The turnover of the account 02. account: active or passive
One of the most important accounts of section I of the balance sheet is without a doubt account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. As you know, depreciation is a process of gradually transferring the value of fixed assets to manufactured products. Due to depreciation, the cost of purchasing machine tools, equipment and machinery can be included in the cost of goods produced. And with the help of depreciation, these costs can be gradually replenished, which will create the possibility of reproduction of fixed assets.
Thus, the role of depreciation is truly great for any industrial enterprise. And the depreciation process itself is reflected in accounting through the postings to account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”.
Purpose and features of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
Account 02 of accounting “Depreciation of fixed assets” - is intended to reflect and summarize the data on depreciation of various fixed assets accumulated during their operation.
Features of account 02:
- type of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” - passive;
- analytical accounting of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” is carried out for individual fixed assets;
- the depreciation amount is reflected in the credit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” in correspondence with accounting accounts responsible for recording production costs and / or costs of selling products;
- upon disposal of fixed assets (as a result of their sale, gratuitous transfer, write-off, etc.), their damage or shortage, the amount of accumulated depreciation on them should be deducted from account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” in the credit of account 01 “Fixed assets” ( namely, on credit of the special sub-account “Retirement of fixed assets”, if applicable).
Subaccounts of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"
As mentioned above, sub-accounts may be provided for account 02 to reflect the amount of accumulated depreciation for individual inventory items of fixed assets.
Correspondence account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"
In accounting, account 02 can correspond with the following accounts (the most common options are presented in the table, but this information cannot be considered exhaustive):
A more complete and practical understanding of the value of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” in accounting and its relationship with other accounts can be obtained by considering examples of some postings with this account.
Examples of postings with account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
And, a couple of examples of typical accounting entries for loan Account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”:
DEBIT | CREDIT | Contents of operation |
---|---|---|
20 | 02 | Depreciation is accrued on fixed assets used in the main production. |
23 | 02 | Depreciation is accrued on the fixed assets used in auxiliary production. |
25 | 02 | Accrued depreciation for the main means of general production. |
26 | 02 | Depreciation is accrued on fixed assets used for general and administrative needs. |
29 | 02 | Depreciation is accrued on fixed assets used in service divisions, farms and industries. |
91.2 | 02 | Accrued depreciation on fixed assets leased. |
97 | 02 | Accrued depreciation on fixed assets in the production of BPO (deferred expenses). |
The depreciation process itself, its types and the relationship with taxation is a separate, extensive topic, which will be disclosed in separate articles. Therefore, we do not consider such issues here.
Galyautdinov R.R.
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The procedure for the formation of accounting entries is based on the recognition of certain accounting accounts as active, passive or active-passive. Accordingly, an increase in various accounting objects can be reflected not only exclusively in the debit or credit of any account. On separate accounting accounts, an increase in accounting objects can be reflected both in debit and credit of the same account, depending on the situation. And what account is the account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” ()?
02 account: active or passive?
The characteristics of account 02 are contained in the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations (Order of the Ministry of Finance of October 31, 2000 No. 94n).
This account summarizes information on depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets.
Accrued depreciation is reflected in the credit of account 02 in correspondence, as a rule, with accounts for the accounting of costs of production or expenses of sale:
The debit of accounts 20 "Main production", 26 "General expenses", 44 "Costs for sale", etc. - Credit account 02
But of course, these are not the only debited accounts. In the posting D 91 - K 02, the accounting account shows that depreciation is included in other expenses. Such a posting can be, for example, if depreciation of equipment leased out is accrued (when such a lease is not systematic) (paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99).
Given that the depreciation of fixed assets accrues on the credit of account 02, this account is passive. But it is important that in this case it is not reflected in the liability of the balance sheet. After all, the balance is formed in the net assessment (paragraph 35 of PBU 4/99). In relation to fixed assets, this means their reflection in the balance sheet at residual value. In other words, the carrying amount (shown in the debit of account 01) is reduced by the credit balance of account 02 at the reporting date.
As for the analytical accounting on account 02, it is kept on separate inventory objects of fixed assets.
How is the 02 depreciation of fixed assets account closed?
Considering that account 02 is passive, reduction (deduction) of the amount of accrued depreciation is made on the debit of this account. How to close 02 account? Upon disposal of fixed assets (sale, write-off, transfer without compensation, etc.), the amount of accumulated depreciation at the time of disposal is written off as follows (Order of the Ministry of Finance of October 31, 2000 No. 94н):
The debit of account 02 - Credit of account 01 “Fixed assets”
As a result of such operations, for example, not only credit, but also debit turns will be reflected in the balance sheet on account 02.
Speaking of synthetic account 02, it is important not to confuse it with subaccount 02 to other accounts. For example, account 68.02 in accounting has nothing to do with depreciation. After all, account 68 is “Calculations on taxes and fees”, and 02 in this case is a subaccount to account 68, which means the type of tax. As a rule, account 68.02 reflects information on settlements with the budget for VAT.
We continue to publish comments on the new chart of accounts prepared by Yaroslav Vyacheslavovich Sokolov, Doctor of Economics, Deputy. Chairman of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Reform of Accounting and Reporting, member of the Methodological Council for Accounting at the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the first President of the Institute of Professional Accountants of Russia. Continuing the analysis of Section I “Non-Current Assets” of the new Chart of Accounts, we consider the accounts from 02 to 08.
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*Note:
1) What is depreciation?
1. What is depreciation?
- road facilities;
Example
A) linear
Account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" in the new Chart of Accounts (comment)
The official text is in italics:
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*Note: In the text, we replaced the word “organization” with the word “enterprise”, because we are talking about managing the property complex (Article 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
The following fundamental questions flow from the text:
1) What is depreciation?
2) How to depreciate fixed assets leased?
3) How is depreciation of fixed assets received free of charge?
4) How does depreciation of write-off fixed assets occur?
5) What are the features of the analytical accounting of depreciation of fixed assets?
1. What is depreciation?
Under depreciation is understood that part of the value of fixed assets that falls on a single reporting period. Sometimes depreciation is understood to mean part of the tax-free profit.
The account is needed in order to reduce the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets shown on the debit of account 01 “Fixed Assets”. In accordance with paragraph 20 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2000 No. 60n "On Methodological Recommendations on the Procedure for Forming Indicators of the Organization's Accounting Statements" according to the balance sheet item of the Fixed Assets enterprise, indicators are provided for fixed assets, both existing and undergoing reconstruction, modernization, restoration , conservation or in reserve at residual value (with the exception of fixed assets for which depreciation is not charged in accordance with the established procedure). The residual value of fixed assets is defined as the difference between the initial (replacement) value of the object and the amount of accrued depreciation (paragraph 49 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).
At present, re-amortization that existed in Soviet times is not allowed. But now it is possible to accrue two depreciation amounts, one - for tax purposes - is charged according to state, generally binding norms, the other is carried out in the interests of the owners. They can set their standards by increasing or decreasing state ones. This allows you to get "your" profit margin, and on the basis of it to pay dividends.
It is also possible to use accelerated depreciation methods, moreover, according to RAS 6/01, one of the four options is possible, and according to Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - only two.
If we talk about the nature of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, then there are big difficulties, because some experts interpret it as counter-active, counterattack, regulatory, and others as stock (source of equity).
In the first case, it is considered only as the credit turnover of account 01 "Fixed assets". For example, they bought a car for 120,000 rubles. and they will exploit it for 10 years. This purchase is not regarded as an expense of money, since its value is capitalized, but annually reduced by 12,000 rubles. (while the initial or replacement cost is saved on the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets"). And after writing off the tenth share (in the last year), the balance on account 01 “Fixed assets” may remain if the object is continued to be operated, but its value, as they say now, will be reset to equal value on the credit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”.
In the second case, depreciation is treated as part of the cost of products manufactured and sold, and, therefore, they are presented in the income of the enterprise resulting from its business activities. That is, depreciation in this case is defined as part of the profit that is not taxed. For example, especially by economists, and, alas, sometimes by accountants, it is interpreted as follows: after 10 years, an enterprise accumulates 120,000 rubles that can be spent on the purchase of new cars (renovation process).
In Soviet times, we distinguished between depreciation (the first case) and depreciation (the second case). Now this distinction has been erased and, in essence, it is very difficult to combine the first and second interpretations.
If you proceed from the first interpretation in your accounting policy, then you should not resort to revaluation of fixed assets, if from the second, then of course you should, because in conditions of even moderate inflation you will not have enough 120,000 rubles to buy a similar car.
In the first case, you save money on property tax, but you can pay more income taxes. In the second, you pay more property taxes, but less income tax.
Thus, your choice of interpretation of depreciation depends on the tax policy of the state.
And here a new problem arises. If depreciation is a fund that allows you to renew the fixed assets, then in conditions of inflation this fund is worth nothing, because the initial cost of fixed assets is subject to depreciation, which at the moment does not mean anything. Hence, two possible solutions arise:
- or overestimate fixed assets, increasing their carrying value;
- or increase the depreciation rate.
