How to make the foundation for a private house correctly. How to fill the foundation for a house with your own hands without construction experience? Heavily soils and their features
The importance of the foundation for any building is difficult to overestimate, because a reliable foundation of a building is the primary condition for its long-term trouble-free operation. You can build any walls, no matter how strong and beautiful, a well-designed and installed roofing system, reliable ceilings, and expensive finishes. But all this can "go to dust" if mistakes were made in the calculation of the foundation, and during its construction negligence was shown, unacceptable simplifications were made, low-quality materials were used, the established technology was violated.
So, the foundation is a key stage of any construction, which sometimes takes up to a third total budget... In an effort to somehow save some money, some potential homeowners are seriously thinking about the problem: is it possible to build a foundation with their own hands? The answer to this question, alas, is not obvious. It is one thing to create a basis for a small country house, garage or outbuilding, and quite another - for a full-fledged country mansion, which has several levels, and even with adjoining extensions.
V this article the main types of foundations will be considered, but the main emphasis will be on its tape version. We hope that after reading the article, it will become more clear to many site visitors whether they should undertake the construction of the foundation on their own, or whether it will be better to use the services of specialists.
Basic types of foundations
There are a lot of varieties of foundations used in individual construction, but mainly four basic schemes are used, as well as their various combinations. And the main types include strip, columnar, slab and pile foundations.
Strip foundations
This is the most frequently used scheme, as it is suitable for almost all construction conditions, with the exception, perhaps, only of regions with a close occurrence of permafrost or for buildings erected literally "on the water".
Despite a certain difference in the construction technologies of strip foundations of various types, they all have a common feature - it is a continuous, closed strip-base along the entire perimeter of the house being built and under the internal supporting structures. The tape itself is buried in the ground for the required calculated value, and protrudes from above with its basement part. The width of the tape is kept uniform throughout the foundation - this parameter should also be based on the calculations performed.
Strip foundation can be called the most popular in the construction of private houses, as it has fully justified itself over many decades of operation. It is quite simple to set up, does not require particularly complex devices or special equipment.
Of course, in order for the structure to be reliable and durable, you can make a strip foundation with your own hands only partially, that is, perform the basic work on digging a trench, installing formwork, installing and strapping a reinforcing grid, waterproofing and insulation. But manufacturing and casting can be easier and safer to order in companies that are engaged in this work in a specialized manner.
To find out why the strip foundation is so popular in construction, you need to consider all its positive and, of course, the existing negative qualities.
Advantages and disadvantages of strip foundation
The strip foundation is a monolithic strip of concrete mortar on which all the load-bearing walls of the structure are erected.
Strip foundation - a reliable basis for the construction of building walls
This type of foundation is used in the following cases:
- For the construction of private houses and outbuildings from materials with a significant mass, such as stone, concrete, brick, cinder blocks and other materials.
- In cases where an underground garage is assumed in the general construction plan, ground floor or basement.
- For the construction of houses with a heavy floor or attic.
- In regions where predominantly heterogeneous soil prevails.
It should be noted that the installation of a strip foundation is suitable for almost all types of soils, with the exception, perhaps, only of subsiding and peat bogs - this must be taken into account when choosing the type of foundation for building your own house.
To know what to expect from a strip foundation during operation, it is necessary to have information about the advantages and disadvantages of this design.
Advantages:
- The strip foundation cn is especially designed to withstand heavy loads, no less than a monolithic base.
- It is distinguished by the relative simplicity of the preparatory activities, which can be completely carried out on their own.
- The strip foundation always has a long operational period, of course, with its correct construction and ensuring the necessary degrees of protection of the structure (waterproofing and insulation).
- An advantage can be considered a variety of specific types of strip foundations, from which you can choose the one that is most suitable in terms of technological and financial capabilities.
- A tape base will cost much less than a monolithic base, although it is practically not inferior to it in strength.
- This design allows for better thermal insulation of floors in the house, creating a multi-layer insulation.
Disadvantages:
- The strip foundation is not suitable for the device in some soils.
- According to construction technology, the entire thickness of the foundation must be poured in one step, and it is very difficult to prepare such an amount of concrete on your own. In this regard, it becomes necessary to contact construction manufacturing firms with special equipment and machinery.
