Soshi “umid. Monetary system Name of monetary units of different countries
Monetary system Is a form of government organization.
In the monetary system, that is, the organization of the monetary economy, the following main the elements: monetary unit, price scale, types of money, forms of money issue. Depending on the historically specific content of the elements of the monetary system and determine its specific shape: system of piece money, and, non-exchangeable paper and credit money.
The monetary system takes shape historically in each country.
Monetary systems based on appeal defective and irreplaceable credit and paper money.
In this case, gold has been driven out of circulation and can no longer be considered as money. All modern monetary systems of all countries of the world belong to this type. They have a lot in common.
As a result, the elements of the monetary system are determined:
- the national currency taken as the price scale;
- types of banknotes (banknotes and coins), the procedure for their release into circulation (issue);
- methods of organizing the appeal;
- order, restrictions and regulation of monetary circulation.
In circulation in all countries, substitutes for real money (banknotes) are devoid of their own value, but they remain stable and perform the functions of a medium of exchange, a means of payment, a measure of value, a means of accumulation.
Elements of the monetary system
Modern monetary systems include the following elements (with some peculiarities).
Currency unit
Currency unit- a statutory banknote that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services.
National or international currency- the name of the money in a country or in a group of countries.
Currency unit- it is accepted in the given country name of money(dollar, mark, ruble, yen, yuan, baht, tugrik, etc.) or the name of money used in the international monetary system (euro, SDR, etc.). All monetary units are divided into smaller parts: the ruble is equal to 100 kopecks, the dollar or euro is equal to 100 cents.
A monetary unit is a currency symbol (ruble / 100 kopecks), which is used to measure and express the prices of goods (1 dollar - 100 cents).
Most countries use the decimal division system. Within a particular economic system, it serves as a price scale.
Price scale
Price scale- means a measure of expression of value when selling or evaluating any goods in monetary units of a given country.
Price scale - this is a way to measure purchasing power or the values of goods, in other words, the function of money as a measure of value appears through the scale of prices.
Initially, the weight content of coins coincided with the scale of prices, but gradually it began to separate from the weight content of coins (this was due to the damage of coins, their wear, the transition to minting coins from cheaper metals). With the termination of the exchange of credit money for gold, the official scale of prices lost its economic meaning. As a result of the Jamaican Agreement, the official gold price and gold content of monetary units were canceled. Currently, the scale of prices develops spontaneously and serves to measure the values of goods by means of prices.
Types of money and the procedure for issuing them into circulation
Types of money that are legal tender - these are primarily credit money (banknotes), small change, as well as paper money (treasury notes).
In economically developed countries, government paper money (treasury bills) are not issued or are issued in limited quantities, while in underdeveloped countries they have a fairly wide circulation.
Types of money- these are the denominations of banknotes and coins that are in circulation. In the Russian Federation - banknotes issued. The decision to release new types of tickets, banknotes and coins into circulation is made by the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. He also approves the denominations and samples of new banknotes. The description of banknotes is published. All banknotes are issued as legal tender.
The types of money that exist today are the result of the historical development of monetary systems in the specific national conditions of a country or a group of countries. In general, currently there are cash(paper, credit and loose change) and non-cash money(records on bank accounts) (Fig. 9).
The nature and types of money in national and monetary systems are determined by the degree of development of trade, economic and credit relations in a state or in a group of states. and freely pass into each other. Cash is transferred to non-cash (to bank accounts), and non-cash to cash (from bank accounts). In the modern monetary system, non-cash money reaches 80-95% of the total volume of the monetary economy.
Rice. 9 Types of money in the modern system of monetary circulationEmission system
Emission system- the legally established procedure for the issue and circulation of banknotes. Emission operations (operations for issuing and withdrawing money from circulation) are carried out by: the central bank (bank notes - banknotes), the treasury (state executive body), which issues small-scale paper banknotes.
In the Russian Federation, the rules of the organization governing money circulation are in force:
Procedure, restrictions and regulation of monetary circulation
Implemented state credit apparatus(Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Finance, Treasury, etc.).