The former is permitted by both tax and accounting, the latter by the latter only. It is no coincidence that in the new Chart of Accounts we can observe what has been advocated in our country for several years - the possibility of charging two (theoretically possible and more) parallel depreciations - one for tax purposes, the other for the needs of the owners of the enterprise. The Chart of Accounts now no longer prescribes the determination of depreciation amounts based on statutory requirements. According to RAS 6/01, depreciation of fixed assets for accounting purposes can be accrued in various ways and (most importantly) the administration itself, in accordance with its chosen accounting policy, can establish depreciation rates.
As for the owners, some of them can set only one rate for their purposes, emphasizing the financial nature of depreciation and reviewing its value annually, writing another order on accounting policy.
And finally, the concept of depreciation plays a very significant role in the legal aspect, since shortages must be compensated for at the residual value and, therefore, the more depreciation is accrued, the smaller the amount to be reimbursed.
In this regard, it is very important for an organization to reassess fixed assets.
2. How to depreciate fixed assets leased?
When calculating depreciation of fixed assets, regardless of the method of their use, it is necessary to comply with the following rules established by regulatory enactments: Accrual of depreciation for an item of fixed assets:
- It starts from the first month following the month of acceptance of this object for accounting (clause 51 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- It is made until the full repayment of the value of this object or the write-off of this object from accounting, regardless of the reason for the write-off (paragraph 52 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- It is produced regardless of the results of the organization’s activities in the reporting period (paragraph 66 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- It stops from the first day of the month following the month of the full repayment of the value of the fixed assets or deduction of this object from accounting (paragraph 54 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- It shall not be suspended during the useful life of fixed assets, except in established cases (Clause 53 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- Suspended in the following cases:
- finding, by decision of the head of the organization, fixed assets for reconstruction and modernization, the duration of which exceeds 12 months;
- transfer by decision of the head of the organization of fixed assets for conservation, the duration of which is at least three months.
- It is carried out in one of the following ways: linear; reduced balance; write-offs based on the sum of the number of years of the useful life; the write-off of the value is proportional to the volume of production (work) (paragraph 56 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n).
- One of the methods of depreciation is used for a group of similar fixed assets and is maintained throughout the useful life of this object.
- It is made monthly regardless of the accrual method used in the amount of 1/12 of the calculated annual amount. The annual amount of accrued depreciation is the amount determined from the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of the fixed assets for accounting until the reporting date of the annual financial statements (December 31 of the reporting year).
- Reflected in the amount of depreciation accrued to the accounts for the accounting of production costs (20, 23, 25, 26, 29), selling expenses (44) or the accounts for accounting for other income and expenses (91/2).
Depreciation of fixed assets leased is usually charged by the owner, i.e. lessor, and is reflected in the usual manner on the loan account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets." In this case, different accounts may be debited depending on the method of recognition of income.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Order No. 60н of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2000, “On Methodological Recommendations on the Procedure for Forming Indicators of Accounting Statements of Enterprises,” when generating statements by enterprises, “the general requirements for accounting reporting must be observed,” including comparability. Comparability of indicators can be discussed in several contexts: comparability of indicators of different reporting periods, comparability of indicators of different enterprises operating in the same field, comparability of indicators characterizing the activity of an enterprise — income should be comparable to expenses.
According to paragraph 4 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05.06.1999 No. 32n. "On approval of the accounting regulations" Income of the organization "PBU 9/99, the enterprise" independently recognizes income as income from ordinary activities or other income. " If the organization has recognized that the provision for temporary use of its assets under a lease is the subject of its activity, then the amount of the rent is fixed on the credit of account 90/1 "Revenue", and all expenses associated with the lease (including depreciation ), are reflected in the debit of accounts for cost accounting (20. 25, 26, 44, etc.) and are subsequently debited to account 90/2 "Cost of sales". The final financial result (profit or loss) from leasing the property is revealed first on account 90 "Sales" and then transferred to account 99 "Profit and loss".
If the organization has recognized that the receipt of income from the provision for temporary use of its assets is other income, the amount of the rent is recorded on the credit of account 91/1 "Other income", and all expenses associated with the lease are recorded on the debit of account 91 / 2 "Other expenses". In this case, the financial result from the leasing of the property is revealed first on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and then transferred to account 99 “Profit and loss”.
3. How depreciation is calculated on fixed assets received free of charge
By orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.29.1998 No. 34n, 03.30.2001 No. 26n, 07.20.1998 No. 33n a list of fixed assets of the enterprise was determined for which depreciation is not charged. This list is valid from January 1, 2001 and includes:
- - fixed assets whose consumer properties do not change over time (land, nature management objects);
- - housing stock. Here we must take into account that according to paragraph 50 for housing facilities that are used by the organization to generate income and are accounted for in the account for profitable investments in property, depreciation is charged in accordance with the generally established procedure;
- objects of external improvement and other similar objects of forestry;
- road facilities;
- specialized navigational facilities, etc. objects;
- productive cattle, buffaloes, oxen and deer;
- perennial plantations that have not reached the operational age;
- fixed assets of non-profit organizations;
- objects related to the film fund;
- stage and stage means;
- exhibits of wildlife in zoos and other similar institutions;
- mobilization capacities, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Prior to the entry into force of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n, which amended the above list, depreciation was also not charged on fixed assets received under a gift agreement and free of charge during the privatization process. Fixed assets received under a gift agreement and free of charge during the privatization process were included in this list from January 1, 1998 in accordance with paragraph 4.1. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03.09.1997 No. 65n. Thus, for fixed assets received under a gift agreement and free of charge in the process of privatization, depreciation was not accrued only from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999.
The question remains debatable whether depreciation is currently charged on fixed assets received by enterprises before January 1, 2000. According to employees of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, depreciation is not charged on fixed assets received under a gift agreement and free of charge during the privatization process from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999. The indicated position of the Ministry of Finance of Russia is expressly stated in letters dated 09.09.1998 No. 04-02-05 / 3 and 01.21.1999. No. 04-02-05 / 6, in which it is noted that depreciation is not charged on fixed assets received free of charge from January 1, 1998
Therefore, according to the Ministry of Finance of Russia, depreciation is charged on fixed assets received free of charge before January 1, 1998. However, the letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 14, 2000 No. 04-02-05 / 1 and dated August 10, 2000 No. 04-02-05 / 1 indicate that depreciation shall be calculated on fixed assets received by enterprises free of charge only if if received after January 1, 2000. It is assumed that the procedure for calculating depreciation on received before January 1, 2000 corresponds to the previously defined order. Thus, summarizing the instructions of the Ministry of Finance of Russia for the period from January 1, 1998 to the present on the issue of depreciation, it is possible to link the need for depreciation on fixed assets received free of charge with the date of capitalization of these funds:
Depreciation is charged if fixed assets are received before 01/01/1998 and after 01/01/2000. Depreciation is not charged if fixed assets were received free of charge during the period from 01/01/1998 to 12/31/2000.
However, from a literal interpretation of the provisions of clause 4.1 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03.09.1997 No. 65n, it follows that from January 1, 2000, depreciation should be accrued for all fixed assets received under gift agreements and free of charge during the privatization process, regardless of the period of their acceptance to accounting, since this order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia does not provide for a special procedure regarding the application of this norm for fixed assets received under gift agreements and free of charge in the process of privatization, before the entry into force of Icaza number 65n as amended on 24.03.2000. It should be noted that the recommendations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia on the procedure for applying depreciation rates on fixed assets received under donation contracts and free of charge during the privatization process are consistent and fully meet the requirements of paragraph 4.2. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09/03/1997 on the application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous fixed assets throughout its useful life.
If we consider the non-depreciation of depreciation as one of the ways of calculating depreciation, then the decision on non-depreciation of depreciation at the time the fixed asset is put into operation should be carried out throughout the useful life of this object. But according to clause 4.2. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03.09.1997 non-depreciation does not apply to the methods of depreciation and, therefore, the company has the right to establish one of the depreciation methods for fixed assets that were in operation, for which depreciation was not carried out.
In this case, the company needs to decide for how long the depreciation should be fully accrued - taking into account the time spent in operation or without it.
The procedure for determining depreciation rates for fixed assets acquired by the organization that were previously in operation is regulated by the letter of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of Russia dated September 11, 2000 No. VG-6-02 / 731, agreed with the Ministry of Finance of Russia and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. According to the provisions of the letter, when calculating depreciation accounted for tax purposes, the estimated useful life is determined as the difference between the useful life calculated for new fixed assets and their actual life. At the same time, a mandatory documentary confirmation of the actual life is indicated.
It should be emphasized that for tax purposes, "the procedure set out in this letter applies to fixed assets whose initial cost is formed in accordance with the accounting regulation" Fixed Assets Accounting ", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03.09.1997 No. 65n, and guidelines for accounting of fixed assets, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n, acquired after January 1, 2000. "
Example
The wholesale company ZAO North-West Trading House on 10/29/1998 received free refrigeration equipment in the amount of 100,000 rubles from Baltic Trust LLC. The equipment was put into operation in December 1998. In 1999, depreciation was not charged on refrigeration equipment.
