Accounting for cash transactions lecture. Accounting for cash transactions
Theory of accounting: lecture notes Daraeva Julia Anatolyevna
6. Accounting for cash transactions
6. Accounting for cash transactions
Cash Operations - these are operations related to the reception, storage and expenditure of various funds received at the cash desk of the organization from a serving bank. The receipt of funds at the cash desk from the current account in accounting is reflected in the following transaction:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 51 "Settlement account".
Primary documents:
1) an incoming cash warrant (for registering a cash receipt operation at the cash desk for any reason from one person);
2) an expense cash warrant (for issuing cash from the cash register to one person for any needs);
3) cash book;
4) payroll;
5) a register of receipt and expenditure cash orders;
6) a book of accounting of money received and issued by the cashier as a report to public distributors of wages and operations to cashiers.
Receipt cash warrants and receipts to them, as well as expenditure cash warrants must be filled out without blots, clearly and clearly. The book of the cashier-operator must be numbered, laced and sealed with the signatures of the chief accountant and the head of the enterprise. The seal of the organization should be on each cash document.
The maximum amount that can be on hand is determined by the limit. The limit is centrally set.
All facts of receipt and issue of cash to the cash register are recorded in the cash book (standard form). It must be numbered, laced, sealed with a wax seal and certified by the signatures of the director and chief accountant. Records in it are kept in 2 copies for carbon paper. The second copy (tear-off) is the cashier’s report; it is transmitted to the accounting department with incoming and outgoing documents daily at the end of the working day.
Accounting of operations on a current account
The bank accepts, issues and cashless transfers according to documents of a specific form. Key documents:
1) in cash:
a) cash check;
b) a cash contribution announcement;
2) for non-cash payments:
a) the acceptance form (consent to payment) of settlements (settlements by payment requirements; valid to the bank for 10 days);
b) settlements by payment orders;
c) letter of credit settlements (application for a letter of credit), this is an advance payment to the bank on behalf of the enterprise for payment upon presentation of shipping documents by the supplier to your bank;
d) a statement of refusal of acceptance;
e) collection payment order - for direct debiting of funds from the company account in cases established by law;
f) memorial bank warrant - serves to write off or credit non-cash funds to the account of the enterprise by order of the servicing bank.
The main form of cashless payments is acceptance (settlement by payment requirements). The supplier, through a bank, receives money from the payer on the basis of settlement documents.
Collection - an order to the bank to receive the amount from the buyer.
Acceptance - there are various types of acceptance (preliminary, subsequent, etc.). If within 3 days the payer has not declared a refusal to accept, the payment claim is considered accepted, but the refusal must be documented justified.
Advise - an official bank notice of the settlement transaction (on the transfer of funds from the payer's account to the supplier's account).
Typical cash receipts and expenditures:
1) receipt of cash from the bank:
The debit of account 50 “Cashier”, Credit of account 51 “Settlement account”;
2) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused cash amounts:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
3) repayment of buyer's debt for goods, work, services:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;
4) repayment of debt on shortages and theft:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit of account 73 “Settlements with staff on other operations”;
5) capitalization of surpluses identified as a result of inventory (audit) of cash:
The debit of account 50 “Cashier”, Credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”;
6) receipt of cash from a bank in foreign currency:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 52 "Currency account";
7) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused funds:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”;
8) reflection of payments to employees from the cash register (wages, social benefits, income from participation in the authorized capital, etc.):
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit account 50 “Cashier”.
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1. Cash transactions since 2012 underwent several changes relating not only to organizations, but also to individual entrepreneurs who were charged with the obligation to conduct cash transactions. Accounting for cash transactions is based on the Regulation “On the Procedure for Cash Operations with Banknotes and Coins of the Bank of Russia in the Russian Federation” No. 373-P, approved by the CBR on 12.10.2011. This document entered into force on 01.01.2012. The Regulation defines the list of persons obliged to conduct cash discipline: legal entities that maintain accounting, organizations that are on the simplified taxation system, and individual entrepreneurs. Based on the Regulation, the aforementioned persons must conduct cash transactions, that is, receive and issue cash from the cash register. The location of the cash desk is determined by the head of the legal entity or the entrepreneur at his discretion. Earlier, cash desks needed a separate isolated room, intended only for the storage, reception and distribution of cash, and managers had to observe the safety of money.
2. Conducting cash transactions.
Cash operations are carried out by the cashier, if there are several cashiers, then the eldest is selected from them, and if there are no cashiers, then the manager can conduct cash operations. The cashier must know his rights and obligations and be familiarized with the signature. The Regulation does not mention the conclusion with the cashier of the contract of full liability. The conclusion of this contract is regulated by article 244 of the LC. The list of posts and work performed or replaced by employees with whom the manager can conclude agreements on full material liability for the shortage of property was approved by the Ministry of Labor Decree No. 85 dated 12/31/2002. This includes cashiers, cashiers - controllers, controllers.
3. Cash documents
The form of cash documents is contained in the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation. This is a cash receipt order (PKO), expense cash order (RKO), payroll, payroll and payroll and cash book. When receiving cash, a cash register order is issued, it also accepts the amount of revenue, the balance of money paid under the report, the amount received from the bank by check and other cash receipts. When issuing cash, an expenditure cash warrant is issued for the issuance of amounts for the report, for expenses associated with the activities of the legal entity / individual entrepreneur, the issuance of salary and other expenses related to cash. The issuance of s / n in addition to the expenditure cash warrant is made on the settlement - payroll or payroll. To account for cash transactions is a cash book. When transferring money from the cashier to the senior cashier, entries are reflected in the cash book at the time of the transfer of money.