- The work, even in preparation for pouring concrete, is quite laborious and will take a lot of time. It will be difficult to do without helpers.
As can be seen from the presented properties of the strip foundation, the positive ones have a significant preponderance over the negative ones.
Types of strip foundations
There are several types of strip foundations that differ in some criteria, and the first of them is the depth of its occurrence.
- For example, for massive houses built from heavy building materials, a deepened foundation is required, which must be arranged to a depth of 250 ÷ 300 mm below the level of soil freezing in the region where the building is constructed.
- Another type of strip foundation is shallow... It is used for light frame buildings, and its total depth does not exceed 550 ÷ 600 mm.
The diagram shows several main types of foundations belt type
Strip foundations are divided not only into two types, but also into several types:
- The monolithic type of foundation is the most used for different buildings. It is erected from a concrete solution and with obligatory reinforcement. This foundation attracts with the simplicity of the design and the availability of its construction, along with the inherent durability and strength.
- Prefabricated foundations for the construction of private houses are used less often. This type of base is assembled from ready-made concrete blocks that are made in factories. They are delivered to the construction site and installed in a prepared trench using heavy equipment.
The blocks are installed end-to-end, and the gaps between them are filled with concrete solution and from the outside they are completely sealed with waterproofing material.
This type of base is not suitable for unstable soils, since at the joints a rupture and deformation of the entire foundation can occur, and therefore, then the building standing on it.
In addition, for the delivery and installation of blocks to their permanent place (the use of loading and unloading and lifting equipment), you will have to pay a fairly round sum. But, in fairness it must be said that the blocks themselves will cost less than the entire complex of necessary materials for pouring a monolithic foundation belt, and will also save builders from many heavy construction work. For example, you do not have to knock down and install the formwork, lay and tie the reinforcing mesh.
A prefabricated or block foundation is well suited for two- or three-story houses built from concrete slabs or bricks. If there is financial opportunity and the type of soil is suitable for installing blocks, then this type of foundation will be a good choice for building a large cottage.
Materials for arranging the strip foundation
If, nevertheless, a decision is made to build a building on a strip monolithic foundation, you need to purchase everything necessary materials for its construction.
For this you will need:
- Roofing material or dense polyethylene film - for formwork waterproofing.
- Plank, 15 ÷ 20 mm thick and a bar 20 × 30 mm - for the installation of the formwork.
- Steel wire - for bundling reinforcement and tightening, if necessary, formwork boards.
- Reinforcement with a diameter of 10 ÷ 15 mm - for installing a reinforcing belt.
- Nails or self-tapping screws - for the installation of the formwork.
- Sand and crushed stone - for preliminary filling of "pillows".
- If the concrete still mixes on its own, then it will need cement at least M400, sand and medium fractional crushed stone or gravel. The mortar is made from these materials, taken in proportions of 1: 2: 4.
The sequence of work to create a strip foundation
To be sure in the choice of the foundation, it is necessary to carry out some preparatory measures.
Foundation calculation
It is imperative to find out the type of soil on the site for building a house and the depth of its freezing in a particular region, as well as the depth of passage of groundwater. To find out all these features, you need to contact the design and construction organization, which will conduct a geodetic study, make the necessary calculations and create an accurate foundation project, based on the analysis obtained as a result of research studies.
If you take on the project yourself, you may not take into account some of the nuances that will subsequently lead to the destruction of the walls of the house. This is especially true for buildings with several floors.
