The path to the sustainable development of domestic enterprises. Achievements and difficulties in the way to sustainable development of Russia
Sustainable development issues affect practically all areas of the company - from relationships with clients before the review of suppliers, from environmental impact assessment before providing a working environment, from the development of ethical business culture to confirm the transparency of the corporate management structure. In this regard, the question arises: if this spectrum is so wide, is it necessary to create a separate position of a sustainable development manager?
The answer follows from the very idea of \u200b\u200bmanaging sustainable development: it is to centrally coordinate all organizations related to its development. And it is the manager in the field of sustainable development, a kind of general without a soldier, sends the company on this path.
Now in most Russian companies there are no such managers: issues in this area are of part-time managers from various departments. In most cases, they are competent only in their field (for example, HR, PR, etc.), and in a complete understanding of other areas do not possess. As a result, the formation of sustainable development processes is harder and painful, this leads to conflicts in relations within the company, reduces its effectiveness. In the world practice, the function of a sustainable development manager is defined quite clearly and covers four key areas.
Initiatives in areas not covered by the current Organization. Such areas can be attributed, for example, the promotion of corporate ethics target programs, preventing corruption, reducing environmental pollution, adaptation to climate change, volunteering, and developing an investment strategy for local communities, the creation of jobs that meet environmental requirements, and so on.
Coordination of information flows. The manager implementing changes in the organization must be provided by broad powers to coordinate information flows within the company. This is necessary in order for the managerial to assess the progress, the effectiveness and achievement of the goals in the specified direction. Information is also used to prepare periodic reports for manuals, and for dialogue with stakeholders.
Dialogue with stakeholders and communication. A sustainable development manager plays a key role in discussing a change management plan. He needs to ensure the awareness of the staff on changes occurring both within the company and intern. Important aspects on the way to success are the formalization of the process of interaction with stakeholders and providing feedback from the company. The responsibilities of the Sustainable Development Manager include the identification of key stakeholders, the definition of employees responsible for establishing and maintaining contacts with them, and drawing up a program of their involvement.
The introduction of a sustainable development program within the organization is a serious challenge for the leadership of the largest companies in the world. Success here depends not so much from creating a new, unusual position in the structure of the company, as from the appointment of the right person to this position. A good sustainable development manager, working at the level of strategic management of the company, becomes an influential leader who improves the mechanisms of working with risks in a rapidly changing economic situation, on time identifies and assesses new opportunities.
Among the definitions of sustainable development, formulated by Russian scientists, the interpretation of academician V.A. Coptuga. He determined that the concept of sustainable development "suggests the achievement of the reasonable balance of the socio-economic development of humanity and the preservation of the environment, as well as a sharp reduction in economic disparity between developed and developing countries through both the technological process and the rationalization of consumption." To ensure sustainable development, they were offered specific measures that combine strict state regulation and economic market methods that take into account the specifics of the country's economy, its social structure and mentality of the population. Based on this interpretation, the following characteristics are included in understanding the essence of sustainable development: the balance of the economy and ecology, i.e. Achieving such a degree of development when people as a result of their production or other economic activities cease to destroy the habitat; balance of economic and social spheres, including ensuring maximum use in the interests of the population of those resources, which gives economic development; Solving the tasks associated with the development not only for current situations, but also, taking into account the prospects, not only with the orientation of the needs of now living citizens, but also future generations. Currently, there are two fairly bright directions in the interpretation of sustainable development concept. The first direction of research is developing ideas laid down in the works of the Vernadsky and participants of the Roman Club. Within the framework of this direction, stability is interpreted primarily in the context of the need to ensure the reproducibility of limited resources, and the main focus is on the environmental component of sustainability. However, lately, the second direction is increasingly declared itself, in which environmental, but socio-economic aspects of sustainability, which is especially characteristic of modern Russian studies are put forward to the fore. If we consider stability in a socio-economic aspect, then the concept of sustainable development is meaningfully becoming closely interrelated with the category "Sustainable Economic Growth" category. The economic literature is expressed in the economic literature that the steady growth of the economy means a clearly pronounced vector of growth within certain oscillations in its rates that have positive values, and the sustainable development of the economy implies not only positive values \u200b\u200bof economic growth, but also zero, minus values \u200b\u200bthat, however