XVIII - to the XIX century. 5 revolutions England end of XVII - end of XIX century Reforms Where and why was the greatest effect achieved?Slide 4
The "special path" of England's development The evolutionary nature of England's development was largely due to the presence in the country of a long-standing (since the 13th century) parliamentary tradition. Large powers of the parliament made it possible to resolve emerging conflicts peacefully. Society was not interested in revolutionary (as in Europe), but in economic theories that offered real benefits. The building of the British Parliament A. Smith advocated complete freedom of entrepreneurship. In his opinion, the state should protect the interests of its producers with a reasonable customs and tax policy. David Ricardo believed that an entrepreneur has the right to unlimited profit, but it should not infringe on the interests of workers.Slide 5
Industrial revolution From the 17th century. the use of machines begins in the country's economy. Remember the consequences of this? In England, industry developed rapidly (over 100 years in various industries, production growth rates ranged from 300 to 2000%). Smelt steelSlide 6
Industrial revolution The use of machines led to the final landlessness of the peasants, and the ruin of artisans. As a result, the second side of the industrial revolution manifested itself - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat became the main classes of English society. Advertising poster of the early 19th century.Slide 7
Industrial Revolution Despite active participation in the anti-Napoleonic coalitions, the economic slowdown did not occur. By 1840 England produced 45% of the world's industrial output. But since the end of the 1920s. XIX century. regular economic crises begin to occur in the country. Coal mine. England at the beginning of the XIX century.Slide 8
Political reforms and Chartism The role of parliament in the life of the country was great. But due to the large number of "rotten townships", many districts did not have representatives in it. In 1832, a parliamentary reform took place in the country, which destroyed the "rotten townships". But only 12% of the country's adult population could vote. Elimination of "rotten" placesSlide 9
Political Reforms and Chartism In 1838, William Lovett drew up the Charter (a program for the struggle for universal suffrage): men from 21 years of age are elected, property qualification abolished. In 1839 the Chartists collected 1.3 million signatures and submitted the Charter to Parliament, but he rejected it. The Chartists take the Charter to Parliament Having split into supporters of "moral" and "physical" strength, the Chartists continued their struggle. In 1842, 3.3 million signatures were collected, and in 1848 - 5 million, but both times the parliament again refused to even consider the popular demands. The Chartist movement soon died out.Slide 10
England - "workshop of the world" Until 1870, the pace of industrial development, despite constant economic crises, was consistently high. Over 40 years, steel smelting has increased 4 times, coal mining 3.5 times. In England, new methods of steelmaking were invented, refrigeration units and other innovations appeared. England has become the "workshop of the world." Steel Works In Manchester.Slide 11
England - "workshop of the world" In 1851, at the World Trade Fair, the technical superiority of England was overwhelming. World Exhibition. London 1851 The main goal of the exhibition is to show the achievements of the industry of European nations. It was attended by 6.5 thousand representatives of European countries.Slide 12
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat England was the arena of clashes between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Entrepreneurs, seeking to increase profits, tried to increase the working day and reduce wages. The number of workers grew rapidly. A sharp conflict was brewing. G. Dore. London poverty. Engraving 1872Slide 13
Child laborers in England were rarely paid little by little, but punished often and in large quantities. Cheap labor of children and women was widely used.Slide 14
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat As a result of a long struggle, the parties gradually came to a compromise. In 1830, night work of adolescents was prohibited, and the working day for children was reduced. Since 1824, trade unions began to operate in the country. The working class became an active participant in the Chartist movement, defending its political rights. "Heroes of Manchester". (Dispersal of a workers' demonstration) in 1819 Caricature.Slide 15
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat All these measures reduced social tensions, but the standard of living of the workers remained low. In order to avoid revolutionary actions, entrepreneurs found a clever move: they divided the unity of the ranks of the workers by paying relatively high salaries to skilled workers. A "labor aristocracy" appeared. Labor aristocracySlide 16
Results and significance of the Chartist movement The first workers' party was created. Child labor is limited. A minimum wage has been introduced. The working day has been reduced to 10 hours. A secret ballot law has been passed. The suffrage has been expanded (the property qualification for deputies of Parliament has been canceled, the right to vote is given to any man - the head of the family).Slide 17
Economic difficulties at the end of the 19th century After 1870, the high rate of development of the country slowed down. This was due to the reluctance of the British to use new types of energy - electricity and liquid fuels. In trade, the Germans more accurately took into account the needs of the market. This led to the fact that in the end of the 19th century, England lost the primacy to the USA and Germany. English city of the late 19th century.Slide 18
