How to make a foundation for a private house. How to pour the foundation under the house with your own hands without construction experience? Heaving soils and their features
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the foundation for any building, because the reliable foundation of the building is the paramount condition for its long-term trouble-free operation. You can build any, arbitrarily strong and beautiful walls, a well-designed and mounted roofing system, reliable ceilings, and carry out expensive finishes. But all this can "go to waste" if mistakes were made in the calculation of the foundation, and during its construction negligence was shown, unacceptable simplifications were made, poor-quality materials were used, the established technology was violated.
So, the foundation is a key stage of any construction, which sometimes takes up to a third general budget. In an effort to somehow save money, some potential homeowners are seriously thinking about the problem: is it possible to build a foundation with your own hands? The answer to this question, alas, is not obvious. It is one thing to create a foundation for a small country house, a garage or a farm building, and quite another for a full-fledged country mansion that has several levels, and even with adjoining outbuildings.
IN this article the main types of foundations will be considered, but the main emphasis will be on its tape variety. We hope that after reading the article, it will become more clear to many site visitors whether they should undertake the independent construction of the foundation, or it would still be better to use the services of specialists.
The main types of foundations
There are a lot of varieties of foundations used in individual construction, but four main schemes are mainly used, as well as their various combinations. And the main types include tape, columnar, slab and pile foundations.
Strip foundations
This is the most commonly used scheme, as it is suitable for almost all construction conditions, with the exception, perhaps, only of regions with close occurrence of permafrost or for buildings built literally “on the water”.
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Despite a certain difference in the technologies for the construction of strip foundations of various types, they all have a common feature - it is a continuous, closed strip-base around the entire perimeter of the house being built and under the internal load-bearing structures. The tape itself is buried in the ground by the required calculated value, and protrudes from above with its basement. The width of the tape is maintained uniform throughout the foundation - this parameter should also be based on the calculations performed.
Strip foundation can be called the most popular in the construction of private houses, as it has fully justified itself over many decades of operation. It is quite simple in arrangement, does not require particularly complex devices or special equipment.
Of course, in order for the structure to be reliable and durable, you can only partially make a strip foundation with your own hands, that is, perform the basic work of digging a trench, installing formwork, installing and tying a reinforcing mesh, waterproofing and insulation. But manufacturing and pouring can be easier and more reliable to order from companies that are specialized in this work.
To find out why the strip foundation is so popular in construction, you need to consider all its positive and, of course, the existing negative qualities.
Advantages and disadvantages of strip foundation
A strip foundation is a monolithic strip of concrete mortar on which all the load-bearing walls of a building are erected.
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This type of base is used in the following cases:
- For the construction of private houses and outbuildings from materials having a significant mass, such as stone, concrete, brick, cinder blocks and other materials.
- In cases where the general plan of construction assumes an underground garage, ground floor or basement.
- For the construction of houses with a heavy ceiling or attic.
- In regions where predominantly heterogeneous soil prevails.
It should be noted that the installation of a strip foundation is suitable for almost all types of soils, with the possible exception of subsidence and peat bogs - this must be taken into account when choosing the type of foundation for building your own house.
To know what can be expected from a strip foundation during operation, it is necessary to have information about the advantages and disadvantages of this design.
Advantages:
- The strip foundation is especially capable of withstanding heavy loads, no less than a monolithic foundation.
- It is distinguished by the comparative simplicity of preparatory measures, which can be completely carried out independently.
- A strip foundation always has a long operational period, of course, with its proper construction and provision of the necessary degrees of structural protection (waterproofing and insulation).
- The advantage can be considered the variety of specific types of strip foundation, from which you can choose the one that is most suitable for technological and financial capabilities.
- The tape base will cost much less than a monolithic one, although it is practically not inferior to it in strength.
- This design allows you to better insulate the floors in the house, creating a multi-layer insulation.
Disadvantages:
- The strip foundation is not suitable for the device in some soils.
- According to construction technology, the entire thickness of the foundation must be poured in one go, and it is very difficult to prepare such an amount of concrete on your own. In this regard, there is a need to turn to construction manufacturing companies that have special equipment and machinery.
- Work, even in preparation for pouring concrete, is quite laborious and will take a lot of time. It will be difficult to manage without helpers.
As can be seen from the presented qualities of the strip foundation, the positive ones have a significant preponderance over the negative ones.
Types of strip foundations
There are several types of strip foundations, which differ in some criteria, and the first of them is the depth of its occurrence.