must be overlapped by positive values \u200b\u200bof economic growth. That is, the difference between the sustainable growth of the economy and its sustainable development is that in the sustainable development of the economy, zero and minus values \u200b\u200bof the growth of the economy are allowed, the amplitude of growth fluctuations here is much larger than this takes place in sustainable growth. Obviously, a steady growth of the economy underlying sustainable development can only be discrete. Therefore, after a certain period of time, the steady growth of the economy is transformed into its sustainable development, i.e. Development accompanied by periodically defined interruptions in the positive growth of the economy. But the vector of economy motion for a sufficiently long period of time, despite negative and zero deviations, will have a generally positive orientation. Sustainable development paradigm, involving a dynamic process of consistent positive changes that ensure the balance of the economic, social and environmental aspects of society should underlie the formation of approaches to resolving large-scale problems of territorial entities. This is especially true in modern conditions of Russia, when the center of gravity of economic reforms occurs on the level of its regions and strengthening their role in the implementation of the state economic policy. The priority approach in the implementation of reforms at the level of the region should be a belief that it is necessary to abandon the identification of the territory of the territory observing so far with its economic development. The region cannot be considered sustainably developing on the basis of increasing economic indicators. The sustainable development of the region should be aimed at achieving high quality of life, with the positive dynamics of the complex of various indicators. In general, we can talk about the overall requirement of balanced, safe and effective development, ensuring the achievement of the intended goals and priorities of a social, environmental and economic nature. In the work of P.M. Ivanova is understood as the viability of the system. At the same time, it is defined as "the ability to life and development", i.e. The territory has the property of sustainability is capable of survival and development in its particular environment. The ability of the region to maintain and develop the importance of the quality parameters of the quality of life within or above the safety threshold with wide fluctuations in external and internal influences (socio-political, socio-economic, technogenic, natural-climatic, and other character), threatening the fall in the quality of life, determines stability regional development. In the classification of regions in modern Russia, they are mainly allocated in terms of the level and pace of development: developing, problematic and depressive. Developing regions have a good pace of socio-economic growth, based, as a rule, on the highly developed industrial base of the territorial folk-economic complex. Problem regions have a sufficiently high level of unemployment in combination with a narrow sectoral specialization and low share of the final products produced. In the depressed regions, which are most often as diversified, has achieved the greatest development of agriculture, difficult to be susceptible to market transformations. Stability of the development of the region's economy as a specific quality is achieved as a result of overcoming the set of obstacles and is not a given for a long period of time. In a situation of crisis, stability is survival and achievement in the subsequent progressive process, at least in the main spheres of vital activity. Thus, the main forms of sustainability of the regional system include: - unstable development, when the invariance is manifested epizodically and the system is subject to change even with minor impacts (the study of unstable systems is poured into the theory of disasters); - Hypestability, i.e. The state when the object to development is immune, is not able to react and adapt to changes, incl. and the necessary positive; - global stability, the system corresponds to the property of stability for all trajectories of motion; - approximately sustainable development, characterized by the systematic increment of a positive result, not lower than the permissible minimum within a certain maximum, i.e. The sustainability property is performed for the trajectory in shortness of equilibrium; - Stable system, in this case the system has achieved a complete balance of various components of the subsystems. Based on this approach, it is possible to offer a scales for assessing the stability of the region (Table 2. 2.).Kucherova E.N.
Branch of Moscow State Industrial University, Vyazma Modern approach to sustainable development of the enterprise
This article discusses the sustainable development of the enterprise from the position of the system approach. The characteristic of the properties of the enterprise as a system is given, the types of sustainability of enterprises were identified, indicators of the sustainability of enterprises were identified, the conceptual apparatus of the sustainable development of the enterprise was carried out.
The uncline functioning of the national economy is possible in the transition of all its industries to sustainable development. In turn, the sustainable development of the industry can only be achieved through the effective functioning of the primary links of the economic system - enterprises that play a major role in the vital activity of modern society. Enterprises serve as the main structure-forming element of the economy connecting labor, material and financial resources for the production of products.
Today, there was a need to ensure sustainable translational development of enterprises to achieve the task of the accelerated development of our country. Along with the creation of favorable external conditions of functioning of organizations and enterprises - improving the legislation, the formation of a competitive investment market, a decrease in bank interest, the optimization of customs policy is to improve the management of the enterprise.
