Types of real estate by nature of use. My city
Traditionally, the concept of "real estate" means land and all the improvements permanently fixed on it (buildings, structures, objects of construction in progress). Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation gives the following definition.
The property (real estate) - land... subsoil plots, and everything that is firmly connected with the land, that is, objects, the movement of which is impossible without disproportionate damage to their purpose, including buildings, structures, construction in progress .
Real estate also includes aircraft and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, space objects.
Items that are not real estate, including money and securities. are recognized movable property .
Property features:
- real estate cannot be moved without causing damage to the object;
- firmly connected to the land, both physically and legally;
- longevity of the investment object;
- the value of the property is high;
- each unit of real estate is unique in its physical characteristics;
- loss of consumer properties occurs gradually with wear;
- new construction especially affects the value of nearby real estate;
- strict state regulation of real estate transactions.
- the ability to satisfy a person's need for residential and other space is determined by the usefulness of real estate;
Property properties:
- utility (real estate objects should satisfy the needs of the owner as much as possible);
- fundamental (real estate under normal conditions cannot be lost, broken or stolen);
- stationarity (real estate objects are closely related to land);
- uniqueness (each property is unique);
- liquidity (real estate has low liquidity)
Under real estate object it is understood, firstly, the enterprise as a whole as a property complex, and secondly, a land plot, an integral part of which can be:
- building (structure);
- isolated water bodies;
- perennial plantings;
- engineering structures and networks;
- elements of economic, transport and engineering support;
Classification and types of real estate
Can be distinguished three main types of real estate... land, housing and non-living premises.
Earth subdivided into:
- land plots intended for building;
- natural complexes intended for their exploitation.
Housing Is a building with all the amenities, intended for human living.
Accommodation can be:
Along with the division into types, real estate is classified according to a number of characteristics, which contributes to a more successful study of the real estate market.
General classification of real estate
Types and types of real estate, their economic component
Currently in Russia there is an active development of the real estate market and an increasing number of our fellow citizens, enterprises and organizations are involved in transactions with real estate. In the Russian Federation, as in the rest of the world, real estate acts as the basis for the personal existence of citizens and serves as the basis for economic activity and the development of enterprises and organizations.
What types and types of real estate exist
Currently in Russia there is an active development of the real estate market and an increasing number of our fellow citizens, enterprises and organizations are involved in transactions with real estate.
In the Russian Federation, as in the rest of the world, real estate acts as the basis for the personal existence of citizens and serves as the basis for economic activity and the development of enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership. Therefore, it seems that familiarization with the types of real estate existing in the Russian Federation, as well as with the origin and formation of the legal concept of real estate, will not be uninteresting.
Types of real estate: an excursion into history
Legal division of property into types, i.e. on movable objects and real estate originated in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman law used the classification of objects into movable and immovable types, applying the criterion of the physical impossibility of moving immovable things, first of all, land and what is inextricably linked with it. According to the laws of ancient Rome, movable objects could be freely moved in space without damage.
Accordingly, the physical criterion of the strong connection of an object with the ground and the impossibility of its movement predetermined the classification of real estate, first in Roman law, and then everywhere at the level of the fundamental state doctrine. Today, real estate is a base, without which the existence of any developed society and state is impossible.
Types of real estate in Russia
The term "real estate" appeared in Russia in the 17th century, but there is still no precise legal definition of it anywhere. So, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, immovable things (real estate, real estate) include:
- land,
- subsoil plots,
- isolated water bodies,
- the woods,
- perennial plantings,
- building,
- structures,
- construction in progress,
- everything that is firmly connected to the ground, that is, objects, the movement of which is impossible without disproportionate damage to their purpose.
Also, the types of real estate in Russia include aircraft and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, and space objects. In addition, other property may be classified as immovable by law.
For example, an enterprise as a whole as a property complex is also recognized as one of the types of real estate. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an enterprise is considered not as a subject, but directly as an object of civil rights. An enterprise as a whole or part of it can be an object of sale and purchase, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of property rights.
The economic essence of types of real estate
Real estate occupies a special place among the main elements of a market economy. which acts as a means of production - these can be:
- earth,
- administrative, industrial, warehouse, retail and other buildings and premises,
- constructions of an item or object of consumption (land plots, residential buildings, summer cottages, apartments, garages).
The distinctive economic characteristics of types of real estate include the following:
- rarity (there are no absolutely identical real estate objects),
- the cost of adjacent land, buildings,
- territorial features (a change in territorial preferences can increase or decrease the cost of types of real estate even without physical changes),
- purpose, which, as a rule, cannot be changed without significant costs.