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- For example, for massive houses built from heavy building materials, a deep foundation is required, which must be arranged to a depth of 250 ÷ 300 mm below the level of soil freezing in the region where the building was built.
- Another type of strip foundation is shallow. It is used for light frame buildings, and its total depth does not exceed 550 ÷ 600 mm.
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Strip foundations are divided not only into two types, but also into several types:
- The monolithic type of foundation is the most used for various buildings. It is erected from a solution of concrete and with mandatory reinforcement. This foundation attracts with its simplicity of design and the availability of its construction, along with its inherent durability and strength.
- The prefabricated foundation for the construction of private houses is used less frequently. This type of base is assembled from ready-made concrete blocks, which are made in factories. They are delivered to the construction site and installed in the prepared trench with the help of heavy equipment.
The blocks are installed close to each other, and the gaps between them are filled with concrete mortar and sealed from the outside with waterproofing material.
This type of foundation is not suitable for unstable soils, since rupture and deformation of the entire foundation, and therefore the building standing on it, can occur at the joints.
In addition, for the delivery and installation of blocks in their permanent place (using loading and unloading and lifting equipment) you will have to pay a fairly round sum. But, in fairness I must say that the blocks themselves will cost less than the entire complex of necessary materials for pouring a monolithic foundation belt, and will also save builders from many heavy construction work. For example, you do not have to knock down and install the formwork, lay and tie the reinforcing mesh.
A prefabricated or block foundation is well suited for two- or three-story houses built from concrete slabs or bricks. If there is financial opportunity and the type of soil is suitable for installing blocks, then this type of foundation will be a good choice for building a large cottage.
Materials for arranging a strip foundation
If, nevertheless, a decision is made to build a building on a monolithic strip foundation, you need to purchase everything necessary materials for its construction.
For this you will need:
- Roofing material or thick polyethylene film - for waterproofing the formwork.
- Board, 15 ÷ 20 mm thick and bar 20 × 30 mm - for the installation of formwork.
- Steel wire - for tying reinforcement and tightening, if necessary, formwork boards.
- Reinforcement with a diameter of 10 ÷ 15 mm - for installing a reinforcing belt.
- Nails or self-tapping screws - for mounting the formwork.
- Sand and gravel - for preliminary backfilling of "pillows".
- If the concrete is still mixed on its own, then it will need cement not lower than M400, sand and medium fraction rubble or gravel. The solution is made from these materials, taken in proportions of 1: 2: 4.
The sequence of work to create a strip foundation
To be sure of the choice of foundation, it is necessary to carry out some preparatory activities.
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Foundation calculation
It is imperative to find out the type of soil on the site for building a house and the depth of its freezing in a particular region, as well as the depth of groundwater passage. To find out all these features, you need to contact the design and construction organization, which will conduct a geodetic study, make the necessary calculations and create an accurate foundation project, based on the analysis obtained as a result of the research.
If you take up the drafting of the project yourself, you can not take into account some of the nuances that will subsequently lead to the destruction of the walls of the house. This is especially true for buildings with several floors.
If you plan to build a small building, such as, for example, a country house, garage, barn, chicken coop or bathhouse, then you can try the foundation, taking into account the recommendations of SNiP II - B .1 - 62. And even easier - use a special table that allows you to special calculations exactly exactly determine the required depth of the strip foundation, depending on the type of house and soil characteristics:
Type of building | Depth of the strip foundation (mm) depending on the type of soil | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rocky ground, flask | Dense clay, loam that molds in the hand | Packed dry sand, sandy loam | Soft sand, sandy loam, silt | Very soft sand, sandy loam, silt | peat bog | ||
Barn, bathhouse, household the buildings | 20 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 450 | 650 | |
One-story country house with an attic | 30 | 300 | 350 | 600 | 650 | 850 | Requires a different type of foundation |
Two-storey cottage | 50 | 500 | 600 | Requires calculation of specialists | Requires calculation of specialists | Requires a different type of foundation | |
Two or three story mansion | 70 | 650 | 850 | Requires calculation of specialists | Requires calculation of specialists | Requires calculation of specialists | Requires a different type of foundation |
The table shows the average data of the load force on the ground of buildings of various types | |||||||
In each case, an individual calculation is necessarily welcome. | |||||||
For reference: 1 kg = 9.81 N; 1 kN = 101.9 kg; 10 kN = 1019 kg | |||||||
The table is based on data from the British National Building Code 2010. |
Plot marking
When the necessary calculations of the foundation have been made, the architectural plan of the building has been drawn up and, accordingly, the location of the load-bearing walls has been determined, marking is carried out at the site chosen for construction.