4. The procedure for registering cash transactions
Cash documents can be issued either in paper or in electronic form. In electronic form, after registration, they are printed on paper. Cash documents may be executed by the chief accountant, accountant or other employee in agreement with the chief accountant on the basis of an order or other administrative document; in the absence of the aforementioned employee, the documents are executed by the head. Cash documents are drawn up on the basis of a payment or settlement - payroll, statements, accounts, etc. The relevant documents must be attached to orders. Corrections to cash documents are not allowed. Cash documents have the right to sign: the chief accountant or accountant, and in their absence, the head or cashier (incoming cash warrant); head and chief accountant, or accountant or cashier (cash register warrant). The cashier must keep samples of signatures of persons entitled to sign cash documents, as well as a stamp and seal with the details of the organization or individual entrepreneur. If the cashier is led by the head, then he signs all the cash documents. Upon receipt of an incoming cash warrant, the signature of the authorized person is verified; they must be consistent with available samples. If all documents are checked and there are no comments, the cashier signs the cash receipt order and a receipt for it and puts a stamp on the cash transaction. The handler is given a receipt for the order. Cash is accepted so that the cash depositor can observe the actions of the cashier. If the deposit amount does not match the amount indicated in the cash receipt, the cashier either offers to deposit it or returns the surplus. If the depositor refuses to deposit the missing amount, the cashier returns the deposit amount to him, crosses out the cash receipt order and returns it to the head or chief accountant for re-issuance. If the cash transaction is carried out using cash registers, at the end of the shift the cashier draws up a receipt order for the total amount of money received on the basis of the check tape.
5. Cash is issued directly to the recipient, indicated in the expenditure cash warrant or in the payroll on the basis of the passport. Having received a cash register warrant, the cashier checks the correctness of its execution, as well as its full name When issuing cash by proxy, in addition to the above, the cashier checks the power of attorney. In the statement, the cashier writes before the signature of the person - the principal the inscription "by proxy"; the power of attorney is attached to the cash register order or to the payroll. If produced in several periods of time, then copies are made and certified in the prescribed manner. A certified copy is attached to the documents; the original is kept by the cashier and is attached to the last cash withdrawal. When issuing cash, the recipient indicates the amount received in words; the cashier recounts money under the supervision of the recipient, without departing from the cashier. After issuing cash, the cashier signs the cash documents.
6. The issuance of money against the report on expenses associated with the conduct of activities by the employee is executed by an expenditure cash warrant in accordance with his written statement; it is drawn up in any form and contains the inscription of the head with his own hand about the amount of cash and the time for which they are issued, the signature of the head and date. The accountable person is obliged to draw up a report with the application of supporting documents and submit it to the accounting department from the day he goes to work or within 3 business days after the deadline for issuing money. Advance settlement should be checked, approved and final settlement made on it. The expense report is checked by the chief accountant or accountant, and in their absence, by the head, and the head approves. Cash for the report is issued if the previous debt on accountable amounts has been fully repaid.
7. The issue of money for the salary.
Payment of salaries, scholarships and other payments are made on the basis of the payroll or settlement - payroll. The term for issuing money is determined by the head and is indicated in the constituent documents. It should not exceed 5 days from the date of receipt of cash from the bank. On the last day of issuing a salary in the statement, the cashier puts a stamp or writes “deposited” manually opposite the names of employees who were not given money. Their accounts are recorded at the end of the statement in the final line, the sum of actually issued money and deposited money, that is, to be deposited with the bank. The register of deposited amounts is made in free form. In this case, the specified register must contain the name of the legal entity or full name. IP, the date of registration of the registry, the period of occurrence of the deposited debt, payroll number, full name employees who have not received money, the amount of cash not paid, the total amount on the registers, the signature of the cashier with the transcript and additional optional details. The registers of deposited amounts are numbered from the beginning of the year in chronological order. After the registry is signed by the cashier, the cashier certifies the payroll with his signature and transfers them to the head for verification and signature. For actually issued amounts, an expenditure cash warrant is issued; order number is indicated in the payroll.
8. Registration of the cash book.
Cash books are kept at the cash register and issued in cash. The cashier makes notes for each incoming and outgoing orders. At the end of the working day, the cash balance is entered into the cash book and certified with the signature of the cashier. The cash book entries are checked by the accounting department, and in the absence, by the manager, and signed by the operation. Sheets of the cash book are stitched and numbered. At the end of the book is the number of sheets in numbers and words; certified by the signature of the manual, as well as secured by the seal. If the book is kept in electronic form, it is printed, stitched and fixed as necessary, but at least 1 time per year.
9. Limit cash balance at the checkout.
This is the maximum allowable amount of money that can be left at the cash desk after withdrawing the balance at the end of the day. Organizations set this limit on their own on the basis of an order or other administrative document, which must be stored in a certain order. Limit since 2012 it is not necessary to confirm with the bank, previously the limit was set by the bank and agreed with the head of the organization. The limit is set based on cash receipts. Organization with separate divisions - taking into account the volume of revenues in these separate divisions. The limit is exceeded in certain cases. Newly created organizations calculate the cash limit based on the expected revenue.
LIETERATURA 1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part 1, Part II). 2. The labor code of the Russian Federation. 3. The Federal Law "On Accounting" dated December 6, 2011 N 402 FZ. 4. The regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 34 N 5. Chart of accounts for the accounting of the financial and economic activities of enterprises and instructions for its use (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 94 n
LITERATURE 6. Regulation of the CBR of October 12, 2011 N 373-P "On the Procedure for Cash Operations with Banknotes and Coins of the Bank of Russia in the Russian Federation". 7. On setting the limit for cash payments in the Russian Federation between legal entities. Bank of Russia Ordinance of June 20, 2007. 8. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1995 N 49 “On Approving Methodological Instructions for the Inventory of Property and Financial Obligations”. 9. Decree of the Goskomstat of the Russian Federation of August 18, 1998 N88 "On the approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for the accounting of cash transactions, for the accounting of inventory results."
Cash desk is a specially equipped and isolated room intended for the issuance and temporary storage of cash and monetary documents. Cash operations are operations for the reception, storage and expenditure of cash and monetary documents. Cash funds - cash and cash documents located at the cash desk of the enterprise; Cash documents - documents processing cash transactions.