In many countries, such an apparatus is central banks, which, together with other government bodies, develop guidelines for the growth of money supply in circulation and credit, which makes it possible to control inflationary processes.
The main task of the state in regulating monetary circulation is to ensure the stability of the monetary unit by:
- pursuing an appropriate fiscal policy;
- control over the supply of money and the speed of lending.
In the course of regulating monetary circulation, economic instruments and methods of regulation are adopted.
National and international monetary systems
In modern conditions, the entire system of monetary circulation is organized into the so-called monetary system. Already at the initial stages of emergence and development, there was an understanding objective necessity their organization into the monetary system. The functions of such an organizer were assumed by state resulting in national monetary system, with the development of international trade and economic relations, international monetary (monetary) system.
National monetary system- This is a form of organization of the monetary economy within one state.
International monetary system is a form of organization of the monetary economy within the framework of international economic relations of several states (for example, the euro system) or within the framework of the world global economy.
The monetary system in the course of historical development has undergone several organizational changes, each of which had a specific historical name, occupied a specific time space and was present in national and / or international economic systems (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Historical forms of development of monetary systems (national and international)
Monetary system liquidity
Cash liquidity Is the ability at any time to be used to purchase goods, services, etc.
The degree of liquidity is different for different forms of money.
Despite the varying degrees of liquidity, all forms of money form a kind of unity through which all economic ties are carried out and formed. Under the conditions, all economic relations appear in monetary form, that is, as multidirectional, which can be represented as follows (Fig. 11):
Rice. 11. Modern market economy and cash flows
Cash flow
Cash flow- this is the sum of economic benefits or monetary obligations moving from one economic entity to another (products, loans, debt repayment ...).
Main characteristics of cash flow: amount, direction, time.
In addition to direction and amount, time is an important characteristic of cash flow. The flow can be determined per year, per month, per week, etc. The longer the time interval, the greater the flow value. In order for cash flows to function continuously, they need a certain supply of money. For example, the cash flow serving agricultural products (crop production) is as follows (Fig. 12):
Rice. 12. Distribution of cash flows by months in crop productionEach subject of economic life and each consumer must constantly have at their disposal some amount of money, and this money together form cash reserve... Unlike cash flow, the cash stock is determined not within a time interval, but on a specific date, at a given moment. Usually, the cash stock is determined at the beginning of the month or at the beginning of the year. It can also be determined at 12 o'clock on a set day (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Graphic representation of the stock of money for a specific time and dateFormation and development of the Russian monetary system
The formation and development of the first monetary system began in the process of carrying out the monetary reform 1922-1924 biennium.
In the course of the reform, all elements of the monetary system were determined by law.
Monetary unit was announced ducat, or 10 rubles. The gold content of the chervonets was set in one spool - 78.24 shares of pure gold, which corresponded to the gold content of the pre-revolutionary ten-ruble gold coin.
By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 11, 1922, the monopoly right to issue chervonets as bank notes was granted to the State Bank of the USSR.
All the necessary conditions were created to maintain the stability of the chervonets.
The issue of chervontsy was carried out State Bank in the process of short-term lending to the national economy. Loans were issued only for easily marketable inventory items.
To maintain stability in relation to gold, the state allowed exchange of chervonets for gold in coins and bars and for stable foreign currency... accepted chervonets at face value in payment of state debts and payments levied by law in gold.
Bank notes were money of credit not only in form, but also in essence. Their emission was limited not only by the needs of the economic turnover, but also by the values on the balance sheet of the State Bank. According to the law, the chervontsy put into circulation were backed by no less than 25% of their amount with precious metals, stable foreign exchange at the rate of gold, and 75% - with easily marketable goods, short-term bills.
By the beginning of 1924, the necessary prerequisites had been created in the country for the completion of the monetary reform and the formation of a new monetary system. The government has stopped using the printing press for the coating. The discounted money was exchanged for new Treasury notes at the rate:
1 ruble of treasury notes was equal to 50 billion rubles of banknotes of all samples issued into circulation before 1922.
