War economy. Military economy of the ussr
MILITARY ECONOMY, the military-economic system, financially ensuring the creation and maintenance of the military power of the state; science of the laws of this provision. The military economy as a military-economic system is inextricably linked with social production and the armed forces (AF). It includes the material and technical base, labor resources, finances allocated by the state for the economic support of its military needs. From the point of view of intersystemic relations of the military economy with the civilian economy and the Armed Forces, its structure includes 2 blocks: the military-industrial complex (MIC) and the economy of the armed forces (EMU). The defense industry is a military-oriented part of the state’s economy, primarily military industries. Basic industries, agriculture, transport, communications are classified as a military economy in terms of their servicing of the state’s military needs. EMU provides distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products. It includes the logistics and economic services of the Armed Forces.
In the wars of the 19th century, 8-14% of the national income of the warring states was spent within the framework of the military economy, in the 1st World War - up to 33%, in the 2nd World War - 50%. An arms race after World War II contributed to the expansion of the military economy. The military-industrial corporations of the states that were part of the military blocs developed and implemented long-term programs of military-scientific research, and re-equipped the armed forces with more and more advanced weapons. In connection with the new geopolitical picture of the world, shifts in the ratio of military power of the largest powers (for 2005, the size of military budgets amounted to: the United States - 505.8 billion dollars; the United Kingdom - $ 47.4 billion; France - 45.2 billion dollars; Japan - 42 , 4 billion dollars; China - 35.4 billion dollars; Germany - 33.9 billion dollars, Italy - 27.8 billion dollars; Russia - 19.4 billion dollars; Saudi Arabia - 19.3 billion dollars; DPRK - 15, 5 billion dollars), as well as reforming the economy of the Russian Federation in At the beginning of the 21st century, changes are taking place in the economic security of Russia. The task is to ensure the maintenance of the state’s defense potential at a level adequate to existing and potential military threats, taking into account economic opportunities. It is planned to reduce the number of defense industry enterprises while maintaining the scientific, technical, design, production and personnel potential of the core of the military industry. After 2006, serial deliveries of the latest weapons and military equipment to the armed forces are planned. The transformation of the military-economic infrastructure of the Armed Forces is also ongoing. Structures that perform functions not characteristic of the military organization are being withdrawn from the rear of the armed forces. Logistics support from stationary bases and warehouses is given priority, while a sufficient number of rear units and institutions are maintained in wartime.
The subject of the military economy as a science is a combination of relations of production, distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products that take shape in various spheres of society: in that part of the economy that is directly involved in the economic support of the military organization, and in the military organization itself. It includes the theory of the military economy and specific sectoral military-economic disciplines. The theory of military economics studies the system of military-economic relations in their entirety, in conjunction with the historical specific conditions of production and the methods of warfare. Sectoral military-economic disciplines study individual aspects of the military economy, the mechanism of action of its laws in relation to their sphere and tasks.
In modern conditions, the development of the military economy as a military-economic system and as a science plays a large role in shaping the state's military-economic policy and strengthening the country's military power.
Lit .: Voznesensky N. A. The military economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War. M., 1948; Military economy: management, planning, military-economic security. M., 1995; Kuzyk B.N. The military-industrial complex of Russia: a breakthrough in the XXI century. M., 1999.
Under the military economy of military organizations it is customary to understand the material and technical base with stocks of material resources, including facilities for economic, technical, medical purposes and the military training base, designed to comprehensively and uninterruptedly support the activities of military organizations, material and cultural needs of their personal the composition, proper operation and preservation of weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition, fuel and other materiel .
Organization and conduct of the military economy implies the observance of a number of principles:
Separation (autonomous, relatively independent existence of the economy of the military unit);
Unity (an organized system of economic relations at all levels);
Organization and management of the military unit for the main types of material resources entering the troops (missile weapons and equipment, armored vehicles and equipment, etc.);
Combination of centralized and decentralized supply of troops (supplies from the center and from local sources);
Survivability (the ability of the military economy to carry out its tasks in a combat situation);
Legality, etc.
Planning and organizing the work of services, units and facilities for economic, technical and medical purposes, as well as continuous management and monitoring of this work;
Claiming, receiving, transporting, storing, issuing and spending material and monetary funds, as well as timely and full delivery of the stipulated allowance to the personnel, satisfaction of their material, domestic, cultural needs and preservation of health;
Ensuring the proper operation, storage and repair of weapons, military and other equipment and property, capital construction, operation and repair of the barracks and housing stock, utilities, as well as other facilities;
Conducting paperwork, accounting and reporting on all types of material assets, etc.
