Accounting policy of a small business for tax purposes. Accounting policy of small businesses
Organizations registered in the current year and wishing to use the simplified taxation system from the beginning of their business activities, like all other organizations that already apply this special tax regime, in accordance with Art. 2 of the Federal Law of 06.12.2011 N 402-FZ "On Accounting" are obliged to keep accounting records in full. Prior to the entry into force of Law No. 402-FZ, simplified organizations were required to keep accounting records only of fixed assets and intangible assets (clause 3 of article 4 of Federal Law No. 129-FZ of 21.11.1996 "On Accounting").
The reason for this exclusion was that, according to Art. 346.12 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation were not entitled to apply the simplified system of taxation of organizations, which, in particular, the residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets, determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, exceeds 100,000,000 rubles.
If before January 1 of this year, the "simplified" still asked the question of the need to draw up an accounting policy, now all doubts on this have disappeared.
The set of methods for conducting accounting by an economic entity constitutes its accounting policy. An economic entity independently forms its accounting policy, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and industry standards (clauses 1 and 2 of article 8 of Law N 402-FZ).
The foundations for the formation of accounting policies for accounting purposes are contained in the Accounting Regulations "Accounting policies of the organization" (PBU 1/2008) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n). PBU 1/2008 provides a more extensive definition of the organization's accounting policy. This is understood as a set of accounting methods adopted by the organization - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity (clause 2).
The choice of one of the options for accounting methodology for specific operations, proposed by regulatory documents, independent development of accounting methods and justification for deviations from the prescriptions of regulatory documents, constitute the accounting policy of the organization.
Since for the calculation of the tax paid when using the simplified tax system with the object "income reduced by the amount of expenses", the norms of Ch. 25 "Tax on the profit of organizations" of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which, in turn, also provide for accounting options, then the tax accounting policy of organizations on a simplified basis with the specified object is also necessary.
Most often, the simplified taxation system is used by organizations with a small staff of accounting (basically only the chief accountant), so these organizations have a natural desire to simplify and approximate accounting and tax accounting as much as possible. Unfortunately, this is not always possible. Although there are more opportunities for small businesses, including "simplified" ones, since they may not apply a number of accounting provisions, and they also have specific features of applying some rules from individual PBUs, which make it possible to bring accounting and tax accounting closer together. (The criteria for classifying an organization as a small business entity are given in Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ "On the Development of Small and Medium Business in the Russian Federation".)
Therefore, the accounting policy of the "simplified" should begin with a list of regulations, on the basis of which he will keep his records. In addition to the aforementioned Law N 402-FZ, the following normative acts should be included in it:
- Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n);
- Chart of accounts of financial and economic activities of organizations and Instructions for its use (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 31.10.2000 N 94n);
- list of PBUs that will be used in accounting;
- Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N PZ-3/2012 "On the simplified system of accounting and bookkeeping for small businesses";
- methodological instructions and recommendations issued by the Ministry of Finance of Russia and other ministries and departments, necessary in the work of the organization (this phrase can simply be transferred to the accounting policy, without listing the instructions and recommendations).
Naturally, if both accounting and tax accounting policies are combined in one order, then the main tax document should also be indicated - the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Also, the accounting policy indicates the persons responsible for the organization and maintenance of accounting. These are:
- the head - for the organization of accounting, compliance with the law in the performance of business transactions and storage of accounting documents (Art. 7 of Law N 402-FZ);
- chief accountant - for accounting (art. 7 of Law N 402-FZ) and the formation of accounting policies (paragraph 4 of PBU 1/2008).
We remind you that according to clause 3 of Art. 7 of Law N 402-FZ on accounting, an agreement can be concluded with an organization or specialist, and in small and medium-sized enterprises, the manager can keep records on his own. This should be taken into account when assigning responsibilities.
Clause 4 of PBU 1/2008 provides that, together with the selected accounting methods, the following are approved:
- working chart of accounts of accounting, containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for accounting in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;
- forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;
- the procedure for taking an inventory of the assets and liabilities of the organization;
- methods of assessing assets and liabilities;
- document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;
- the procedure for monitoring business operations;
- other solutions required for the organization of accounting.
In the accounting policy, all primary documents used by the organization should be approved (clause 4 of article 9 of Law N 402-FZ). This applies both to unified forms of primary documents approved by the resolutions of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, and to independently developed ones. After all, unified forms of primary documents are no longer required for use.
"Simplified" should also fix in the accounting policy the choice of the option of accounting forms, because the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 N 66n for small businesses provides for the right to choose between:
- general reporting forms;
- simplified general forms;
- forms designed for small businesses only.
From our point of view, it is preferable to use the forms intended for small businesses for "simplified" people with a small volume of accounting.
Another mandatory element of the accounting policy is the consolidation of the selected object of taxation - "income" or "income reduced by the amount of expenses."
In the next section, "Methodology for conducting accounting and tax accounting" of accounting policies, you should list the accounting elements that will be applied by the "simplified".
Accounting registers
Since 2013, the forms of accounting registers have been approved by the head of the economic entity upon the proposal of the official who is entrusted with accounting (clause 5 of article 10 of Law N 402-FZ).
The registers are selected in accordance with the chosen form of accounting:
- if accounting is carried out using a computer program, then the registers provided in this program are used (the most common option);
- with a journal-order accounting system, order journals are used;
- under the memorial system, memorial orders are used;
- with a simplified accounting system for small businesses - a book of business transactions without using (simple form) or using property accounting registers (given in Appendices N 1 - N 11 to the Standard Recommendations for the Organization of Accounting for Small Businesses, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 21.12.1998 N 64n).
Article 346.24 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for only one version of the tax accounting register - this is the Book of income and expenses of organizations and individual entrepreneurs applying the simplified taxation system (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 10.22.2012 N 135n). At the same time, clause 1.4 of the Procedure for filling out the income accounting book provides for the possibility of maintaining it both on paper and in electronic form. It is this choice that should be consolidated in the accounting policy.
Income and expense accounting methods
Most organizations take into account income and expenses in accounting on an accrual basis (Section IV of the Accounting Regulations "Income of the Organization" (PBU 9/99) and "Expenses of the Organization" (PBU 10/99), approved by the Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 32n and N 33n, respectively).
But there is an exception to this rule. Paragraph 9, clause 12 of PBU 9/99, paragraph. 2 p. 18 PBU 10/99 and sect. The 4 mentioned Standard Recommendations allow small businesses to keep records of income and expenses on a cash basis. The specifics of cash accounting are explained in the Standard Recommendations.
For the purpose of calculating the tax according to the simplified tax system, ch. 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Art. 346.17) stipulates that “simplified persons” keep records of income and expenses only on a cash basis.