Subdivision of types of real estate, depending on the nature of use and its origin
From the above, it is understood that real estate is divided into three main types: land, housing and non-residential premises. Depending on the nature of use, types of real estate are divided into used:
- for housing (houses, cottages, apartments, summer cottages),
- for commercial activities (hotels, office buildings, shops, etc.),
- for production purposes (warehouses, factories, factories, etc.),
- for agricultural needs (farms, orchards, vegetable gardens, etc.),
- for special purposes (schools, churches, hospitals, day nurseries, etc.).
The types of real estate also differ in their origin:
- created by nature without human labor,
- resulting from human labor,
- created by human labor, but connected with the natural basis so that they cannot function apart from it.
So, real estate includes the most valuable and generally significant items of fixed assets. And such types of real estate as land and subsoil are of great economic and strategic importance for any state.
Real estate in any social structure is an object of economic and state interests, and therefore, for this category of property, the obligatory state registration of rights to it has been introduced, which makes it possible to identify the object and subject of law, since the connection between the object of real estate and the subject of rights to it is invisible, and the transfer of real estate by physical movement is impossible.
The definition of the most important types of real estate both in other countries and in Russia does not have serious differences and is basically the same. A distinctive feature of real estate around the world is its inextricable connection with the land. Apart from land plots, types of real estate lose their usual purpose.
Oddly enough, the law also refers to real estate ships and aircraft and space objects - for example, space satellites. This is due to the complex registration procedure for such equipment. But trees from special nurseries and houses intended for demolition are not real estate.
But few of us have faced the need to buy or rent a satellite. So for most people, real estate is land, housing and non-residential premises.
Functions, origin, readiness
The first classification distinguishes real estate according to its characteristics. According to her, real estate differs in function, origin and readiness for use.
According to their functional purpose, real estate is divided into land plots for building, natural complexes (parks, gardens), residential buildings, buildings intended for commercial purposes (offices, shopping centers, hotels), private residential buildings (summer cottages, cottages, country houses with land plots ), as well as industrial premises (factories, parking lots, warehouses).
By origin, such types of real estate are distinguished as land tracts, plots, housing complexes, apartment buildings, apartments and rooms in apartment buildings, individual residential buildings, administrative buildings and commercial buildings.
And according to their readiness for operation, there are three types of objects: ready-made, in need of reconstruction and under construction.
Specialization
The classification of the new standard of the Russian Society of Appraisers is easier. She distinguishes between two types of real estate - specialized and non-specialized.
The first type of real estate includes objects, the functions of which, due to their design features, are very limited - for example, a church, school, pumping station or boiler room. Such buildings are rarely put up for sale, since they can only be used for their original purpose.
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The second group includes all other objects that can be used for a variety of purposes. They are in constant demand on the open market.
Business center classes
And, finally, there is a third system, which we call "western" and is designed to classify commercial objects. It divides real estate into three classes - "A", "B" and "C".
These are all prestigious business centers, regardless of purpose. This category includes both retail space and offices, as well as factory shops, factories, hospitals and warehouses. All of them should be distinguished by the quality of finishing and utilities, as well as modern planning.
Includes objects intended for investment, that is, rental. They are not as prestigious as class "A" objects, they may lack some elements of service - for example, air conditioning or parking.
This is the so-called "surplus real estate" - land with buildings or vacant lots that are not needed to conduct business. In our country, such objects can be considered premises leased by various research institutes and industrial complexes.
At first glance, all of these systems are easy to get confused about. But the existence of different classifications of types of real estate is rather a plus. All of them contribute to the study of the real estate market and facilitate the development of adequate methods of property valuation.
- Types of residential and non-residential real estate.
- Commercial real estate. Types, meaning.
- Public property. Types, meaning.
16. Seven main elements of the real estate market.
17. Ten common features of the real estate market.
4. Types of residential and non-residential real estate.
Residential Properties is a collection of residential units (inhabited and unoccupied).
Residential unit (dwelling) is a dwelling house, a dwelling in a dwelling house, or in another structure, which has access to the common areas of the building or to a land plot and is intended for one family to live. A dwelling unit is an accounting unit in the system of state accounting of the housing stock.
House is a permanent building, in which living quarters constitute more than half of the area of \u200b\u200bpremises of buildings. Residential buildings are subdivided into multi-family and single-family houses.
Residential property includes:
low-rise building (up to three floors), multi-storey building (from 4 to 9 floors), high-rise building (from 10 to 20 floors), high-rise building (over 20 floors).
Residential property can also be condominium... section (entrance), floor at the entrance, apartment, room, country house.
Condominium - a single complex of real estate, including a land plot within the established boundaries and a residential building located on it, other real estate objects in which individual premises are in private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership, and the remaining parts are in their common shared ownership
Also, residential real estate is classified by types:
- Type I - place of permanent residence;
- Type II - suburban housing used for a limited period of time;
- Type III - intended for short-term stays (hotels, motels, etc.).