Domestic politics After the decline of the Chartist movement, the struggle for universal suffrage did not stop. The bourgeoisie was still very poorly represented in parliament. The issue became especially acute in the mid-1860s. Liberal leader William Gladstone introduced a draft electoral reform. But he was not supported and the party split. W. Gladstone Domestic policy 1906 - the formation of the Labor (workers') party. David Lloyd George Traditional political parties had to come up with a broad reform agenda to seize the initiative from Labor. In 1906 - 1916 the Whigs were in power. Under David Lloyd George, laws were passed: on the freedom to strike; on the introduction of 8 hours. working day; on the establishment of pensions for persons who have reached 70 years of age; sickness and disability insurance; on the limitation of the powers of the House of Lords (the right only to a two-time suspensive veto). Irish Home Rule Ireland was finally conquered by O. Cromwell. But the country waged a merciless war for the right to self-government - Home Rule. 1914 Irish Home Rule Act passed. This was the year the First World War began. England wanted to participate in it, being confident of internal stability.Slide 23
Questions and tasks for self-control Why in the XIX century. the main demand in English society was the demand for parliamentary reform? What are the main events of the Chartist movement? What are its results? Tell us about the "golden age" of industrial England. Why was it called the "workshop of the world"? What are the basic principles of British foreign policy? Do you agree that in the middle of the XIX century. a complete parliamentary regime took shape in England? Argument your opinion.The reasons for the rise of England. Great geographical discoveries contributed to the economic rise of England. If in medieval Europe England occupied a modest place, then from the XV-XVI centuries. in its economy, the decomposition of feudalism is intensively going on and capitalist relations are rapidly developing.
Trade routes moved here, on the European continent the demand for English wool sharply increased, prices for English cloth increased, England expanded exports. In this regard, it develops its own production of woolen fabrics, which since the 16th century. concentrates on capitalist factories. For the further development of capitalist production, large capital, raw materials and labor were required.
England is a classic country of initial capital accumulation. England solved this problem by the method that went down in history as the landlessness of the peasants, which formed the basis of the process of the initial accumulation of capital. According to Karl Marx's definition, the initial accumulation of capital is the historical process of the forcible separation of the direct producer from the means of production, i.e. deprivation of a peasant or artisan of his small private property and the establishment of large capitalist private property. England turned out to be a country where capitalist relations quickly penetrated the countryside - the main stronghold of feudalism and, as a rule, more conservative than the city. The rate of development of capitalism depended on the development of the countryside, which then provided the bulk of the production. In England, the rapid flourishing of manufactories coincided with the bourgeoisization of the countryside.
In the last third of the 15th - first quarter of the 16th centuries. In England, an agrarian revolution took place, the main manifestation of which was the forcible expropriation of the peasant land community and the conversion of arable land - its transformation into pasture. As the demand for English wool increased, the raising of sheep became more profitable for the feudal landowners than farming. To expand pastures and conduct profitable sheep breeding, landlords seized communal peasant lands, forcibly drove peasants from them, liquidated peasant farms, fenced selected plots and annexed them to their master's lands. Therefore, the process of landlessness of peasants was also called "fencing". English feudal lords increased the herds of sheep, bringing the number of their livestock to several tens of thousands. By this method, the English landowners ensured the accumulation of significant capital and turned into a new bourgeois nobility. Landlords themselves, as a rule, did not engage in agriculture. They leased fenced land to farmers - large cattle breeders, whose farms used hired labor, farms were commercial, had a capitalist-entrepreneurial character, and farmers turned into large owners of capital.
Another side of the process of landlessness of the peasants and the enrichment of the nobility is the loss of all means of livelihood by the peasants. Deprived of land, forced to hire manufactories, they turned into hired workers.
Thus, by landlessness of the peasants, England solved a twofold task - it found an effective method of accumulating capital and created a labor market, providing industry with hired workers, i.e.
Created two necessary conditions for the development of capitalist production. That is why Marx recognized England as the classic country of initial capital accumulation.
Since not all landless peasants could immediately find work, crowds of vagrants and beggars roamed the country roads of England. Seeing in this the danger of social instability, the government of England passed harsh laws against vagrancy, providing for the death penalty or as a punishment for enslavement. In the first half of the XVI century. in England 72 thousand people were executed.