Norms and features of providing military units with weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition, fuel, etc. determined by the relevant orders, directives, instructions, instructions and manuals on the relevant types of forces, arms and services.
An army is being created at the same time as the formation of a military organization, which should have separate property for the full implementation of its activities in accordance with the goals and objectives established by it.
The main sources of replenishment of military organizations include:
Products delivered centrally or obtained according to the plans of higher bodies of military administration;
Deliveries from local resources;
Products manufactured by enterprises of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, etc .;
Products manufactured by forces and means of military units.
Legal relations associated with the delivery of property withdrawn from civilian circulation within the framework of a defense order arise on the basis of state contracts - administrative contracts that are concluded and executed according to the rules of civil law. These legal relations are administrative only by virtue of the legal regime of the said property.
An important place in the organization and management of the military economy is given to warehouses, which should be in constant readiness for receiving and issuing material assets within the time periods determined by special instructions. Responsibility for the storage and preservation of material resources in warehouses lies with the respective heads of warehouses and storekeepers.
Documents confirming the security of a serviceman with food, clothing and other property are certificates issued to him on these materiel.
Of great importance in resolving issues of food supply for personnel is the auxiliary farm of the military unit, which is organized by decision of the commander and formalized by his order.
Ancillary enterprises of military organizations (tailor and shoe shops, hairdressers, printing houses, laboratories, canteens, clubs, cafes, etc.) also contribute to the proper functioning of the military economy.
An integral part of the military economy is the company economy, designed to ensure the combat training of the company and to satisfy the material and domestic and cultural needs of its personnel.
The organization of the company’s economy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure internal order, security, proper maintenance and use of the weapons, military equipment, vehicles and property available in the company, as well as maintaining a tidy appearance for military personnel.
The main objectives of the company are:
Maintaining in combat readiness of weapons, military equipment and vehicles;
Timely receipt and delivery of material and monetary funds to the personnel of the company;
Creation of normal living conditions;
Correct use, saving, economical spending and accounting of material resources, as well as barracks equipment and training aids.
Consider the main responsibilities of officials on the organization of the military economy.
Related topic The concept of military economy and the organization of its conduct:
- § 3. The concept of military (ship) economy and the organization of its conduct
- Responsibilities of officials for the organization of the military economy
- Legal regime of land provided for peasant (farm) farming
- 4. The legal regime of land used for personal subsidiary plots, gardening and horticulture
- § 3. The legal regime of land for personal subsidiary plots, gardening, animal husbandry, gardening, haying and grazing
To the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War: 1941-1945.
Collection of documents RGAE.
annotation
The collection of documents prepared by the Russian State Archive of Economics for the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War: 1941-1945, reveals the importance of economic factors in the victory over the Nazi invaders. The presented documents show examples of the development of the USSR economy in wartime: the development of the country's military-industrial complex, state of the state budget, statistical indicators of the work of the country's national economy during wartime.
Collection contains 357 electronic images 210 archive documents. Most of the documents submitted have been declassified in recent years and have not been published before. Documents identified in 16 archival funds of the RSAEare grouped into 8 thematic groups, each of which has an annotated list. Inside the lists, documents are arranged in chronological order.
Identify military economy It is possible as a link of consumers of military products of military units and formations, as well as a system of their economic activity. On the whole, it unites forces and means included in military units and formations through which economic activity is conducted. This also includes various objects transferred to them for permanent or temporary use. Thus, the entire material and technical base, armament, military and special equipment, other material values \u200b\u200bof formations (military units), land, as well as relations arising in the process of economic activity, constitute the military economy.
The purpose of creating the military economy is to comprehensively and uninterruptedly provide combat training for military units and formations, their military life, proper operation, storage, maintenance and repair of equipment, weapons and material assets. The role of the military economy in the general system of comprehensive support for troops is extremely large.
To determine the essence of the military economy, it is necessary to understand the economic activities carried out by the Armed Forces of the country. The economic support system of the Army and Navy is an inextricable part of the military economy of society and the country as a whole. The essence of the economic activity of the Armed Forces is to make the most efficient use of military and material resources for the full and timely provision of life, activity, combat readiness, as well as the development and improvement of troops and fleet forces.
Economic relations are realized through functional and organizational structures, forms and methods of economic activity. The combination of all this forms the economic mechanism of the Armed Forces, which is a specific component of the economic mechanism of the country. The main and lower link of this mechanism is the military link, by analogy with the enterprise or economy in the state economy.
The military (ship) economy includes the material and technical base, material values \u200b\u200band funds of formations and units, as well as relations arising in the process of economic activity.