There is also a classification of residential real estate, depending on the material used for the outer walls of the building:
earth (including agricultural land (arable land, hayfields, pastures, perennial plantations, virgin lands), land of settlements (cities, workers, resort and summer cottages, rural settlements), as well as land for industry, transport, communications and other sectors of the national economy , lands of nature conservation, nature reserve, health-improving, recreational and historical-cultural purposes, lands of forest resources, forestry, lands of water resources, reserve lands);
commercial property (office, retail, bars, restaurants, hotels, sports and recreation centers, etc.);
industrial property (production and warehouse);
5. Commercial real estate. Types, meaning.
Concept commercial property includes premises used for business needs, such as office and retail space, which make up
most of the real estate investment portfolio.
Commercial real estate also includes restaurants, shops, warehouses, buildings and structures, hotels, bars, sports and recreation centers and entertainment facilities, the use of which involves income generation ;
Office rooms. They are classified by location, building quality (finish level, condition of the facade, central entrance, availability of elevators), quality of management (management company, availability of additional services for tenants), etc.
Hotels... Hotel projects in Russia today are the most difficult types of investment in profitable real estate. The construction of new or reconstruction of old hotels of the highest class, their equipment and operating costs are considered a rather risky investment, since the costs of such projects are several times higher than the costs of building fashionable shopping malls or office centers.
Parking garages (car parks) as commercial real estate in the country is practically not developed, although there are prospects. Indeed, for every thousand inhabitants, in accordance with the norms, about 150 park places are required.
Shops and shopping malls... As the experience of large European cities has shown, good conditions for the location of multifunctional shopping centers are: the intersection of major motorways, the immediate vicinity of metro stations and ground transport stops. Shopping centers especially require the provision of services to their tenants (for example, constant cleaning of the territory, repair service of scales, round-the-clock security, etc.).
Industrial (industrial) real estate.
On the formed western market, the following classification of real estate objects by categories A, B and C.
Category C... Surplus real estate - land with buildings or vacant lots that are no longer needed to conduct business today or in the future and are therefore declared surplus real estate.
With the constant development of business in Russia, office space is constantly required for newly formed companies. Stable companies also periodically need additional space to accommodate equipment and a growing staff of employees.
6. Public property. Types, meaning.
TO public buildings and structures include:
- health-improving (hospitals, clinics, nursing homes and orphanages, sanatoriums, sports complexes, etc.);
- educational and educational (kindergartens and nurseries, schools, colleges, technical schools, institutes, children's art houses, etc.);
- cultural and educational (museums, exhibition complexes, parks of culture and rest, houses of culture and theaters, circuses, planetariums, zoos, botanical gardens, etc.);
- special buildings and structures - administrative (police, court, prosecutor's office, authorities), monuments, memorial structures, railway stations, ports, etc .;
The value of public real estate lies in the use of its objects directly for the benefit of society as a whole, i.e. of all its strata regardless of income level and social status.
16. Seven main elements of the real estate market.
Real estate market - is a sector of the national market economy, which is a set of real estate objects, economic entities operating in the market, market functioning processes, i.e. the processes of production (creation), consumption (use) and exchange of real estate objects and market management, and mechanisms that ensure functioning of the market (market infrastructure).
The real estate market consists of seven main elements:
- Demand
- Sentence
- Management
- Marketing
- Infrastructure
- Business procedures
Demand - This is the number of land plots, property complexes and rights to them that buyers are ready to purchase at prevailing prices for a certain period of time. All other things being equal, the demand for real estate varies inversely with the price. The demand is formed under the influence of numerous factors - economic, social, demographic, natural and climatic.
Sentence is the amount of land and other real estate that owners are willing to sell at certain prices for a certain period of time.
Price is the amount of money paid per unit of real estate in transactions made. The cost is the most likely monetary equivalent of property. This is the highest price that the sale of a site will bring in a competitive and open market.
Management - regulation of impacts on real estate objects by market entities (sellers, buyers, professional market participants).
Marketing - a social process aimed at meeting the needs and requirements of individuals and groups through the creation and offer of real estate objects and their exchange with other people.
Information Infrastructure - the most important element of the existence of any market, including the real estate market. It must contain reliable information:
- about the existing norms and rules of work in the market;
- on the structure of supply and demand for various objects;
- about the level and dynamics of prices.
Business procedures - a set of actions of the subjects of the real estate market for the documentation of transactions (purchase and sale, appraisal, etc.).