The absence of an adequate mechanism of management, methods and tools of impact on economic entities is largely hampered by the economic development of the country. The heads of enterprises need serious methodological assistance in making management decisions, and above all when choosing strategic areas of activity of the enterprise, taking into account all the characteristics of economic and financial activities.
Obviously, any enterprise has the need to adapt to the rapidly changing environment, survival in new conditions. The solution of this problem is impossible without the formation of a mechanism for the sustainable development of an enterprise providing
zisny, stable functioning, regardless of various kinds of influences.
An analysis of the domestic and foreign economic literature shows that the approach to the study of the problem of sustainable development of the enterprise is currently a dual character. On the one hand, this problem is currently relevant and is in the center of attention of economic scientists. On the other hand, in the scientific research carried out, the methodological and theoretical base of the sustainable development of the enterprise remains.
Thus, in foreign literature, the problem of sustainable development of the enterprise often comes in parallel with the concept of sustainable economic growth. The problem of ensuring sustainable economic growth was reflected in the publications of foreign authors: J. Art. Mill, J. Schurpenter, R.F. Harro-yes, E. Domar, R. Solow, P. Romer, R. Lucas, M. Porter, F. Kotler, D. Hay, D. Morris, D. Mugza, etc.
Domestic scientific research and publications on the problem of sustainable development of the enterprise in modern Russia is clearly not enough. Recognizing the importance of sustainable development of the enterprise, the concepts of "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are considered often as synonyms. The questions of the sustainability of the enterprise are considering in their writings such Russian researchers as M.I. Bakanov, V.V. Kovalev, A.A. Kolobov, R.S. Saifulin, G.V. Savitskaya, A.V. Grachev, A.D. Sheremet et al. The attention of Russian researchers focuses mainly on providing financial sustainability of the enterprise, while the enterprise's economic activity remains in the second plan.
the root of the sustainable development of the enterprise and the problem of its formation did not find due reflection in the scientific literature. To characterize the activities of the enterprise, teaching-economists are mainly used by such concepts as "economic mechanism", "management mechanism", "Economic mechanism". Among the works of this area can be distinguished by the works of V.N. Kashina, V.Ya. Ionova, S.A. Zhdanova, L.V. Tyuleva, V.I. Samochka and others. We believe that the concepts used do not reflect all the complexity of the problem under consideration.
The study of economic processes occurring at the enterprise level, the main link of the national economy is key. At this level
controls must be deeply understood what opportunities are available from each economic entity to maintain sustainable and efficient economic development. And most importantly, the sustainable development of the country's economy in general depends on the solution of these problems in enterprises.
A modern enterprise operates in a specific space-time context, in certain legal framework, i.e. It is an economic unit. The systematic approach to the analysis of the activities of economic units implies an understanding that each such unit is a complex system of elements, combined with many connections as each other
Table 1. Characteristics of the main properties of the system
System property characteristic
Limited system separated from the environment borders
The integrity of its properties of the whole is not fundamentally reduced.
Structure The behavior of the system is due not to so many features of individual elements, how many properties of its structure
Interdependence with the medium system generates and exhibits properties in the process of interaction with the medium
Hierarchy Sports of elements in the system
Multiplicity of descriptions due to complexity cognition of the system requires multiplicity of its description
The state characterizes the instantaneous "Singing System", stop in its development. It is determined through input exposure and output results. All "inputs" can be divided into managers and perturbing x. Since the outputs depend on a, y and x, i.e. g \u003d f (a, x, y), then depending on the problem, the state can be defined as (A, U), (A, U ^) or (A, Y, X ^)
Behavior The ability of the system to move from one state to another. This concept is used when the patterns of transition from one state to another are unknown. Taking into account the above designations, behavior can be represented as a function S (T) \u003d. - Access mode. - URL: www.ifap.ru/ofdocs/rus/rus006.pdf (reference date 04/20/2013).
6.mau V. Russian Economy: Strong and weaknesses. Economic policy. 2006. - № 2. - P. 30-45.
7.Melnik i.e. Management of sustainable development of industrial enterprises based on the use of an effective integrated indicator of its assessment. Diss. Cand. ECON. Sciences: 08.00.05. Eagle: Orlovsky State Technical University. 2009. - 236 p.
8. Rightings to Innovation: Strategy for Russia. Collection of articles and materials / ed. V.L. Inoshetseva. M.: Center for Research Research, 2009. - 288 p.