In 2000, the head of the enterprise decided to charge depreciation on refrigeration equipment. It is necessary to determine the monthly amount of depreciation deductions if, according to the provisions of the accounting policy of the enterprise, depreciation is charged according to the norms approved by Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of 10.22.1990 No. 1072.
In accordance with the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of 10.22.1990 No. 1072, the depreciation rate of refrigeration equipment used in trade enterprises is 10% (code - 45800). Consequently, the useful life of the new refrigeration equipment is 10 years (100% / 10%). The actual use of refrigeration equipment was 1 year. Consequently, over the course of 9 years (10 - 1), full depreciation must be accrued on this fixed asset. The depreciation rate will be 100/9 \u003d 11.1%. For tax purposes, the depreciation rate determined in this way is not applied.
According to the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n "On Amendments to the Normative Legal Acts on Accounting" registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 26, 2000 No. 2209, fixed assets received free of charge are excluded from the list of fixed assets for which depreciation is not charged. However, for tax purposes, it, according to the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of Russia, should not be taken into account. The argument is that in this case the source of the acquisition of fixed assets is not their own funds, and since there are no expenses for the acquisition of fixed assets, their depreciation is not included in the cost of production for tax purposes.
Federal Law of July 21, 1997 No. 122-ФЗ provides for state registration of rights to real estate. According to paragraph 40 of the guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets, the adoption of fixed assets for accounting is carried out on the basis of various documents, including those confirming their state registration. Real estate objects until the moment of registration of ownership must be reflected on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" and depreciation on them is not charged.
However, the 25th chapter of the Tax Code provides for depreciation from the date of acceptance of registration documents. So, if the property is deducted from the balance of the seller and the latter, therefore, is no longer depreciated. This object is reflected on the buyer's balance sheet (though not on account 01 “Fixed assets”, but on account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”), in most cases the latter is already used to generate income.
The process of state registration of ownership of real estate is quite lengthy (sometimes lasting more than a year) and it cannot be associated with the right to charge depreciation. Yes, the ownership of the object is not officially registered, but it is already in the possession and use of the organization, it already brings income and, in our opinion, should be amortized.
Until recently, the issue of the legality of including in the cost of expenses associated with the operation of real estate, the right of ownership for which is not registered in the prescribed manner, was controversial. Tax officials denied this possibility. However, the arbitration practice proved the legitimacy of writing off the above expenses to expenses, taking them into account when taxing profits and presenting with deduction VAT paid to service providers related to these expenses.
4. Depreciation of write-off fixed assets
The circumstance of reflection of depreciation in this case is set forth when considering account 01 "Fixed assets"
5. Features of the analytical accounting of depreciation of fixed assets
It is advisable to conduct analytical accounting of depreciation on the same registers on which analytical accounting of fixed assets is conducted.
If the accounting policy provides for two depreciation rates, then, naturally, the accountant performs two types of calculations.
6. Features of depreciation for tax purposes
For tax purposes, depreciation has significant features.
Firstly, depreciable property includes fixed assets and intangible assets. The list of objects for which depreciation is not charged is specified in article 256 of the Tax Code. Basically, it coincides with a similar list in PBU 6/01, but it also has differences. In particular, for tax purposes, depreciation is not charged on fixed assets transferred (received) under contracts for free use, acquired using budgetary appropriations, works of art, property, the initial value of which is up to 10 thousand rubles. inclusive (the cost of the latter is included in expenses as they are put into operation), etc.
Secondly, depreciable property is distributed among ten depreciable groups depending on the useful life.
The classification of fixed assets included in the above groups is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Thirdly, depreciation can be charged in two ways:
A) linear
B) non-linear (similar to the method of decreasing balance with some features specified in article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
The linear method should be used when calculating depreciation for buildings, structures and transmission devices included in the eighth to tenth depreciation groups. For other fixed assets, you can use either of the two above methods.
Fourth, there are features of depreciation on some fixed assets.
In relation to fixed assets used to work in an aggressive environment and (or) increased shift, a basic coefficient of depreciation can be applied increasing factor, but not higher than 2. The same ratio, but not higher than 3, can be applied to fixed assets, which are subject of a financial lease agreement (leasing agreement). However, these provisions do not apply to fixed assets belonging to 1-3 depreciation groups if depreciation on them is calculated by the non-linear method.
For cars and passenger vans worth more than 300 thousand rubles, respectively. and 400 thousand rubles., The basic depreciation rate is applied with a coefficient of 0.5.
It is also allowed depreciation at lower rates (by decision of the head of the organization).
One of the features of depreciation for tax purposes is that the initial (replacement) value of fixed assets will be determined without taking into account the results of revaluation of fixed assets carried out after January 1, 2002.
The rejection of revaluations is dictated by the desire to put a limit to legal manipulations with the cost of fixed assets and the amount of depreciation, which changes and, as a rule, substantially, the financial result of the enterprise.
Account 03 "Profitable investments in material values" in the new chart of accounts (comment)
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One, but very important question arises from this text: What are profitable investments in material values?
The answer to this question is relatively complex and relatively simple at the same time.
The fact is that Western practice, and now ours, distinguishes between operating leases (leases in the traditional sense) and financial leases (it would be easier to call it leasing). According to paragraph 3 of Article 7 of Federal Law of October 29, 1998 No. 164-ФЗ "On Leasing", financial leasing means "the type of leasing in which the lessor agrees to acquire the property specified by the lessee from a particular seller and transfer the property to the lessee as a leased asset for a certain fee, for a certain period and on certain conditions for temporary possession and use. "
Operational leasing should be understood as "the type of leasing in which the lessor purchases property at his own risk and transfers it to the lessee as a leased asset for a certain fee, for a certain period of time and on certain conditions for temporary possession and use." It is assumed that in the second case, the risk associated with the operation of the leased property lies with the lessor (lessor), and in the first - with the lessee (lessee) and the latter, as a rule, has the opportunity to receive the leased property after making the last payment.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 29, 1998 No. 164-ФЗ "On Leasing", the subject of the lease may be any non-consumable items, including enterprises and other property complexes, buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and other movable and immovable property that may be used for business. "
From the point of view of accounting, such equipment should not be reflected on account 01 "Fixed assets", but on account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets". That is, the professional judgment of the accountant (or, better, a certificate from his management) should dictate to him for each object of incoming fixed assets whether this object will be operated in his organization (it will be possible to lease it only in the uncertain future) or whether this object was originally acquired in not exploitation, but leasing.
In the first case, account 01 “Fixed assets” is debited, in the second 03 “Profitable investments in material assets”. In this case, the Chart of Accounts assumes that in all cases account 08 is credited "Investments in non-current assets".
The general accounting rules, in the rest, are the same (see the comment on account 01 in the new Chart of Accounts).
And the nature of account 03 “Profitable investments in material assets” itself resembles account 01 “Fixed assets”, only liability and the risk associated with it are transferred from the lessor to the lessee.
However, the formation of the initial cost of profitable investments in tangible assets differs from the formation of the initial cost of fixed assets in terms of the composition of its costs. According to paragraph 12 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 26n "the initial cost of fixed assets ... also includes the actual costs of the organization ... bringing them into a condition suitable for use." All obligations to bring the property into a condition suitable for its use are assigned to the person using this property. The lessor’s obligation under the lease agreement is to acquire and transfer the leased asset. In accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 7 of Federal Law of October 29, 1998 No. 164-FZ, a leasing transaction may include conditions for the provision of additional services.
Additional services can be provided by the lessor, both before use, and in the process of using the leased asset by the lessee. These services include:
- acquisition from third parties of intellectual property rights (know-how, license rights, rights to trademarks, brands, software and others);
- purchase from third parties of the inventory necessary during installation (installation supervision) and commissioning;
- implementation of installation (installation supervision) and commissioning work in relation to the leased asset, staff training;
- after-sales service and repair of leasing items, including current, medium and major repairs;
- preparation of production facilities and communications, services related to the installation (installation) of leasing items;
- other works and services, without the provision of which it is impossible to use leased items.
The list, volume and cost of additional services must be indicated in the lease agreement.
Despite the fact that additional services are provided by the lessor to the lessee in the framework of the leasing transaction and are directly related to the property transferred to the lease, the costs of these services are compensated by the lessee separately from the lease payments. Therefore, these additional costs do not form the initial cost of property recorded as part of profitable investments in the material assets of the lessor.
Costs associated with the payment of additional services should be reflected in the accounts of expenses related to the operation of property received under a leasing agreement with the lessee. Thus, the initial cost of objects accounted for as profitable investments in tangible assets is determined in the amount of the actual costs of their acquisition and delivery.
If under the terms of the lease agreement the leased property is recorded on the lessee's balance sheet, then when it is returned, the property is reflected in account 03 “Profitable investments in tangible assets” at the residual value indicated by the lessee in the primary accounting document. If at the same time property with a fully repaid value is returned, then it is credited to account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets" according to the conditional (nominal) assessment - pro memoria - 1 ruble.