Treasury notes were different from bank notes.
1. Until mid-1924 issue of treasury notes was used by the NKF of the USSR to cover the budget deficit, since their release into circulation did not require bank security with gold, goods or credit obligations. However, for sustainability, a limit was set on the issue right to issue Treasury notes. In 1924, it was no more than half of the total amount of banknotes issued into circulation. In 1928, the emission limit was increased to 75%, and in 1930 - to 100% of the ticket price.
2. In 1925, in connection with the liquidation of the budget deficit, the issue of treasury notes was completely transferred to State Bank.
3. The treasury nature of the issue remained only for the metal coin, the income from which came to.
Thus, during 1922-1924. The State Bank carried out three monetary reforms: In 1922, the ruble was put into circulation, exchanged for 10,000 previously issued banknotes; in 1923 - a new ruble, exchanged for 100 rubles of the 1922 model. In January 1924, Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 1, 3 and 5 rubles. Ten rubles were equated to one chervonets. The new ruble within three months was exchanged for 50,000 rubles of the 1923 model. Thus, in two years the State Bank reduced the money supply by 50 trillion. once.
Monetary unit of the country is a legally secured means of payment, mandatory for carrying out settlement transactions on the territory of the state. Its physical carrier is paper banknotes or banknotes and metal coins issued to ensure cash circulation. The monetary unit also circulates in non-cash form for settlements between business entities and individuals.
Means of payment in each of the independent states have their own names, approved, as a rule, by a special legislative act.
List of monetary units of the largest countries in the world:
- Australia - Australian dollar;
- Argentina - Argentinean;
- Brazil - Brazilian real;
- Great Britain - pound sterling;
- - euro;
- India -;
- Canada - Canadian dollar;
- People's Republic of China - yuan;
- The Russian Federation - ;
- United States of America - dollar;
- Japan - yen.
The names of national currency units may have historical origin from the names of coins that were in circulation in a given territory. In another case, these are specially invented synthetic words. So, when the question of the European currency was being decided, a neutral name was proposed - the euro. This name did not infringe on the national pride of the inhabitants of any of the countries that entered the union.
Monetary units of all countries of the world have three-letter designations in the form of codes established by the international standard ISO 4217: 2008. They are used in official banking and legal documents for the convenience of users and allow the unique identification of a currency. This is especially true for means of payment that have the same name. For example, the US dollar is code USD, the Canadian dollar is CAD, and the Australian dollar is AUD.
In the overwhelming majority of states, for the convenience of settlements, there are exchange units. Usually they are one hundredth of the main currency of the country. So, the Russian ruble consists of 100 kopecks, and the US dollar - of 100 cents. The names of many bargaining chips have Latin roots, the basis for them is the word centum - one hundred.
In some states, there are also more complex systems of subordination of the main and changeable monetary units:
- In Saudi Arabia, one consists of 20 kirshas, which in turn is equal to 5 halalas.
- In Madagascar and Mauritania, monetary circulation is based on a five-fold number system. One ariari is equal to 5 irimbilanya, and one ouguiya is equal to 5 khums.
- The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and Malta has a monetary unit called Maltese and consists of 12 tari or 240 grano.
- In Libya, Tunisia, Oman, Bahrain, Iraq and Kuwait, the legal tender consists of thousands of small change.
- In Vietnam, Hong Kong, Jordan, China, and Macau, the ratio between the base currency and the exchange rate is 1 to 10.
In countries with a high level of inflation, small coins are practically not used in cash and non-cash payments. So in our country the penny practically went out of circulation, a similar situation developed in its time in Japan. The return of a bargaining chip usually occurs when a monetary reform is carried out in the form of a denomination. A recent example is the economic transformation in the Russian Federation in 1998.
The concept of accounting monetary units
In some states, special means of payment are being developed and used for making settlements by transferring funds between accounts. Settlement monetary units can be used only in the field of non-cash circulation. In most cases, they are records in registers in electronic or paper form and have a time-limited effect.