As you can see, regulatory legal documents allow the "simplified" to use the cash method in both accounts. However, such a choice will not reduce the accountant's work. The fact is that in some cases there are more differences between accounting with the same method than when using different methods of accounting for income and expenses.
So, for example, in accounting with a cash method, material costs are recognized subject to their payment and write-off to costs, and in tax accounting with a cash method, only the fact of payment is sufficient for their recognition.
Accounting for low-cost assets that meet the criteria for property, plant and equipment
It is necessary to determine how assets with a low value will be accounted for - as part of inventories or fixed assets, as well as this "borderline" value (clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Fixed Assets" (PBU 6/01), approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 30.03.2001 N 26n).
It is better to choose the minimum cost of fixed assets as specified in clause 1 of Art. 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, - 40,000 rubles. (it is now proposed in paragraph 5 of PBU 6/01). In this case, accounting for inventories will be the same for accounting and under the simplified tax system.
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
Clause 18 of PBU 6/01 provides for the following methods for calculating depreciation on fixed assets:
- linear method;
- diminishing balance method;
- method of writing off the cost by the sum of the number of years of useful life;
- method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
To calculate the amortization of intangible assets, clause 28 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Intangible Assets" (PBU 14/2007) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007 N 153n), the following methods are provided: linear method, method of decreasing balance, method of writing off value in proportion to the volume of products (works).
For the purpose of calculating the tax according to the simplified tax system, ch. 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, alternatives in accounting for the costs of the acquisition (construction, manufacture) of fixed assets, for their completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization and technical re-equipment, for the acquisition (creation by the taxpayer himself) of intangible assets does not provide the "simplified". Such expenses are recognized in accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
A decision should be made to revalue fixed assets and intangible assets or to abandon it in accounting (clause 15 PBU 6/01, clause 16 PBU 14/2007).
Method of writing off raw materials and materials
Clause 16 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n) provides the following assessment options for the release of inventories into production and their other disposal:
- at the cost of each unit;
- average cost;
- the cost of the first purchase of inventories (FIFO method).
Material expenses are accepted as a decrease in the income received in the manner prescribed for the calculation of corporate income tax Art. 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (clause 2 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Clause 8 of this article provides for the following valuation methods when writing off raw materials and materials used in the production (manufacture) of goods (performance of work, provision of services):
- at the cost of a unit of inventory;
- average cost;
- the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO);
- the cost of the most recent acquisitions (LIFO).
Delivery costs
Clauses 6 and 13 of PBU 5/01 provide for the option of accounting for the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to the organization's warehouse:
- their inclusion in the cost of goods (account 41 "Goods");
- accounting them as part of selling expenses (account 44 "Sales expenses") and writing off in proportion to the sale of goods.
For the purpose of calculating tax according to the simplified tax system expenses directly related to the sale of goods, including expenses for storage, maintenance and transportation, are accounted for as expenses after their actual payment (subparagraph 2 of paragraph 2 of article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Accounting for these expenses does not depend on the accounting of goods.
But even if the "simplified" chooses the same option in both accounts (do not include these costs in the cost of goods), it will not be possible to minimize the work of the accountant. Indeed, in accounting, the costs of procurement and delivery of goods should be distributed between the goods sold and those remaining in the warehouse.
Accounting for interest on debt obligations
The regulation on accounting "Accounting for costs of loans and credits" (PBU 15/2008) (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 107n), the choice is given only to small businesses. According to clause 7 of PBU 15/2008, small businesses have the right to choose to recognize all borrowing costs as other expenses or other expenses, except for that part of them that is to be included in the cost of an investment asset.
For the purpose of calculating the tax according to the simplified tax system, ch. 26.2 of the Tax Code the possibility of accounting for interest paid for the provision of funds (credits, loans) for use is provided (subparagraph 9 of paragraph 1 of article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Such interest in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are accounted for in the manner provided for the calculation of corporate income tax, Art. 269 \u200b\u200bof the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. By virtue of this norm, interest expenses are accepted for accounting within the calculated limit. There are two ways to calculate it:
- within 20% of the average level of interest paid on debt obligations issued in the same quarter on comparable terms. Debt liabilities issued on comparable terms mean debt liabilities issued in the same currency for the same terms in comparable volumes, under similar collateral;
- within the limits of the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia, increased by 1.8 times - when issuing a debt obligation in rubles and a coefficient of 0.8 - for debt obligations in foreign currency.
Other elements of accounting policies
These include:
- the procedure for accepting inventories for accounting in accounting. The chart of accounts provides two options: at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) on account 10 "Materials" or at discount prices (the possibility of using additional accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets"). In tax accounting - only at actual cost;
- the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting (clause 70 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial reporting);
- the procedure for correcting significant errors in accounting. It is necessary to determine which errors will be considered significant. Small businesses have the right to choose a way to correct them: in the general procedure provided for by the Accounting Regulations "Correction of errors in accounting and reporting" (PBU 22/2010) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 N 63n), or in the order , established for minor errors, that is, in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses" and without retrospective recalculation (ie prospectively) (clause 9 PBU 22/2010).
Organizations using the simplified tax system and UTII must also develop a procedure for separate accounting of income and expenses for the specified special tax regimes. In case of impossibility of division, distribute in proportion to the shares of income in the total amount of income received when applying the specified special tax regimes (clause 8 of article 346.18 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
The above list of elements of accounting policy is not exhaustive. Each organization must take into account the nuances of its activities and provide for the procedure for their accounting in accounting policies.
An example of an accounting policy for a small business applying simplified taxation system
Position
on the accounting policy of LLC "XXX"
for 2013
1. General Provisions
1.1. LLC "XXX" maintains accounting records in accordance with:
- Federal Law of 06.12.2011 N 402-FZ "On Accounting";
- Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n);
- Chart of accounts of financial and economic activities of organizations and Instructions for its application (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 31.10.2000 N 94n);
- Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization" (PBU 1/2008) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n);
- Regulation on accounting "Financial statements of the organization" (PBU 4/99) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.07.1999 N 43n);
- Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n);
- Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n);
- Accounting Regulations "Events after the reporting date" (PBU 7/98) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 25.11.1998 N 56n);
- Regulation on accounting "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99 (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 32n);
- Regulation on accounting "Organization's expenses" PBU 10/99 (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n);
- Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Intangible Assets" (PBU 14/2007) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007 N 153n);
- Regulation on accounting "Accounting for expenses on loans and borrowings" (PBU 15/2008) (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 107n);
- Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Financial Investments" PBU 19/02 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 10.12.2002 N 126n);
- Accounting Regulations "Changes in Estimated Values" (PBU 21/2008) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n);
- Accounting Regulations "Correction of errors in accounting and reporting" (PBU 22/2010) (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 N 63n);
- Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N PZ-3/2012 "On a simplified system of accounting and financial reporting for small businesses", -
1.2. LLC "XXX" applies a simplified taxation system and maintains tax records in accordance with Ch. 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The object of taxation is income reduced by the amount of expenses.