Fences received a new impetus in the 16th century. during the period of the Reformation, when the secularization of church lands was carried out, and the inhabitants of church estates remained beggars. More than three thousand Catholic monasteries were closed, their lands were confiscated in favor of the state. The state donated or sold these lands to new nobles for raising sheep. The buildings of monastic and church farms were used to organize capitalist factories. The process of expropriation of peasants continued in England in the 17th century.
As a result of the initial accumulation of capital, the ruined peasants, the monks of the abolished Catholic monasteries, the vigilantes of the feudal lords' military squads disbanded by the government were left without a livelihood - all of them became the main source of hired labor for the developing industry. The growth of manufactory production, carried out in parallel with the initial accumulation of capital, was characterized by increased exploitation - the duration of the working day increased to 12-15 hours, and female and child labor became widespread.
The process of the initial accumulation of capital in England created not only wage labor and capital, but also expanded the domestic market. The ruined small producers were now forced to buy basic necessities on the market, which stimulated the development of production.
Sources of initial capital accumulation. Used in England and other sources of capital accumulation. A system of public debt emerged. Since the kingdom constantly felt the need for significant funds for the conduct of wars, the creation of a navy, the maintenance of the army "of the royal court, etc., the government borrowed them from usurers, merchants, and debt entrepreneurs at high interest rates, which provided creditors accumulated funds.
One of the methods was the system of protectionism - a trade policy of establishing high customs duties on the import of finished products. She protected domestic production from foreign competition. The support of the national bourgeoisie was also manifested in the fact that duties on export products were reduced, and the export of raw materials and food was prohibited. Thanks to the protectionist policy, the forming bourgeoisie was able to set high prices for its goods in the domestic market and thus accumulate significant sums.
Like Holland, England used colonial expansion as a source of initial capital accumulation. England began colonial conquests in the 16th century, in the 17th century. it carries out colonial expansion in Central and North America, in India. Exporting gold and silver from there and conducting an unequal exchange (trade), as well as sea robbery (piracy), the metropolis was enriched. Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) supported trade and shipping. During her reign, a large navy was built.
Great profits were brought to England by the trade of African black slaves. England occupied the first place in the slave trade, and unlike the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors, who "ate" the loot, the accumulations she received were directed to the development of industry, i.e. used them productively.
England adhered to a policy of mercantilism, therefore, sought to achieve a positive trade balance, and this stimulated the development of export industries and shipping. The main articles of export for her were cloth and wool, which occupied in the 17th century. 90% of all exports of the country.
The economic development of England on the eve of the bourgeois revolution. Natural and geographical conditions and wide foreign trade led to the expansion of the scale of shipbuilding. To provide this industry with building materials in the XVI century. a supplier was found - Russia, with which England establishes permanent trade relations. Having built a significant merchant and naval fleet, England during the Anglo-Spanish wars defeated the Spanish Invincible Armada (1588) and became one of the strongest European states.
England, like Holland, creates merchant companies, the government provides them with subsidies and privileges for the exclusive conduct of foreign trade in certain regions. These included the Moscow company (1555), African (1579), Guinean (1588), Eastern (1579).
The intensive process of the initial accumulation of capital led to the acceleration of the development of industrial production in England and the differentiation of industries. In addition to cloth production and shipbuilding, it produces saltpeter, gunpowder, paper, sugar, smelts cast iron and iron, mines coal, creates the production of a number of goods that it had to import before. In the XVI-XVII centuries. England is experiencing an industrial upsurge, sometimes referred to as the "small industrial revolution."
The reasons for the bourgeois revolution. However, the system of medieval relations in the first third of the 17th century. already seriously hindered the further development of England. Power in England was in the hands of the feudal nobility, whose interests were represented by the king. Absolutism was especially strengthened in England in the 16th century, when parliament was completely subjugated to the king, royal power. The Privy Council and extraordinary courts - "Star Chamber", "High Commission" operated. At the same time, the English king had no right to collect taxes without the permission of parliament. And if a war broke out, the king had to convene parliament to obtain permission for a lump sum tax and establish its size. At the end of the XVI century. relations between the king and parliament became aggravated, because the English kings strove to strengthen absolutism, believing that power was given to the king by God and could not be bound by any earthly laws. In 1603, after the death of the childless Queen Elizabeth, Tudor passed the throne to James I Stuart (1566-1625). Without the permission of parliament, Jacob I began to collect old duties and introduce new ones, which violated the established customs of the country. He defended shop restrictions, forbade new inventions. The king's foreign policy was also displeasing, who, contrary to expectations of a struggle with Catholic Spain - England's rival in the seizure of the colonies - had been seeking an alliance with her for ten years.