If you plan to build a small building, such as a country house, garage, shed, chicken coop or bathhouse, then you can try the foundation, taking into account the recommendations of SNiP II— B .1—62. And even easier - use a special table that allows you to special calculations are sufficient exactly exactly determine the required depth of the strip foundation, depending on the type of house and the characteristics of the soil:
Type of building | The depth of the strip foundation (mm) depending on the type of soil | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stony ground, flask | Dense clay, loam that is molded in the hand | Caked dry sand, sandy loam | Soft sand, sandy loam, silty soil | Very soft sand, sandy loam, silty soil | Peat bog | ||
Barn, bathhouse, household. the buildings | 20 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 450 | 650 | |
One-story country house with an attic | 30 | 300 | 350 | 600 | 650 | 850 | A different type of foundation is required |
Two-storey cottage | 50 | 500 | 600 | Calculation of specialists is required | Calculation of specialists is required | A different type of foundation is required | |
Two or three story mansion | 70 | 650 | 850 | Calculation of specialists is required | Calculation of specialists is required | Calculation of specialists is required | A different type of foundation is required |
The table shows the average data of the load on the soil of buildings of various types | |||||||
In each case, an individual calculation is definitely welcomed | |||||||
For reference: 1 kg = 9.81 N; 1 kN = 101.9 kg; 10 kN = 1019 kg | |||||||
The table is based on the 2010 British National Building Code. |
Site marking
When the necessary calculations of the foundation have been made, the architectural plan of the building has been drawn up and, accordingly, the location of the load-bearing walls has been determined, the markings are made at the site selected for construction.
The most important question is the correct marking of the foundation on the ground
- Before marking, the future site must be cleaned of foreign objects and debris, as well as the top fertile soil layer with a thickness of about 120 ÷ 150 mm must be removed. Organic residues can lead to biological degradation processes, which is undesirable in basements.
- At the prepared site, preliminary marking the corners of the future structure by driving in pegs.
Further, the evenness of the location is carefully checked and the distance between them is specified. The pegs are rearranged as needed. A strong cord is pulled over them, with the help of which it will be easier to control the straightness of the corners and determine the correct direction of the foundation strip.
- Sometimes prefabricated wooden pieces are used to mark angles. details - rectangles... First, one rectangle is set at the desired point and fixed.
Further, two cords are tied to it at a distance of the width of the trench under the foundation, they are pulled to the next place where the second corner is installed, and then the stretched cords are tied to it.
Thus, they mark all four corners of the house, and if load-bearing walls are also provided inside the building, then they are also marked.
- After all the corners are set, it is necessary to check the length of the diagonals indicated by the rectangle or square. If they are equal, then all the corners are set correctly.
- Further, along the way, you can sprinkle dry lime powder with a cord - it will visually show the direction, and possibly reveal some errors.
- When the marking of the contour of the foundation and the internal walls of the house is completed, you need to mark the foundation under the porch or terrace in the same way.
If a brick stove or fireplace is supposed to be installed in the house, then it makes sense to immediately take care of the foundation for this structure. However, the tape for the house and the stove for the stove should not be rigidly connected to each other.
After the markings have been carried out, you can start a fairly large-scale excavation work.
Digging a trench
- Trenches are dug along the marked lines with a depth specified in the calculations of specialists, and which will depend on the type of building being erected on the foundation.
- Digging a pit should be started from the bottom corner of the foundation - this will help maintain the same depth of the trench throughout its entire length.
- When digging up the soil, you should try to keep the walls of the trench straight and vertical. If the soil begins to crumble in front of a circle, then temporary supports are installed in weak places.
- In the process of work, measurements of the depth and slope of the bottom of the dug trench are periodically made. If the foundation is installed on a slope, then it is important that the trench has the same depth along the entire perimeter of its device.
Preparation of the bottom of the pit
- At the bottom of the finished trench, it is necessary to arrange a cushion of sand, which should have a thickness of at least 150 ÷ 200 mm in a well-tamped form. It will help the correct redistribution of the loads created by the mass of the structure onto the finished foundation. This technique is especially important if construction is underway on unstable heaving soils.
- Further, on a sand pillow it is recommended to make roofing material flooring, which will protect the sand cushion from erosion and will not allow the cement laitance from the concrete to penetrate when pouring the solution into the pit.
In addition, roofing material will become a waterproofing of the underground part of the foundation. The material is not only covered to the bottom, but also wrapped on the walls of the trench by 150 ÷ 200 mm.
Formwork installation
It is installed in the prepared trench. It can be knocked down from the boards, which, after the solution has solidified, will be dismantled, or made non-removable, thereby insulating the foundation.
- If it is decided to mount the formwork from boards, then shields are knocked down from them and installed vertically on the bottom of the trench. The formwork should rise above the ground to the height to which it is planned to raise the basement of the house, but usually not less than 350 ÷ 400 mm.