1.3. The head of the organization is responsible for the organization of accounting in the organization, compliance with the law when performing business operations and storage of accounting documents (Article 7 of Law No. 402-FZ).
1.4. The chief accountant is responsible for the formation of accounting policies, accounting, timely submission of complete and reliable financial statements (Article 7 of Law N 402-FZ, clause 4 of PBU 1/2008).
2. Organizational and technical section
2.1. Accounting is organized and maintained by the accounting department of LLC "XXX".
2.2. Accounting in the organization is carried out in the computer program YYY.
2.3. The organization uses unified forms of documents approved by the Resolutions of the Goskomstat of Russia as primary accounting documents:
- from 05.01.2004 N 1 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for labor accounting and payment";
- dated 25.12.1998 N 132 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for the accounting of trade operations";
- from 18.08.1998 N 88 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for the accounting of cash transactions, for recording the results of the inventory";
- dated 27.03.2000 N 26 "On approval of the unified form of primary accounting documentation INV-26" Statement of accounting results revealed by the inventory ";
- from 21.01.2003 N 7 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for fixed assets accounting";
- from 30.10.1997 N 71a "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wearing items, work in capital construction";
- from 01.08.2001 N 55 "On approval of the unified form of primary accounting documentation N AO-1" Advance report ";
unified forms of documents approved by the Bank of Russia Regulations:
- dated 19.06.2012 N 383-P "On the rules for transferring funds";
- dated 12.10.2011 N 373-P "On the procedure for conducting cash transactions with banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia on the territory of the Russian Federation",
as well as independently developed primary documents (Appendix No. 1 to the accounting policy).
Mandatory details of the primary accounting document are:
- title of the document;
- date of preparation of the document;
- the name of the economic entity that compiled the document;
- the content of the fact of economic life;
- the value of the natural and (or) monetary measurement of the fact of economic life, indicating the unit of measurement;
- the name of the position of the person (persons) who performed (committed) the transaction, operation and who is responsible (responsible) for the correctness of its registration, or the name of the position of the person (persons) responsible (responsible) for the correct registration of the event;
- signatures of the persons provided for in the previous paragraph, indicating their names and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons.
The rest of the details are additional and are filled in whenever possible (Article 9 of Law N 402-FZ).
2.4. The accounting registers correspond to the registers from the YYY computer program.
Automated accounting registers are displayed on paper at the end of the reporting period, as well as as necessary and at the request of the auditing authorities.
The obligatory details of the accounting register are (Article 10 of Law N 402-FZ, Clause 4 PBU 1/2008):
- register name;
- the name of the economic entity that compiled the register;
- start and end dates of keeping the register and (or) the period for which the register was drawn up;
- chronological and (or) systematic grouping of accounting objects;
- the value of monetary measurement of accounting objects with indication of the unit of measurement;
- the names of the positions of the persons responsible for maintaining the register;
- signatures of the persons responsible for maintaining the register, indicating their surnames and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons.
2.5. The persons entitled to sign primary accounting documents are:
________________________________,
________________________________
2.6. The working chart of accounts corresponds to the plan provided in the computer program YYY (Appendix No. 2).
2.7. The document flow schedule is given in Appendix No. 3.
2.8. The inventory is carried out in accordance with the law, but at least once a year (before the preparation of annual reports). Inventory of fixed assets is carried out once every 3 years (Article 11 of Law N 402-FZ, Clause 4 PBU 1/2008, Clause 27 of the Regulations for Accounting, Methodological Instructions for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia from 13.06.1995 N 49)).
2.9. Changes in accounting policies.
The consequences of changes in accounting policies are reflected in the financial statements prospectively (clause 15.1 of PBU 1/2008).
2.10. Correction of significant errors.
The materiality of each error will be determined on a case-by-case basis by the chief accountant together with the head of the organization.
Correction of significant errors of the previous reporting year, revealed after the approval of the financial statements for this year, is carried out in the manner prescribed for minor errors, i.e. in correspondence with account 91 and without retrospective recalculation (prospectively) (clause 9 PBU 22/2010).
2.11. Financial statements are drawn up using the forms of the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement of small businesses (clause 6.1 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 N 66n).
2.12. Methods for assessing assets and liabilities.
In accordance with clause 25 of the Regulation on accounting, the organization maintains accounting records of property, liabilities and business transactions in rubles and kopecks.
3. Accounting methodology
The elements |
Accounting |
Base |
Accounting for purposes |
Base |
Accounting registers |
Register forms, |
Item 4 |
Income book and |
Article 346.24 |
Accounting methods |
Accrual method |
Section IV |
Cash method |
Article 346.17 |
Depreciation of fixed assets |
Linear way |
Clause 18 |
In accordance with clause 3 |
|
Accounting for inexpensive |
Assets |
Item 5 |
Assets |
Section 256 |
Revaluation of OS |
Not carried out |
Clause 15 |
Not provided |
|
MPZ are taken into account |
Chart of accounts |
MPZ are taken into account |
Section 254 |
|
Formation |
Costs for |
Items 6, 13 |
Expenses, |
Subparagraph 2 |
MPZ estimate (in |
By actual |
Clause 16 |
By actual |
Subparagraph 2 |
Reserves for |
Reserve for |
Item 70 |
Not provided |
|
Interest accounting |
Are counted on |
Item 7 |
Limiting |
Section 269 |
The larger the organization and the more various operations and accounting objects it has, the larger it will be. However, large companies have enough specialists and consultants. But for small organizations, where the chief accountant is often the only one, help will not hurt.
That is why a number of concessions have been given to small businesses in accounting. But in order to use them, you must:
- firstly, determine whether your organization has the right to be called such an enterprise (more precisely, a small business entity);
- secondly, to consolidate your choice in accounting policy.
Recall that small businesses - these are organizations that simultaneously comply with the following three conditions (Part 1 of Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ "On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in the Russian Federation"; Clause 1 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 556):
- the total share of participation of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, foreign organizations and citizens, public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other foundations, organizations that do not belong to small and medium-sized businesses, in their authorized capital does not exceed 25% ;
- the average number of employees for the previous calendar year does not exceed 100 people;
- revenue from the sale of goods, works, services excluding VAT for the previous calendar year does not exceed RUB 400 million.