9.Russia XXI century: the image of the desired tomorrow. M.: Ekon-Inform, 2010. - 66 p.
10.Serguneyev S.N., Trubitskov S.V. Formation of assessing the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise. Economics and Management. 2011. - № 2 - p. 30-34.
11. Homyachenova N.A. The mechanism of integral assessment of the sustainability of industrial enterprises. Dismission abstract. Cand. ECON. Sciences: 08.00.05. M.: Moscow State Institute of Electronic Technology. 2011. - P. 21.
12.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode - URL: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (reference date 04/20/2013).
Control
Ecology and environment protection
Chapter I Basic Principles of Sustainable Development in Russia Chapter II The main stages of ensuring the sustainable development of Russia Chapter III Problems on the way to sustainable development Conclusion The list of references used: Introduction The transition to sustainable development of a very complex long-term and multi-factor process for achieving equilibrium interaction between the society and the environmental environment of harmonization Their relationship based on compliance with the laws of the development of the biosphere. This process affects the whole complex of internal ...
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Russian State Social University
Faculty of Labor and Environment
Department of Social Ecology and Environmental Management
Achievements and difficulties in the way to sustainable development of Russia
Examination on the discipline "Sustainable development and environmental and legal regime for the protection of natural resources and objects"
Performed:
Student Group Eip-DM-1
Faculty of Fothios.
Budquain Daria Sergeevna
Checked:
Associate Professor of the Department of Social Ecology
and environmental management
Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor
Kirillov Nikolai Petrovich
RSSU
2011
Introduction
The transition to sustainable development is a very complex, long-term and multi-factor process of achieving equilibrium interaction between the society and the environment, the harmonization of their relationship based on compliance with the laws of the biosphere. This process affects the whole complex of internal problems of the long-term development of the country, including structural and investment policies, issues of changing the structure of consumption, protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, economic and environmental safety, social, scientific and technical and regional policies, as well as foreign policy aspects, Where the environmental factor plays an increasingly prominent role in international relations. Achievements and difficulties on the path to sustainable development of Russia.
At the end of the 20th century, the increased power of the economy, the negative trends of its globalization became a huge devastating force. The ability of nature samovographyc. to stop and maintain the development of humanity was not limitless. The struggle for the resources is unusually aggravated, an unprecedented stratification of the world in income occurred, the scale of the population's poverty increased significantly. As a result, the world faced the problem of unprecedented difficulty - with the need for the formation, essentially a new model of the development of civilization, which could withstand the impending global socio-political, economic and environmental crisis.
In 1992, Russia, among the 179 states at the Summit of Heads of State and Conference of the United Nations Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro), signed a number of program documents that determine the agreed policy of the countries of the world to ensure sustainable development.
Guided by them, the first president of Russia approved the "main provisions of the State Strategy of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and Supply Sustainable Development" (Decree No. 236 of 4.02.94) and "Concept of Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development" (Decree No. 440 of April 1, 1996 G.). On behalf of the President and the Council of the Russian Federation (No. 559 of May 8, 1996) of the Ministry of Economy of Russia, and other interested federal authorities, developed a draft State Strategy for Sustainable Developed, developed a draft state strategy of sustainable development. The project was considered by the Government at the end of 1997 and aimed at refinement.
The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development focused on a balanced solution to the tasks of conservation of a favorable environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the needs of the currently living and future generations of Russians. In the project, the complexity of the problem was reflected completely insufficient. In addition, the realizability of this project was questionable. In 1998, a group of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of the Chairman of the Scientific Council on the Problems of the Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Academician A.L. Yanshina, who was then a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, conducted an examination of the project and demanded its processing with the participation of authoritative scientists of various specialties, using the unique scientific potential of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1998, the final editorial office of the draft state strategy of the sustainable development of the Russian Federation was presented to discuss the Commission on the legislative support for the sustainable development of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the second convocation. The document again received a sharply negative assessment and was recommended for fundamental processing.
The Commission of the State Duma of the third convocation on sustainable development issues was held on October 2, 2000. Parliamentary hearings on the topic "On the formation of a draft strategy of sustainable development of Russia", on which the report of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation was heard, and a recommendation was made to create a Working Group for the Commission to refine the draft strategy.