The main objectives of cash accounting in enterprises are: accounting and execution of cash transactions; monitoring compliance with cash and settlement discipline; timely and correct documentation of cash flow transactions; the strictest daily control of the safety of cash, currency and securities at the cash desk; timely inventory of funds
Cash documents in the organization are made out: by the chief accountant; an accountant or other employee (including a cashier), determined by the head in agreement with the chief accountant (if any); the head (in the absence of the chief accountant and accountant).
Determining the cash balance limit where L is the cash balance limit in rubles; V - the volume of cash receipts for goods sold, work performed, services rendered for the settlement period in rubles; P - settlement period for which the volume of cash receipts for goods sold, work performed, services rendered (but not more than 92 working days) is taken into account, in working days; Nс - the period of time between the days of delivery to the bank of cash received for goods sold, work performed, services rendered, in working days. It must not exceed seven business days, and when a legal entity is located in a settlement in which there is no bank, fourteen business days.
In the absence of cash receipts for goods sold, work performed, services rendered take into account the amount of cash disbursed, with the exception of cash amounts intended for payment of wages, scholarships and other payments to employees where L is the cash balance in rubles; R is the amount of cash disbursed, with the exception of the amount of cash intended for payment of wages, scholarships and other payments to employees, for the settlement period in rubles; P - settlement period (not more than 92 business days); Nn - the period of time between days of receipt of cash on a cash check in a bank, in working days.
Responsibility violation of the procedure for conducting cash transactions (article of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) Violation of the procedure for working with cash and the procedure for conducting cash operations: - cash settlements with other organizations in excess of established amounts; non-receipt (incomplete posting) to the cash desk; - non-observance of the storage of free cash, (including the accumulation of cash in cash at the cash desk in excess of the established limits) An administrative fine is imposed: -on officials in the amount of from 4 to 5 thousand rubles; - for legal entities - from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.
Incoming cash order Writes out - an accounting employee Signs - chief accountant or a person authorized by order of the head of an enterprise Cash register warns Signs - an accounting employee Signs - chief accountant or person authorized by order of an head of an enterprise Payroll, payroll list Signs out - an employee Bookkeeping Signs - by the head of the enterprise and the chief accountant or their authorized persons and money issued by the cashier To issue money from the organization’s cash desk to other cashiers or to an authorized representative (distributor) After receiving or issuing money for each order or a substitute document, the cashier makes notes Cash book (analytical register) Journal of registration of incoming and outgoing documents (Registration of all incoming and outgoing and consumables at their discharge)
Account 50 “Cashier” of the Subaccount Cashier of the organization (cash is taken into account at the cashier's office) Operational cash desk - (the presence and movement of cash at the cash desks of commodity offices is taken into account); Cash documents, etc.
Business transaction DTKt 1 Capitalization of cash received from the current account by check Return to the cashier of unspent reporting amounts Cash receipts for debt repayment: - for property damage, - for contributions to the charter capital of the organization; - from tenants and according to executive documents Cash receipts from the sale of products 5062.76 5 Shipped products (work, services) that are not related to ordinary activities, paid by the buyer in cash Cash receipt from structural units allocated to a separate balance sheet Cash surpluses revealed Cash receipts against deferred income (rent in advance, utility bills, etc.) Short-term and long-term bank loans (loans) received in cash 5066, 67
Business transaction DTKt 1Money was paid from the cash desk to be credited to the current account Cash paid in financial investments Salary paid to employees (dividends paid to employees) Reported amounts issued Cash issued from the cash desk to structural units allocated to a separate balance Reflected shortage or damage to cash as a result emergency circumstances Loans issued to employees of the organization Debt on short-term loans and cash loans paid The deposited salary was accrued As a result of the inventory: - A shortage of cash was found at the cash desk -Failure was attributed to the guilty person (cashier) -Failure was paid to the cashier
On sub-account 50-3 “Monetary documents”, postage stamps, state duty stamps, bill of exchange stamps, paid airline tickets and other monetary documents located at the organization’s cash desk are taken into account. Cash documents are recorded on account 50 “Cashier” in the amount of actual acquisition costs.
Business transaction DtKt 1 The fee of the intermediary organization is listed for the vouchers The vouchers for the invoice from the intermediary are received and are available at the cash desk at the actual cost of the acquisition. - the amount of the cost of the permit at the expense of the organization 73 91/2 50-3
Business transaction DtKt 1 Funds transferred to the trucking company for travel tickets Travel tickets were posted at the cash desk of the organization Travel tickets were issued to couriers The resigned employee handed over the ticket to the cash desk. The new employee received a ticket from the cash desk.
Business transaction DtKt 1 Advance payment for oil products transferred; Coupons for gas delivered to customers; Coupons issued to drivers issued to vehicles. Petrol filled in car tanks (at a price excluding VAT). VAT is reflected from the cost of gas filled in tanks. Written off, gasoline consumed at a cost of 20.2610 Checking the cash register and cash transactions is carried out: 1) at the end of the working day by the chief accountant (accountant) with a sheet recount cash; 2) when conducting audits; 3) during the inventory; 4) during the audit; 5) during tax audits by tax authorities
Reflection in the accounting of the results of the inventory a) The excess cash detected at the cash desk should be capitalized with their allocation to the financial results of the enterprise: Dt 50 - Kt 91 "Other income and expenses". b) If a shortage of money is discovered, then it must be recovered from the cashier: - for the revealed amount of shortage Dt 94 “Lack and loss from damage to values” - Kt 50; - the amount of the shortfall attributed to the guilty persons Dt 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage” - Kt 94; - upon receipt of cash from the perpetrator of damages Dt 50 - Kt 73-2
2016 year
Panarina L.V.
Summary of lectures on the study
PM 05. "Performance of work by profession Cashier".