But that is not all. It is possible to acquire the status of a small business entity only if these conditions are met for 2 calendar years following one after the other (Part 4 of Article 4 of the Federal Law of 24.07.2007 N 209-FZ).
Please note that the status of a small business does not depend on the tax system.
Composing our constructor accounting policies, we focused on a small trade organization that rents out part of its premises. In our sample of accounting policies, there are only those indicators that you cannot do without. To make it easier for you to navigate, for each such indicator, we give several possible options for accounting for it. Of course, only one of several options should be transferred to your accounting policy - the one that suits you best.
Small businesses can make up simplified reporting... In the balance sheet and in the profit and loss statement, it is possible to include indicators by groups of items (without their detailing by items), that is, without any additions, you can use the forms given in Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 66n.
However, at their choice, small businesses can detail the indicators by items of financial statements, thereby expanding the forms proposed by the Ministry of Finance.
The organization can establish materiality criterion not only from the percentage of the indicator. For example, you can focus on the amount of error (for example, admit, due to which the discrepancy was at least 100,000 rubles).
The main thing is that the materiality criterion reflects how important the information about the indicator or about the error in it is for the users of financial statements to make economic decisions.
Organizations that are not small businesses must correct material errors in the reporting retrospectively (Clauses 9-14 of PBU 22/2010 "Correction of errors in accounting and reporting", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 N 63n).
Organizations that are not small cannot refuse to use these and any other PBUs. And small businesses can choose which of the above PBUs to apply and which not.
Only small businesses that do not issue publicly traded securities can choose which method of determining income and expenses to use: the accrual method or cash (Clause 12 PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 32n ; Clause 18 PBU 10/99 "Organization Expenses", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n). Therefore, if the organization does not belong to small ones, then the accounting policy does not need to indicate the method for determining income and expenses.
Administrative expenses, accounted for on account 26 "General business expenses", organizations can also (Clauses 9, 20 PBU 10/99; Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 31.10.2000 N 94n):
(or) take into account in the cost of products, works, services (write off to the debit of accounts 20, 23, 29);
(or) as a conditionally constant, refer directly to the cost of sales of the reporting period in which they arose (to the debit of subaccount 90-2 "Other expenses").
Only small businesses can account expenses for any loans and credits in other expenses (Clause 7 of PBU 15/2008 "Accounting for expenses on loans and credits", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 107n).
Small businesses, with the exception of issuers of securities traded on the stock exchange, can account for financial investments at their historical cost.
The organization can set a different limit in accounting for classifying property as inventories - the main thing is that it should be less than 40,000 rubles, and not more.
Also, the organization may decide that all property with a useful life of more than 12 months is accounted for as part of fixed assets (Clause 5 of PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n).
However, when approving the limit, it is better to take into account that in tax accounting, property with a useful life of more than 12 months and an initial value of more than 40,000 rubles is classified as depreciable. (Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
The organization can establish a different level of materiality (Clause 6 PBU 6/01).
The organization may apply different methods of depreciation to various groups of similar fixed assets. However, it is impossible to change the method of calculating depreciation for a specific object after its commissioning (Clause 18 of PBU 6/01).
For simplicity, organizations often choose a single depreciation method for all items of property, plant and equipment.
When calculating depreciation of fixed assets by means of a decreasing balance, an acceleration factor can be applied, but not higher than 3. It must be fixed in the accounting policy (Clause 19 of PBU 6/01).
If you have leased property on your balance sheet, then in order to calculate depreciation on it with a rising coefficient, you must choose a method of decreasing balance. Otherwise, the lease coefficient, even if it is provided for in the contract, will not be applicable when calculating depreciation in accounting.
If transport and procurement costs are accounted for on a separate subaccount to account 10, you need to decide on the procedure for recognizing them in costs:
(or) write them off completely to the financial result at the end of each month;
(or) write off at an average percentage based on the cost of materials written off per month.
With a small share of transportation and procurement costs in the proceeds from sales, they can be completely written off to accounts 20 "Main production", 25 "Auxiliary production" or to other cost accounting accounts (Clause 88 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, approved by Order Ministry of Finance of Russia from 28.12.2001 N 119n).
A weighted estimate is based on the average monthly actual cost, which takes into account the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month. This is the easiest way to write off.
With rolling valuation, the actual cost of the material is determined at the time of its release (write-off), while the calculation takes into account the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts until the release (Clauses 16, 18 of PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n; clause 78 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 28.12.2001 N 119n).
The sales prices can take into account the goods that your organization plans to sell at retail (Clause 16 of the Methodical Instructions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n).
The easiest way to write off items is at the weighted average cost.
If the organization has overalls with a service life of more than 12 months, then regardless of the cost, it can be taken into account:
(or) as part of inventories. Then the cost of overalls handed over to employees is included in the costs evenly (in a linear way) during its service life (Clauses 13, 20, 26, 27 of the Methodological Guidelines for the accounting of special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance Russia dated 26.12.2002 N 135n);
(or) as part of fixed assets with depreciation based on its service life (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 12, 2003 N 16-00-14 / 159).
Your choice must be fixed in the accounting policy.
(!)
Remember that in tax accounting, for the purposes of calculating income tax, the cost of workwear (Subparagraph 3 of clause 1 of article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):
(or) with a service life of no more than 12 months (regardless of cost) or a service life of more than 12 months, but costing less than 40,000 rubles. - included in the composition of material costs at a time when transferring it into operation;
(or) with a service life of more than 12 months and a cost of more than 40,000 rubles. - is included in the structure of depreciable property (Clause 1 of Art. 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Depreciation is charged on it according to rates calculated based on the standard service life.
If an organization has a special tool, special devices and special equipment, the principles of their accounting must also be fixed in the accounting policy (Clauses 9, 24 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 26, 2002 N 135n).
In accounting, there are now only mandatory reserves that must be created if the organization meets the conditions for creating such reserves. For some reserves, the accounting policy requires the principles of forming such reserves to be fixed.
Small businesses that have abandoned the application of PBU 8/2010 may not create provisions for estimated liabilities. However, they must create other reserves - for example, a reserve for doubtful debts.
Define income and expenses on a cash basis is possible only if on average for the previous four quarters the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, works and services excluding VAT did not exceed 1 million rubles. for each quarter (Clause 1 of Article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
If you will accrue a depreciation premium, then it is better to fix in the accounting policy the procedure for determining or the size (percentage) of this premium itself.
The use of increasing factors in tax accounting is possible only in a number of cases. For example, when leasing or for fixed assets operating in an aggressive environment (Article 259.3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
To approximate tax accounting with accounting, you can indicate that the cost of materials is determined based on the prices of their acquisition, including additional costs that are taken into account when forming the cost of materials in accounting (in particular, commissions and customs duties).