On October 5, 2001, the regular parliamentary hearings organized by the Commission were made recommendations to the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, and other authorities to implement the strategy of sustainable development. The working group at the Commission was recommended to continue the processing of the draft strategy of sustainable development of the Russian Federation and publish it in the Publishing House of the State Duma of the Russian Federation [2].
Chapter I. The basic principles of sustainable development in Russia
Russia's consistent transition to sustainable development should be carried out in accordance with the principles set forth in the Declaration and other documents of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), as well as in the materials of the Nineteenth Special Session of the UN General Assembly (New York , 1997). At the same time, taking its national strategy of sustainable development, the Russian Federation transforms general principles in accordance with the specific conditions, taking into account its characteristics. The basic principles of sustainable development are formulated as follows.
- Each person has the right to a healthy and active life in harmony with nature in an environmentally friendly and environmentally friendly environment.
- Socio-economic development should be aimed at improving the lives of all people, the preservation of nature and natural resources, strengthening responsibility for activities that cause environmental damage.
- The right to development should be carried out in such a way as to ensure equality of development opportunities and the preservation of the environment as current and future generations. Economic efficiency, social justice and environmental safety should equally determine the main development criteria.
- Rational environmental management should be based on the sustainable use of renewable and economical use of non-renewable resources, on timely disposal of waste and their safe disposal.
- Environmental protection is a necessary part of sustainable development. It is necessary to adopt effective measures to prevent the deterioration of the state of the environment, the prevention of environmental and man-made disasters.
- Human economic activity should become socially and environmentally friendly and accompanied by a decrease in the difference in the living level of people, the scale of poverty and poverty, strengthening the relationship of the economy and ecology, the formation of a single (balanced) ecologized system of economic development. It should be abandoned by projects capable of irrenectible environmental damage or such, the environmental consequences of which are not sufficiently studied.
- Demographic policy should take into account the strategic goals of sustainable development and form a conscious attitude towards family planning.
- Sustainable development should take into account all aspects of the country's security.
- A gradual refusal to the values \u200b\u200bof the consumer society, the rationalization of the scale and structure of personal consumption of the population.
- Preserving for all peoples and ethnic groups living in the Russian Federation, their cultures, traditions, habitat should be one of the priorities of the state national policy at all stages of transition to sustainable development.
- The transition to sustainable development should be carried out on the basis of international cooperation and global partnership and reinforce the adoption of relevant international agreements and other legal acts. Close cooperation with CIS countries and sustainable good neighborly relations with them should always be one of the most important priorities of Russia's foreign policy.
- The sovereign rights of each state to develop their own natural resources should be implemented without prejudice to ecosystems outside of state borders; In international law, it is important to recognize the principle of differentiated responsibility of states for violation of global ecosystems. Increase liability for environmental offenses, accounting for environmental consequences of decisions made.
- Free access to environmental information.
- The preservation of the largest environmentally sustainable zones of the Earth should be the subject of responsibility of all states of the world. In this regard, Russia must insist on the introduction of a global environmental rent.
- The leading role in the implementation of the sustainable development of the state as a guarantor of ensuring economic development, social justice and environmental protection.
- Economic activity should be carried out mainly in the already mastered territories, it should be gradually abandoning the economic use of new territories.
Orientation on the systemic socio-coded approach of noospheric orientation, the refusal of the goals and priorities of the consumer industrial society "Economic Determinism" will require serious ideological transformations. The survival and continuity of the development of civilization should be provided without anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere, without the quantitative growth of many traditional parameters and, above all, without economic growth in its primitive, "physical" understanding.
Chapter II. The main stages of ensuring the sustainable development of Russia
V.I. Vernadsky, who developed the theory of the nosphere, the sphere of reason, where a person with his work, conscious management of the Society and Nature, harmonizes their interaction, is harmonized by their work, not allowing the Society of destructive influence on nature from the Society for Himber. Essentially, as many Russian authors believe, noosphere is the ultimate goal of sustainable development strategy in the current statement.
Sustainable development is a category, in full relationship only to humanity and nature as a whole. This is an evolutionary process, the task of both the entire civilization and each specific state that requires the formulation of goals at each stage. Sustainable development of one, separately taken country, is part of the sustainable development of all mankind.
The strategic goal of sustainable development of Russia is to increase the level and quality of life of the population on the basis of scientific and technological progress, the dynamic development of the economy and the social sphere while maintaining the reproductive potential of the country's natural complex as part of the Earth's biosphere, as well as technological potential in the interests of the current and future generations.