In 1625, after the death of James I, King Charles I (1600-1649) took the English throne. He also did not understand the need for change in English society and did not want even the slightest limitation of his power. Mistrust in him intensified when, against the wishes of English society, he married a French princess, a Catholic.
Therefore, puritanism became the ideological banner of the struggle of the revolutionary opposition to absolutism, and parliament headed it. The English Parliament consisted of two chambers - upper and lower. The Upper House of Lords was the hereditary assembly of the English nobility. She enjoyed the right of "veto". The lower house is more representative, but less distinguished. Only proprietors enjoyed the right to vote, so nobles sat in the House of Commons from the counties. They could also represent cities, since the latter were on the land of a noble and wealthy nobleman. The majority in the House of Commons were Puritans.
In 1628, parliament protested the violation of the Bill of Rights by Charles I, which was the reason for the dissolution of parliament by the king. The next 11 years were the period of the personal reign of Charles I. The new nobility and dissenting clergy were completely removed from participation in state affairs, the persecution of the Puritans intensified, and the censorship intensified. Trade in monopolies again became unrestricted, which caused a rise in prices. Disruption of trade and industry, increased emigration - the result of the policy of King Charles I. In the country, the population starved and rioted, street riots began in the capital. In addition, Scotland has declared war on England.
The course of the bourgeois revolution. After repeated petitions to the king demanding the convocation of parliament on November 3, 1640. a new parliament gathered, which went down in history as the Long Parliament (did not disperse for 12 years). These events marked the beginning of the revolution. The main driving forces of the English bourgeois revolution were the peasantry and the urban lower class. The bourgeoisie and the newly bourgeoisized new nobility (gentry) played a leading role.
During the revolution (1640-1649) in England there were two civil wars: in 1642-1646 and in 1648. between the supporters of the Long Parliament and the royalists - the supporters of the king. Parliament was supported by merchants, entrepreneurs, the new nobility, farmers, artisans and apprentices of London and the southeastern counties. The old order was defended by the royalists - large landowners with peasants dependent on them, court officials, the English church.
The parliamentary army created by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) inflicted a decisive defeat on the royal army at the battles of Nasewy (1645) and Peston (1648). Under pressure from the masses, the king was executed in 1649 and England was proclaimed a republic. Wealthy merchants, entrepreneurs and the new nobility were in power. Parliament became unicameral - all legislative power belonged to the House of Commons. The executive power was formally entrusted to the council, which was led by the military elite headed by Cromwell.The Independents1 occupied the dominant position in England, defeating the democratic movements of the levellers1 (supporters of urban small owners) and diggers2 (the spokesmen for the interests of the urban and rural poor), suppressed the liberation struggle of the Irish and Scottish peoples ... The peasants-tenants did not receive land, they remained disenfranchised under the rule of the landlords. Fencing acts now passed through parliament, i.e. acquired legislative force. Tithing has not been abolished either. The republic did nothing about unemployment and high prices. In need of protection of their property, the new nobles and the bourgeoisie supported the establishment of one-man and unlimited power, and in 1653 a military dictatorship was established in England - the protectorate of Cromwell. The power of the protector was much greater than that of the king before the revolution. Cromwell confirmed all the laws of the Long Parliament, protecting the interests of the new nobility and the bourgeoisie.
The Lord Protector's foreign policy was beneficial to the English bourgeoisie. In 1654, Cromwell victoriously ended the war with Holland, England's main rival in world maritime trade. He then defeated Spain.
After the death of Cromwell (1658), the new nobility and the bourgeoisie sought to restore the monarchy, which would protect the new order established during the revolution. In 1660, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty was carried out, who agreed to recognize the main achievements of the revolution. The new king Charles II (1630-1685) signed a document confirming all the privileges of the new nobility and the bourgeoisie received during the revolution. Thus, now in England there was not an absolute monarchy, but power obtained as a result of a compromise and the observance of the interests of the new nobility and the bourgeoisie. However, the monarchs violated their obligations, increasingly dissolved parliament and showed an inclination towards Catholicism. In the years 1688-1689. a coup d'etat was carried out, which historians call a "glorious revolution." The English crown was given to the ruler of Holland - Protestant William III of Orange (1650-1702), married to the daughter of Jacob II - Mary.