MDK 05.01. Organization of cash and non-cash cash circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash
Introduction ..............................................
Section 1. Conducting operations with cash and securities, registration of relevant documentation ………………… ..
Theme 1.1. The implementation of operations with cash and securities and the preparation of cash documents ..............................................
1.1.1 Definitions of the concept of "Cashier" and cash transactions in the organization ... ... ..
1.1.2 Monitoring of decrees, orders, orders, other governing and regulatory documents of higher and other bodies related to conducting cash transactions; cashier liability ; labor legislation and cashier labor safety rules ... ...
1.1.3 characteristics of securities; cash and non-cash circulation of cash and securities …………………………………………………….
1.1.4 Use of cash revenue; compliance with the cash balance limit; Compliance with the limit on cash payments between legal entities ..........................................................
1.1.5. Acceptance of cash at the cash desk on receipt orders and issuance of receipts; filling in cash receipt orders with registration in the journal; completeness and timeliness of capitalization of money received by checks; rules for the receipt, issue, accounting of cash and securities .......
1.1.6. Issue of cash from the cash desk on expense orders, payrolls, applications for the issuance of money, accounts; depositing uncollected funds and compiling an appropriate register; the procedure for issuing funds by proxy; filling in receipt and account cash warrants with registration in the journal .... ..............................
1.1.7. The procedure for receiving cash and securities according to documents issued at bank institutions for paying workers and employees wages, bonuses, payment of business trip and other expenses, making these payments; cash withdrawal from the cash desk on applications for the issuance of money; procedure for the issuance of accountable funds and the adoption of advance reports ………………………………………………………
1.1.8 ensuring the safety of funds; cash inventory, cash desk audit; cases of mandatory inventory taking, sudden cash desk revisions. ………………………………………………………….
1.1.9 Storage at the cash desk of various monetary documents and forms of strict reporting documents (postage stamps, state duty stamps, bills of exchange, paid tickets, paid trips to rest houses and sanatoriums, transfers on the way, etc.). ……………… …………… ..
1.1.10 Classification of cash documents required for the organization; compiling a register of cash documents per day; compilation of a journal order and a statement of cash register turnover, or a memorial order ....
Theme 1.2.Conducting cash operations with foreign currency cash ..............................................
1.2.1 Sources of receipt of foreign currency funds in the cash desk of the organization; the procedure for withdrawing cash foreign currency from a current account with an authorized bank; use of cash currency from the cash desk of the organization only for payment of travel expenses; acceptance of currency by cash registers of organizations and its issuance from cash registers; cases of non-capitalization (incomplete capitalization) to the foreign exchange office and the subsequent penalties ......................................
1.2.2 Analytical accounting conducted by the cashier for each type of foreign currency held at the cash desk; change in the exchange rate at the cash desk of the organization; methods for determining the authenticity of foreign currency ..............................................................
Section 2. Maintenance of the cash book on the basis of incoming and outgoing documents, preparation of cash statements and transfer of funds to collectors ......................................................
Theme 2.1. The procedure for registering a cash book, drawing up cash statements and transferring cash to collectors ...........................
2.1.1 Normative documents determining the procedure for maintaining a cash book and storing money; requirements for the appearance of the cash book (numbering and stapling of pages, affixing signatures and stamps, etc.); cash book entry rules; erasures and unspecified corrections in the cash book; the procedure for making changes to the cash book ...........................................................
2.1.2 Maintaining a cash book in an automated manner; the composition of the reporting documents that the cashier submits to the accounting department at the end of the day; procedure for registering cash statements for the day; drawing up a daily report of the cashier and transferring it to the accounting department; filling out the book of accounting of cash received and issued by the cashier ...........................
2.1.3 Maintaining a cash book on foreign exchange transactions; making additional entries in the cash book to reflect exchange rate differences; dates of conversion of foreign currency into rubles: on the date of the transaction (the day of receipt, issue of funds from the cash desk), or on the date of preparation of the financial statements; reflection of the selected option in the accounting policies of the organization; registration of operations on reflection of exchange rate differences with memorial orders ......................................................
2.1.4 the study of the relationship of the cashier of the organization with:
1) the head of the organization or the official replacing him;
2) the chief accountant and his deputy; …………………………………….
3) accounting staff; ……………………………………………………………
4) other employees of the organization; ……………………………………………
5) by commercial banks ……………………………………………………… .. ... ..
2.1.5 Rules for the transfer of funds to collectors ..............................
2.1.6. Compilation of an inventory of shabby banknotes, as well as the compilation of relevant documents for transfer to bank institutions with the aim of replacing them with new ones …………………………………………………………………. .
Introduction
The lecture notes were written in accordance with the work program of the GEF 3+ generation course and are intended for students of STRs studying in specialty 38.02.01 “Economics and Accounting”.
The proposed structure of abstracts has a practical orientation and will allow us to understand the relationship between the theoretical and practical material of the professional module PM 05 “Performance of work in the profession of Cashier” (MDC 05.01 “Organization of cash and non-cash money circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash”).
To this end, each chapter corresponds to the work program for this professional module and contains the main provisions of the specific topics that will help students solve competency problems.
The lecture notes reflect the current state of accounting for cash transactions.
After each chapter, topics of practical work, questions for independent work are given.
MDK 05.01. Organization of cash and non-cash money circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash.
PC 5.1 Carry out operations with cash and valuable
paperwork, draw up relevant documents.
Section 1. Conducting operations with cash and securities, registration of relevant documentation.