The main prerequisites for sustainable development of Russia are: a large territory with preserved non-renewable natural resources and natural ecosystems, human potential and economic resources. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to maximize the territories with natural ecosystems, rationally use non-renewable natural resources and human potential, and also - by virtue of a special demographic situation - to send economic resources to the development of human potential.
Russia's stability (in the broadest sense) is determined - and will still be determined by the reserve of its natural resources. Natural wealth of Russia are the basis for solving its economic and social problems. At the present stage, probably the only way to go out on the path of sustainable development is a gradual refusal to the intensive sale of resources, their reasonable savings, honest distribution of natural rent. Moreover, Russia's natural resources serve as humanity: having 65% of the wild forests of the planet on its area, we purify the air consumed by all humanity. Therefore, Russia has the right to put the question about the global environmental render in front of the world. Kyoto Protocol is the first step towards a fair solution to this problem.
The purpose of the first stage of the sustainable development of Russia (short-term perspective) is to overcome a long-term socio-economic, environmental and structural crisis that covered the period of the country's transition to a market economy and to a democratic civil society.
The tasks of this phase should be implemented in the actions of the government to overcome the socio-economic crisis and ensuring the conditions for the country's transition to a stable, socially-oriented market economy on the basis of use mainly its internal resources: rent for natural resources, intellectual potential and high-technological production.
At this stage, the foundations of the new Russian economy should be laid, ensuring effective reproduction and the potential of long-term dynamic growth, which allows to solve the tasks of improving the level and quality of life, modernizing the production unit, the preservation of the country's integrity and security, which will require the strengthening of the economic function related to the necessary adjustment of the market mechanism and its regulators.
Strengthening the Russian economy, the implementation of structural transformations, an increase in its effectiveness should be carried out on the basis of modern environmentally friendly technologies using modern world experience. State support should be provided to the development of highly efficient industries, small and medium-sized businesses, refuse to implement projects that damage the environment, or such, the consequences of which are not clear enough. As part of this process, it is important to begin the process of general stabilization of the environmental situation in the country, its improvement in the most disadvantaged regions.
The main intra-political purpose of sustainable development should be the consolidation of the stratified Russian society.
At the second stage (in the medium term), the purpose of sustainable development is to ensure the dynamic socio-economic development of the country on the basis of the effective use of its economic resources (including the achievements of scientific and technological progress) and the advantages of the international division of labor while maintaining the reproductive potential of the natural complex and establish more equitable world-economic connections.
The achievement of this goal will require the decision of the following main tasks:
In the economic sphere - the further development of an effective social and environmentally-oriented market economy (with a gradual increase in the role of planning), which provides a worthy standard of living of people, economy of natural resources, environmental purity and competitiveness of products; Introduction Civil rent for natural resources. An important task will remain the introduction of resource-saving and waste-free technologies, modernization of production as a condition for increasing the economic efficiency and preventing emergency situations of a technogenic and natural nature.
In the ecological sphere - the preservation and restoration of natural ecosystems, stabilization and improvement in the quality of the environment, reduce the discharges and emissions of harmful substances into water bodies and the atmosphere, reduce the formed mass of waste, especially toxic, the organization of their safe processing and disposal.
In the social sphere - the liquidation of poverty and a decrease in poverty, improving the human habitat, the development of its social activity, strengthening the social function of the state, ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining education, medical care and health restoration, ensuring the social security of citizens.
In the field of education and education - the formation of the citizens of an environmentally oriented worldview, the consciousness of responsibility for sustainable development; Formation of a system of universal continuous environmental education, ensuring access to information on solving problems of sustainable development, strengthening these components in all levels training programs. The formation of new ethics based on the attitude towards the biosphere as the foundation of life; on the need to comply with the laws of its development arising from them restrictions and prohibitions; on efficient management, rational consumption and healthy lifestyle; For tolerance in interethnic and interfaith relations.
In the field of military security - maintaining military potential, including rocket-nuclear, at the level required for rapid response during the complication of an international situation, in defense, with joint actions against international terrorism, while eliminating the consequences of man-made disasters.
The goal of the third stage of sustainable development (long-term perspective, several decades of the 20th century) is the harmonization of the relationship between society and the nature of a global scale and in the country due to the development of economic activities within the reproductive capabilities of the biosphere, the transfer of the accent in the system of human values \u200b\u200bwith material and material Moral, which corresponds to the further noospheric orientation of the development of society, awareness of all the need for rational consumption.