The moment of recognition of profitable investments in tangible assets is not regulated by regulatory acts on accounting in the Russian Federation. In the professional opinion of specialists in the field of accounting, the procedure for taking into account profitable investments in tangible assets should be similar to the procedure for taking fixed assets into account. In accordance with paragraph 40 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07.20.1998 No. 33n, the adoption of fixed assets for accounting is carried out on the basis of the acceptance (transfer) of fixed assets approved by the head of the organization. This "document is used to record the commissioning of facilities" (Decree of the Goskomstat of Russia of 10.30.1997 No. 71a).
Property intended for transfer under a leasing agreement will be commissioned directly with the lessee. Therefore, if the point of view is accepted that the property is reflected in account 03 “Profitable investments in tangible assets” similar to fixed assets at the time of commissioning of this property, then entries in the debit of the account must be made no earlier than the date of transfer of the property to the lessee. However, this position contradicts the meaning of account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets" and the provisions of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia February 17, 1997 No. 15 "On the reflection in accounting of transactions under a leasing agreement", according to which "the transfer of leased property to the lessee is reflected only in records in analytical accounting on account 03 “Profitable investments in tangible assets.” In paragraph 3 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.17.1997 No. 15 it is stated that “property intended for leasing under a leasing agreement, in the amount of all costs associated with its sale acquisition, accounted for by debit of account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets", sub-account "Property for rent" in correspondence with account 08 "Capital investments". Therefore, it seems that the recognition of profitable investments in tangible assets should be carried out prior to the moment of transferring them to the lessee and after determining the amount of all actual costs associated with their acquisition, this moment may be defined as the moment of recognition of the readiness of the property for transfer to the lessor. “If, under the terms of a leasing agreement, the leased property is delivered by its seller directly to the lessee, bypassing the lessor, then these records are made in accounting records in transit on the basis of the lessee’s primary accounting document (paragraph 3 of Order No. 15 of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 17, 1997).
Example
CJSC Leasing Company entered into an agreement with CJSC Baltic Trust a leasing agreement for the supply of refrigeration equipment. According to the terms of the agreement, Leasing Company CJSC must purchase refrigeration equipment from the manufacturer and transfer it to Baltic Trust CJSC at the lessee's warehouse. The equipment was purchased for 10,000,000 rubles., VAT - 2,000,000 rubles. Transport services in the amount of 20 000 rubles. and VAT - 4,000 rubles. under the terms of the contract of sale of refrigeration equipment are paid by CJSC Leasing Company.
The leasing agreement also provides for additional services for installation and commissioning in the amount of 100,000 rubles, VAT - 20,000 rubles ..
The equipment was delivered to the warehouse of ZAO Leasing Company on June 10, 2001. On June 13, the equipment was transferred to the lessee. On June 30, 2001, the lessor completed installation and commissioning.
The procedure for reflecting equipment reception and transmission operations, installation and commissioning works on the lessor’s accounting accounts is as follows:
10.06.2001
Debit 08.8 * Credit60 - refrigeration equipment from the supplier has been accepted - 10,000,000 rubles .; Debit 19 Credit 60 - accepted for accounting for VAT on refrigeration equipment - 2,000,000 rubles; Debit 08.8 Credit 60 - transportation expenses accepted - 20,000 rubles; Debit 19 Credit 60 - accepted for accounting for VAT on transportation costs - 4,000 rubles;
11.06.2001
Debit 03.1 ** Credit08.8 - refrigeration equipment accepted for accounting - 10,020,000 rubles;
15.06.2001
Debit 03.2 *** Credit 03.1 - refrigeration equipment transferred to the lessee - 10,020,000 rubles .;
30.06.2001
Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - installation and commissioning work on refrigeration equipment was commissioned120,000 rubles .; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT is charged on the volume of sales of 20,000 rubles.
* - sub-account "Acquisition of objects of profitable investments in material values".
** - sub-account "Objects of profitable investments in material values \u200b\u200bnot transferred to the lessee".
*** - sub-account "Objects of profitable investments in tangible assets transferred to the lessee".
If, under the terms of the contract, the property being transferred is recorded on the lessee's balance sheet, then the lessor accepts the indicated property for off-balance accounting (account 011 “Fixed assets leased”).
If upon returning the leased property a decision is made to cease its use for leasing, the value of the specified property is transferred from the credit of account 03 “Profitable investments in tangible assets”, sub-account “Property for leasing” to account 01 “Fixed assets”.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that depreciation on income-bearing investments in tangible assets is recorded on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" separately. For this purpose, it is advisable to open a separate sub-account for this account. This procedure for accounting for depreciation is due to the fact that, according to Article 31 of the Federal Law of October 29, 1998, No. 164-ФЗ, the parties to a leasing agreement have the right, by mutual agreement, to apply accelerated depreciation of the leased asset. When applying accelerated depreciation, a uniform (linear) accrual method is used, in which the norm of depreciation deductions, approved in the established manner, is increased by an acceleration coefficient of no more than 3. The specified coefficient should be determined taking into account the term of the contract in such a way that for the period of operation of the property it was fully amortized by the lessee. Consequently, the term of the contract cannot be shorter than the term of operation of the property, determined in the prescribed manner, and reduced by three times.
The objects recorded on account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets" are written off either as a result of transferring the objects to the lessee, or complete moral and (or) physical depreciation, or using this object as a fixed asset and in other cases.
As well as for fixed assets, there are two possible options for accounting for the disposal of income-bearing investments in tangible assets - with or without opening subaccount "Outflow of tangible assets" to account 03. The residual value of objects is debited from account 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets" or subaccount "Disposal of tangible assets" of property account 03 in the debit of accounts:
- 01 "Fixed assets" - when using the values \u200b\u200bof the enterprise in carrying out activities;
- 91.2 accounts "Other income and expenses" sub-account "Other expenses" - in other cases.
- An analytical section may be conducted by types and / or individual objects of material values. However, it is more important to conduct analytical accounting in the context of lessees.
Account 04 "Intangible assets" in the new chart of accounts (comment)
Account 04 “Intangible assets” is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of intangible assets of an organization
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In modern accounting, material and intangible values \u200b\u200bare distinguished and, to some extent, this is a consequence of the peculiarities of the administration, which, as F. Nietzsche put it, distinguishes "love of things and ghosts." Moreover, ghosts are often more profitable than the things themselves. Now, to “ghosts” - intangible assets, include objects whose value in itself is insignificant, but which can bring substantial income. Licenses and patents protect the rights to use ideas that may be useful.
Everything related to the consideration of intangible assets, in general, repeats the scheme set out in account 01 “Fixed Assets” (see comment). Features are mainly related to depreciation:
1) the depreciation period of intangible assets is set by the administration of the enterprise;
2) depreciation can be made, depending on the accounting policy, in one of two ways:
a) direct write-off
The debit of expense accounts Credit 04 “Intangible assets”
b) indirect write-off
The debit of expense accounts Credit 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”.
The peculiarity lies in the fact that some intangible assets can be amortized directly and others indirectly.
3) Two ways of calculating depreciation lead to three ways of accounting for their elimination.
For example, intangible assets worth 3,000 rubles are liquidated in an enterprise. They are partially amortized - 2500 rubles.
If the administration uses the direct method, then the entries in the General Ledger will look like this:
Debit 91/2 Credit 04 - 500 rub
That is, the under-depreciated part during liquidation is debited to account 91/2 “Other expenses”.
If the administration uses an indirect method, then the entries in the General Ledger will be as follows:
Debit 05 Credit 04 - 2 500 rub. (depreciation charged previously is deducted);
Debit 91/2 Credit 04 - 500 rub (reflects the loss caused by the liquidation of fixed assets).
If the administration uses the direct method for some objects, and the indirect method for others, then the combined method is used.
If the company waives the rights to an intangible asset and / or sells them, then the general liquidation scheme repeats the one that was presented in the statement of account 01 “Fixed assets” (see comment).
Thus, in general, the accounting nature of the entries in account 04 “Intangible assets” seems to repeat everything we said when setting forth the nature and entries in account 01 “Fixed assets”.
Account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" in the new chart of accounts
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The general procedure for depreciation on intangible assets corresponds to the procedure for depreciation on fixed assets. Hence the nature of account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" is identical to the nature of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets". Depreciation of intangible assets, in accordance with paragraph 56 of the regulation on accounting and financial reporting, is accrued over the specified useful lives. However, it is not indicated here who sets this period. Clause 17 of PBU 14/2000 clearly establishes that the useful life of intangible assets is determined by the enterprise when the property is accepted for accounting.
PBU 14/2000 provides four ways to determine the useful life of intangible assets.