17. Ten common features of the real estate market.
The combination of the endless variety of physical characteristics of properties on the one hand, and many different rights to real estate, on the other, creates a uniquely complex market. Unlike other types of market, the real estate market, in addition to the specifics of the goods circulating on it, has a number of common features that must be taken into account when performing transactions:
- market localization... since his goods are immovable, unique, and their value largely depends on the external environment;
- open information about the state of the market is incomplete and not always reliable, since real estate transactions are often exclusive and confidential;
- ownership of real estate and transactions with it usually involve four types of costs: lump sum payments, relatively large investments; to maintain the object in a functional state; real estate tax; government fees and other fees for transactions;
- demand is determined not only and not so much by the consumer qualities of the objects themselves, but by their location;
- low elasticity of supply... since for a number of reasons it is impossible to build many new apartments at once;
- goods-real estate objects can be defined by the rights of third parties in different combinations;
- relatively high degree of government regulation market legislation and zoning of territories;
- real estate market goods serve not only as a means of satisfying the buyers' own needs, but also as an object of their investment activities
- relatively small number of market participants;
- high variability of demand by regions, districts and neighborhoods
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4. Types of residential and non-residential real estate
40. The cost of real estate. Parameters and types of cost
If we consider the definition of the state real estate cadastre, we will see that the State Property Committee is a systematic collection of information about various objects of cadastral registration, including registered real estate. 1)
TO immovable things (immovable property, real estate) includes land plots, subsoil plots and everything that is firmly connected with land, that is, objects, the movement of which is impossible without disproportionate damage to their purpose, including buildings, structures, objects of unfinished construction. 2)
At the same time, when applying this definition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the real estate object must have turnover capacity. If it represents an improvement of a land plot or other real estate object and has an auxiliary value, then a building permit in accordance with the provisions of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation is not required. 3)
Temporary buildings, kiosks, sheds and other similar buildings do not belong to immovable property (real estate), and the rights to such temporary objects are not subject to state registration. 4)
According to the Civil Code, real estate also includes aircraft and sea vessels, inland navigation vessels, and space objects subject to state registration. five)
capital construction objects
construction in progress;
underground structures (no special federal laws have been adopted yet)
thus, the state cadastre of real estate does not take into account such types of real estate as subsoil plots, aircraft and ships, inland navigation vessels and space objects, enterprises as property complexes. Let's consider the basic concepts. 6)
The concept of a land plot is one of the fundamental ones. In a number of Western countries (Great Britain, Sweden, USA) a cone from the center of the Earth is taken as a land plot, cutting the earth's surface along the border of the land plot and going up into space (Fig. Land plot (Great Britain, Sweden, USA)). 7)
Land plot (UK, Sweden, USA)
According to the Land Code land plot - a part of the earth's surface, the boundaries of which are determined in accordance with federal laws, the main of which is the Federal Law "On the State Real Estate Cadastre". 8)
It should also be noted that according to land legislation, the following objects of land relations are distinguished:
land as a natural object and natural resource;
parts of land plots.
Now, with regard to buildings, structures, premises and objects of unfinished construction. nine)
Distinguish between residential and non-residential buildings (synonyms: structure, house).
Residential building - a residential building of a permanent type, designed for a long service life.
Non-residential building - intended for use in industrial, trade, cultural and educational, medical and sanitary, communal, administrative, etc. (except for permanent residence) purposes. 10) 11)
TO structures include engineering and construction objects designed to create the conditions necessary for the implementation of the production process by performing certain technical functions that are not related to changing the objects of labor, or for the implementation of various non-production functions: transport structures (highways and railways for intra-plant purposes, overpasses etc.), transmission devices (power lines, pipelines and other transmission devices that are of independent importance and are not an integral part of a building or structure, etc.), hydraulic structures (dams, pools, cooling towers, etc.) ), storage facilities (all kinds of reservoirs, tanks, etc.), mine shafts, oil wells, etc. 12)
Premises - the space inside the house, which has a certain functional purpose and is limited by building structures. Building Norms and Rules "SNiP 31-02-2001 Single-family residential houses"
Premises can be residential and non-residential.
Living quarters an isolated room is recognized, which is immovable property and is suitable for permanent residence of citizens (meets the established sanitary and technical rules and norms, other legal requirements).
Non-residential premises not intended for permanent residence of citizens. 13)
Unfinished objects - immovable objects (property), which are not the subject of a valid building contract. fourteen)
When considering land relations, other concepts can also be found.
Real estate is an enterprise as a whole as a property complex used for entrepreneurial activity. The enterprise as a whole or part of it can be the object of sale and purchase, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of property rights. The structure of the enterprise as a property complex includes all types of property intended for its activities, including land, buildings, structures, equipment, inventory, raw materials, products, etc. sixteen)
The legislation defines unauthorized construction.