In some countries, in conditions of economic instability, surrogate means of payment may be introduced or foreign currencies may be used. They can be used in cash circulation, for which banknotes are issued and coins are minted. So, on the island of Liberty, in parallel with the Cuban peso, its convertible form is used, and in Myanmar - a special exchange certificate.
Money- a specific product with the highest liquidity, serving as a measure of the value of other goods and services. One of the functions of money is the role of an intermediary in the exchange of some goods for others.
With the help of money, the value of various goods is expressed, since money can be easily exchanged for any of them. This monetary value makes dissimilar goods easily comparable in exchange. This allows the value of all commodities to be measured by the same specific commodity, turning this latter into a common measure of value for them, that is, into money.
Usually a commodity with high liquidity becomes money (it is easiest to exchange it for another commodity, such as cattle). In addition to the measure of value for other goods, money is a medium of circulation, that is, the commodity that is an intermediary in the exchange process. In addition, the function of money can be performed by various things, other property rights, obligations and property-obligation complexes. Unlike goods, which, after exchange, go out of circulation, money as a medium of circulation is always in it, continuously serving acts of exchange of goods.
In modern conditions, the role of money is not so much specific goods (for example, gold or other precious metals, from which investment coins are made), as the obligations of the state or the central bank in the form of banknotes. Such money has no independent value and is only nominally equivalent.
Currency table and fiat currencies of the countries of the world
The reference table contains data on the monetary units (currencies) of most countries of the world and their equivalents in foreign currency, as well as the English name and international designation
Countries of the world | Monetary units | English name | Bargaining chip equivalent | International designation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Countries in the euro area * | Euro | Euro | 100 euro cents | EVR |
Australia | Australian dollar | Dollar | 100 cents | AUD |
Azerbaijan | Manat | Manat | 100 gap | AZM |
Algeria | Dinar Algerian | Dinar | 100 centimes | DZD |
Argentina | Argentine peso | Peso | 100 centavos | ARS |
Armenia | Dram | Dram | 100 looms | AMD |
Belarus | Belarusian ruble | Ruble | 100 kopecks | BYR |
Bulgaria | a lion | Lev | 100 hundred parts | BGL |
Brazil | Real | Real | 100 centavos | BRL |
Great Britain | GBP | Pound sterling | 100 pence | GBR |
Hungary | Forint | Forint | 100 fillers | HUF |
Venezuela | Bolivar | Bolivar | 100 senimos | VEB |
Vietnam | Dong | Dong | 100 hao = 100 sous | VND |
Georgia | Lari | Lari | 100 tetri | GEL |
Denmark | Danish krone | Krone | 100 ore | DKK |
Egypt | Egyptian pound | Pound | 100 piastres | EGP |
Israel | Israeli shekel | New sheqel | 100 agorot | ILS |
India | Indian rupee | Ruppe | 100 paise | INR |
Jordan | Dinar Jordanian | Dinar | 100 fils | JOD |
Kazakhstan | Tenge | Tenge | 100 tyenov | KZT |
Canada | Canadian dollar | Dollar | 100 cents | CAD |
Kyrgyzstan | Catfish | Som | 100 tyiyn | KGS |
China | Yuan | Yuan | 100 Jiao = 100 Feni | CHY |
Latvia | Lat | Lat | 100 centimes | LVL |
Lithuania | Lit | Litas | 100 cents | LTL |
Malaysia | Ringgit | Ringgit | 100 sen | MYR |
Mexico | Mexican peso | Peso | 100 centavos | MXP |
Moldavia | Lei Moldavian | Leu | 100 baths | MDL |
Mongolia | Tugrik | Tughrig | 100 mungu | MNT |
Norway | Norwegian krone | Krone | 100 ore | NOK |
Poland | Golden | Zloty | 100 grosz | PIZ |
The Republic of Korea | Bona South Korean | Won | 100 chon | KRW |
Russia | Russian ruble | Ruble | 100 kopecks | RUR |
Romania | Lei Romanian | Leu | 100 baths | ROL |
Syria | Syrian pound | Pound | 100 piastres | SYP |
Slovakia | Krone slovak | Koruna | 100 hellers | SKK |
USA | U.S. dollar | Dollar | 100 cents | USD |
Tajikistan | Somoni | Somoni | 100 dirams | TJS |
Tunisia | Dinar Tunisian | Dinar | 100 millimeters | TND |
Turkmenistan | Manat | Manat | 100 tenge | TMM |