The first method proceeds from the validity of the patent, certificate and other restrictions on the temporary use of intellectual property in accordance with the law. For example, the Patent Law of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1992 No. 3517-1 establishes the following validity periods for intangible assets:
- patent for inventions - 20 years from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office;
- utility model certificate - 5 years from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office;
- patent for an industrial design - 10 years from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office;
- registration of a trademark - 10 years from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office,
- certificate for the right to use the appellation of origin - 10 years from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office;
- the exclusive right to use topology is 10 years.
In the second method, for certain groups of intangible assets, the useful life is determined based on the volume of production or another in-kind indicator of the volume of work expected to be received as a result of using this object.
In the third method, the useful life is determined based on the expected useful life of the intangible asset, during which the organization can receive economic benefits (income). And finally, for intangible assets, for which it is impossible to determine the useful life, it is set at 20 years. These primarily include goodwill and organizational expenses. This term is arbitrary. Sometimes they try to justify such a term with some objective reasons. For example, in the USA it is installed at 40 years old. This is explained by the fact that Moses drove forty years through the desert and since he knew from God where and how to walk, this was the first know-how of an intangible asset in the history of mankind. In our case, the period taken is accepted in many European countries. It cannot be taken literally, i.e. so that all intangible assets must certainly be amortized over 20 years. So, for example, if the initial cost of a certain type of intangible asset (for example, organizational expenses) is not a significant quantity, then based on the requirement of priority of content over the form (paragraph 7 of PBU 1/98 "Accounting policy of the organization"), you can depreciate it and for a shorter period.
In any case, the useful life of intangible assets cannot exceed the life of the organization.
In addition to the two methods for calculating depreciation on intangible assets (linear in time and proportional to the volume of work, services) specified in clause 56 of the Regulation on Accounting and Reporting, clause 15 of PBU 14/2000 adds another method - a reduced balance. However, the use of this method without applying the acceleration coefficient (as provided for in fixed assets by paragraph 58 of the guidelines for accounting of fixed assets approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 07.20.1998 No. 33n) is disadvantageous to organizations. This is due to the fact that after the useful life of an intangible asset expires, a significant part of its value will not be depreciated, and PBU 14/2000 does not say how to deal with this undepreciated value in the future.
It is curious that in PBU 14/2000, in comparison with paragraph 56 of the Regulation on the maintenance of accounting and financial statements, a depreciation method was removed in proportion to the volume of services, while proportional to the volume of production and work is provided.
The depreciation method for intangible assets (determining the monthly amount, the start and end dates of depreciation, etc.) is basically the same as for fixed assets. The only peculiarity to be recognized is that during the useful life of intangible assets the depreciation charge is not suspended (except for the cases of conservation of the enterprise itself). *
* Note: In Russian law, the concept of "conservation organization" is missing.
If depreciation deductions for any intangible assets are accounted for by reducing their initial cost and after the full repayment of this cost, these objects continue to be used, they should be reflected in accounting in the conditional valuation adopted by the organization, with the valuation amount allocated to financial results. For example, an intangible asset whose value is fully paid off is planned to be used for another 1 year. The organization conditionally estimated it at 24,000 rubles, which is reflected in the accounting record:
Debit 04 Credit 91 - 24 000 rubles.
In the future, the following entries will be compiled monthly:
Debit 20 (25, 26, 44, etc.) Credit 04 - 2 000 rubles.
The scheme for recording accrued depreciation on accounting accounts should be recorded in an order on accounting policies, since clause 21 of Order No. 91n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 16.10.2000 establishes two ways of calculating depreciation:
- by accumulating the corresponding amounts on a separate account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets"
- by reducing the initial value of the object. (See account description 04 “Intangible assets”).
Depending on where and for what purposes an intangible asset is used, accrued depreciation is reflected in the relevant expense accounts:
- main production (20);
- auxiliary production (23);
- serving production (29);
- general manufacturing expenses (25);
- general business expenses (26);
- selling expenses (44).
Account 07 "Equipment to be installed" in the new Chart of Accounts (comment)
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The main feature of accounting in this account is that in some cases the equipment requires installation, and in others it does not. If installation is required, then account 07 "Equipment for installation" is used, if installation is not needed, then the cost of such equipment is fixed immediately at the debit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets".
So, equipment that requires installation during posting and before being transferred to the installation by the developer, is accounted for on account 07 "Equipment for installation". This account is both material (inventory) and costing at the same time.
It takes into account:
- Equipment (technological, energy, production (including equipment for workshops, pilot plants and laboratories) requiring installation and intended for installation in facilities under construction (reconstructed);
- Equipment put into operation only after assembly of its parts and attachment to the foundation or supports, to the floor, floors and other supporting structures of buildings and structures, as well as sets of spare parts for such equipment.
Account 07 "Equipment for installation" does not include equipment that does not require installation:
- means of transport;
- free-standing machines;
- construction machinery;
- agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment;
- production tool;
- household equipment;
- measuring instruments, etc.
If equipment requiring further installation is received, then account 07 “Equipment for installation” is debited and credits affecting the cost of this equipment are credited - 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with different debtors and creditors”, etc. A new one is the clarification that the receipt of equipment can be accounted for using account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” or without using it in a manner similar to the procedure for accounting for corresponding operations with inventories. And only after the equipment is transferred to the installation, the accountant compiles the wiring:
Debit 08 "Investments in non-current assets" Credit 07 "Equipment for installation."
However, in order for the enterprise to switch to the accounting scheme for the costs of acquiring equipment for the installation with the reflection of operations through account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, it is necessary to analyze the feasibility of its application. Cost accounting for the acquisition of equipment requiring installation is carried out for individual types of purchased equipment in order to determine the initial cost of fixed assets. The use of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" involves the entire amount of the cost of acquiring equipment to be divided into two components:
a) the amount of costs at discount prices;
b) deviations of actual costs from accounting prices.
Deviations should be accounted for separately on account 16 "Deviations in the value of material values" with their subsequent debiting to the accounts to which the corresponding material values \u200b\u200bare written off. Obviously, deviations in the cost of equipment requiring installation, with this scheme of accounting for the costs of its purchase, should also be taken into account by type of equipment and debited to account 08 "Capital investments in non-current assets" at the time of transfer of equipment to installation.
Since there is no restriction on the formation of an assessment of equipment requiring installation, depending on the moment of acceptance of this equipment for accounting similarly to the assessment of fixed assets and intangible assets, it seems possible to form an average estimate for equipment requiring installation, but the actual one.
If the equipment was purchased with borrowed funds, the accrued interest on the loan should form an assessment of the equipment requiring installation, until they are transferred to installation. In accounting operations, interest accrual on bank loans received for the acquisition of these objects is reflected depending on the period for which the loan is granted, as follows:
Debit 07 Credit 66 (67)
If the equipment is sold before installation, then the following entries are made:
(a) decommissioning of equipment:
Debit 91.2 "Other expenses" Credit 07 "Equipment for installation"
(b) the amount of the debt of the buyer:
Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" Credit 91.1 "Other income".
Thus, on account 91 “Other income and expenses” the financial result from the sale of equipment will be revealed, since the cost of the sold values \u200b\u200bwill be revealed on the debit, and the proceeds on the loan will be revealed (naturally, in such cases, a loss may occur).
A separate topic is the equipment transferred by the customer to the contractor for installation. Since it does not become the property of the contractor, but remains the property of the customer, the first does not come to account 07 "Equipment for installation", but the off-balance account 005 "Equipment accepted for installation" debits. This account is credited when the equipment is transferred for installation.
If there is a shortage of equipment listed on account 07 “Equipment for installation”, this account is credited, and account 94 “Losses and losses from damage to property” is debited, or immediately account 99 “Profits and losses” in case of loss of this equipment due to economic emergency activities (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.).
Analytical accounting for the account should be kept for individual items (types, brands, etc.).
Account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" in the new Chart of Accounts (comment)
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Familiarization with account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" raises a number of questions:
1) What are investments in non-current assets?
2) What is the accounting nature of this account?
3) The role of sub-accounts and features of analytical accounting?
4) How is the inventory value of fixed assets?
1. What are investments in non-current assets?
Previously, for this rather long phrase, either the Russian word “investment” (investment in fixed assets) or the German word “investment” (investment in assets in general) was used, which, judging by what was said, is more broad and therefore less accurate.
2. The accounting nature of the account
From a methodological point of view, this is a special account. On the one hand, this is a costing account, since it shows the expenses incurred during the reporting period, and on the other hand, an inventory (material) account, because its balance reflects the amount of incomplete investment.
The first feature is noticeable when fixed assets and intangible assets are acquired. It would seem that logic requires a concise notation:
Debit 01 "Fixed assets" and / or
Debit 03 "Profitable investment in tangible assets" and / or
Debit 04 "Intangible assets"
Credit 60 (76 and others),
but instead, the spent funds should be transited through account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". In this case, the account has no balance, and it turns into an account screen.
The second feature is related to the fact that investments stretch over time, as, say, takes place during construction. In this case, the bill becomes material, and construction in progress can always be either sold or donated.
However, the new chart of accounts has expanded the functions of this account. Now it is intended not only to generate information about the actual investments of the enterprise in non-current assets, but also to reflect the amount received free of charge and as a contribution to the authorized capital of property, which is taken into account in the first section of the asset balance.