To bring tax accounting closer to accounting, it can be established that the purchase price of goods includes the same expenses as in accounting. In particular, the costs of transportation, unloading, intermediary fees.
When creating some reserves it is necessary to fix individual elements of these reserves in the accounting policy - for example, the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve.
The draft new government regulation on invoices stipulates that the numbering of all invoices (for goods shipped, for advances received and corrective ones) should be uniform (continuous). However, both now and in the future, when numbering advance and adjustment invoices, an organization can use special characters.
As we have already mentioned, the more diverse the operations, the more the accounting policy will be. So, the accounting policy will have to be supplemented if the organization has:
(or) production of own products, works, services (it will be required at least to consolidate the principles of distribution of costs for direct and indirect, assessment of WIP and finished products);
(or) transactions subject to and not subject to VAT, or transactions subject to different taxation regimes (it will be necessary to consolidate the separate accounting procedure).
You will also have to supplement the accounting policy if the organization has separate divisions, production of goods with a long cycle, intangible assets and a number of other assets and operations.
Any enterprise, regardless of its scale and type of activity, must have an accounting policy!
This document is of a local nature, but it determines the order of the entire accounting process and workflow, as well as the procedure for the formation of indicators for tax purposes. Therefore, one should approach the formation of accounting policies very carefully.
What is this document?
The accounting policy in general is a set of rules according to which the company will build its accounting and calculate taxes.
A document is being formed the enterprise independently, but within the framework of the current legislation:
- if several accounting options are given at once in regulatory enactments, the company chooses one of them, which is most suitable for its purposes;
- if the legislation does not provide for a method for conducting accounting in relation to its specific area, then the enterprise has the right to develop such a method independently, but within the competence that is given to the business entity by the current laws.
However, accounting policies is not only a set of accounting rules:
- she approves the documents necessary for the enterprise, the development of which was allowed by the law;
- establishes a document management system, which must obey everyone in the enterprise;
- defines the basic criteria for organizing accounting. For example, accounting is carried out using a journal-order form or automated, by the manager or this responsibility is transferred to an accountant - full-time or freelance, etc.
Approved accounting policy by order, and if necessary (change of the type of activity, changes in regulations, etc.), adjustments are made to it. The purpose of this policy is to create a unified accounting system that is applied at the enterprise consistently from year to year. And this means - the reliability of the generated financial and property indicators.
Formation rules
Accounting Policy develops chief accountant of the enterprise, and in the absence of this position in:
- full-time accountant performing the functions of the chief accountant;
- the head of the company (if he has sufficient qualifications);
- invited specialist.
Accounting policy necessary to all enterprises that are obliged to keep accounting in accordance with the law "On accounting" No. 402-FZ.
An exception make up:
- entrepreneurs and private practitioners, but only on condition that these entities keep records of indicators necessary for calculating taxes, taking into account the requirements of tax legislation. However, very often they also need to issue local regulations, which fix the accounting procedure for a particular object or operation;
- separate subdivisions of an organization established under the laws of a foreign state operating in Russia. But also provided that this organization keeps records of tax indicators, based on the requirements of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Accounting policy at the enterprise formed on the basis:
- federal Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” (according to the text - Law No. 402-FZ);
- accounting regulations that apply to all companies but are in effect until federal standards are approved;
- industry standards that establish specific accounting conditions that reflect the specifics of the company's scope of activity.
Also, you can add methodological recommendations on accounting to this list, and be sure to.
What is accounting policy is described in the following video tutorial:
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Development order
Accounting policy can be formed in one of two options:
- in the generally established;
- in a simplified way. This option is for small businesses; for organizations with Skolkovo member status and for non-profit organizations. Moreover, these persons can use the general rules of accounting.
In addition, entrepreneurs who have been given the right not to keep accounting and who have not used this right can also choose an accounting policy option. This is evidenced by Law No. 402-ZF, allowing a simplified form of accounting for small businesses, which include not only legal entities, but also entrepreneurs.
The accounting policy is formed from the moment of state registration of the subject and is subject to application from year to year. She is approved by the head of the enterprise by a separate orderto which the full text of the policy itself is attached. And in the event of a change in legislation, adjustments are made to this document by a separate order - indicating which point in the accounting policy to recognize as invalid and for what reason, and with a statement of its new edition.
Accounting policy may contain not only a list of accounting rules, but also samples of forms independently developed by the enterprise, the schedule and procedure for document flow, a working chart of accounts (if it is developed by the enterprise).
Order approving accounting policy, must contain:
- the title "On Approval of Accounting Policy for the Purposes of Accounting and Tax Accounting";
- the date of issue of the order when approving the accounting rules for the next year must be no later than December 31. If changes are made due to changes in legislation, then you should be guided by the period for which these changes apply. As a rule, for the upcoming reporting or tax period. In this case, the date of the order must be no later than the date of this period;
- further there is a clarification of the reason for issuing the order. For example, when making changes to the accounting policy: "In accordance with the changes in the Federal Law ...". And if a document is adopted for the next year, then in such an order, the reason is not specified;
- after the word "I ORDER" the phrase "to approve the accounting policy for ___ year according to the appendix" is written. The application is the accounting policy itself;
- if changes are made to the current document, the text of the order should indicate which point of the accounting policy is no longer valid and set out below its new edition.
Signs order of the head of the enterprise.
As a rule, it contains three main blocks:
![](https://i0.wp.com/delasuper.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ychetnaja_politika_soderzanije.jpg)
In addition to these basic blocks in accounting policy should be present:
- samples of developed forms and registers;
- document management system;
- composition of commissions for conducting, writing off assets, etc.
- working (or typical) chart of accounts;
- and other information that is necessary for organizing accounting.
A very important point: you need to indicate that tax accounting uses data obtained from accounting source documents and registers. Otherwise, you will have to form separate tax registers.
Responsibility for violation or absence of a document
Directly for the absence of the accounting policy itself or its violation, nothing will happen.
However, do not forget that this document is a set of accounting rules that are approved for the purposes of accounting and calculating taxes, which means that non-compliance threatens them fines, in particular:
- article 120, Tax Code of the Russian Federation - for gross violation of accounting rules from 10 thousand rubles. up to 20% of the unpaid tax amount (and not less than 40 thousand rubles);
- article 15.11, Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation - violation of accounting is fraught with loss by an official from 5 thousand rubles to disqualification for up to 2 years.
Thus, there is no direct responsibility for violation of the accounting policy, but it is provided for the consequences of such a violation.
Nuances worth paying attention to
In an enterprise operating in trade, it is important to reflect all expenses through account 44 "Sales Expenses" without distribution to other accounts. In this case, it is necessary to properly organize analytical accounting.