- The shields are fastened together with crossbars, and from the outside they are propped up with scraps of bars. Sometimes, so that the plank walls do not diverge when pouring concrete mortar under pressure, it is necessary to additionally twist them with steel wire.
- If it is planned to make holes in the foundation for carrying out communications, then a piece of pipe is installed, like a spacer between the panels, inside the formwork.
- When installing a wooden structure, it is necessary to periodically control its evenness - this is done using a building level, otherwise the foundation may turn out to be crooked and it will have to be leveled after it is ready.
- A fixed foundation consists of blocks from which are installed on top of each other and are held due to the toothed cutouts present at the edges of the blocks and the corresponding grooves. Expanded polystyrene in such a formwork can have different thicknesses and serves as a good insulation for the structure. Such blocks are produced in different widths, so they can be matched to any foundation.
The blocks do not require spacers or additional fasteners - they themselves are fully designed to reliably hold the concrete poured into them.
- Another formwork option, which can be called combined. It consists of installed boardboards, and inside the formwork, a heater is pressed against them, about 30 mm thick - this can be expanded polystyrene or penoizol.
The material will not only insulate the foundation, but also will not allow the cement laitance to flow out through the gaps between the boards, prematurely evaporate moisture from the poured concrete, which means that the process of maturation and curing will take place in the optimal mode.
Reinforcement grille installation
The next step is to install the formwork. It is made from a metal rod with a diameter of 8 ÷ 15 mm. The rods are cut into segments equal to the length of the walls, and they intersect at their corners. It is not recommended to fasten the rods by welding, since they will lose their mutual mobility from this and, when the structure shrinks, can destroy the foundation because of this. Therefore, they are twisted with steel wire.
If an insulation material is installed inside the formwork, it is desirable that the perpendicular segments of the reinforcement enter the insulation - so it will be securely fixed at the edges of the formwork.
The exact calculation of the reinforcing belt is carried out by the designers of the foundation taking into account m numerous criteria - the type and total mass of the building, soil stability, seismic features of the region, and other quantities.
Pouring the foundation
If this option is impossible due to one reason or another (for example, the absence of a relevant company or completely unacceptable prices), then the concrete is poured in layers. But even in this case, one cannot do without mechanizing the process, which means that a concrete mixer will definitely be needed.
- When ordering the finished material, the concrete solution is mixed at stationary production units in the required proportion and delivered in special machines equipped with a concrete mixer and feeding mechanisms.
- Next, a special gutter is installed through which the mortar flows into the prepared formwork. It must be distributed with a shovel along the entire length of the structure until it fills up to the intended top.
- The concrete surface is leveled and left to set, cure and cure.
- The hardening time of such a structure is about four weeks in the warm season. Some work, for example, on stripping and preparing for further operations, but without significant load on the belt, can be started after 16 ÷ 20 days.
It is not recommended to fill the foundation in winter, but if it is — necessary measure, then both the composition of the concrete solution and the timing of the readiness of the poured structure will be completely different. More about this is described in the corresponding article of our portal -.
- In that case, the work will be carried out independently, they are carried out in the following sequence:
- First of all, the pouring solution is prepared. As mentioned above, it will need cement and sand in proportions of 1: 2 or 1: 2.5, as well as 4 parts of crushed stone. The mixture is poured with water and kneaded.
- If all the materials are mixed in, then they are put into it in the same proportions and a solution is prepared, which is then immediately poured into the formwork. With this setup, work will certainly go much faster, and with the support of good helpers, you can often get the job done in one day.
- If the solution is mixed manually, then you will have to act in stages. So, the first layer of concrete mortar is poured into the formwork with a thickness of 150 ÷ 200 mm and is well compacted with a wooden block. The entire formwork along the entire length along the perimeter must be filled with a completely uniform layer of the same thickness.
The next day, the same procedure is carried out, and so on until the formwork is filled to the top.
- It is recommended to cover the poured foundation with burlap, and if concrete work is carried out in the summer heat, then it is covered with plastic wrap so that moisture does not evaporate quickly, and the concrete solidifies evenly.
A foundation made in layers matures faster than a poured one at a time. However, its strength is much lower, and there is a possibility of damage to the structure during the winter period during severe frosts, if suddenly there is moisture between the layers. Therefore, it is imperative to apply a waterproofing coating on the foundation, poured in this way, and it is also desirable to insulate it.