3. The role of subjects and features of analytical accounting
Sub-accounts are called upon, if necessary for the organization, to disclose the structure of capital investments. If the chief accountant is not assigned such a task, then he may not open sub-accounts. A certain exception is sub-account 08/6 “Transfer of young animals to the main herd”. This sub-account can become the main account in livestock farms.
Analytical accounting is necessarily carried out for each object under construction (tangible assets) and / or (intangible assets) being created, because in this case account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” serves as a costing account, allows you to set the cost of each accounted property.
Two subaccounts have been entered to account 08 "Investments in non-current assets": 08.1 - "Acquisition of land plots" and 08.2 - Acquisition of natural resources. These sub-accounts are allocated, despite the fact that sub-account 08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets” would have to provide for the accounting of these values, because land and nature management objects also relate to fixed assets.
On the territory of Russia, private ownership of legal entities on land plots is allowed. The right of ownership of a land plot, unless otherwise provided by law, extends to the surface (soil) layer located within the boundaries of this plot and closed reservoirs, forest and plants located on it.
Other natural resources include water, subsoil, forest and other vegetation, wildlife, and other natural resources.
Legislative acts allow the ownership of:
a) a separate water body;
b) tree and shrub vegetation;
c) objects of the animal world, withdrawn from the environment in the prescribed manner.
The list of objects on which the ownership of a legal entity can be established is closed.
A) A segregated body of water (enclosed body of water) is a small in area and non-flowing artificial body of water that does not have a hydraulic connection with other surface water bodies. Separate water bodies may include a pond, lake, etc.
A surface water body is considered to be a permanent or temporary concentration of water on the land surface in the form of its relief, having boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. Such objects include: surface streams and reservoirs on them (rivers and reservoirs on them, streams, channels of inter-basin redistribution and integrated use of water resources); surface water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, swamps and ponds); glaciers and snowfields. Separate water bodies belong to real estate and are an integral part of the land. The maximum sizes of isolated water bodies are determined by the land legislation of the Russian Federation. Changing the location of a water body does not entail a change in the form and type of ownership of the water body, unless otherwise follows from the Water Code.
B) Tree-shrubby vegetation located on a land plot owned by a legal entity belongs to it by right of ownership, unless otherwise specified. But the same vegetation, if it appeared as a result of economic activity or naturally on a land plot after being transferred to the ownership of a legal entity, is its property, which it owns, uses and disposes of at its discretion. According to Art. 164 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation transactions with land and other real estate are subject to state registration. "In cases where the alienation of property is subject to state registration, the right of ownership of the acquirer arises from the moment of such registration" (Article 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Until the moment of state registration of ownership, the value of land and other natural resources is taken into account as part of investments in non-current assets.
The organization can make capital investments in the radical improvement of land. Capital investments in radical land improvement include drainage, irrigation and land reclamation.
It is proposed that the analytical accounting of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” also be carried out at the costs associated with the acquisition of intangible assets - “for each acquired object” (it would be more correct “and created”). Subaccount 08.5 "Acquisition of intangible assets" takes into account investments in the acquisition of intangible assets. Investments recorded in sub-account 08.5 “Acquisition of intangible assets” are taken into account until the organization has the exclusive right to the acquired object.
The exclusive right to the object of intangible assets passes at the moment of: state registration of the right arising from a patent or certificate; state registration of the license agreement when transferring the right to use the asset; creation of an asset (property law).
Moreover, the acquired intangible asset until the occurrence of the exclusive right to it and the execution of the acceptance certificate continues to refer to incomplete investments in non-current assets.
Actual expenses for the acquisition of non-current assets and bringing them to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes are debited to account 08 "Investments in non-current assets".
The cost of intangible assets acquired by the enterprise is reflected in account 08.5 "Investments in non-current assets" of the subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets" according to the accounts of suppliers paid or accepted for payment after they have been capitalized and registered. When an enterprise creates certain types of intangible assets, account 08.5 "Investments in non-current assets" of the sub-account "Acquisition of intangible assets" shall reflect the actual costs incurred.
Analytical accounting on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" must be kept for each acquired object - an individual option. If you wish, you can organize cost accounting for such investments in the context of their sources.
The source of financing investments in non-current assets are both own funds and borrowed funds.
Own funds include depreciation on fixed assets and intangible assets and profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise.
Attracted funds include loans and borrowings, funds of the federal budget and extra-budgetary funds and funds of equity holders under an agreement on shared construction of fixed assets.
The initial cost of fixed assets is formed on account 08 "Capital investments in non-current assets" and is regulated by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 12/20/1994 No. 167 "On approval of the Accounting Regulation" Accounting for capital construction contracts (contracts) "(PBU 2/94) and by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 26n "On approval of the accounting regulation" Accounting for fixed assets "PBU 6/01".
The inventory value of buildings and structures completed by construction consists of the cost of construction work and other capital costs attributable to them.
The cost estimate for construction works depends on the method of their production - contractor or business.
In the case of the contracted method of production, construction work completed and executed in accordance with the established procedure is reflected in the contractor’s contractual value in accordance with the paid or accepted bills of the contractors. In case of revealing an overstatement of the cost of construction and installation works on the bills of contractors paid or accepted for payment, the customer reduces the costs incurred by them with appropriate reimbursement from the amounts received by the contractor, used sources of financing or reduction of arrears on the bill accepted from the contractor organizations for the work performed.
In the economic method of performing the indicated works, account 08.3 "Investments in non-current assets" subaccount "Construction of fixed assets" reflects the actual costs incurred by the developer.
Other capital costs provided for in the estimates are reflected in accounting either in the amount of actual expenses incurred or at contractual value on the basis of accounts paid or accepted for payment by third parties.
Other capital costs are included in the inventory value of objects for their intended purpose. If other capital investments are subject to distribution, as they relate to several objects, then this distribution is carried out in proportion to the contractual value of the objects put into operation.
When introducing fixed assets in parts, other capital costs are included in the inventory value of these objects in accordance with the standards, based on the ratio of allocations for these separate parts in the estimate for the construction of the object as a whole and the total contractual value of the constructed objects. In this case, after the construction is completed and the actual amounts of other capital costs are determined, the inventory value of the objects put into effect is recalculated.
The inventory value of equipment requiring installation is the sum of the actual costs of acquiring the equipment; construction and installation costs; other capital costs attributable to the cost of commissioned equipment for its intended purpose.
Evaluation of investments in equipment requiring installation depends on who is assigned to ensure the construction of equipment: the developer or contractor.
If, under the terms of the contract, the provision of equipment for construction is assigned to the developer, then the equipment requiring the installation is reflected in the developer’s records at the actual costs of its purchase. On account 08.3 "Investments in non-current assets" subaccount "Construction of fixed assets" the costs of equipment requiring installation are reflected from the month in which work began on its installation at a permanent place of operation (attachment to the foundation, floor, floor or other supporting structures of a building (structure) or enlarged assembly of equipment has begun.
The costs of delivering equipment to the on-site warehouse and procurement and storage costs can be preliminarily accounted for on the equipment account in the total deviations of the actual cost of acquiring the equipment from their value according to suppliers' accounts and be included in the cost of building the object in proportion to the cost of the equipment commissioned taking into account the amount these costs attributable to the value of the equipment, which is at the end of the reporting period in balance.
The company may also provide for a direct procedure for writing off transport and procurement and storage costs to the account of investments in non-current assets at the time the cost of equipment is reflected in this account. The selected method of accounting for transport and procurement and storage costs for equipment requiring installation should be provided for in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
In the event that, under the terms of the contract, the provision of construction equipment is assigned to the construction organization, then its cost is reflected at the agreed prices in the account of the developer as part of the construction costs of the facility in accordance with the paid or accepted bills of construction organizations.
Costs of construction and installation works, as well as other costs provided for in the estimates, are reflected in accounting records as they arise in the amount of actual costs or at contractual value on the basis of accounts paid or accepted for payment by third parties.
If the costs of construction and installation works, as well as other costs relate to several types of equipment, then their cost is distributed between individual types of equipment in proportion to their value at suppliers' prices.
Before the completion of the construction of facilities, the costs of their construction, recorded on account 08.3 "Investments in non-current assets" subaccount "Construction of fixed assets", constitute construction in progress. In accounting, the costs of construction of objects are grouped according to the technological structure of expenses, determined by the estimate documentation. In accounting, the following cost structure is recommended:
- for construction work;
- installation of equipment;
- purchase of equipment handed over for installation;
- purchase of equipment that does not require installation;
- tool and inventory;
- equipment requiring installation, but intended for a permanent supply;
- other capital costs;
- costs that do not increase the value of fixed assets.
Accounting on account 08.3 "Investments in non-current assets" subaccount "Construction of fixed assets" is carried out on the actual costs in general for construction and for individual objects (buildings, structures, etc.).