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- Before marking, the future site must be cleared of foreign objects and debris, and the top fertile soil layer with a thickness of about 120 ÷ 150 mm should be removed. Organic residues can lead to biological decomposition processes, which is undesirable for basements.
- On the prepared site, a preliminary marking the corners of the future structure by driving in pegs.
Further, the evenness of the arrangement is carefully checked and the distance between them is specified. Pegs are rearranged as needed. A strong cord is pulled over them, with which it will be easier to control the straightness of the corners and determine the correct direction of the foundation strip.
- Sometimes pre-made wooden blocks are used to mark corners. details are rectangles. First, one rectangle is installed at the desired point and fixed.
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Further, two cords are tied to it at a distance of the width of the trench under the foundation, they are pulled to the next place, where the second corner is set, and then the stretched cords are tied to it.
Thus, all four corners of the house are marked, and if load-bearing walls are also provided inside the building, then they are also marked.
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- After all the corners are set, it is necessary to verify the length of the diagonals, the designated rectangle or square. If they are equal, then all corners are set correctly.
- Further, along the cord, you can sprinkle with dry lime powder - it will visually show the direction, and possibly reveal some errors.
- When the marking of the contour of the foundation and the internal walls of the house is completed, you need to mark the foundation for the porch or terrace in the same way.
If the house is supposed to install a brick stove or fireplace, then it makes sense to immediately take care of the foundation for this structure. However, the tape for the house and the stove under the stove should not be rigidly connected to each other.
After the markup, you can proceed to a fairly large-scale earthmoving work.
trench digging
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- Trenches are dug along the marked lines with a depth indicated in the calculations of specialists, and which will depend on the type of building being erected on the foundation.
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- Digging a pit should start from the bottom corner of the foundation - this will help keep the same depth of the trench throughout its entire length.
- When digging the soil, you should try to keep the walls of the trench even and vertical. If the soil suddenly begins to crumble, then temporary supports are installed in weak places.
- In the process of work, measurements of the depth and slope of the bottom of the trench being dug are periodically made. If the foundation is installed on a slope, then it is important that the trench has the same depth around the entire perimeter of its device.
Pit bottom preparation
- At the bottom of the finished trench, it is necessary to arrange a sand cushion, which should have a thickness of at least 150 ÷ 200 mm in a well-packed form. It will help the correct redistribution of the loads created by the mass of the structure on the finished foundation. This approach is especially important if construction is underway on unstable heaving soils.
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- Further, it is recommended to make a pillow of sand roofing felt flooring will protect the sand cushion from erosion and will not allow cement milk to be absorbed from concrete when pouring the mortar into the pit.
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In addition, the roofing material will become a waterproofing of the underground part of the foundation. The material is not only covered to the bottom, but also wrapped on the walls of the trench by 150 ÷ 200 mm.
Formwork installation
It is installed in the prepared trench. It can be knocked down from the boards, which, after the mortar has hardened, will be dismantled, or made non-removable, at the same time insulating the foundation.
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- If it is decided to mount the formwork from boards, then shields are knocked down from them and installed vertically on the bottom of the trench. The formwork should rise above the ground to the height to which it is planned to raise the basement of the house, but usually not less than 350 ÷ 400 mm.
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- Between themselves, the shields are fastened with crossbars, and from the outside they are supported by trimming bars. Sometimes, so that the plank walls do not diverge when the concrete mortar is poured under pressure, it is necessary to additionally twist them with steel wire.
- If it is planned to make holes in the foundation for conducting communications, then the pipe section is installed as a spacer between the shields, inside the formwork.
- When installing a wooden structure, it is necessary to periodically check its evenness - this is done using the building level, otherwise the foundation may turn out to be crooked and will have to be leveled after it is ready.
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- The fixed foundation is a block of, which are installed on top of each other and are held by jagged cutouts present at the edges of the blocks, and their corresponding grooves. Expanded polystyrene in such formwork can have different thicknesses and serves as a good insulation for the structure. Such blocks are produced in different widths, so they can be selected for any foundation.
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The blocks do not require spacers or additional fastenings - they themselves are fully designed to securely hold the concrete poured into them.
- Another formwork option that can be called combined. It consists of installed plank panels, and inside the formwork, a heater is pressed against them, about 30 mm thick - it can be polystyrene foam or penoizol.
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The material will not only insulate the foundation, but also prevent the cement milk from flowing out through the gaps between the boards, prematurely evaporating moisture from the poured concrete, which means that the process of ripening and curing will take place in the optimal mode.