Results of the revolution. The crown was transferred on terms dictated by parliament, i.e. the regime of a limited (constitutional) monarchy with a strong parliament was established, which secured the access of the bourgeoisie to state power. Thus, the main goal of the revolution was achieved.
Among the most important results of the English Revolution was the destruction of absolutism, a blow to feudal property, which had actually turned into bourgeois property. The revolution proclaimed freedom of trade and entrepreneurship. Of exceptional importance was the adoption in 1651 of the Navigation Act, according to which foreign trade transportation could be carried out only on English ships or on the ships of the country that produced this product. The law undermined the intermediary trade and shipping of England's most powerful rival, Holland. The political result of the revolution was the beginning of the formation in England of the rule of law, civil society. The ideas of the republican system, the rule of the people, the equality of all before the law, which the revolution carried, influenced the history of other European states.
Slide 2
Lesson plan.
1. A "special path" of the development of England.
2.Industrial coup.
Slide 3
Lesson assignment
What allowed England to overtake other states in terms of development?
Slide 4
1. "Special way" of development of England.
Historical process
- The revolution
- Evolution
France - late 18th to 19th centuries
5 revolutions
England - late 17th to 19th centuries
Where and why was the greatest effect achieved?
Slide 5
The evolutionary nature of the development of England was largely due to the presence in the country of a long-standing (since the 13th century) parliamentary tradition. Large powers of the parliament made it possible to resolve emerging conflicts peacefully.
Society was not interested in revolutionary (as in Europe), but in economic theories that offered real benefits.
The building of the English Parliament.
A. Smith advocated complete freedom of entrepreneurship. In his opinion, the state should protect the interests of its producers with a reasonable customs and tax policy.
David Ricardo believed that an entrepreneur has the right to unlimited profit, but it should not infringe on the interests of workers.
In the 18th century. in England, political alliances are formed.
Slide 6
2.Industrial coup.
From the 17th century. the use of machines begins in the country's economy.
Remember the consequences of this?
In England, industry developed rapidly (over 100 years in various industries, production growth rates ranged from 300 to 2000%).
Smelt steel
Slide 7
Industrial revolution
Craft workshop
No separation
Manufactory
Division of labor
Factory, plant
Division of labor
Industrial revolution the transition from manual to machine labor
Slide 9
Coal mine.
England. 19th century.
Despite active participation in anti-Napoleonic coalitions, the economic slowdown did not occur. By 1840, England produced 45% of the world's industrial production.
But since the 1920s. 19th century regular economic crises begin to occur in the country.
Slide 10
3.Political reforms and Chartism.
Elimination of "rotten" places.
The role of parliament in the life of the country was great. But due to the large number of "rotten townships", many regions did not have representatives in it.
In 1832, a parliamentary reform took place in the country, which destroyed the “rotten townships.” But only 12% of the country's adult population could elect.
Slide 11
In 1838, William Lovett drew up the Charter (program for the struggle for universal suffrage) -
Men from 21 years of age choose
Cancellation of property qualification.
In 1839, the Chartists collected 1.3 million signatures and passed the Charter to Parliament, but he rejected it.
Chartists take the Charter to Parliament
Having split into supporters of "moral" and "physical" strength, the Chartists continued their struggle.
In 1842, 3.3 million signatures were collected, and in 1848 - 5 million, but both times the parliament again refused to even consider the popular demands.
The Chartist movement soon died out.
Slide 12
4. Social thought in England.
The development of capitalism gave birth to acute social contradictions.
They were attempted to be solved not only by the workers, but also by the utopian socialists.
The Englishman Robert Owen suggested that entrepreneurs do charity work and take care of workers.
He believed that production should not be private, but public
Slide 13
By purchasing the factory, he dramatically increased its profitability on the basis of his ideas. In 1824, Owen established the New Harmony colony in the United States.
The working day was reduced, wages were raised, hospital benefits and pensions were introduced, schools were opened, etc.
But soon the commune went bankrupt.
Dance school at the factory
G. Spencer and J. Mill proposed a different way. They believed that it was necessary to carry out bourgeois-liberal reforms in order to establish a balance in all areas of society.
Although equality is not achievable, the state should, in their opinion, create conditions to support the most disadvantaged segments of the population.
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