Turkey | Turkish lyre | Lira | 100 kurus | TRL |
Uzbekistan | Sum | Sum | 100 tiyin | UZS |
Ukraine | Hryvnia | Hrivna | 100 kopecks | UAH |
Philippines | Philippine peso | Peso | 100 centavos | PHP |
Croatia | Kuna | Kuna | 100 lime | HRK |
Czech | Czech crown | Koruna | 100 hellers | CZK |
Chile | Chilean peso | Peso | 100 centavos | CLP |
Switzerland | Swiss Franc | Franc | 100 centimes | CHF |
Sweden | Swedish crown | Krona | 100 ore | SEK |
Estonia | Estonian crown | Kroon | 100 cents | EEK |
Ethiopia | Byr | Birr | 100 cents | ETB |
South Africa | Rand | Rand | 100 cents | ZAR |
Japan | Yen | Yen | 100 sen | JPY |
Eurozone countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, France.
Equal 1 ⁄ 10 chervonets, the currency of the Russian Federation is the ruble, which consists of 100 kopecks, and the currency of Gibraltar is the Gibraltar pound, which is equal to one pound sterling.
The monetary unit is used to express the prices of goods and services, to establish the denominations of the country's banknotes, to carry out monetary settlements, to conduct accounting operations, to determine the value (rate) of foreign currencies.
Since the 70s of the XX century, as a result of the demonetization of gold (its loss of monetary functions) and the transition of all countries of the world to the use of fiat money, the metallic content of monetary units, as a rule, has not been established.
The denomination (name) of the monetary unit, as a rule, is determined by the national central bank, but can be fixed by the state constitution or other laws.
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✪ United States dollar - monetary unit
✪ MOST BEAUTIFUL WORLD MONEY
✪ The history of the ruble (narrated by Leonid Katsva)
Subtitles
The US dollar is a monetary unit. The United States dollar is one of the main reserve currencies in the world. 1 dollar is equal to 100 cents. The Federal Reserve System, which performs the functions of the central bank in the United States, has the right to issue money. It is believed that more than 80% of world trade turnover is calculated in US dollars. All U.S. federal banknotes issued since 1861 are legal tender to this day. From August 15, 1971, the backing of the US dollar with a gold reserve was canceled. Banknotes of the following denominations are present and issued in free circulation: 1 dollar 2 dollars 5 dollars 10 dollars 20 dollars 50 dollars 100 dollars. US coins of denominations: 1 cent (penny) 5 cents (nickel) 10 cents (dime - unlike other denominations, this is the official name of the denomination); 1⁄4 dollar (quarter) 1⁄2 dollar (half) and 1 dollar. The most common banknotes are in denominations of 100, 20 and 10 dollars. There are also still valid banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000 dollars. They were produced until 1945, and since 1969 they have been officially withdrawn from circulation (due to the use of electronic bank payments). Their bonistic value is much higher than par. For example, the cost of a five thousandth bill at auctions can go up to 10,000 US dollars. Of all the $ 10,000 banknotes issued, the number of which is tracked by the Federal Reserve System and the last issue of which was in 1944 (1934 series), only 336 pieces have not been withdrawn from circulation, and 342 pieces with a $ 5,000 denomination. Banknotes of 100,000 dollars were issued in 1934, were not in circulation and were used only in the internal calculations of the Federal Reserve System and the Treasury. Today, the largest banknote has a face value of $ 100. Every day in the United States, about 35 million banknotes of various denominations are issued for a total amount of about $ 635 million. 95% of banknotes printed annually are used to replace worn-out money. In 2005, the cost of manufacturing one banknote was approximately 5.7 cents and almost does not depend on the denomination. All modern dollar bills have the same size, independent of denomination, 155.956 by 66.294 mm and a weight of approximately 1 gram. Thanks to all my viewers for their attention to my channel LtdenisFacts, if you are interested in my videos - subscribe to my channel and turn on alerts near the "Subscribe" button to receive notifications when new videos are released.