For manufacturing enterprises it is considered important:
- the procedure for accounting for finished products - using account 40 "Product release" or using the 43rd account "Finished products" at once;
- the accounting procedure for work in progress;
- the procedure for accounting for semi-finished products and scrap.
For small businesses the choice of accounting policy option is important - simplified (it will reduce the volume of document circulation and accounting operations) or general.
For Ltd the completeness of data reflection is important to determine the expense of which dividends are accrued. That is why many enterprises, even small ones, use an unsimplified version of the accounting policy, considering it more accurate.
For agricultural enterprises the organization of the formation in all areas of activity is important. It can be crop production, livestock production, etc. And each of these areas requires more detailed - by type - accounting.
An accounting policy is a fundamental document for any legal entity. Since 2019, the procedure for drawing up accounting policies has been changed. Let's consider the procedure for drawing up a document using a specific example and clarify the features of taxation for the simplified tax system and OSNO.
Accounting policy: what is it and why is it needed
This is the main document that states:
- the procedure for maintaining the accounting records of the institution;
- circle of responsible persons;
- forms, registers and forms of primary documentation;
- document flow;
- the procedure and system of taxation of production or sale of goods, works, services.
It should detail all the features of accounting and taxation.
The document can be approved for a year or several years. But in 2019, all institutions, without exception, will have to consolidate in it a large number of changes established by the updated legislation.
When forming, one should rely on the current legislation:
- Federal Law of 06.12.2011 No. 402-FZ in terms of determining the method of accounting at the enterprise, determining the circle of persons responsible for organizing and maintaining.
- The new federal accounting standard is Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 274n dated 12/30/2017, which defined exceptional provisions for public sector institutions.
- The founder's accounting policy is an innovation introduced by the FSBU. Now the founding document of the company should be drawn up taking into account the requirements and provisions of the founder.
- The Tax Code of the Russian Federation regarding the taxation system, tax periods, rates, benefits and deductions. Determined for all current tax liabilities for the current and subsequent years.
- Appendix No. 1 to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.2008 No. 106n (PBU 1/2008). The regulation fixes the features of drawing up an accounting policy and mandatory requirements for the content of the working document.
- Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2015 No. 52n. Regulates the features of compilation, storage and accounting of primary documentation.
- Instructions dated 01.12.2010 No. 157n, dated 16.12.2010 No. 174n, dated 25.03.2011 No. 33n. Establish a Unified Chart of Accounts, the composition and procedure for the formation of financial statements.
On the Internet, you can find an accounting policy constructor for 2019 for free, it will help you quickly draw up a working document or prepare changes for the current one. At the end of this article, you will be able to download for free the accounting policy of the organization: 2019 sample with applications.
The simplified accounting policy is short and in meaning is suitable for a small business that maintains accounting in a simplified manner. The exceptions are: law firms, credit and microfinance firms, housing and credit cooperatives, as well as those companies whose reports are subject to mandatory audit. Simplified accounting also write in the provisions of the accounting policy, otherwise the punishment of the regulatory authorities is inevitable.
Approval rules
The accounting policy must be approved by the head of the enterprise or another person vested with the appropriate powers. Usually, a separate order or a corresponding order or resolution is issued for this.
There is no need to approve a new document annually. UP should be applied in the institution from year to year. Only those provisions that have changed due to the entry of new regulatory legal acts or due to changes in the activities of the enterprise and other cases are corrected.
Please note that legislators have set deadlines for the entity to approve the UP. However, we are talking about newly created state-owned companies. So, UP for accounting must be approved no later than the reporting period in which this state institution was created.
For UP in terms of taxation, a document should be developed and approved no later than the end of the first tax period in which the enterprise or company was created (clause 12 of article 167, article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
It is permissible to approve both documents by one order, for example, in the month of December. That is, to combine UP for BU and UP for NU in one administrative document. Draw up the text of the accounting policy itself as an attachment to the order. In addition, fill out with applications forms, forms and other registers that will be used in the business life of the company.
Please note that there is no special form for an order or order for the approval of the UP. Officials have not approved a uniform form for this situation. Therefore, make an order in any form. In it, indicate all the necessary details for the paper of this category. Be sure to write down:
- Number and date of compilation.
- Legislative standards, on the basis of which the decision was made.
- The essence of the order.
- The start date of the order, from which moment the provisions come into force.
- Responsible for drawing up (chief accountant, for example).
- Identify the person responsible for overseeing the execution of the order.
An example of an order for the approval of a UP in a budgetary institution
Public document
From 2019, the provisions of the UP should be public and open. This applies not only to the founders in relation to their subordinate institutions, but also to all legal entities. Let's remind that individual entrepreneurs are not obliged to keep accounting, and, therefore, they are not obliged to draw up a UE.
And this means that all representatives of the budgetary sphere must publish the provisions of the UP on their official websites. In some cases, a copy of the order for approval of the UP, along with the text and attachments, will have to be provided to the founder.
This approach allows you to check the relevance of the provisions introduced by the relevant orders. In simple words, the founder can control:
- whether accounting is properly organized and maintained in the state institution;
- whether it meets the stated requirements and standards;
- does it meet the individual characteristics of the industry.
If inconsistencies are identified, give an order to eliminate violations as soon as possible.
Accounting policies for accounting purposes
Consider the procedure for drawing up accounting policies in the form of a table.