Prices for popular models of concrete mixers
- To mix the solution, you need to use materials that are free of earth and clay - gravel, sand and water.
- The proportions of the solution may vary, but rubble or gravel should always be taken 1.5 ÷ 2 times more than sand.
- The water in the solution should be approximately 50% of the mass of the cement (not to be confused with the volume! )
- If you have to use wet sand for the preparation of concrete, this must be taken into account when adding water to the concrete mixer, so as not to make the solution too liquid.
- When mixing and pouring the foundation in cold weather, it is recommended to mix the solution with heated water - this will accelerate the setting and hardening of concrete.
- If the solution is too thick, then after pouring the solution into the foundation, tamping or frequent piercing with a metal rod is necessary. This process is carried out to remove the air remaining in the solution, otherwise so-called shells may form inside the foundation.
- In addition, the formwork with the newly poured mortar is tapped with a wooden hammer - this process also helps the air escape to the surface of the mortar.
- The removal of the formwork is carried out no earlier than 5 ÷ 7 days after pouring the mortar, and further large-scale actions can be carried out only after a month.
- Insulation and waterproofing of the foundation will be mandatory, as already mentioned, when pouring it in layers. Nevertheless, it is better to take it as a rule that these technological operations should be carried out in any case. This will dramatically increase the strength and durability of the foundation and, of course, the entire structure. How to carry out and the foundation - read in the publications of our portal.
It should be noted that the strip foundation is the optimal basis for very many buildings, and it is much easier to carry out it than a monolithic slab. And at the end of the article - a video example of the correct arrangement of the strip foundation:
Video: how to properly fill the strip foundation
The foundation plan is the most important stage in the construction of any building. Its accuracy and information content determine the quality of further work, which is why it is so important to know the general rules for drawing up a plan.
Peculiarities
The main reason for developing a project plan for a residential building or industrial structure is the need to fix all the little things that may occur during the construction phase. It is important to know all the nuances of work in order to avoid gross mistakes.
Not all people are able to draw up a construction drawing on their own. In this case, it is better to seek professional help. Anyone contacting construction company and having provided his sketches for drawing up a plan, he can not only follow the progress of the work, but also take an active part in it. At the same time, the customer must discuss the details of cooperation with the executing company in advance in order to conclude a mutually beneficial contract.
To create project documentation, you must wait until the completion of the building plan. To agree on the project, you need to contact the project company, which will check its correctness. After that, the customer will receive full list work that will be needed to fill the foundation.
When creating a project, it is necessary to rely on the technical characteristics of the future structure.
In no case should you use other people's projects of similar structures, since they do not take into account the features of a particular site.
The development of the foundation project should be carried out taking into account all technical standards and design conditions. It is necessary to use a special catalog of products and structures that are produced in factories. To facilitate understanding of the project, all stages of the project documentation should have serial numbers.
For simplicity and ease of transferring the scheme to the terrain, it is necessary to accurately observe the scaling of each part of the plan. Particularly large detail images must be scaled separately. The overall scaling of the foundation plan should be in ratios of 1: 100, 1: 200, 1: 300, and 1: 400.
The axial marking makes it possible to significantly facilitate the transfer of the drawing to the terrain. In this case, the alignment and extreme axes should be plotted not only on the general plan, but also on the detail views and individual elements. To obtain a detailed accurate drawing, it is important to indicate the distance between the extreme and alignment axes.
Sequence of design
Before it is compiled project documentation structure, it is important to determine its purpose. For example, you need to decide whether the foundation will be intended for a residential low-rise building or for country house summer type.
In a country or private house, the exact number of rooms must be determined. If necessary, the quantity living quarters should include rooms intended for the stay of guests. The draft plan must have a detailed drawing of the base.
The foundation drawing should include the total weight of the building, the degree of increase in the load during operation and the characteristics of the soil. Here it is important to indicate the type of soil on which the strength and durability of the future structure depends.
The next stage of creating a project is the calculation and indication of all additional buildings on the site. These may include: garage, sauna, storage room, outdoor toilet.
People who want to create a secluded recreation area on their site need a special layout for the location of the foundation. It is important for them to place the front facade so that it is hidden from prying eyes by landscape decorations.