In order to master the specified type of professional activity and relevant professional competencies, the student in the course of mastering the professional module must be able to:
To put into practice decisions, orders, orders, other governing and regulatory documents of higher and other bodies relating to cash transactions;
Fill in the forms of cash and bank documents;
Observe the rules for the receipt, issuance, accounting and storage of cash and securities;
Observe the limits of cash balances established for the organization;
To ensure the safety of funds;
Receive according to the established procedure
money documents or arrange them for receiving by bank transfer in bank institutions for payment of wages, bonuses, travel expenses and other expenses to workers and employees;
Carry out operations with cash and securities, draw up relevant documents;
know:
Decisions, orders, orders, other governing and regulatory documents of higher and other bodies relating to cash transactions;
Forms of cash and bank documents;
Rules for the receipt, issuance, accounting and storage of cash and securities;
Limits of cash balances established for the organization;
Rules for ensuring the safety of funds;
Rules for operations with cash and securities, draw up relevant documents.
Theme 1.1 The implementation of operations with cash and securities and the preparation of cash documents
1.1.1 Definitions of the concept of "Cashier" and cash transactions in the organization.
For all organizations of the Russian Federation, uniform requirements are established for the accounting and storage of cash. All operations for the reception and expenditure of cash, as well as the storage of money and monetary documents must be carried out at the cash desk of the organization.
Cashbox - This is a division of the organization that performs cash transactions with cash and cash values. In order to ensure the reliable preservation of cash and valuables, the cash register premises must meet requirements for technical strength and signaling equipment .
Cash is the organization’s most moving and easily traded asset. The greatest mobility is cash. Their movement is made through cash transactions.
Cash Operations - a set of operations with individuals and legal entities for the reception, storage and issuance cash (banknotes and coins) carried out by enterprises, organizations, banks. They are a set of material and technical procedures consisting in the reception (collection), storage and issue of cash.
Cash operations are regulated financial law.
Cash Operations, as a kind of financial transactions is:
Transactions with calculating money that are made by business entities with the aim of receiving cash
Operations for receiving and issuing money from cash desks of organizations, banks.
The procedure for cash transactions in the Russian Federation is regulated Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
The Central Bank has established new rules for conducting cash transactions. Their implementation has become mandatory for everyone involved in commercial activities.
Cash operations include:
the reception
issuing
storage
cash translation
filling out
management
the reception
issuance of documents that accompany cash transactions.
On June 1, 2014, instead of the Regulation of the Central Bank (CB) of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2011 No. 373-P, the Decree of the Central Bank of March 11, 2014 No. 3210-U “On the procedure for conducting cash transactions by legal entities and the simplified procedure for conducting cash registers operations by individual entrepreneurs and small businesses. ” The document was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
Regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establish certain obligations for enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of the legal form. They must keep a cash book in a specific form and draw up cash transactions with typical interdepartmental forms of primary accounting documentation (paragraph 2 of the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation of N 88
, as amended dated 27.03.2000 N 26, dated 03.05.2000 N 36).Despite the apparent simplicity of accounting for cash settlements, and in particular, cash transactions, however, many practitioners with significant work experience (not to mention beginners) commit gross violations of the current rules for accounting and cash settlements. This sometimes results in significant financial losses in the form of penalties for the enterprise.
The main objectives of cash accounting in enterprises:
Accounting and execution of cash transactions and settlements with legal entities and individuals in accordance with the requirements of current legislation and established rules;
Monitoring compliance with cash and settlement discipline;
Timely and correct documentation of cash flow transactions;
The strictest daily control of the safety of cash, currency and securities at the cash desk;
Timely inventory of funds.
For the organization of accounting of cash transactions designed account 50 "Cashier". According to the approved chart of accounts, to account 50 "Cashier" can be opened sub-accounts:
50.1 "Cash desk of the organization." The subaccount takes into account the receipt and expenditure of cash in the currency of the Russian Federation;
50.2 "Operating cash desk". The subaccount takes into account the receipt and expenditure of cash in ticket offices, ticket offices of communication departments, etc .;
50.3 "Cash documents". The subaccount takes into account operations on the movement of postage stamps, stamps of state duty, paid airline tickets and other monetary documents. Cash documents are recorded in the amount of actual costs of their acquisition.
50.4 "Cash in foreign currency." The subaccount takes into account cash transactions. Currency can be purchased in the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation (in banks) to pay travel expenses of employees of the organization.
1.1.2 Monitoring of decrees, orders, orders, other governing and regulatory documents of higher and other bodies related to conducting cash transactions; cash liability of the cashier; labor legislation and cashier labor protection rules.
Accountable persons - enterprise employees receiving cash advances for business expenses and business trip expenses. The procedure for conducting cash transactions determines the procedure for issuing money for the report. Issuance is made in the presence of a cashier and without a cashier, a check is issued from the bank's cashier.
Reporting amounts for household expenses are issued in the amount of 2-day requirements for no more than 3 days. If outside the location of the enterprise - in the amount of 10-day requirement up to 15 days. On business trips: on the cost of the round-trip, per diem and expenses for the rental of premises.
If the business traveler is temporarily incapacitated, he will be reimbursed for renting a dwelling, unless the employee was in the hospital and the per diem is paid for the entire time until he could continue the assignment and return, but no more than 2 months.
Temporary disability and inability to return should be documented. The period of the trip does not include days of temporary disability. The employee is reimbursed for the services of pre-purchasing tickets, using the bed, insurance fee, expenses for booking a living room, using public transport (except taxi) if they are outside the destination only on the basis of documents.
Day of departure is the day of departure of the vehicle from the place of permanent work, and the day of arrival is the day of arrival of the vehicle to the place of work. When leaving for the place before 24 hours is the current day, after 0 hours - the next day.
If the destination is outside the city, the time of arrival to the station is taken into account. The mode of work and rest is determined by the enterprise that sent him. Instead of rest days not used during a business trip, other days are not provided. If an employee goes on a business trip by order of the administration on a day off, then he will be given another day of rest in the prescribed manner.
Advances received are permitted to be used by accountable persons only for the purposes for which they were issued. Within 30 days after returning from a business trip, accountable persons are required to submit an advance report on the amounts spent.