Chapter III Problems on the way to sustainable development
The following circumstances are significantly affected by the stability of development:
- economy, forty years, sitting on a oil needle and depends, therefore, from fluctuations in oil prices, is not sustainable;
- the agricultural sector has not yet developed a steady class of agricultural producers;
- the environmental situation is not improved, for various reasons, the number of man-made accidents and disasters has noticeably increased;
- natural resources are used uncontrollably;
- social inequality increases, the life expectancy of people is reduced;
- millions of people are in a serious psychological state at risk of unemployment, without hope for the future.
Sustainable development of Russia is hampered by the lack of consent and unified political will in our society. The historically developed readiness of the population to work for common goals is the other national tradition - distrust of power, which creates extreme opposition. It is possible to overcome this condition through political and legislative measures, but it is necessary to take into account the features of Russian spirituality and mentality, history and national traditions, an understanding of the moral imperatives and the values \u200b\u200bof our society. Perhaps you should go to the creation of a coalition government to move the center of internal political disagreements from society to parliament, and thus consolidate all social layers and make society more sustainable.
An important feature of Russia is the ability to use such a geographical factor as the presence of a huge territory. The area of \u200b\u200bthe territory per capita in Russia is 11.5 hectares, in the USA - 3.35, in Japan - 0.29, China - 0.76 hectares. The presence of a large area, in particular, means that the demographic factor that plays the entire planet's biosphere, perhaps a decisive role, is not sufficiently significant for Russia, where low population density and it is reduced annually by almost 700 thousand people. The direction of development for us is to stimulate the fertility by strengthening the family.
The extensity of the territory significantly affects the development of national culture, forms the national foundations of most people of Russia, the mentality of Russians, the economy methods, is a strategic resource for the safety and survival of the state. This is an additional margin of strength, which allows to survive in extreme conditions for the deterioration of the global situation (political, economic, military, environmental). In critical circumstances, this feature of Russia makes it possible to regroup forces, mobilize reserves, focus resources in decisive directions.
But the extensiveness of the territory creates a number of problems in the development of the country. Difficulties are manifested when creating a transport system, transmission of energy, ensuring manageability. The task is to overcome or minimize these negative points.
Another important factor is the colossal reserves of natural resources. In Russia - a quarter of the world stock of wood, a third of world reserves of natural gas, second place in the world in the reserves of water resources, pashny and pastures; Oil reserves per capita six times exceed its average level, etc. The reasonable and rational use of these resources in combination with rental mechanisms gives Russia a significant advantage over all countries of the world. However, the inclusion of rental mechanisms requires political will.
The basis of sustainable development - long-term cost-effective projects, carefully thought out and planned, taking into account the forecast of social consequences. Unfortunately, the recent decades of our history are filled with negative examples of this kind. The current generation of taxpayers has to be broken by many consequences of short-sighted (if not to say more) decisions of previous governments. For example, at one time there were no sufficient funds for conversion and dual use of rocket and nuclear weapons, recycling of rocket and chemical weapons; Deploying mass construction in the 60-70s, did not think that in 30-40 years all residential buildings will come to a dissent state at once; mastering the virgin, they did not care about the preservation of the Earth, etc., and the like. At the same time, it is categorically abandoned from a different kind of projects with low economic efficiency requiring large budget expenditures and dubious in the environmental sense. In particular, because the percentage of secluded funds is always the greater the more project budget.
A significant negative impact on the transition to sustainable development has an extensive nature of the economy, accompanied by inefficient use of natural resources, huge amounts of production and sales of raw materials, concentration of industries in a number of regions without taking into account their economic capacity, the absence of a system for the processing of household and industrial waste, the development of new and debiting ( Without the necessary reclamation) disturbed farmland, etc. The deformed structure of the national economy with the prevalence of nature-operating industries, creating a constant excessive load on the ecosystems, and, especially military complexes, contributes to the "long-life" of obsolete non-elastic technological processes, the unreliability of technical systems leading to accidents and anthropogenic catastrophes, etc.