Before completing the creation of the foundation plan, you need to indicate the necessary land work to eliminate the unevenness of the site. Only after that you can proceed to drawing up a master plan and drawing a drawing of the base on paper.
Accurate planning and well-designed drawings allow construction work to be carried out with good energy savings, Money and time. After the approval of the building plan, you can immediately prepare a septic tank in order to more accurately position the building.
Planning different types of foundations
There are several types of foundation, which have their own individual characteristics.
For the construction of a residential building, a strip, pile or slab base can be used.
Strip foundation
Requires support on non-heaving soil with removed moisture and compensated frost heaving force. To obtain a durable base, you need to find out the composition of the soil and identify the depth of the groundwater in order to make a special calculation of the section of reinforcement and tape.
When creating a plan for the support of a house, you need to indicate the section configuration, location engineering communications, the type of foundation and the depth of the laying of the support op. To obtain the most accurate drawing, it is also necessary to correctly specify the coordinates and parameters of the reference block. Installation of the base begins with the installation of the reading block, and only then other elements are attached.
Pile foundation
Should consist of marking the pile field with the indication of the coordinate axes. The drawing should mark the position of all supports that are required to create this type of base.
The most difficult thing is to execute the grillage foundation, since it should consist of a grillage installation scheme and explanatory notes about the materials used. However, this type of pile foundation is considered more reliable and durable, since its design allows you to evenly distribute the weight of the building on the support.
Slab foundation
Should consist of a reinforcement scheme, heat and waterproofing systems. Its installation can be carried out close to the soil surface, which will avoid the influence of frosty swelling of the earth on the structure.
The plan of a monolithic dense foundation should consist of a layout of compacted soil, a special rammed "pillow", a layer of dornite and concrete, as well as a layer of hydro and thermal insulation. A monolithic slab and a reinforcing belt of a concrete slab are laid on top of the waterproofing materials, which should also be indicated in the drawing.
The layout of the strip and pile base should consist of sections intended to clarify the plan. Support contours, waterproofing layers, blind area and ledge sizes should be displayed on the sections.
The tape type requires the indication of levels, including the surface of the ground, the base of the foundation and the edge.
To simplify the installation of the section, you need to draw open strokes with arrows on the plan, which indicate the direction of the section plane.
Dependence on the size of the structure
To design a future structure, it is necessary to take into account not only the type of soil and the territorial location of the site, but also the area of the house. The load on the ground depends on the size of the structure. For example, it can be construction on a 7x9, 9x9 or 10x10 m foundation.
To make a 7 by 9 m base, it is better to use a strip foundation under the house. Before installing it, you need to calculate the minimum area and depth of the concrete support. The ideal condition for the installation of a belt structure is subsidence soil, which is characterized by low natural moisture, dusty composition and high structural strength.
According to the rules for drawing up a foundation plan, it is important to indicate all preparatory work in the project.
To do this, you need to make a markup for the structure, which will indicate the boundaries of the trench and the depth of the location of the supports. For better strength, the bottom is best made of drainage layers, including gravel, sand and water.
The planning of a residential building should take place with the formation of formwork. For high-quality construction of a 7x9 or 9x9 house, it is best to use an edged planed board 2.5-3 cm thick and 10-15 cm wide. Such boards will allow you to get an even base that does not require additional finishing work.
The formwork structure should be located 40 cm above the trench level, and the maximum gap between the boards should be 0.3 cm.After the installation of the formwork, a layer of waterproofing should be installed to prevent premature evaporation of moisture and increase the strength of the support.
The support frame for the structure is an integral part of a solid foundation. Therefore, it is preferable to use metal fittings with a diameter of 11 mm for it.
The construction plan should include the calculation of the concrete solution that will be needed to fill the base. Incorrect calculations can lead to a shortage of mixture, which will seriously affect the strength and reliability of the foundation.
To prepare a high-quality solution, it is recommended to use a cement grade of at least M250, coarse or medium sand and crushed stone.
The construction of the foundation begins with the layout of the site. The technology of land works is selected depending on the type of soil and the level of soil water. Also, before making a foundation for a house, you need to determine its type that is most suitable for your conditions.