Settlements with accountable persons are recorded on the active-passive account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”. Cash withdrawal is issued to the accountable person on the basis of a memo in which should be indicated: the purpose of the expense, the timing and the amount necessary for this. The memo must be signed by the head of the enterprise, and only after that the accountant can write out an expenditure cash order for this amount, and the cashier can issue an accountable amount.
The accountable person must submit an advance report to the accounting department of the enterprise with supporting documents (sales receipts) on the fact of the acquisition of items for administrative needs. The accountable person shall return the balance of the unused amount to the cash desk of the enterprise on an incoming cash warrant.
The head of the enterprise can send an accountable person on a business trip (for example, on a trip for a specified period to another region or city to carry out any instructions of the head).
When sending an accountable person on a business trip within the Russian Federation, a business trip certificate is issued in the accounting department of the enterprise, which must contain the following necessary details:
1) surname, name, patronymic of the accountable person;
2) destination of the trip;
3) the name of the enterprise where the accountable is sent;
4) the purpose of the trip;
5) the duration of the trip.
The travel certificate must be signed by the head of the enterprise. Current legislation provides for the following guarantees and compensation payments during business trips:
1) the preservation of the seconded employee during the whole time of the trip of the place of work (position) and average earnings;
2) payment of daily subsistence allowance while on a business trip;
3) payment of travel expenses to the destination and back;
4) payment of expenses for the rental of housing. In accounting, transactions with accountable persons are reflected in the following transactions:
1) an advance for travel expenses has been issued:
Debit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, Credit of account 50 “Cashier”;
2) reflected the costs of hiring a dwelling (excluding VAT):
The debit of account 44 "Sales costs",
3) the amount of VAT paid for the rental of housing is taken into account:
Credit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”;
4) return of the unused amount to the cash desk from the accountable person:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Documents confirming the expense of accountable amounts are attached to the expense report, a business trip certificate is attached for business trips, etc.
In accounting, advance reports are checked and the amounts to be approved by the management of the enterprise are determined.
For the amounts issued under the report, an entry is made:
The following amounts are made for the amounts spent accepted and approved by the advance reports:
The debit of accounts 25 "General expenses", 26 "General expenses", 10 "Materials",
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons."
Unspent amounts are returned to the cashier of the enterprise:
The debit of account 50 “Cashier”, Credit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”.
When traveling abroad, the issuance of an advance in foreign currency is recorded as follows:
The debit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, Credit of account 50 “Cash desk”.
Reported amounts not returned by employees on time are written off as follows: Debit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to values”, Credit 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”.
If these amounts can be deducted from the salary, then a record is made:
Debit 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration", Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values."
If they cannot be withheld:
Debit 73 "Settlements with staff for other operations",
Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values."
Analytical accounting is conducted for each advance issue. The issuance of new advances can only be with a full report on the previous advance. Transfer of advance payment to another person is not allowed.
2. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers
Settlements with buyers and customers from suppliers - cost recovery and implementation, obtaining a certain income. The procedure for accounting for settlements with customers depends on the chosen method of accounting for sales. If the payment (cash method) - the debt of buyers is recorded on account 45 "Goods shipped" at the actual production cost:
The debit of account 45 “Goods shipped”, Credit of account 43 “Finished goods” - products shipped. Upon receipt of payment:
1) The debit of account 51 "Settlement account", Credit account 90 "Sales";
2) The debit of account 90 "Sales", Credit account 45 "Goods shipped"
3) - in the amount of VAT.
Buyers' debts that have expired by the deadline for fulfilling obligations are debited from account 45 “Goods shipped” at the loss of the enterprise, not including a reduction in taxable profit. Buyers' debts written off at a loss are accepted on the off-balance account 007 and taken into account for 5 years. When paying a debt, the amount is recognized as a financial result and is included in taxable profit. If sales accounting is carried out on shipment, then accounting is kept on active account 62, on which buyers ’debts are reflected at the sale price (selling price).
In the accounting registers, several sub-accounts can be opened:
1) payments in the manner of collection;
2) settlements in the order of planned payments, etc.
On the sub-account “Settlements in the manner of collection”, the settlements on the documents submitted and accepted for payment by the bank for shipping are taken into account. The second sub-account takes into account calculations that are systematic in nature and do not end with the payment of one settlement document. The third sub-account takes into account calculations on promissory notes. The following are made on the accounts of accounting:
1) The debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, Credit account 90 “Sales” - products are shipped and an invoice is presented to the buyer;
2) The debit of account 90 "Sales", Credit account 43 "Finished goods" - written off sold products at production costs;
3) The debit of account 90 “Sales”, Credit of account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees” - in the amount of VAT.
Upon debt repayment, account 62 “Settlements with Buyers and Customers” is credited.
Analytical accounting of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is carried out for each presented settlement document, and when planning payments in the context of buyers and customers.
When applying the method of accrual of sales accounting, enterprises are allowed to create reserves for doubtful payments at the expense of profit, while taxable profit is reduced.
Unclaimed receivables after the expiration of the limitation period are written off to decrease the allowance for doubtful debts:
The debts written off are taken to account 007 and recorded there for 5 years. In case of debt repayment, the amount received is credited to profit as non-operating income.
Advance settlement
Settlements on advances - a certain system of financial relationships related to the issuance and receipt of advances for the supply of values, performance of work, payment for products and work performed for the customer or for partial acceptance. The terms of the contract may provide for an advance in a certain amount. At the same time, the organization provides separate accounting for each advance payment received. The record is made:
The debit of account 51 “Settlement account”, Credit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.