Environmental protection should be one of the main strategic development goals. The pace and scope of environmental degradation in Russia in most cases are at the middle level between developed and developing countries. Thus, by nature of land degradation and forests, Russia is closer to developing countries, and on emissions of pollution into air and aquatic environment, their mass and diversity - to developed countries. Despite the decline in production by more than 50%, the contamination of the atmosphere decreased by only 12%, the specific emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere per unit of GDP for 1992-1995. increased 1.3 times.
The world's degradation features in Russia include the world's highest local radiation pollution, and high levels of pollution with toxic heavy metals, pesticides, organic compounds.
In almost all cities of Russia with a population of more than 100 thousand people, the content of certain harmful impurities in the atmospheric air exceeds the permissible norms. About 40 million people live in areas where the level of concentration of harmful impurities in one-time or daily air samples regularly 10 times and more exceeds the MPC.
It is necessary to improve (restoration) of violated ecosystems in environmentally unfavorable regions of Russia, which make up at least 16% of the country's territory and where more than half of the population lives.
The transition to sustainable development can be considered as a nationwide idea designed to rally all sectors of society in the name of Russia's revival.
Many specific factors indicate that Russia should carefully enter the process of globalization, inevitably associated with all countries towards sustainable development. First, on numerous purely technical reasons; For example, an undeveloped financial system is not able to mitigate such consequences of globalization as the 1998 crisis. Secondly, there is a serious danger of losing its culture, having exchanged it on a certain universal, "globalized". We must maintain a special mentality, and a variety of national cultures, and special, purely Russian phenomenon - intelligentsia, and much more. Of course, Russia should not close its economy, but it may be worth thinking about such an alternative to open integration into the global economy as the strengthening of regional cooperation.
Conclusion
Sustainable development in general and in Russia, in particular, incompatible with the irrational human needs and ensuring their modern economic system. It is necessary to create a new economy, based primarily, on the assessment of the overall value of natural resources and the maximum economic accounting for the economic activity of mankind applied by the biosphere
Optimal entry into sustainable development is impossible without its theoretical justification, therefore we consider Russia a biosphere concept of sustainable development for Russia based on scientific theory
Based on P.30 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, Supplying "Improve Management at all levels in order to effectively implement the agendaXXI Age, "We consider it necessary to create a specialized body in Russia to address the problem of Russia's transition to sustainable development.
The principal strategic line of development of Russia should be the account that for future generations will not be a priority for the superconduction of material goods and the possession of human resource as an indicator of the dignity and rating of human social importance, but the intellectual and spiritual perfection of a person in the satisfaction of its needs at the optimal-sensible level. Accordingly, the development of material production in the real sector of the economy will gradually be replaced from the production of material benefits to urge the physiological needs of people to create a material base and the conditions for their information and analytical, intellectual and educational and spiritual and aesthetic development.
Under these conditions, the main goal and the decisive means of achieving this goal will be the existing intellectual and spiritual potential of people living in Russia. In this regard, our country has the most insufficient potential. Eymori Block AOVins, an American scientist dealing with the development of methods for efficient use of resources, so assesses the potential of Russia: "In the emerging world information economy, which is largely based on human resources, the advantage of Russia is invaluable wealth - its people. Their natural gifting, enriched with history and one of the most thoughtful and effective universal education systems, is a unique contribution. This contribution can serve as the basis of a new Russian economy - a stable, comprehensive and deep. "
Therefore, we need to fully use the existing large intellectual potential in the interests of the transition of Russia on the path of sustainable harmonious development. Moreover, the development of Russia on the path of sustainable development may be the very national idea that can unite all the forces of society for the revival of Russia.
Bibliography:
- V.F. Parfen "Sustainable Development". Edition "Eco Bulletin »Inca№ 7-8 (42-43) .
- The main provisions of the Sustainable Development Strategy of Russia / Ed.A.M. Shelekhova. M., 2002. - 161 p.
- Kasimov N., Mazurov Y. in harmony with nature. Journal State Management Resources, No. 3, 2005, p. 8-11.
- Krivenko V.G., Vinogradov V.G. Problems of preserving wetlands of Russia. - Bulletin "Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia", No. 9-10, 2003, p.119 - 125.
- Korochkin, E. F. Ecology and Sustainable Development / E. F. Korochkin // Geography and Ecology at the School of the XXI century. - 2006. - N 10.
- Barlybaev H.A. The path of mankind: self-destruction or sustainable development. M: ed. State Duma, 2001, 143 p.
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