During the construction of facilities, the developer keeps track of costs on an accrual basis from the beginning of construction, in the context of reporting periods until the commissioning of the facilities or until the completion of the relevant work and costs.
Regardless of the way construction works are carried out, cost accounting is carried out at actual and contractual cost.
The correspondence of accounts for accounting for the construction of fixed assets by the developer in a contracted manner is as follows:
When carrying out construction work in an economic way, the costs are collected on account 08.3 "Investments in non-current assets" subaccount "Construction of fixed assets. Investments in the construction of fixed assets are taken into account in the amount of actual costs of the work.
The correspondence of accounts for accounting for the construction of fixed assets in an economic way is as follows:
Debit 08.3 Credit 02 - depreciation of fixed assets used in the construction of fixed assets was accrued; Debit 08.3 Credit 05 - depreciation of intangible assets related to construction works has been accrued; Debit 08.3 Credit 10 - written off construction and other materials used in the construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 16 - deviations in the cost of materials in the calculated share are written off to construction works (positive number or reversed); Debit 08.3 Credit 23 - services rendered by auxiliary production facilities are written off; Debit 08.3 Credit 25, 26 - the corresponding share of general production and general business expenses is included in the cost of construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 97 - deferred expenses related to the construction work were written off; Debit 08.3 Credit60, 76 - reflects the services of third parties related to the construction work; Debit 19 Credit 60, 76 - the amount of VAT for services provided by third parties related to construction works is shown; Debit 08.3 Credit 71 - the expenses of the accountable person related to the construction work have been written off; Debit 08.3 Credit 69 - reflects debts on social insurance, pensions, medical insurance with the amount of remuneration of workers engaged in construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 70 - accrued various amounts for the remuneration of workers engaged in construction works; Debit 08.3, 19 Credit 68 - VAT is accrued on the volume of construction works carried out in an economic way.
Budget funds, if there is confidence in their receipt and fulfillment of the conditions associated with their receipt, are reflected in accounting as the occurrence of targeted financing and debt on these funds. Those. when these conditions are met, an entry is made for the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” and the credit of account 86 “Target financing”.
As funds are actually received, the corresponding amounts reduce debt and increase the accounts for cash, capital investments, etc.
If the organization actually received budget funds, but there is no sufficient confidence that it will fulfill the conditions for the provision of these funds, then accounting records the occurrence of targeted financing for the credit of account 86 “Target financing” and the receipt of cash, capital investments, etc. . on the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts". These amounts are recorded as earmarked funding until sufficient evidence is received that the organization will comply with the terms of their provision.
If budgetary funds are recognized in accounting as resources are actually received, then with the occurrence of targeted financing, accounts for cash, capital investments, etc. will increase. and an entry is made for the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the credit of account 86 "Target financing".
Budget funds can be provided either by actual transfer, or by reducing liabilities to the state.
The correspondence of accounts for accounting for investments in the construction of fixed assets at the expense of state assistance is as follows:
1) State aid is provided through the actual transfer of funds:
Debit 76 Credit 91 - budget funds were provided to finance capital construction expenses incurred in previous reporting periods; Debit 76 Credit 86 - means of targeted financing are reflected (if all conditions for the provision of budget funds are met); Debit 51 Credit 76 - received state aid funds (if all conditions for the provision of budget funds are met); Debit 51 Credit 86 - received state aid funds (if there is no certainty about the conditions for the provision of budget funds); Debit 86 Credit 98.2 - written off state aid intended to finance investments in non-current assets; Debit 60 Credit 51 - the advance payment of the contractor is listed; Debit 08.3 Credit 10, (12, 70, ...) - actual expenses related to maintenance of the developer are written off to capital investments; Debit 08.3 Credit 60 - accepted from the contracting organization the volume of construction and installation works; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflects the amount of VAT on construction and installation works;
2) State aid is provided by reducing liabilities to the budget:
Debit 60 Credit 51 - the advance payment of the contractor is listed; Debit 08.3 Credit 10 (12, 70, ...) - actual expenses related to maintenance of the developer are written off to capital investments; Debit 08.3 Credit 60 - accepted from the contracting organization the volume of construction and installation works; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflects the amount of VAT on construction and installation works; Debit 68 Credit 76 - the incurred costs of investments are offset against the reduction of liabilities to the state; Debit 76 Credit 86 - reflects the amount of targeted financing; Debit 86 Credit 98.2 - state aid written off to finance investments in the construction of fixed assets.
The correspondence of accounts for accounting investments in the acquisition of equipment commissioned for installation is as follows:
Debit 07 Credit 60 - received equipment requiring installation from the supplier; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflected the amount of VAT on equipment requiring installation; Debit 08 Credit 07 - an object accounted for as equipment requiring installation, transferred to the installation;
Installation work was done by contract
Debit 60 Credit 51 - reflects the amount of advances issued to contractors (for payment for products accepted for partial availability, etc.); Debit 08.3 Credit 60 - accepted for payment the accounts of suppliers and contractors for the work they performed and the services rendered for capital construction; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflects the amount of VAT on the work performed by the contractor; Debit 60 Credit 51 - paid bills of contractors from the current account.
Installation work was carried out in an economic way
Debit 08.3 Credit 02 - depreciation of fixed assets used in the construction of fixed assets was accrued; Debit 08.3 Credit 05 - depreciation of intangible assets related to construction works has been accrued; Debit 08.3 Credit 10 - written off construction and other materials used in the construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 16 - deviations in the cost of materials in the calculated share are written off to construction works (positive number or reversed); Debit 08.3 Credit 23 - services rendered by auxiliary production facilities are written off; Debit 08.3 Credit 25, 26 - the corresponding share of general production and general business expenses is included in the cost of construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 97 - deferred expenses related to the construction work were written off; Debit 08.3 Credit 60 (76) - reflects the services of third parties related to the construction work; Debit 19 Credit 60 (76) - reflects the amount of VAT on services of third parties related to construction works; Debit 08.3 Credit 71 - the expenses of the accountable person related to the construction work have been written off; Debit 08.3 Credit 69 - reflects debts on social insurance, pensions, medical insurance with the amount of remuneration of workers engaged in construction work; Debit 08.3 Credit 70 - accrued various amounts for the remuneration of workers engaged in construction works; Debit 08.3 Credit 68 - VAT is accrued on the volume of construction works carried out in an economic way.
Some features arise when considering investments in securities. So, in accordance with clause 3.3 of the procedure for recording securities transactions, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 15.01.1997 No. 2, account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” should be used for preliminary accounting of actual costs for the purchase of securities. However, from the characteristics of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” given in the Chart of Accounts, it follows that it is used to summarize information about the organization’s expenses in objects, which will subsequently be accepted for accounting as fixed assets and intangible assets. There is no entry in the standard correspondence schemes for this account on the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and on the debit of account 58 “Financial investments”. In addition, the explanations to account 58 “Financial investments” say that “the organization acquires securities of other organizations for a fee by debit of account 58“ Financial investments ”and a credit of accounts 51“ Settlement accounts ”and / or 52“ Currency accounts ”.
From here theoretically three possibilities arise:
A) simply debit account 58 "Financial investments" on the acquired securities. However, this decision contradicts the logic of circumstances:
- for investing capital, the administration of an enterprise doesn’t care whether to purchase a car or shares of a department store. Therefore, if account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” is used as a screen for disclosing the structure of capital investments, then using account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and according to the logic of the account and in direct accordance with its name, the acquisition of securities cannot be directly attributed to debit of the account 58 "financial investments";
- to reflect the payment of securities, which may be carried out in installments, it is necessary to use an intermediate operating account;
B) you need to debit or account 08 "Investments in non-current assets";
C) open to account 58 “Financial investments” sub-account 58.1 “Acquisition of securities”.
We recommend an indirect reflection of expenses, and it seems to us that the option with choosing account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" meets the simplest and most appropriate approaches to our theory. However, for those who want to adhere to a too strict theory, we can recommend sub-account 58.1 “Financial investments. Acquisition of securities”.
On May 8, 2018, the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 31, 2018 No. 64n entered into force, amending the Instruction approved by Order No. 157n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 01.12.2010 (hereinafter - the Instruction No. 157n). The changes apply to 2018, that is, they are applied from January 1 of the current year. Among other things, the changes affected the off-balance account 02, which is now even called somewhat differently - “Material values \u200b\u200bin storage”. We will talk about him in the article.
Why do I need an off-balance account 02?
The list of property subject to accounting on the off-balance sheet account 02 is given in paragraph 335 of Instruction No. 157n. It:
- material assets of the institution that do not meet the criteria of assets;
- material assets accepted for storage by the institution for processing;
- material assets received (accepted for accounting) by the institution before they were transferred to state ownership and (or) transfer of the indicated property to the owner (property received as a gift, ownerless property, etc.);
- tangible assets seized in compensation for the damage caused, with the exception of tangible assets, which, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are material evidence and are accounted for separately;
- material assets seized (detained) by the customs authorities and not placed in the temporary storage warehouse of the customs authority;
- property in respect of which a decision has been made to write off (decommissioning), including due to physical or moral depreciation and the impossibility (inappropriateness) of its further use, until its dismantling (disposal, destruction).