The subject of economic relations is the unit, military unit, unit, military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces. This is the grassroots subsystem of a unified system of comprehensive support for troops. She interacts with the central and operational links and civilian personnel of the country's economy.
From the point of view of resources, the objects of economic relations include natural (material and material) cost and labor. With regard to the military link - this is the material and technical base, finances and personnel of the military unit and formations.
A separate element is the need to highlight information support as the most important factor in the activities of a military organization. Today, market relations are of great importance in the economic activity of the military unit. These include the intermediary functions of commercial banks, an information network, legal support, arbitration, and others.
So, the military (ship) economy includes the material and technical base, weapons, military and special equipment and other material values \u200b\u200bof formations (military units), land, as well as relations arising in the course of economic activity.
Economic activity is not an end in itself, but is aimed at maintaining the combat and mobilization readiness of a military unit or formation. It consists in using their material and technical base, material assets in the course of combat training and daily activities, as well as in cooperation with specialized third-party organizations when transferring certain support functions to them.
The military economy includes a number of provisions. Firstly, economic activity creates the conditions for the organization and conduct of combat training, educational work and other events. Further, it was entrusted with the planning and implementation of the work of the facilities of the material and technical base of the compound (military unit).
To solve the issues of maintaining high combat readiness, it is necessary to timely determine the needs, demand, receipt, accounting and storage of all types of material assets. After that, based on the established norms, it is required to distribute, issue (send, transfer) them according to their purpose. Military units must create established stocks of material resources, carry out their accumulation and timely delivery. Material assets should be spent economically and subject to timely accounting. Doing business should ensure reliable reporting. Armament, military and special equipment of a military unit must be properly operated, stored, and subject to timely maintenance and repair.
The leadership of the military unit is responsible for the timely organization of the bath and laundry service for the military personnel of the compound and unit.
Proper operation of the material and technical base of a military unit is possible only with appropriate control by the unit’s officials and senior management.
The barracks and housing fund, utilities, land, equipment, inventory and property are transferred and used for their intended purpose. It is necessary to consider the safe operation of objects of state technical supervision.
In recent decades, environmental safety, fire protection and environmental protection have been of great importance. Given the presence in the military units of complex military and other equipment, various stationary and mobile equipment, environmental problems occupy an important place in the conduct of the military economy.
Economic activities should include monitoring the activities of officials responsible for military (ship) facilities. Inextricably linked with this is the identification of negative internal and external factors that influence it. Errors in economic activity are not allowed, and when they are identified, it is necessary to promptly take measures to eliminate them.
Considering the issues of military economy, it is necessary to determine the concepts that apply when considering the organization and economics of the economic activity of units and formations. The basis of the military economy of the military unit and formations is the material and technical base with stocks of material assets and cash. All three of these components in the process of economic relations are closely intertwined.
The material and technical base of the compound (military unit) includes all objects of economic, technical, and medical purposes, the educational and material base of combat training, educational work, and military service.
Household facilities consist of a barracks and housing stock (living quarters, cabins, cockpits), canteens (galleys, wardrooms). These include bakeries and bakeries, baths and laundries, warehouses (pantries) and other similar facilities.
Communal facilities with equipment and utilities, parks (garages) and workshops are technical facilities. They also include airfield and port facilities. To ensure the supply of materials and equipment, roads and railway tracks with loading and unloading devices are equipped. They are objects used only by military structures in the interests of the Armed Forces. Other similar facilities are assigned to technical facilities.
Medical and diagnostic buildings, other knowledge and facilities for medical and sanitary purposes of individual medical battalions, individual medical units (hospitals), the building of medical companies and points of connections and military units are united by the concept of "Medical facilities."
The objects of the educational and material base for combat training include specially equipped and equipped buildings (complexes of buildings) and structures intended for conducting training sessions (exercises, trainings). These include areas of the terrain with structures located on them, on which training firing and other exercises are conducted according to the plans (programs) of training troops and forces. The same facilities are created and equipped in military schools of the Ministry of Defense.
To conduct educational work with the personnel of units and formations, clubs (cultural and leisure centers), libraries, radio centers, and museums are used. Successful advocacy is carried out using television centers, film and video associations, film and video rental offices. The objects of the educational material base of educational work also include rooms (cabins) for information and leisure, rooms (cabins) of military (combat, naval) glory (history), centers (points) of psychological relief. Other similar facilities may also be organized and equipped.
To conduct classes and briefings of guards and daily allowances, objects of the educational-material base of the military service are used. These include classrooms, guard towns and other facilities.