Reinforcing grid installation
The next step in the formwork is installed. It is made from a metal rod having a diameter of 8 ÷ 15 mm. The rods are cut into segments equal to the length of the walls, and they intersect at their corners. It is not recommended to fasten the rods by welding, since they will lose their mutual mobility from this and, when the structure shrinks, they can destroy the foundation because of this. Therefore, they are twisted with steel wire.
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If an insulating material is installed inside the formwork, then it is desirable that the perpendicular sections of the reinforcement enter the insulation - so it will be securely fixed to the edges of the formwork.
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An accurate calculation of the reinforcing belt is carried out by foundation designers, taking into account m numerous criteria - the type and total mass of the building, soil stability, seismic features of the region, and other quantities.
Foundation pouring
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If this option is not possible for one reason or another (for example, the absence of an appropriate company or completely unacceptable prices), then the concrete is poured in layers. But in this case, you can not do without the mechanization of the process, which means that you will definitely need a concrete mixer.
- When ordering a ready-made material, the concrete solution is kneaded at stationary production units in the required proportion, and delivered in special vehicles equipped with a concrete mixer and feed mechanisms.
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- Next, a special chute is installed, through which the solution flows into the prepared formwork. It must be distributed with a shovel along the entire length of the structure until it is filled to the intended top.
- The surface of the concrete is leveled and left to set, mature and gain strength.
- The hardening time of such a structure is about four weeks in the warm season. Some work, such as demoulding and preparation for further operations, but without a significant load on the tape, can be started after 16 ÷ 20 days.
It is not recommended to fill the foundation in winter, but if it is — necessary measure, then both the composition of the concrete solution and the timing of the completion of the poured structure will be completely different. More about this is described in the corresponding article of our portal -.
- In that case, the work will be carried out independently, they are carried out in the following sequence:
- First of all, a solution for pouring is prepared. As mentioned above, it will need cement and sand in proportions of 1: 2 or 1: 2.5, as well as 4 parts of crushed stone. The mixture is poured with water and kneaded.
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- If all materials are mixed in, then they are put into it in the same proportions and a solution is prepared, which is then immediately poured into the formwork. Using such a setup, the work will certainly go much faster, and with the support of good helpers, the work can often be done in one day.
- If the solution is to be kneaded manually, then it will be necessary to act in stages. So, the first layer of concrete mortar is poured into the formwork with a thickness of 150 ÷ 200 mm and well compacted with a wooden bar. The entire formwork along the entire length along the perimeter must be filled with a completely even layer of the same thickness.
The next day, the same procedure is carried out, and so on until the formwork is filled to the top.
- It is recommended to cover the flooded foundation with burlap, and if concrete work is carried out in the summer heat, then it is covered with plastic wrapso that moisture does not evaporate quickly and the concrete hardens evenly.
The foundation, made in layers, matures faster than the one poured at a time. However, its strength is much lower, and there is a possibility of damage to the structure in winter during severe frosts, if moisture suddenly appears between the layers. Therefore, it is imperative to apply a waterproofing coating to the foundation, filled in this way, and it is also desirable to insulate.
Prices for popular models of concrete mixers
- To mix the solution, you need to use materials clean from earth and clay - gravel, sand and water.
- The proportions of the solution may vary, but gravel or gravel should always be taken 1.5 ÷ 2 times more than sand.
- The water in the solution should be approximately 50% by weight of the cement (not to be confused with the volume! )
- If you have to use wet sand to prepare concrete, this must be taken into account when adding water to the concrete mixer so as not to make the solution too liquid.
- When mixing and pouring the foundation in cold weather, it is recommended to knead the solution with heated water - this will accelerate the setting and hardening of the concrete.
- If the solution is too thick, then after pouring the solution into the foundation, tamping or frequent piercing with a metal rod is necessary. This process is carried out to remove the air remaining in the solution, otherwise so-called shells may form inside the foundation.
- In addition, the formwork with the freshly poured mortar is tapped with a wooden hammer - this process also helps air to escape to the surface of the mortar.
- Formwork removal is carried out no earlier than 5 ÷ 7 days after pouring the mortar, and further large-scale actions can be carried out only after a month.
- Insulation and waterproofing of the foundation will be mandatory, as already mentioned, when it is poured in layers. However, it is better to make it a rule that these technological operations must be carried out in any case. This will dramatically increase the strength and durability of the foundation and, of course, the entire structure. How to conduct and foundation - read the publications of our portal.