Upon receipt of an advance from it, it is mandatory to add value added tax to the budget and make out the following entry in accounting:
The debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, Credit account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees”. Settlement of claims
Claims are made in writing, which indicates the applicant's claim, amount, references to legislation, relevant documents and certified copies are attached to it. Claims are considered up to 30 days from the date of receipt. The answer is reported in writing. If the claim is fully or partially satisfied, the response shall indicate the recognized amount, number and date of the payment order for the transferred amount. In case of full or partial refusal, a reference to the law should be made. The bearer has the right to file a lawsuit in case of refusal to satisfy the claim or not receiving a response within the prescribed time. It is possible to put forward a requirement to invalidate a contract, to terminate it, etc. An answer must be given within 10 days, unless otherwise provided by law. The calculation of claims is carried out on account 76 subaccount 2 “Settlement of claims”.
The organization may make a claim to the supplier (contractor) if:
1) the supplier has not complied with the contractual obligations;
2) revealed the shortage of the values \u200b\u200breceived from him;
3) arithmetic errors were found in the documents of the supplier (contractor) for the delivered goods (work, services).
In the first case, the contract usually provides for the collection of a penalty, penalty or penalty from the supplier. In accounting, they are reflected in the wiring:
Credit account 91-1 “Other income” - penalties, fines, and penalties charged to the supplier (contractor) and recognized by him or awarded by the court are accrued.
When the buyer, upon acceptance of the values \u200b\u200breceived from the supplier, revealed their shortage or damage, records are made in his account:
The debit of account 94 “Lacks and losses from damage to values”, Credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - reflects the shortage (damage) of values \u200b\u200bwithin the limits provided for by the contract;
The debit of account 76-2 “Settlement of claims”,
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - reflected the shortage (damage) of values \u200b\u200bin excess of the values \u200b\u200bprovided for in the contract.
If the court refuses to recover the amount of losses from suppliers or transport organizations, the shortage is written off as follows:
The debit of account 94 “Losses and losses from damage to values”, Credit of account 76-2 “Settlement of claims” - written off the failure (damage) of values \u200b\u200bin excess of the amounts provided for in the contract.
Settlements by payment orders
A payment order is an order from the account holder (payer) to the bank serving it, drawn up by a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the account of the payee opened with this or another bank. A payment order is executed by the bank within the time period stipulated by law, or in a shorter period established by the bank account agreement or determined by the business practices applicable in banking practice. Payment orders can be made:
1) money transfers for delivered goods, work performed, services rendered;
2) transfers of funds to budgets of all levels and to extra-budgetary funds;
3) transfer of funds in order to repay / place loans (loans) / deposits and pay interest on them;
4) transfers of funds for other purposes provided for by law or contract.
In accordance with the terms of the main contract, payment orders can be used for advance payment of goods, work, services or for periodic payments.
A payment order is drawn up on form 0401060. Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account. When paying for a payment order, on all copies of the settlement document, the field “Charged from the payer’s account” shows the date the money was debited from the payer's account (for partial payment, the date of the last payment), the bank’s stamp and the signature of the responsible officer are put in the “Bank notes” field.
The bank is obliged to inform the payer at his request about the execution of the payment order no later than the next business day after the payer contacts the bank, unless otherwise specified by the bank account agreement. The procedure for informing the payer is determined by the bank account agreement.
Letters of credit
The payer issues a letter of credit from the buyer’s bank to the supplier’s bank to pay the bills on the terms specified in the buyer’s application.
A distinctive feature is that the payment is made directly after shipment. The supplier submits to the bank all relevant documents confirming the shipment, performance of services and work and receives the appropriate amount.
This eliminates the possibility of delay and ensures its timeliness. A letter of credit is issued for a term under the supply agreement, and each is intended for settlements with only one supplier.
A letter of credit may be opened at the expense of own funds or loans.
3. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors
Suppliers include enterprises that supply materials, goods, services or works, and contractors include enterprises that carry out construction work. Settlements with them are usually carried out after the shipment of materials, goods, etc., or simultaneously with the completion of these operations. The settlement form is established in the contract (contract).
Due to mass non-payments, deliveries are currently being made on a pre-paid basis without the consent of the enterprise, without accepting payment of the requirements for energy and the use of communications.
Accounting calculations are carried out on the passive account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors." All operations on settlements for the acquisition of material assets are made on this account, regardless of the time of payment of the presented invoice.
The buyer makes notes on the presented invoices:
1) The debit of account 10 “Materials” (and other material assets accounts),
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and customers";
2) The debit of account 19 "Value Added Tax on acquired values",
- in the amount of VAT.
For services on the delivery and processing of materials by third parties, records are made similar to the acquisition of values.
When supplying material assets for which documents have not been received, it is necessary to check whether the values \u200b\u200bare not listed as paid, but in transit or taken out of the warehouse, and whether the amount is not listed as receivables.
After checking the materials, they are accounted for as unbilled deliveries:
The debit of account 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”,
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and customers" - at the prices stipulated in the contract.
Upon receipt of settlement documents, this entry is reversed and a new entry is made. Debt repayment is recorded on the debit of account 60 and on the credit of the account in accordance with the payment.
The amount of debt secured by bills of exchange is not debited from account 60, but is accounted for separately in an analytical context. Analytical accounting on account 60 is carried out for each presented settlement document, and in the calculation of planned payments - in the context of each supplier and contractor. The construction of analytical accounting should provide the possibility of acquiring the necessary information on various suppliers, on accepted settlement documents, whose payment deadline has not arrived, on settlement documents unpaid on time, on undeliverable deliveries, on bills whose payment deadline has not arrived, on bills not paid on term on a commercial loan. These data are necessary when preparing the balance sheet. In the journal-order form of accounting, settlements with suppliers and contractors are taken into account in order journal No. 1, which is maintained on account 60 credit using the positional method for each settlement document. Analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors during settlements in the order of planned payments is carried out in special statement No. 5, the data of which are summarized in the context of offsetting accounts at the end of the month and transferred to order journal No. 6.
4. Accounting for social insurance and security
To create special funds, appropriate deductions are made for social needs, which are included in the costs of production or circulation. Disability benefits, spa treatment are provided by contributions to the social insurance fund. Deductions are made to the Pension Fund. To ensure equal opportunities for citizens to receive medical care - to the MHI fund. To provide temporary unemployed - to the employment fund.