Any military units and formations, as an economic structure, can be compared with an enterprise of the national economy. To maintain high combat readiness, conduct planned combat training and ensure daily activities, they have, in addition to the material and technical base, a large number of material values. These include, first of all, all types of weapons, military and special equipment. In the military unit, stocks of various purposes of ammunition, rocket fuel, fuel, lubricants, food, clothing and other materiel are being created.
The structure of the economy of the military economy, as a complex military-economic mechanism, must be considered according to functional and organizational characteristics.
By functional characteristics, three sectors are distinguished in the economy of the military economy: consuming, manufacturing, and providing. Each of them has its own purpose and organization. However, all of them are in close economic interconnection.
The consuming (non-productive) sector of the economy of economic activity is characterized by the direct consumption of final military products. It should be borne in mind that it consumes some of the financial resources. It is associated with direct economic support for the daily activities of troops and their combat readiness.
Economic relations in the consuming sector of the military economy are built mainly on a planned and regulatory basis. They are regulated by federal laws, military regulations, orders, manuals and other binding documents.
In the manufacturing sector of the economy of the military economy, production activities are carried out. That is, material goods are needed for the troops, which are subsequently consumed in the non-production sector. This sector of the military link is relatively small and limited in its capabilities.
Firstly, the repair of a variety of final military products relates to the manufacturing sector of the military economy. It should be borne in mind that the repair of weapons and military equipment is limited to minor current repairs and restoration. Routine and cosmetic repairs of buildings, structures or external and internal communications can also be attributed to this sector.
Secondly, the provision of public utilities or communication and transport services.
Thirdly, commercial and household security (military trade, the provision of various kinds of services related to this type of security).
It must be borne in mind that the production sector of the military economy has important military-economic importance, because it affects the level of operation of weapons, military equipment and property. And in its volume and characteristics, it is complex, diverse and labor-intensive.
The supporting sector of the economy of economic activity is designed to provide the material, labor and financial resources for the functioning of the consumer and production sectors. It includes material, technical, financial support; and also providing labor resources for the activities of the military unit and formations.
The organizational structure of the economy of the military economy is included in the organizational structure of the Armed Forces as a whole. Accordingly, it has a certain level of subordination. On an organizational basis, the economy of the military economy can be divided into levels (links): divisional, brigade, regimental, battalion (divisional), company. Moreover, each link in the economy of economic activity includes facilities of the material and technical base subordinate to officials of this level. They are intended to comprehensively provide a connection, unit or unit.
As noted, the military economy should correspond to the organizational and staff structure of troops available in the formations and units of weapons and their tasks. Also, economic activity cannot but depend on the general economic situation in the country and the prevailing economic relations with business entities. Therefore, the military economy in modern conditions is constantly developing and improving.
One of the directions of improving the military economy is to increase the technical equipment of the facilities of the material and technical base, as well as the mechanization of the processes of their activities.
The development of the military economy is impossible without advanced training of personnel involved in economic activity.
In recent years, great importance has been attached to environmental safety. Reducing the harmful effects of the activities of the compound (military unit) on the environment is considered one of the areas for improving their economic activities. To solve environmental safety problems, it is necessary to improve the layout of military camps and the construction of their facilities in accordance with its requirements.
The reconstruction of old and the construction of new facilities of the material and technical base are a prerequisite for the development of the military economy. When carrying out these works, it is required to equip the facilities with modern equipment and technical training facilities.
Of course, the military economy cannot develop dynamically without the introduction of the most economical and efficient use of the material and technical base and material values \u200b\u200binto the practice of troops. Also, this leads to the direction of improvement associated with ensuring the preservation of material values \u200b\u200band preventing their loss.
Thus, summing up the consideration of the second issue, it should be noted that economic relations are realized through functional and organizational structures, forms and methods of economic activity.
Comprehensive and uninterrupted provision of combat training, military life of units (formations), competent operation, repair of weapons, equipment and material assets is the goal of creating and maintaining the military economy. Economic activity is aimed at maintaining the combat and mobilization readiness of a military unit or compound.
In the economy of the military economy, according to functional features, three sectors are distinguished: consuming, manufacturing, and providing. All of them are in close economic interconnection.
The development of the Armed Forces, the maintenance of troops in constant combat readiness, determine the increasing role of the military economy.
Military economy is an integral part of a unified system of comprehensive support for troops. It is intended for the uninterrupted and operational support of combat training and educational work of military units and formations. It is entrusted with the satisfaction of the material and household needs of the personnel of the troops, the proper operation and preservation of weapons and military equipment, various types of material means (ammunition, fuel, food, etc.).
The variety of tasks solved by the military economy and the complexity of their implementation requires that people in charge of economic issues have extensive knowledge and skills to solve the tasks. From employees engaged in economic activities, it is required to find new ways of managing in difficult economic conditions.