It should be noted that the strip foundation is the optimal basis for so many buildings, and its implementation is much easier than a monolithic slab. And in conclusion of the article - a video example of the correct arrangement of the strip foundation:
Video: how to fill the strip foundation
The foundation plan is the most important stage in the construction of any building. Its accuracy and informativeness determine the quality of further work, therefore it is so important to know the general rules for drawing up a plan.
Peculiarities
The main reason for developing a project plan for a residential building or industrial building is the need to record all the little things that may occur during the construction phase. It is important to know all the nuances of the work in order to avoid gross mistakes.
Not all people are able to draw up a construction drawing on their own. In this case, it is better to seek help from professionals. Any person contacting construction company and having provided his sketches for drawing up the plan, he can not only follow the progress of the work, but also take an active part in it. In this case, the customer must discuss the details of cooperation with the contractor in advance in order to conclude a mutually beneficial agreement.
To create project documentation, you must wait until the end of the drawing up of the building plan. To agree on the project, you need to contact the design company, which will check its correctness. After that, the customer will receive full list work that will be needed to fill the foundation.
When creating a project, it is necessary to rely on the technical characteristics of the future structure.
In no case should you use other people's projects of similar structures, since they do not take into account the characteristics of a particular site.
The development of the foundation project should be carried out taking into account all technical standards and design conditions. It is necessary to use a special catalog of products and structures that are produced in factories. To facilitate understanding of the project, all stages of the project documentation should be numbered.
For simplicity and ease of transferring the scheme to the terrain, it is necessary to accurately observe the scaling of each part of the plan. Particularly large remote images must have separately specified scales. The overall scaling of the foundation plan should have a ratio of 1:100, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400.
Seriously facilitate the transfer of the drawing to the terrain allows axial marking. In this case, the alignment and extreme axes should be applied not only to the general plan, but also to detail views and individual elements. To obtain a detailed accurate drawing, it is important to specify the distance between the extreme and center axes.
Design sequence
Before it is compiled project documentation building, it is important to determine its purpose. For example, you need to decide whether the foundation will be intended for a residential low-rise building or for country house summer type.
In a country or private house, the exact number of rooms must be determined. If necessary, in quantity living quarters should include rooms intended for the stay of guests. The draft plan should have a detailed drawing of the base.
The foundation drawing should include the total weight of the building, the degree of increase in load during operation and the characteristics of the soil. It is important to indicate the type of soil on which the strength and durability of the future structure depends.
The next step in creating a project is to count and indicate all additional buildings on the site. These may include: a garage, a bathhouse, a storage room, an outdoor toilet.
People who want to create a secluded recreation area on their site need a special layout for the location of the foundation. It is important for them to place the front facade so that it is hidden from prying eyes by landscape decorations.
Before you complete the foundation plan, you need to specify the necessary land work to eliminate the unevenness of the site. Only after that, you can proceed to drawing up a master plan and drawing a base drawing on paper.
Accurate planning and well-designed drawings allow construction work to be carried out with good energy savings, Money and time. After the approval of the building plan, you can immediately prepare a septic tank in order to more accurately position the building.
Planning different types of foundation
There are several types of foundation, which have their own individual characteristics.
For the construction of a residential building, a tape, pile or slab foundation can be used.
Strip foundation
Requires support on non-rocky soil with removed moisture and compensated by the force of frost heaving. To obtain a durable foundation, you need to know the composition of the soil and determine the depth of the groundwater in order to make a special calculation of the cross section of the reinforcement and tape.
When creating a house support plan, you need to specify the section configuration, location engineering communications, the type of footing and the depth of the laying of the op. To obtain the most accurate drawing, it is also necessary to correctly specify the coordinates and parameters of the reference block. Installation of the base begins with the installation of the reading block, and only then other elements are attached.
pile foundation
It should consist of a marking of a pile field with an indication of the coordinate axes. The drawing should mark the position of all the supports that are needed to create this type of foundation.
The most difficult thing to do is a grillage foundation, since it must consist of a grillage installation scheme and explanatory notes about the materials used. However, this type of pile foundation is considered more reliable and durable, since its design allows you to evenly distribute the weight of the building on the support.
slab foundation
It should consist of a reinforcement scheme, heat and waterproofing systems. Its installation can be carried out at a close location to the soil surface, which will avoid the influence of frost heaving of the earth on the structure.
The plan of a monolithic dense foundation should consist of a compacted soil layout, a special compacted “cushion”, a layer of dornite and concrete, as well as a layer of hydro and thermal insulation. A monolithic slab and a reinforcing belt of a concrete slab are laid on top of the waterproofing materials, which must also be indicated on the drawing.