Currency definitions
The monetary unit can be defined as
Monetary unit of the Russian Federation
The monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. The emission of money is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and issue of other money in the Russian Federation is not allowed.
This paragraph of the Constitution is disclosed in more detail in the 27th article of the law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation":
The official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation is the ruble. One ruble is divided into 100 kopecks.
The introduction on the territory of the Russian Federation of other monetary units and the issue of monetary surrogates are prohibited.
International monetary units
In the 30s of the XX century, for international settlements and statistics, they began to create international monetary units... For example, the Bank for International Settlements used a gold franc containing 0.29 grams of pure gold. In 1950-1958, within the framework of the European Payment Union, a European payment unit appeared (epunit from the English. EP-Unit - European Payment Unit), equal in gold content to the US dollar. Later, in 1958-1978, it was replaced by the European unit of account (monetary) unit (eng. EUA - European Unit of Account), and in 1979-1998 - the European currency unit (ECU from the English ECU - European Currency Unit). The ECU was replaced in 1999 by the euro.
International monetary units are Special Drawing Rights (SDRs from the English. SDR - Special Drawing Rights), since 1970 issued by the International Monetary Fund, and the CFA franc, used in many countries of Central and West Africa.
Many countries are abandoning the use of their own monetary units in favor of the national currencies of other countries. The most popular in this capacity are such monetary units as US dollars (see "Dollarization") and euros.
Monetary units with metallic content
The 1970s saw the final demonetization of gold. It has completely lost its monetary functions. If before that the value of many monetary units ultimately corresponded to one or another mass of precious metal, now all countries of the world have switched to using fiat money, the metal content of which is not established. However, there are private and local monetary units, the value of which is expressed in gold. These are, for example, the digital currency e-gold, as well as the Islamic gold dinar and silver dirham. The latter, relying on the fact that they are mentioned in the Koran, claim the status of international monetary units of several Islamic states. The project of introducing an additional monetary unit with a fixed gold content - the gold franc - was proposed to the Swiss National Council in 2011, but has not yet received support.
Accountable currency
« Accountable currency» (« monetary unit», « unit of account") Is an ambiguous term. In its most general form, it means a conditional (ideal) value that has no real embodiment in a real (hard) coin or in another physical medium and is used only for a cash account, non-cash payments or accounting. The development of this term is the concept “
Abaz,
Iranian silver coin, widespread in the XVI-XVII centuries. in countries Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia... It got its name from the name of the Iranian Shah Abbas I(1587-1628), at which its release began.
Altyn,
old russian monetary unit. The term originated from the Tatar word alts - six, because initially altyn was equal to 6 money.
Balboa,
monetary unit of Panama. Named after the conquistador, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean, Vasco Nunez de Balboa.
Bolivar,
currency unit Venezuela, and formerly Uruguay... Named after the fighter for the independence of Latin America Simon Bolivar.
Geller,
the name of various European coins, as well as the modern Czech bargaining chip. German word Heller or Haller- the name originally minted in the city Halle, presumably already in the middle of the XII century.
Guinea,
British gold coin, which began in 1663 from gold mined in an African colony Guinea, hence the name of the coin.
Dime,
Russian name of the coin, in denomination of 10 kopecks from 1701. Name dime goes back to the old Russian currency. Denomination of the denomination with a word dime(sometimes hryvnia) was put on coins from the beginning of their issue under Peter I (1689-1725). Under Paul I (1796-1801), the denomination designation "10" began to be used on coins.