Item name |
|
---|---|
Responsible persons for the formation and approval |
Developed by the chief accountant or other person responsible for maintaining budget records. Only the manager approves. Please note that if the state institution does not have the position of chief accountant (accountant), and accounting is transferred to a third party, a company, centralized accounting under an accounting agreement, then the accounting policy in this case should be drawn up by the entity that is responsible for accounting. That is, to a third-party accountant or company, centralized accounting, outsourcing organization, and more. |
Institution Information |
It is necessary to specify in detail not only full registration information about the organization, its types and purposes of activity, but also information about the founder, separate divisions and other information. |
Normative base |
It is determined taking into account the specifics of the institution. It is indicated in the form of a list of legal acts on the basis of which accounting and tax accounting is carried out. Please note that from 2019, public sector employees are required to include in the regulatory framework not only the provisions of the new federal standards, but also the UP of the founder. You can familiarize yourself with the provisions of the UP of the founder on the official website of the body that carries out the functions and powers of the founder, or request information directly. |
Procedure for making changes |
The legislation stipulates that changes should be made on December 31 of the year preceding the year the changes took place. Exceptions: significant changes in legislation during the financial year. Write down these norms as a separate item. Please note that the new FSBU No. 274n has defined a comprehensive procedure for making changes, additions and adjustments to the document. We discussed this in more detail below. |
Organizational and technical part |
|
Accounting procedure |
The circle of responsible persons is determined (single accountant, accounting department or third-party organization). It is also necessary to indicate in what way the accounting is carried out (manually, using software products or through Internet resources). |
Forms of primary documents and registers |
On the basis of 402-FZ and the Federal Security Service of Ukraine, a budgetary organization has the right to independently develop and approve forms for primary data and accounting registers. Or provide for the use of uniform forms. This decision must be fixed in the accounting policy (either indicate the numbers and codes of OKUD of unified forms, or attach your own forms). |
The right and procedure for signing documents |
Write down separately who is the first to sign and who is the second on all financial documents. Usually this is the director and chief accountant. But provide responsible persons for periods of absence of the chief and chief accountant. Also, determine the responsible persons who have the right to sign the primary documentation, it may be an accountant or another specialist. |
Working chart of accounts |
Develop your own based on the Unified Chart of Accounts. Indicate only those accounts that are used for accounting. Register the correspondence, if required by the specifics of the institution. |
Document flow |
Describe the procedure for the movement of documentation (primary, registers, reporting, etc.) between the structural divisions of the budgetary organization. Identify responsible persons in each department. Share the ready-made algorithm with all interested parties under signature. |
Accounting and inventory of assets and liabilities |
Describe in detail the procedure for accounting and inventory of fixed assets and MH, obligations. Take into account the provisions of the federal standard "Fixed assets". As a reminder, it should be applied from 2018. |
The procedure for issuing funds |
Set the maximum limit for issuing sub-reports, also determine the maximum period for which funds are issued. If settlements are made through bank cards (accounts) of employees, also indicate this circumstance. The amounts of daily and travel expenses are allocated in a separate provision on business travel. |
Error correction |
Write down the procedure for correcting errors. Separately set the algorithm for significant errors in the current and past financial periods. Also, write down the sequence of correcting insignificant blots, errors. Please note that to draw up this section of the accounting policy, you must be guided by the new FSBU No. 274n. |
Reporting forms |
Determine the list of mandatory accounting forms, as well as your own reports required for the organization. Place your own forms in the form of attachments to the accounting policy. |
Internal financial control |
Describe separately the procedure for organizing and maintaining internal financial control in the institution (for each stage). Determine the forms of reporting and the frequency of its submission to the head. |
Methodological part in terms of accounting |
|
Income accounting |
Determine the methods of accounting for income in the context of types of business and forms of income. Write down the features of the reflection of receipts on the working accounts of the plan. |
Cost accounting |
Establish an algorithm for attributing expenses to financial results. Write down the intermediate accounts of accounting. If necessary, write down what relates to basic, non-operating and other expenses. Pay special attention to invoices, write down the correspondence of the reflection of expenses. |
Accounting for fixed assets and inventories |
Indicate special conditions for the reflection of depreciation and new valuation of fixed assets. The procedure for applying the new classifier for OS. Determine the rates of consumption of fuels and lubricants for write-off for each type of transport (if necessary). |
Accounting policies for tax purposes |
|
Type of taxation system |
Fix the chosen taxation system. Also, separately for each type of obligation, write down the rates, periods, benefits and the procedure for their application, the procedure for determining the tax base. Do not forget to add provisions on the calculation and payment of insurance premiums, VAT and income tax. |
Tax registers |
Approve tax registers in terms of tax liabilities or specify unified forms. |
How to make changes correctly
Changes and additions to the fundamental document require adherence to a certain algorithm. Thus, in the Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 274n, officials strictly fixed the grounds for carrying out this procedure.
So, changes in the accounting policy can be made only in three cases:
- The provisions and norms of legislation that establish general requirements for the organization and maintenance of accounting have been changed. In this case, the organization is obliged to make the appropriate changes to its UP.
- The institution has developed new forms of accounting, which will allow to generate more reliable and relevant information about accounting objects.
- The operating conditions of an economic entity change significantly. For example, a state institution is undergoing a reorganization stage, or the functions and powers assigned to the institution have been changed.
In all other cases, changes and additions are made to the current document from the beginning of the year. However, there may be exceptions.
When making changes during the financial year, the institution needs to coordinate its actions with the founder, as well as with the financial authority. Otherwise, the innovations can be regarded as a violation of the current legislation.
But that's not all. The new standard has identified situations that cannot be considered a change in accounting policy. These include cases when, to reflect the facts of economic activity that arose for the first time, the following are determined:
- completely new rules for organizing and maintaining accounting within the framework of a given economic entity;
- accounting method used for essentially different business transactions that took place earlier.
Please note that the new provisions of the FSBU do not differ from the provisions of Federal Law No. 402-FZ.
In addition, it should be borne in mind that some adjustments may require a retrospective analysis. These should include those changes that will affect or can significantly affect the financial result, financial position, cash flow of the entity.
In this case, the accountant or other responsible person is obliged to make the appropriate adjustments:
- change the data of opening balances under the item "Financial result of the institution";
- adjust the values \u200b\u200bof reporting items that are related to the financial result of the entity.
There is no need to change the indicators of last year's reporting. However, when generating financial reports for the current period, you will have to submit the corresponding data on the adjusted comparative indicators.
Sample accounting policy of the USN "Income", 2019
If the institution applies the STS "Income", then the preparation of accounting policies for tax purposes is not required. It is necessary when there are several options for tax accounting or the procedure is not established by law. This is due to the fact that for an institution all income is recognized as the tax base, while expenses do not matter.
If the organization applies UTND under the simplified tax system, then it will be necessary to draw up an accounting policy. Here it is necessary to prescribe the procedure for separate accounting of property, obligations assumed, financial and business transactions.
When combining the STS and UTND, additionally provide for separate tax registers and accounting forms to ensure complete and transparent separation. An organization that has not organized such a division will be fined by the tax authorities.
Accounting policy template for an organization combining STS and UTII
Sample Enterprise Accounting Policy 2019
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with a sample accounting policy for 2019, drawn up on the example of a budgetary institution, the procedure for drawing up an accounting policy for OSNO.
Ask questions, and we will supplement the article with answers and explanations!
An accounting policy is a single document that establishes the rules for keeping records in a commercial organization. It reflects the methods of workflow, inventory, information processing, assessment and control of operations and facts of activity. The application of the selected rules affects the financial result and the taxable base.
Accounting and tax regulations provide a choice of ways to maintain them. The selected method is recorded in the accounting policy (UP).
There are three types of accounting policies:
- for accounting purposes - mandatory for all organizations;
- for tax purposes - mandatory for organizations and individual entrepreneurs;
- for reporting in accordance with IFRS international standards - mandatory for organizations preparing reporting in accordance with IFRS.