The layout of the strip and pile foundation should consist of sections intended to clarify the plan. The sections should show the supporting contours, waterproofing layers, blind area and ledge dimensions.
The tape type requires the indication of levels, including the surface of the earth, the sole of the foundation and the edge.
To simplify the installation of the section, it is necessary to put on the plan open strokes with arrows that indicate the direction of the cutting plane.
Dependence on the size of the structure
To design a future building, it is necessary to take into account not only the type of soil and the territorial location of the site, but also the area of \u200b\u200bthe house. The load on the ground depends on the size of the structure. For example, it can be construction on a foundation of 7x9, 9x9 or 10x10 m.
To make a base 7 by 9 m, it is better to use a strip foundation under the house. Before its installation, it is necessary to calculate the minimum area and depth of the concrete support. The ideal condition for installing a strip structure is subsiding soil, which is characterized by low natural moisture, dusty composition and high structural strength.
According to the rules for drawing up a foundation plan, it is important to indicate all the preparatory work in the project.
To do this, you need to make markings for the structure, which will indicate the boundaries of the trench and the depth of the supports. For better strength, the bottom is best made from drainage layers, including crushed stone, sand and water.
The layout of a residential building should occur with the formation of formwork. For high-quality construction of a 7x9 or 9x9 house, it is best to use an edged planed board 2.5-3 cm thick and 10-15 cm wide. Such boards will allow you to get a flat base that does not require additional finishing work.
The formwork structure should be 40 cm above the trench level, and the maximum gap between the boards should be 0.3 cm. Upon completion of the formwork installation, a waterproofing layer should be laid to prevent premature evaporation of moisture and increase the strength of the support.
The support frame for the structure is an integral part of a solid foundation. Therefore, it is preferable to use metal fittings with a diameter of 11 mm for it.
The construction plan should include the calculation of the concrete solution that will be needed to fill the base. Incorrect calculations can lead to a lack of mixture, which will seriously affect the strength and reliability of the foundation.
To prepare a high-quality mortar, it is recommended to use a cement grade of at least M250, coarse or medium sand and crushed stone.
The construction of the foundation begins with the layout of the site. The technology of land works is selected depending on the type of soil and the level of soil water. Also, before you make a foundation for a house, you need to determine its type, the most suitable for your conditions.
A strip foundation on dry soil is made of brick, stone or concrete, on wet soil it is made of reinforced concrete or concrete with mesh reinforcement and waterproofing.
- Sandy. Settles down on soils with deep occurrence of soil waters. Dig a trench 70 cm deep, coarse-grained sand is poured into the bottom in 15 cm layers, each of which is abundantly watered. The top layer, up to 30 cm wide, consists of gravel, brick or crushed stone, fastened with a mortar of sand and cement.
How to build a foundation yourself: a step by step guide
- Determine the depth of soil water and soil composition. To do this, you need to dig a hole one meter deep. The absence of water in it means that soil water is deep. If the soil is a mixture of gravel, stone and sand, you can stop on a simple strip base, buried half a meter. If there is water in the pit, the foundation must be deepened by 0.5-1.2 m.
Before installing the foundation, find out the level of groundwater
- Mark the site, remove the fertile layer of soil. Dig a trench of the required depth along the perimeter of the future building, level the bottom with sand.
The pit for the "tape" can be of different depths
- Before you build the foundation for the house, make formwork from plywood sheets or boards. Then you can start filling. To do this, use a cement mixture with a suitable filler. For its preparation, cement, gravel and coarse sand are taken in a ratio of 1: 5: 3. The components are mixed and poured with water so that a creamy consistency is obtained. The thicker the solution, the stronger the foundation will be.
Formwork for the foundation of the house is made of boards
- Lay the base of stones, blocks or bricks on cement mortar. You need to start it from a sand cushion. The width is 20 cm thicker than the walls of the house. The foundation is reinforced with metal rods fastened with wire.
- Waterproof the base. At ground level, lay two layers of roofing material in the trench, then continue to build the foundation to the desired height. To improve waterproofing, the underground part of the base is coated with several layers of hot bitumen, after which the trench is covered. At this stage, you need to level the foundation with a level. If necessary, make inputs for sewerage and water supply.
For a high-quality foundation device, it is necessary to make waterproofing of the underground part of the base
- Lay blocks or bricks in rows above the waterproofing layer. To prevent the accumulation of dampness in the sub-floor space, it is necessary to leave ventilation holes in the opposite walls of the base.