Unauthorized construction is a residential house, other structure, structure or other immovable property created on a land plot not allotted for these purposes in the manner prescribed by law and other legal acts, or created without obtaining the necessary permits for this or with a significant violation of town planning and building standards, and rules. 17)
Subsoil plots - geometrized blocks of subsoil and the earth's surface. Provided for use in the form of a mining or geological allotment. Subsoil plots should be as compact as possible and, if possible, be limited by straight lines - boundaries that have a detailed description and coordinates.
Considering real estate, it is necessary to mention about movable... These are things not related to real estate, including money and securities. 18)
Indivisible thing - a thing, the division of which in nature is impossible without changing its purpose, is recognized as indivisible. nineteen)
1) " The State Real Estate Cadastre is a systematized collection of information about real estate recorded in accordance with this Federal Law, as well as "Federal Law 221-FZ of 2007-07-24 On the State Real Estate Cadastre
2) " Immovable things (real estate, real estate) include land plots, subsoil plots and everything that is firmly connected with the land, that is, objects, the movement of which is impossible without disproportionate damage to their purpose, including buildings, structures, objects of unfinished construction.
3) " At the same time, when applying this definition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the real estate object must have turnover capacity. If it represents an improvement of a land plot or other real estate object and has an auxiliary value, then a building permit in accordance with the provisions of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation is not required. "Letter D23-349 of 2010-02-04 On clarification of some norms of land and urban planning legislation of the Russian Federation
4) " Temporary buildings, kiosks, sheds and other similar buildings do not belong to immovable property (real estate), and the rights to such temporary objects are not subject to state registration. "Letter D23-1307 from 2010-04-10 On some issues of filling out a declaration on a real estate object
five) " Immovable property also includes aircraft and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, and space objects. Other property may also be classified as immovable by law. "Federal Law 51-FZ of 1994-11-30 Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One)
6) " capital construction object - a building, structure, structure, objects, the construction of which is not completed (hereinafter - objects of unfinished construction), with the exception of temporary buildings, kiosks, sheds and other similar structures; "Code 190-FZ of 2004-12-29 Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation
7) " The concept of a land plot is one of the fundamental ones. In a number of Western countries (Great Britain, Sweden, USA), a cone from the center of the Earth is taken as a land plot, cutting the earth's surface along the border of the land plot and going up into outer space »Book from 0000-00-00 Textbook for lectures on the course" Fundamentals of Real Estate Cadastre "S. A. Grigoriev
8) " A land plot is a part of the earth's surface, the boundaries of which are determined in accordance with federal laws. »136-fz_zemelnyiy_kodeks
nine) " The objects of land relations are: 1) land as a natural object and natural resource; 2) land plots; 3) parts of land plots. »136-fz_zemelnyiy_kodeks
eleven) " Non-residential building - intended for use for industrial, commercial, cultural and educational, medical and sanitary, utility, administrative and other (except for permanent residence) purposes. "Instruction 37 of 1998-08-04 On accounting for housing stock in the Russian Federation
12) " Structures include engineering and construction objects designed to create the conditions necessary for the implementation of the production process by performing certain technical functions not related to changing the objects of labor, or for the implementation of various non-production functions: transport structures (highways and railways for intra-plant purposes , overpasses, etc.), transmission devices (power lines, pipelines and other transmission devices that are of independent importance and are not an integral part of a building or structure, etc.), hydraulic structures (dams, pools, cooling towers, etc.) etc.), storage facilities (all kinds of reservoirs, tanks, etc.), mine shafts, oil wells, etc. "Regulation GG-181 of 2002-12-02 Regulation on the procedure for economic incentives for mobilization preparation of the economy
Classification type |
Types of real estate |
By the nature of use |
|
By Ownership Purpose |
For doing business; For the owner's residence; As an investment; For exploration and development; |
By degree of specialization |
|
Commissioned; Construction in progress. |
|
Classification is the distribution of a set of real estate objects into their subsets by similarity or difference in accordance with the selected characteristics and methods. It facilitates the process of studying real estate, allows you to quickly find internal patterns that determine the state and changes in its consumer and market properties. The objects of classification are the elements of the studied set (buildings, structures, etc.). Classification signs are the most essential and practically important properties and characteristics of objects that serve as the basis for their grouping or division1
General classification of real estate
Classification type |
Types of real estate |
By the nature of use |
For housing: houses, cottages, apartments; For commercial and industrial activities: hotels, offices, shops, restaurants, service points, factories, plants, warehouses; For agricultural purposes: farms, gardens; For special purposes: schools, churches, monasteries, hospitals, nursery gardens, nursing homes, government and administrative buildings. |
By Ownership Purpose |
For doing business; For the owner's residence; As an investment; As inventory and WIP; For exploration and development; For consuming exhaustible resources. |
By degree of specialization |
Specialized (due to its special nature, it is rarely, if ever, leased to third parties or sold on the open market to continue its existing use, except when it is sold as part of its using business): oil refineries and chemical plants, power plants; museums, libraries and similar premises belonging to the public sector; Non-specialized - all other real estate for which there is general demand in the open market for investment, existing use or similar purposes. |
According to the degree of readiness for operation |
Commissioned; Requiring reconstruction or major repairs; Construction in progress. |
Reproducibility in kind |
Non-reproducible: land plots, mineral deposits; Reproducible: buildings, structures, perennial plantings. |
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The social role of real estate is to satisfy all human needs (psychological, physiological, intellectual).