Hryvnia,
weight, monetary and weight and monetary unit of Ancient Rus and other Slavic countries, the name of the modern monetary unit of Ukraine. The name comes from the jewelry made of gold or silver in the form of a hoop, which was worn around the neck ( on the back of the neck) and was used as primitive money.
Penny,
a widespread type of coin in Europe, modern bargaining chip Poland and Austria... The name is the Slavic version of the German name of the coin.
Groshen,
the name of the German coin, derived from the Latin denarius grossus – thick (large) denarius.
Gulden,
the name of German and Dutch coins and the modern currency of the Netherlands. Dutch word gulden literally means gold.
Denarius,
ancient Roman silver coin, which served as the basis for the creation of various types of coins in Europe and the Middle East. The name comes from the value of coins of 10 ases (in Latin denarius – ten).
Dinar (denar),
the name of monetary units and bargaining chips of many countries of the world, mainly Arab East... The name goes back to Roman.
Dirham (dirham),
the name of coins and monetary units, mainly in Arab countries. The name goes back to Greek.
Dollar,
monetary unit of the USA and many other countries of the world. The name comes from. Since the weight of the first American dollars was equal to the Spanish one, the symbol "$" is used to denote the dollar, as well as to denote the peso.
Dong,
the name of a certain type of coin in Southeast Asia, as well as the monetary unit of modern Vietnam. The name goes back to the inscriptions on the first coins Thong bun - full-fledged current coin.
Drachma,
the name of coins in Greece, starting from ancient times, as well as the name of the modern monetary unit of Greece. Comes from the Greek word drachma - a handful of and dates back to the times when metal rods were used as money on the territory of Greece - a handful of 6 pieces made up a drachma.
Efimok,
Russian name . Originated as an abbreviation for the full name of the coin Joachimstaler, only in contrast to Western Europe, the final part of the word was dropped. Perhaps the name was not formed directly in Russia, but was borrowed from the Poles.
Zloty,
monetary unit of Poland. In Polish zloty - gold.
Karbovanets,
Ukrainian name. The term arose in the 17th century, when the minting of ruble coins with notches ( carbamy) on the edge.
Quetsal (s),
Monetary unit of Guatemala, named after the legendary long-tailed tropical bird of the same name quetzal.
Clip,
any name non-circular coins... Comes from the Swedish word klippe - trim with scissors.
Penny,
Russian name for a small change, minted from the 16th century to the present. The name is due to the fact that the main plot of the obverse of the coins was the image horseman with a spear.1 kopeck, 2007.
Kreutzer,
type name German and Austrian coins minted from the 13th century. The name comes from the German word kreuz – cross, the main motive for the images of the first issues of this coin.
Crown,
the name of many medieval coins and modern monetary units. The name comes from the one depicted on the coin royal crown.
Kuna,
monetary unit in Ancient Russia and some other Slavs, as well as the modern monetary unit of Croatia. The name comes from the fact that this unit was roughly the same in value marten skin- one of the most common commercial items of that time. Word kuna almost until the 13th century, it was preserved in the Slavic languages in the meaning money.
monetary unit of Albania. There is a theory that the name lek comes from the abbreviation of the name of Alexander the Great, depicted on the first coins.
Mite,
the name of a small bargaining chip in Greece. Today 100 lepta = 1. The name goes back to the ancient Greek word mite, pl. h. from leptos - light.
Livre,
monetary unit in France IX-XVIII centuries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..
Lyra,
coin and monetary unit of Italy and some other countries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..
Luidor,
gold French coin, the name comes from the portrait of the king depicted on the obverse Louis (Louis) XIII... French Louis d'or, literally - Golden Louis.
Brand,
weight, monetary and monetary unit in many countries Western Europe and Scandinavia... German word Mark literally means sign.
Milreis,
Portuguese coin, and later the currency of Brazil until 1942, in denomination of 1000 reais (Portuguese mil- one thousand, reis- plural from real).