If the organization has not secured the chosen method by order, then during the audit, an accounting method can be applied that increases the tax burden.
The simplified accounting policy is concise and in its meaning should contain the following sections:
- Accounting policies for accounting purposes.
- Working chart of accounts.
- Forms of primary documents.
- Accounting registers.
- Accounting policies for tax purposes.
- Tax accounting registers.
The accounting policy approved by the order is applied from January 1 of the year following the year of its approval.
Terms of document approval
It is believed that accounting policies are required to be approved at the end of each calendar year. However, it is not. If nothing has changed in the activities, accounting and taxation of the organization, then there is no need to “re-approve” the document. The existing accounting policy should be used.
If there are changes, then the document will have to be revised. It is permissible to approve amendments by a separate order, we will define only specific innovations. You can also cancel the old accounting policy and prepare a new order.
The terms of approval, as well as changes in the accounting policy are determined at the legislative level:
Approval period for BU |
Term for tax accounting |
|
Creation of a new organization |
Approve the accounting policy no later than 90 calendar days from the date of registration of the organization (clause 9 PBU 1/2008). |
Approve the new accounting policy no later than the end of the first reporting tax period (clause 12 art. 167 Tax Code). |
Changes to accounting policies |
According to generally accepted requirements, make changes in the current period, but apply the updated provisions from the new calendar year (clause 10 and clause 12 of PBU 1/2008). |
If the company has changed the methods of tax accounting or there have been significant changes in activities, then the changes in accounting policies should be applied from the new tax period ( art. 313 Tax Code). When changing legislation, use the innovations in accounting policy from the date the legislative innovations come into force. |
Making additions to the accounting policy |
At the time when clarifications and additions became necessary for further accounting (clause 10 PBU 1/2008). |
Approve the additions in the period in which these clarifications became necessary for tax accounting (Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). |
Please note that adding and changing accounting policies are completely different things.
Important innovations in 2019
Legislators have approved a huge number of changes that come into force on 01/01/2019. Of course, not all innovations need to be reflected in the accounting policy, but there are important adjustments.
So, what should be reflected in the accounting policy for 2019, important changes:
- Social guarantees in labor relations. If your company's employees receive wages based on the minimum wage, then fix in the accounting policy that the minimum wage has been increased from 01/01/2019. The new minimum wage is 11,280 rubles. Take this indicator into account when calculating benefits for temporary disability in individual cases.
- Adjust the term for generating invoices. Officials were only allowed to issue invoices once a month. However, this new pleasant change does not affect all taxpayers. So, once a month you can issue a consolidated invoice and only in relation to a supplier with whom you have been cooperating for quite a long time. For example, a company that makes daily deliveries, shipments of food, can issue one consolidated invoice at the end of the month, and not duplicate documents for each delivery.
- Adjust the composition of income tax expenses in your OU policy. Since 2019, the composition of income tax expenses has been supplemented with a new type of cost. Now you can take into account the costs of purchasing vouchers for recreation and health improvement of employees and (or) their relatives. However, the condition applies only to rest and recreation on the territory of Russia, foreign vouchers cannot be taken into account. Remember the limitations: you can only take into account 6% of the payroll for the reporting period.
- Income tax benefits have been abolished. Now regional authorities have no right to reduce the tax rate to the regional budget. The existing exemptions will remain, but no later than 2023. However, the existing exemptions may be canceled as early as 01.01.2019. These adjustments will affect all taxpayers, not just production.
- Update the provisions of the accounting policy regarding VAT taxation. Let us remind you that the tax rate has been increased to 20%. This is exactly what must be fixed in the document if the organization works with value added tax. Do not forget to update the contracts if the price (value) is indicated in the agreement including VAT. For example, 118 rubles including VAT.
- Loss of benefits on insurance premiums. Officials have canceled reduced rates for insurance premiums for some categories of policyholders. Now a pharmacy that uses UTII, as well as commercial firms and individual entrepreneurs on the simplified tax system, cannot take advantage of the social security tariff benefit. Previously, such insurers paid only 20% for GPT, now they will have to pay in full - 30% (MPI - 22%, CHI - 5.1%, VNiM - 2.9%). Do not forget about personal injury premiums: they must be paid regardless of the category of the insured.
All changes that need to be taken into account by the accountant in further work are in separate articles:
- The most important changes in tax legislation in 2019;
Accounting policies for accounting purposes
This document discusses general accounting practices and industry specificities.
Regardless of the type of activity, organizations approve:
- working chart of accounts and forms of primary documents;
- a way to control the procurement, acquisition and write-off of inventories;
- method of calculating depreciation;
- the procedure for correcting errors.
Trade organizations indicate the way in which transportation and procurement costs are reflected - in the cost of goods or as sold.
Retail trade organizations indicate the method of accounting for goods - at purchase prices without extra charge.
Organizations with a long production cycle indicate the method of recognizing income as the work, services, products are ready.
Accounting policies for tax purposes
A sample accounting policy of the company 2019 for tax purposes is not provided in this article, since it depends on the applicable tax regime.
The tax accounting policy addresses the following issues:
- income recognition method for calculating income tax: cash or accrual;
- method for determining the cost of writing off materials and goods: at the unit cost, weighted average or FIFO method - at the cost of the first purchases;
- depreciation method for fixed assets and intangible assets: linear or non-linear;
- the possibility of calculating reserves for the regulation of income tax: for doubtful debts to pay for vacations, for warranty repairs and repair of fixed assets;
- tax register form for calculating the taxable base: income and expense book, sales book and purchase book, independently developed registers.
Accounting policies for small businesses
Small businesses (SMEs) have the right to use simplified accounting registers and submit simplified financial statements.
If an organization wants to exercise this right, it must be recorded in the UP.
SMEs may refuse to apply 6 accounting standards, for example, and others.
All accounting standards that are not applied by the entity should be listed in a special section “Application of accounting provisions”.
Accounting policy for individual entrepreneurs
IEs are not required to maintain accounting records, so they only approve accounting policies for tax purposes.
The sample accounting policy of the USN "Income" (2019) in the simplest version can be limited to several points:
- Tax accounting is maintained by the chief accountant (director, accounting firm).
- The object of taxation is income minus earmarked financing and income from the revaluation of foreign exchange funds.
- The tax register is a book of income and expenses, entries in which are made on the basis of primary documents.
- Accounting is carried out using the 1C: Accounting program.
- The amount of the simplified tax system is reduced by paid insurance premiums.
The 2019 Accounting Policy Designer is offered for free by some accounting websites.
After sequentially choosing in the constructor the methods for assessing fixed assets, inventories, reserves, other income and expenses, you can download the organization's accounting policy (sample 2019) for free for accounting purposes.