There are three main types of real estate - this is land, housing and non-residential premises.
The basis of the property is land.
Earth -it is a fundamental factor in any commercial activity that is indirectly or directly involved in the production of goods or the provision of services
The land is subdivided into:
1) land plots intended for building or for other purposes of use;
2) natural complexes intended for their exploitation (deposits, etc.)
Accommodation -this is a building with all the amenities intended for human living.
Housing can be: elite, standard, urban suburban, etc.
Real estate is heterogeneous in its composition, ability to meet various human needs and in its functions.
Real estate is functionally subdivided into residential and non-residential.
Non-residential property includes industrial, commercial, recreational real estate, institutional, motels, hotels and real estate that is intended for mixed use.
Industrial real estate is understood as industrial buildings, operating factories, warehouses.
Recreational propertyintended for recreation - these are structures on the territory of resorts, stadiums, clubs, swimming pools and other structures intended for entertainment.
Institutional real estate -these are buildings for government or municipal authorities, hospitals, sanatoriums and other special-purpose functions.
Mixed-use property -it is a combination of the listed types of real estate.
Types of real estate according to the degree of readiness for exploitation:
1) facilities put into operation;
2) buildings that require major repairs or reconstruction;
3) construction in progress.
According to the degree of reproducibility in kind, real estate is distinguished:
1) non-reproducible - these are mineral deposits;
2) reproducible - these are structures, buildings. The degree of specialization is distinguished:
1) specialized: chemical and oil refineries; museums and other cultural buildings.
2) non-specialized - this is other real estate for which there is a demand in the open market for investment.
By the nature of its use, real estate is necessary for housing, commercial activities, agricultural needs, special purposes (schools, churches).
For the purposes of ownership, it is intended for business, the residence of the owner, as an investment, for development and development, as a commodity stock, for the consumption of resources that are currently depleted.
Introduction
1. The concept of real estate
2. General characteristics of real estate
3. Classification of real estate
Conclusion
List of references
INTRODUCTION
Real estate is the basis of the country's national wealth. The state of the real estate market affects the country's economy as a whole, since the markets for capital, labor, goods and services need premises that correspond to the activities performed.
Real estate purchase and sale, insurance and property disputes, taxation, property lease, corporatization of enterprises and redistribution of property shares, implementation of investment projects and secured lending - this is a short list of operations that require knowledge of real estate economics. Such operations are widespread, the state of the real estate market affects the economy of the country as a whole, therefore, knowledge of the economy of real estate is necessary both for successful business activities of various types, and in life, in the everyday life of any family and individual citizens.
The control examines the features of real estate and the classification of real estate objects, etc. The purpose of this test is to examine the pricing policy of enterprises, etc.
The tasks of the work are dictated by the goal:
Writing real estate concept;
Consider real estate objects and their classification;
Determine the characteristics of the property.
The theoretical basis for writing the work is educational materials and scientific articles of the following authors: N.A. Shcherbakova, A.G. Gryaznova, L.N. Tepman.
To write the test, special literature, periodicals, guidelines were used.
The structure of the test consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references
1. CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE
In the current practice, real estate traditionally includes land and all improvements permanently assigned to it (buildings, structures, objects of unfinished construction).
The concept of "real estate" was first formed in Roman law in connection with the introduction into civil circulation of land and other natural objects, and now it has become generally accepted in all countries of the world. In Russia, this concept was applied in the decree of Peter I of March 23, 1714 to limit the turnover of real estate and its inheritance. Peter I, by his law, united estates and estates into one category - real estate. Although this law was repealed in 1731, the term "real estate" has survived.
Many developments of pre-revolutionary civil law regulating property issues were not used in Soviet civil law, including the abolition of private ownership of land and the use of the concept of “fixed assets” that does not take into account land. After the abolition of private ownership of land, the division of things into movable and movable was transformed into the categories of fixed and circulating assets, and land plots were accounted for separately by type and only in natural units of measurement (by area).