After insulation and waterproofing, we lay several basement rows of bricks
- After the foundation is completed, waterproof again with roofing felt or other similar material.
You can also watch a video on how to make a foundation for a house. Below we will consider the features of the construction of foundations for the most popular types of buildings.
How to make a foundation for a wooden house
A wooden house is lighter than a stone one, but the foundation must be strong and reliable.
The foundation for a wooden house performs two main functions:
- Giving stability to a wooden structure.
- Creating a barrier to microflora and moisture that destroy woody walls.
Also, a dense thick foundation prevents the penetration of cold into the basement. If the soil on the site is dry and dense, make a tape or slab columnar foundation. The most popular basis for such houses is a shallow tape. It is suitable for light wooden buildings.
Shallow foundation design
The strongest is the foundation of concrete slabs. True, houses with concrete floors are not very comfortable. In areas with high soil moisture, a pile is equipped. If you are thinking about how to properly build a foundation for a house, start by determining the most suitable type.
It should be borne in mind that the construction of a concrete base is carried out no earlier than a month before the start of the construction of the walls, otherwise it will not have time to settle, and the structure may be deformed. Under wooden houses, a blind area and roofing material or bituminous waterproofing are necessarily made.
Brick and concrete are protected not only from moisture, but also from exposure to sunlight, covering them with resistant paint or plaster. To ensure dryness in the upper part of the base of the house, through holes are left in the foundation for ventilation.
How to make a foundation for a house from a bar
Pillar base - great way savings for an easy home
For a log house of small mass and dimensions, a columnar foundation of square pillars installed at a distance of 2.5 ± 0.5 m is suitable. You can also use concrete, stone or brick. The stronger the material, the longer the foundation will last. In areas with heterogeneous soil, the basis for a house made of timber is equipped on screw piles.
For large houses, it is advantageous to install a tiled foundation of 25-centimeter monolithic slabs. But most often, a reinforced concrete foundation of a tape type is made for buildings from a bar. This basis can also be used for massive houses. The basic rule is that the foundation should be several centimeters thicker than the walls of the building.
- Before making a foundation for a house, they mark out the site and dig a trench, the depth of which is usually about 70 cm.
- Sand is laid on the bottom, it is rammed, and wooden formwork is mounted. It should rise above the ground by a maximum of 30 cm.
- They also perform base waterproofing.
- After selecting and laying the foundation of the house, lumber walls are installed.
- To increase the reliability of the structure, the beams are attached to the foundation using large anchor bolts or studs previously poured into the base. Nuts are screwed onto the latter.
- After that, the studs are sunk into the timber to the base.
How to make a foundation for a frame house
For frame houses, it is usually made columnar or tape. The latter is used mainly for heavy multi-storey buildings. Pillar foundation is great for one-story houses frame type. But when choosing a foundation, not only the parameters of the building should be taken into account. The properties of the soil, especially its heaving, are of great importance. The higher it is, the stronger the foundation will be needed. In some cases, it is advisable to equip a tiled base for a frame house.
The strip foundation is usually made shallow. It should be borne in mind that on such a basis a non-heavy building can float during periods of high soil moisture. The foundation of the tape type for frame houses is made of concrete or reinforced concrete., having previously equipped the pillow from any non-porous material, which will reduce the mobility of the structure.
The columnar foundation is less expensive than the strip one. It can be made from concrete or brick. Good it turns out from the red burnt brick. Under the supports, pits are dug 0.5-1.5 m deep.
The disadvantage of a brick columnar foundation is that, due to the pressure of moving soil, it is able to move or deform. A concrete foundation of this type is considered the most durable and can last over 150 years, but it costs much more than a brick counterpart.
- Supports for the foundation are placed along the perimeter of the base of the frame building at a distance of 1.5-2 m.
- Be sure to install posts under the load-bearing partitions and corners of the house. The diameter of the pits should be at least 40 cm, the depth depends on the level of freezing and heaving of the soil.
- The bottom is covered with sand or other material that is suitable for arranging a pillow. Perform formwork, insert reinforcing cage and fill the pit with concrete with periodic tamping.
- You can make a concrete screed between the supports, which will become the basis for the basement and protect the basement of the frame house from cold, dust and moisture.
- The screed is laid on a pillow, deepened by 20 cm. For arranging the screed, formwork and reinforcement will also be needed.
It is desirable to complete all construction work in one season and put the house into operation. If construction is postponed until next year, the foundation without the load of walls and roofs may be deformed during the winter period. The laying of the foundation for the house begins after the purchase of all the necessary building materials.