As you can see, with the latest changes, no types of property recorded on the off-balance account 02 are excluded. On the contrary, this list was supplemented with material values \u200b\u200bthat do not meet the criteria of assets.
Note that the list of property recorded on the off-balance sheet account 02, given in paragraph 335 of Instruction No. 157n, is open. For example, specialists of the financial department suggest attributing to it the replacement part replaced as a result of modernization, transferred by the contractor to the institution before deciding on its further functional purpose (use, implementation, etc.) (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.28.2018 No. 02-06 -10/12969).
Identification of "inactive" in accounting
Recall that an asset is recognized as property, including cash and non-cash funds owned by the institution and (or) in its use, controlled by it as a result of economic events that are expected to bring useful potential or economic benefits (paragraph 36 of the Federal Accounting Standard accounting for public sector organizations "Conceptual framework for accounting and reporting of public sector organizations", approved).
Items of fixed assets that do not meet the concept of an asset are accounted for on off-balance accounts (Clause 8 of the Federal Standard for Accounting for Organizations of the Public Sector "Fixed Assets", approved). Information on such fixed assets is subject to disclosure in the accounting (financial) statements.
At the same time, individual objects of property that are not held by the subject of accounting for the purpose of their operation (do not bring useful potential, do not provide economic benefits), but ensure that the institution performs certain functions are reflected in fixed assets (paragraph 3 of the Methodological recommendations on the application of the Standard "Fixed Assets", brought).
Clause 8 of the Standard "Fixed Assets" is applied in system interaction with paragraph 335 of the updated Instruction No. 157n. That is, paragraph 335 specifies in which account (off-balance sheet account 02) should be considered "inactive".
In other words, if it has been established with respect to the property that further operation is ineffective, repairs are not planned, then it may not be recognized as an asset and debited to the off-balance account 02.
To identify property that does not correspond to the concept of an asset, an inventory is taken at the institution. Moreover, this can be either an inventory carried out in order to generate annual reports, for other mandatory reasons * (1), or during the year - as necessary (the last paragraph of paragraph 3 of the Guidelines).
Registration of the inventory in order to identify "inactive"
In connection with the introduction of the Standards "Fixed Assets", "Conceptual Foundations", the provisions of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2015 No. 52n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 52n) regarding the filling out of the Inventory List (collation statement) for non-financial assets (f. 0504087) were changed ) In addition, the said order also determines the procedure for filling out this document (Appendix No. 5 to Order No. 52n).
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* (1) Mandatory cases of taking an inventory are listed in paragraph 81 of the Standard Conceptual Framework.
Article prepared
Account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" is used to summarize information about the amounts accumulated during the operation of the facilities. This article is necessary to reduce the replacement or initial cost of the OS. Let us consider in more detail how accounting is carried out on account 02.
General information
Depreciation is considered that part of the cost of fixed assets that falls on a separate reporting period. In some cases, it is understood to mean a non-taxable share of profit. In accordance with paragraph 20 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance on the approval of guidelines on the rules for the formation of reporting indicators of the organization, 01, 02 accounts summarize information on both existing and being on modernization, reconstruction, restoration, conservation or in reserve objects, with the exception of some material values .
Specificity
Today, re-amortization used during the Soviet period is not permitted. Along with this, the accrual of two amounts is currently allowed. One is calculated according to generally binding, state standards, and the second is determined in the interests of the owners. Enterprises have the right to set their own standards, decreasing or increasing generally accepted ones. This procedure allows companies to receive their own share of profits and from it to pay dividends.
Account 02: characteristic
In determining the nature of the article under consideration, certain difficulties arise. Some experts regard it as regulatory, contractual, others as a stock account. In the first case, the account 02 is considered only as a credit turnover account. 01. For example, a car was purchased for 120 thousand rubles. and will be operated for 10 years. This purchase is not considered as spending money, since its price is capitalized, but each year it decreases by 12 thousand rubles. In this case, the replacement (or initial) value is stored on the debit account. 01.
After being written off in the last year, if exploitation continues, the balance may remain. However, its value will be “nullified” by an equal amount on account 02. Depreciation of fixed assets in the second case is interpreted as part of the cost of goods sold or manufactured. Therefore, it is presented in the income of the organization received in the process of economic activity. Thus, to account 02, the amounts that make up part of the tax-free profit are transferred.
Postings
Depreciation charged to account 02 is recognized on credit. At the same time, it corresponds to the articles reflecting production / sales costs. The landlord transfers the amounts to account 02 on credit and debits them. This posting is made if the fee for leasing assets is recognized as operating income. Upon write-off, sale, gratuitous transfer, partial liquidation and other disposal, the amount is transferred to the credit account. 01. In a similar way, a record is made when writing off charges for completely damaged or missing operating systems. It is advisable to carry out analytical accounting of depreciation deductions on the same registers where analytics is carried out on fixed assets. If the financial policy of the enterprise provides for two standards of accrual, then the specialist performs, respectively, 2 types of calculation.
Features of transferring amounts to account 02
Fixed assets can be used in a variety of ways. However, regardless of this, when calculating the amounts, a number of rules established by regulatory acts should be followed. In particular, accrual to account 02:
- It starts with the month that follows the period of capitalization of the object.
- It is carried out regardless of the results of the enterprise.
- Terminates from the 1st day of the month following the month of final redemption of the value or write-off of the object.
- It is not interrupted during the useful life period, except as provided for by regulatory enactments.
Leased OS
Depreciation is usually carried out by the owner. Amounts are stated in accordance with general rules. Account 02 is credited, and different items are debited depending on the method of recognition of income. If the company has determined that the provision for temporary use of its own assets for a fee is the subject of its activity, the amount shall be fixed on Cd. 90/1. At the same time, expenses related to rent, depreciation, including, are reflected in the debit of accounts that take into account costs. Subsequently, they are written off to DB mid. 90/2. The financial result from the transfer of tangible assets to lease is reflected first in the account. 90, and then transferred to mid. 99. If the company determines that the rent acts as other income, then it is reflected in the account. 91/1. Costs are shown in db sc. 91/2. The financial result in this case is reflected first in the middle. 91, and then transferred to mid. 99.
Assets received free of charge
In the Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 34n of July 29, 1998, a list of the company’s fixed assets is established for which depreciation is not charged. This list is valid from 01.01.2001. It includes:
- Objects whose consumer characteristics do not change over time. These, in particular, include land plots.
- Housing Fund. Here it is necessary to take into account that for objects that are operated by the enterprise for profit and are reflected in the account for accounting for profitable investments in tangible assets, depreciation is calculated according to general rules.
- Objects of improvement and forestry.
- Productive cattle, deer, oxen, buffalos.
- Objects of road infrastructure.
- Perennial plantations that have not reached the operational age, etc.
Prior to the approval of Order No. 31n, which amended the above list, depreciation was not charged on objects received in accordance with gift agreements and free of charge during privatization. They were included in the list from January 1, 1998. Depreciation was not accrued only from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999 for fixed assets received free of charge and under donation agreements. Currently, discussions are ongoing regarding objects purchased before January 1, 2000 .
Accrual for tax purposes
When calculating the amounts, a number of features should be taken into account. First of all, depreciable objects include fixed assets and intangible assets. The list of property for which no accrual is made is given in Art. 256 Tax Code. It is similar to the list defined in PBU 6/01. However, there are several differences. For the purposes of taxation, depreciation is not charged on fixed assets received / transferred for free use, works of art acquired from budgetary appropriations, on material values, the initial cost of which is less than 10 thousand rubles, and so on.
It should also be taken into account that the distribution of property is carried out in ten groups in accordance with the useful life. The classification is determined by the government. Depreciation can be calculated using the linear or non-linear method. The first should be used in the calculation of amounts for structures, buildings, transmission devices, assigned to 8-10 groups. For other objects, you can use any calculation method. The non-linear method is similar to the calculation scheme for the reduced balance. However, it has several features. They are indicated in Art. 259 Tax Code.
Special OS Categories
When calculating the amounts of fixed assets used to work in aggressive conditions or with increased shift to the depreciation rate, it is allowed to apply a multiplying factor. At the same time, it should not be more than 2. A similar coefficient, but not more than 3, can be used for objects that are the subject of a leasing (financial lease) agreement. These provisions do not apply to assets included in groups 1-3 if accrual is made in a non-linear way. For passenger vans, passenger vehicles, the cost of which is 400 and 300 thousand rubles. accordingly, the basic depreciation rate is applied with a coefficient of 0.5. Allowed accrual at reduced rates. The corresponding decision is made by the head of the organization.
Additionally
Another feature of calculating depreciation amounts for tax purposes is the fact that the replacement (initial) value of the objects will be calculated without taking into account the results of the revaluation of fixed assets performed after January 1, 2002. This decision is determined by the desire to stop legal manipulations with object prices and size accruals, which changes and, as a rule, very significantly the financial result of the company.
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