In modern Russia, the concept of "real estate" was reintroduced into economic and legal circulation by the Law of the RSFSR "On Property of the RSFSR" on December 24, 1990 in connection with the establishment of the status of private ownership of land and the Fundamentals of Civil Legislation of the Union of the SSR and the republics of May 31, 1991 (Art. 4). then this term was confirmed in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 27, 1993 No. 1767 "On the regulation of land relations and the development of agrarian reform in Russia (Article 1) and finally legislatively enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on November 30, 1994. (Article 130).
In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 130, 132), the following tangible and intangible objects belong to immovable things.
Objects classified as real estate according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Separate objects (Article 13 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). | Complex objects (Article 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). |
Land; Subsoil plots; Isolated water bodies; Everything that is firmly connected to the land, including: - forests; - perennial plantings; - building; - structures; 5. Equated to real estate, subject to state registration: - aircraft and sea vessels; - inland navigation vessels; - space objects; Other items endowed with the status of real estate by law. | Enterprises as a whole as a property complex, including: - land plots; - buildings and constructions; - inventory and equipment; - raw materials and products; - rights to claim obligations (debts); - the rights to designations that individualize the enterprise, its products, works and services; - other exclusive rights. |
In theory and practice, the concept of immovable property is distinguished as a material (physical) object and as a complex of economic, legal and social relations that provide a special procedure for their disposal and special stability of rights.
Real estate | ||
Physical object | ||
Location Area and boundaries Volume Size (height, length, width) shape | landscape fossil deposits soil type physical characteristics external environment | |
Objects of economic relations | ||
Commodity Fixed capital Cost of maintenance Financial asset | Utility Profitability Liquidity cost | price taxation investment supply and demand |
Object of legal relations | ||
ownership (own, use, dispose of). | Legal rights (the right to life-long inherited possession, the right to permanent use, the right to economic administration, the right to operational management, the right to pledge, lease, development, the right to the land plot of the owner of the building located on it, trust and other rights). | |
Object of general social relations (land) | ||
The habitat of people of all generations An irreplaceable natural resource The spatial basis for the location of other objects Protected for the benefit of all people The basis of freedom and independence | Human condition Source of wealth Prestige of ownership Basis of pride and glory Multifunctional value |
Real estate as a physical, economic, legal and social complex of relations
2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROPERTY
In world practice, real estate is land, as well as everything that is firmly connected with it, including objects attached to it, regardless of whether they are of natural origin or created by human hands.
In Russia, the concept of "immovable and movable property" was first used by Peter I in the Decree of March 23, 1714 "On the procedure for inheritance in movable and immovable property." Immovable property was recognized as land, land, houses, factories, factories, shops. Real estate included minerals extracted from the bowels of the earth, and various structures, both towering above the ground and built under it, for example, bridges, dams, mines.
In Soviet civil law, many developments of pre-revolutionary civil law regulating property issues were not used, including in connection with the abolition of private ownership of land, the concept of "fixed assets" that did not take into account land was used, that is, items for production and non-production purposes, functioning in for a number of years and not losing their consumer form.
In the process of economic reforms in Russia, the division of property into movable and immovable property was reintroduced. Since 1994, according to Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, “immovable things (immovable property, real estate) include land plots, subsoil plots, isolated water bodies and everything that is firmly connected with the land, that is, objects that cannot be moved without disproportionate damage to their purpose, including forests, perennial plantings, buildings, structures. " Real estate also includes "aircraft and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, space objects."
Other property can also be classified as real estate by law. So, according to Art. 132, "an enterprise as a whole as a property complex used for carrying out entrepreneurial activities is recognized as real estate."
Items that do not belong to real estate, including money and securities, are considered movable property.
Distinctive features of real estate are presented in table. 1.
Table 1.
Sign | Feature characteristic |
Immobility | Real estate objects cannot be moved without causing certain damage to them |
Earth connection | Strong physical and legal connection to the land |
Uniqueness | Absence of absolutely identical real estate objects (they differ in physical characteristics, location, view from windows, environment, etc.) |
Utility | Utility lies in the ability to satisfy a person's need for residential and industrial premises, their comfort and environmental friendliness (room size, layout, landscaping of the surrounding area, location, material of the main structures, etc.) |
Fundamentality | Real estate cannot be stolen, broken or lost under normal conditions |
Durability | The natural form of the property is preserved during use. Depending on the material of the main structures, the standard service life of real estate objects ranges from 15 to 200 years |
The need for management | Real estate needs constant management (searching for tenants, collecting rent payments, ensuring the maintenance of the facility in a functional condition: carrying out repairs and various preventive works, providing utilities, etc.) |
The upward trend in value | Property values \u200b\u200btend to increase over time |
Regulation of transactions by state authorities | There are government-established procedures that must be followed when buying and performing other real estate transactions |
The problematic of concealment | It is difficult to hide both the property itself and its owner, which is important for tax policy regarding other goods |
High level of transaction costs | Property values \u200b\u200band transaction costs are high relative to other commodities |
There is also property that was movable, but is now attached to the property so that it has become part of it. In order to determine whether the property is movable, it is necessary to find out how strongly this property is connected with the property and whether it is possible to separate them from each other without damaging consumer properties.