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The fact that a strong foundation is the key to well-being and many years of trouble-free living in the house is a common truth, which no one can be convinced of ...
By choosing the foundation and laying it, a person carries out the most responsible work in the process of building a house. After all, its durability and well-being in further operation depend on how high-quality the foundation of the building will be. It should be noted that the implementation of the choice of foundation is sufficient complicated procedure, but if you focus on the criteria below, then there will be no problems in this regard. Let's decide which foundation is better?
Foundation selection criteria
First of all, the foundation of your house should be durable and have a high bearing capacity (relative to the building erected on it);
The foundation of the house must prevent heat transfer as much as possible between the floor of the house and the ground;
Durability. The operational period of the foundation should be such that its destruction would begin only after the destruction of the walls);
Ideally, the foundation must allow the creation of warm and dry cellars or underground garages. A very important quality in the construction of a private house;
Maximum economy- but not at the expense of quality.
It should be noted that it will be impossible to choose the type of foundation without taking into account the type of soil on which the construction will be carried out. This factor is no less important than the characteristics of the building under construction. It is simply impossible to decide which type of foundation will be better in a particular case.
What are the types of foundation for a private house? Their main characteristics
When building private houses, one of the following types of foundation is used:
Slab foundation - it is formed on the basis of a monolithic slab, previously placed on the ground.
Strip foundation - the type of foundation provides for the tape form of the base, on which the load-bearing and interior walls of the house are held;
Pile (columnar) foundation - the support for the structure under construction is a slab or beam grillage, placed not on the ground, but on the heads of vertical supports (meaning on pillars or piles).
slab Tape
pile
Without a doubt, each type of foundation has its advantages and disadvantages. It will be possible to make a competent choice only if you know them thoroughly.
On the foundation of this type, it will be possible to build both a light frame structure and a capital brick building. However, it should be noted that it is possible to build a tape base only on dense rocks with moderate humidity and slight heaving deformation. An accompanying requirement for the site on which it is planned to build such a foundation for the house will be a relatively flat terrain.
The tape universal base is suitable for almost any type of house - for example, for a brick
Positive traits:
High bearing capacity tape type foundation;
Solid internal volume
Disadvantages:
Low heat resistance;
Insufficient moisture resistance.
In fairness, it should be noted that using plate insulators, it is possible to level these shortcomings better.
You can build anything on such a stove, but it will cost you a lot
Obvious benefits:
No restrictions on the characteristics of the soil and the weight of the house being built.
High bearing capacity;
Moderate heat and moisture resistance.
Disadvantages:
"Zero" base volume;
The requirement for the site is a perfectly smooth surface;
High price.
Conclusion - the use of a slab foundation is possible only if the project of the house does not imply the presence of an underground garage or basement. Yes, and the estimate should involve significant financial costs.
Pile and column foundations
It will be possible to erect on a foundation of this type only a light structure - frame houses, "Finnish" houses, as well as block buildings.
Fast and reliable pile foundation for a light frame house
Pile foundation advantages:
Unpretentiousness to the ground - dense soil, quicksand, muddy soil will do. This is explained by the fact that the installation of piles makes it possible to detect a dense support at a depth of up to 12 meters - provided that pile packs are immersed at a distance of 25-35 meters.
It is possible to create a spacious cellar or underground garage;
Durability. The pile foundation for the house will stand for more than a hundred years.
Disadvantages:
Low bearing capacity - this explains the fact that a capital brick building cannot be placed on this foundation.
The need for additional heat and moisture insulation.
What foundation for the house to choose?
In order to choose the right type of foundation, you will need to find out the following things:
Detailed characteristics of the soil on which construction is planned;
Features of the relief of the site;
Characteristics of the building being built. The project, materials, the need for arranging underground facilities, total area, planned costs - all this must be taken into account.
It is necessary to once again focus on the fact that before deciding which foundation for the house to do better, you need to check all the data three times. Understand correctly - this is a job that is usually entrusted to specialists with appropriate training and experience. If you have already decided to save money, then you need to do everything only so that this saving does not turn into tenfold losses. The foundation will be chosen incorrectly - the house will not stand idle for a long time. Even a pile foundation erected in accordance with all the rules will not withstand a capital structure, and a tape foundation will “ride” on a quicksand. This is about what mistakes are made in most cases when choosing the type of foundation.
Only if all the factors listed above are taken into account, it will be possible to choose a suitable foundation, thereby providing a guarantee of durability to the built house.
For convenience, below is a table of the ratio of foundations and types of houses.