For these purposes, account 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security" is used.
When accruing, a record is made:
The debit of account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”,
The use of the fund’s funds is reflected as follows: Debit of account 69 “Settlements for social insurance”, Credit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”. Retirement benefit calculations
Deductions are made in the RF PF. Tariff: for employers - 28% of the accrued salary fund, for employers in agriculture - 20.6% of the fund, for citizens engaged in private practice - 28%, for peasants, farms - 20.6%, but if they use wage labor, then insurance premiums - 28% of payments accrued in favor of wage earners.
Non-governmental organizations of persons with disabilities are exempted from payment of contributions, as well as organizations whose authorized capital consists entirely of contributions from persons with disabilities and their number in the total number of personnel is more than 50%. If there are less than 50%, then the benefit applies only to payments to persons with disabilities.
On account 69 "Calculations for social insurance", subaccount 3 takes into account health insurance.
When accruing, the following entry is made:
The debit of account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”,
Credit account 69 "Calculations for social insurance."
When calculating funds:
The debit of account 69 "Settlements for social insurance", Credit account 51 "Settlement account".
When assessing contributions:
The debit of account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Supporting production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”, Credit of account 69 “Settlements for social insurance”, subaccount 4 “Calculations for the employment fund ".
When transferring funds:
The debit of account 69 “Settlements for social insurance”, subaccount 4 “Settlements for the employment fund”, Credit account 51 “Settlement account”.
5. Payroll calculations
Payroll calculations are carried out on account 70. The accrued salary is recorded on the credit of this account, and deductions from the salary and its payment are made on debit. Balance means the debt of the enterprise to employees. For the amount of salary accrued during the worked time, depending on the place of employment:
The debit of account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Supporting production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 43 “Finished goods”, 44 “Sales expenses”, Credit of account 70 “ Settlements with staff on remuneration ”.
If reservation is not allowed, then:
The debit of account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”,
Credit account 70 "Settlements with staff pay."
If payments are made for length of service, then:
1) if reserved - at the expense of the reserve;
2) if not, at the expense of the consumption fund.
From the salary of the company withhold:
1) income tax:
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit of account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees”;
2) deductions on writ of execution:
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;
3) deduction for marriage:
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit account 28 “Marriage in production”.
The remaining wages are issued to employees and recorded in the following entries:
Deductions of 1% of wages to the Pension Fund are reflected as follows:
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit account 69 “Settlements for social insurance and security”, subaccount 2 “Settlements for pension provision”.
6. Accounting for cash transactions
Cash Operations - these are operations related to the reception, storage and expenditure of various funds received at the cash desk of the organization from a serving bank. The receipt of funds at the cash desk from the current account in accounting is reflected in the following transaction:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 51 "Settlement account".
Primary documents:
1) an incoming cash warrant (for registering a cash receipt operation at the cash desk for any reason from one person);
2) an expense cash warrant (for issuing cash from the cash register to one person for any needs);
3) cash book;
4) payroll;
5) a register of receipt and expenditure cash orders;
6) a book of accounting of money received and issued by the cashier as a report to public distributors of wages and operations to cashiers.
Receipt cash warrants and receipts to them, as well as expenditure cash warrants must be filled out without blots, clearly and clearly. The book of the cashier-operator must be numbered, laced and sealed with the signatures of the chief accountant and the head of the enterprise. The seal of the organization should be on each cash document.
The maximum amount that can be on hand is determined by the limit. The limit is centrally set.
All facts of receipt and issue of cash to the cash register are recorded in the cash book (standard form). It must be numbered, laced, sealed with a wax seal and certified by the signatures of the director and chief accountant. Records in it are kept in 2 copies for carbon paper. The second copy (tear-off) is the cashier’s report; it is transmitted to the accounting department with incoming and outgoing documents daily at the end of the working day.
Accounting of operations on a current account
The bank accepts, issues and cashless transfers according to documents of a specific form. Key documents:
1) in cash:
a) cash check;
b) a cash contribution announcement;
2) for non-cash payments:
a) the acceptance form (consent to payment) of settlements (settlements by payment requirements; valid to the bank for 10 days);
b) settlements by payment orders;
c) letter of credit settlements (application for a letter of credit), this is an advance payment to the bank on behalf of the enterprise for payment upon presentation of shipping documents by the supplier to your bank;
d) a statement of refusal of acceptance;
e) collection payment order - for direct debiting of funds from the company account in cases established by law;
f) memorial bank warrant - serves to write off or credit non-cash funds to the account of the enterprise by order of the servicing bank.
The main form of cashless payments is acceptance (settlement by payment requirements). The supplier, through a bank, receives money from the payer on the basis of settlement documents.
Collection - an order to the bank to receive the amount from the buyer.
Acceptance - there are various types of acceptance (preliminary, subsequent, etc.). If within 3 days the payer has not declared a refusal to accept, the payment claim is considered accepted, but the refusal must be documented justified.
Advise - an official bank notice of the settlement transaction (on the transfer of funds from the payer's account to the supplier's account).
Typical cash receipts and expenditures:
1) receipt of cash from the bank:
The debit of account 50 “Cashier”, Credit of account 51 “Settlement account”;
2) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused cash amounts:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”;
3) repayment of buyer's debt for goods, work, services:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;
4) repayment of debt on shortages and theft:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit of account 73 “Settlements with staff on other operations”;
5) capitalization of surpluses identified as a result of inventory (audit) of cash:
The debit of account 50 “Cashier”, Credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”;
6) receipt of cash from a bank in foreign currency:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 52 "Currency account";
7) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused funds:
The debit of account 50 "Cashier",
Credit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”;
8) reflection of payments to employees from the cash register (wages, social benefits, income from participation in the authorized capital, etc.):
The debit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for pay”, Credit account 50 “Cashier”.