The classification of real estate objects according to the "tree of signs" method, which we will give below, is convenient for assessing real estate taking into account the main features inherent in each group, for example, the nuances of turnover, the scale and structure of the markets within which transactions for the sale and purchase of objects are carried out and etc.
According to this classification, real estate objects can be subdivided according to:
1. Functional purpose:
land plots intended for building;
natural complexes (for exploitation);
the buildings
rooms and apartments;
buildings and premises for shops and offices;
private residential houses, summer cottages, cottages in the suburbs (with land plots);
industrial premises, warehouses;
others
2. By origin
Land tracts
Separate plots of land.
Complexes of buildings and structures
Residential apartment buildings
Residential single-family houses (mansions, cottages)
Entrance (section).
Floor at the entrance.
Flat.
Room.
Summer cottage
A complex of administrative buildings.
Building.
Premises or parts of buildings (sections, floors).
3. Ready for operation
Finished objects.
Objects requiring major repairs or reconstruction.
Objects requiring completion of construction.
For the purpose of assessing the value of objects, namely: land plots, buildings, structures, can be divided into two categories:
non-specialized real estate;
specialized real estate.
Specialized real estate such objects are considered, which, due to the specifics of their use, are extremely rarely on sale on the open market for their further specialized use. An exception can be considered the sale of such objects as a frequently operating business. This special nature of real estate is determined by the features of its design, location, specialization, size or a combination of the above factors.
Real estate for which there is a constant demand on the open market is considered non-specialized. Such real estate is freely bought, sold, leased. It is used both for direct purposes and as an object of investment, development, investment.
There are 3 types of real estate in Ukraine: land, housing and non-residential premises .
Earth - It is a fundamental factor in any commercial activity that is indirectly or directly involved in the production of goods or the provision of services.
The land is subdivided into:
1) land plots intended for building or for other purposes of use;
2) natural complexes intended for their exploitation (deposits, etc.)
Housing Is a building with all the amenities, intended for human living.
Housing can be urban and suburban, which can belong to different classes: economy, business, elite, standard (by series).
The housing market can be primary (new buildings) and secondary (secondary sale)
Real estate is functionally subdivided into residential and non-residential.
IN uninhabited (commercial) real estate commercial, office, warehouse, industrial, hotel, recreational property, institutional, and mixed use property.
Types of real estate according to the degree of readinessfor operation:
1) facilities put into operation;
2) buildings that require major repairs or reconstruction;
3) construction in progress.
By reproducibilityreal estate is distinguished in kind:
1) irreproducible - these are mineral deposits;
2) reproducible - these are structures, buildings.
By degrees of specialization distinguish between:
1) specialized: chemical and oil refineries; museums and other cultural buildings;
2) non-specialized - this is real estate for which there is a demand in the open market for investment.
By nature of use real estate is necessary for housing, commercial activities, agricultural needs, special purposes (schools, churches).
By purposes of ownership it is intended for business, the residence of the owner, as an investment, for development and development, as a commodity stock, for the consumption of resources that are currently depleted.
A type | Scroll |
|
Market | Residential fund | · Hotels, hostels; · Rest houses, camps, sanatoriums; · Houses, summer cottages, cottages, mansions; · Housing complexes, housing cooperatives, homeowners' associations, condominiums; · Apartments, rooms in apartment buildings. |
Non-residential fund | · Non-residential buildings and premises; · Offices, retail and office complexes; · Multifunctional complexes; · Shops and retail facilities; · Restaurants, cafes, bars; · Leisure facilities; · Warehouses, storages, bases; · Kiosks, stalls, pavilions; · Gas stations; · Parking lots, garages. |
|
Earth | · Plots for maintaining personal subsidiary plots; · Plots for individual housing construction; · Plots for public construction; · Garden and dacha associations; · Industrial lands; · Recreation lands; · Others (others). |
|
Industry | · Property complexes of enterprises; · Workshops, production shops, lines; · Industrial complexes; · Agricultural enterprises. |
|
Off-market | State fund | ·
Buildings, structures, houses and other objects of ministries and · Land, forests, water bodies, bowels; ·
Real estate objects (including enterprises) not subject to |
Strategic fund | · Military-industrial complex; · Space objects; ·
Especially important state strategic objects |
|
Culture Foundation | ·
Historical and architectural buildings and structures, museums, theaters, · National parks, reserves, estates; · Cultural values. |