Napoleondor,
the name of the French 20 franc gold coin minted Napoleon I and later by Napoleon III, with a portrait of the emperor on the obverse. French Napoleon d'or, literally - Golden Napoleon.
Noble,
the name of a high-quality gold British coin, the issue of which began in 1344 under King Edward III. In English noble - noble.
Obol,
the name of a small currency and coins minted in Greece until the middle of the 19th century. The name goes back to the ancient Greek word obolos - spit... Skewers have been used along with other small items as primitive money since ancient times.
Pengyo,
currency unit Hungary in 1025-1946... Hungarian word pengö literally means specie.
A penny,
the name of the small English coin and the modern bargaining chip of Great Britain and some other states. The name comes from the corresponding German.
British penny with portrait of George V, 1927.
Penny,
English plural penny(). At the same time, the word penny used when designating a multiple of the denomination, for example two pence - two penny coin, in contrast to the expression two pennies, which is used to represent two 1 penny coins.
Peseta,
the name of the coin and the modern currency of Spain. Spanish word peseta literally means small.
Pesos,
the name of a number of coins of Spain and its colonies. Spanish word peso literally means weight or coin, originally the name was used in the form peso de á ocho - eight (reais) coin.
Piastre,
title Spanish and Latin American, which was found in everyday life and various trade documents. The name apparently came from the phrase piastra d'argento - silver tile.
Pfennig,
the name of a German bargaining chip minted since the 10th century. The name comes from the Latin word pondus - weight.
Ruble,
the monetary unit of Russia and Belarus, the Russian name for the monetary hryvnia, parts (stumps) of silver bars. Hence the name - from the verb chop.
Russian ruble, 2014.
1 ruble, 1999.
200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin.
1 ruble, 1993.
100th anniversary of the birth of V.V. Mayakovsky.
Centime,
the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of a part. Latin name centum - one hundred.
Santimo,
Sentimo,
the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a number of Spanish-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.
Centavo,
the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a series Portuguese-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.
Sucre,
monetary unit of Ecuador, named after Antonio José de Sucre, a fighter for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America.
Thaler,
the name of this, perhaps the most common coin in Europe, comes from the word Joachimstaler(Joahimstaler) i.e. coin minted in the city of Joachimstal in the Czech Republic. This name then spread to all coins of the same type, regardless of the place and date of their minting.
Farthing,
English and Irish bargaining chip equal to ¼ penny. It existed before the introduction of the decimal monetary system. The name comes from the Old English word feorthung - quarter.
Filler,
bargaining chip of Hungary, Hungarian version of the name of the coin.
Florin,
high-quality Italian gold coin, first minted in 1252 in Florence. The name comes from the Italian word flos - lily... The lily was the symbol of the city of Florence.
Forint,
Hungarian name for an Italian coin and the currency of Hungary since 1946.
Franc,
gold and silver French coin, the currency of modern France and some other countries of the world. The name of the coins comes from the Latin inscriptions on the first coins Francorum rex - King of the francs
GBP),
monetary unit of Great Britain. The name comes from the semantic value of a monetary unit equal in value to a pound of coins, denominated in sterling ()
1 pound sterling 2009.
Cent,
the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency (usually) in a number of countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.
1 US cent, 2010.
1 US cent, 2010.
Obverse - Abraham Lincoln, Reverse - shield, symbolizing the united state.
Centesimo,
Chervonets,
the name that was originally given in Russia to foreign high-grade coins (made from pure gold). Then Russia began issuing its own gold coins and the name ducat passed on to them.
Shekel,
monetary unit in ancient Judea and modern Israel. The name comes from the Semitic word saqal - weigh.
Shilling,
the name of the coin and the monetary unit of a number of countries. Known in Europe since the Middle Ages. The name comes from the name of an ancient Roman coin solid.
antique french gold coin. The name of the coin comes from the French word ecu-shield.
Escudo,
the name of Spanish and Portuguese gold coins, as well as the modern currency of Portugal and some other countries. The name comes from the Spanish word escudo - shield.