A strip foundation on dry soil is made of brick, stone or concrete, on wet soil - from reinforced concrete or concrete with mesh reinforcement and waterproofing.
- Sandy... Set up on soils with deep soil waters. They dig a trench 70-centimeter deep, poured coarse sand on the bottom in 15-centimeter layers, each of which is watered abundantly with water. The top layer, up to 30 cm wide, consists of gravel, bricks or crushed stone, fastened with a mortar of sand and cement.
How to build a foundation yourself: a step-by-step guide
- Determine the depth of the soil water and the composition of the soil. To do this, you need to dig a hole one meter deep. The lack of water in it means that the soil water is deep. If the soil is a mixture of gravel, stone and sand, you can stop at a simple strip base, buried half a meter. If there is water in the pit, the foundation must be deepened by 0.5-1.2 m.
Before installing the base, find out the level of occurrence of groundwater
- Mark the area, remove the fertile soil layer. Along the perimeter of the future building, dig a trench of the required depth, level the bottom with sand.
The hole for the "tape" can be of different depths
- Before building the foundation for your home, formwork with plywood sheets or planks. Then you can start pouring. For this, a cement mixture with a suitable filler is used. For its preparation, they take cement, crushed stone and coarse sand in a ratio of 1: 5: 3. The components are mixed and poured with water so that a creamy consistency is obtained. The thicker the mortar, the stronger the foundation will be.
Formwork for the base of the house is made of planks
- Lay the foundation of stones, blocks or bricks with cement mortar. You need to start it from a sand pillow. The width is 20 cm thicker than the walls of the house. The foundation is reinforced with metal rods fastened with wire.
- Waterproof the base. At ground level, lay two layers of roofing felt into the trench, then continue to build the foundation to the desired height. To improve waterproofing, the underground part of the base is coated in several layers with hot bitumen, after which the trench is filled up. At this stage, you need to level the foundation with a level. If necessary, make inputs for sewerage and water supply.
For a high-quality foundation, it is necessary to waterproof the underground part of the base
- Lay blocks or bricks in rows above the waterproofing layer. To prevent the accumulation of moisture in the underfloor space, it is necessary to leave ventilation holes in the opposite walls of the base.
After insulation and waterproofing, we lay several basement rows of bricks
- After completing the laying of the foundation, waterproof it again with roofing material or other similar material.
You can also watch a video on how to make a foundation for a house. Below we will consider the features of the construction of foundations for the most popular types of buildings.
How to make a foundation for a wooden house
A wooden house is lighter than a stone one, but the foundation must be strong and reliable
The foundation for a wooden house has two main functions:
- Stability of the wooden structure.
- Creation of a barrier for microflora and moisture that destroy woody walls.
Also, a dense thick foundation prevents the penetration of cold into the basement. If the soil on the site is dry and dense, make a tape or slab columnar foundation. The most popular base for such houses is shallow tape... It is suitable for light timber buildings.
Shallow foundation design
The most durable is the foundation of concrete slabs.... However, houses with concrete floors are not very comfortable. In areas with high soil moisture, a pile is arranged. If you are thinking about how to properly build a foundation for your home, start by identifying the most suitable type.
It should be borne in mind that the construction of the concrete base is carried out no earlier than a month before the start of the construction of the walls, otherwise it will not have time to settle, and the structure may deform. A blind area and roofing felt or bituminous waterproofing must be made under wooden houses.
Brick and concrete protect not only from moisture, but also from exposure to sunlight, covering them with resistant paint or plaster. To ensure dryness in the upper part of the base of the house, through holes are left in the foundation for ventilation.
How to make a foundation for a house from a bar
Base on pillars - great way savings for easy home
For a log house of small mass and dimensions, a support-column foundation of square pillars installed at a distance of 2.5 ± 0.5 m is suitable. You can also use concrete, stone or brick. The stronger the material, the longer the base will last. In areas with heterogeneous soil, the base for a house from a bar is equipped with screw piles.
For large houses, it is beneficial to install a tiled foundation of 25 cm monolithic slabs. But most often, a strip-type reinforced concrete foundation is made of timber for buildings. This base can also be used for massive houses. The basic rule is that the foundation should be several centimeters thicker than the walls of the building.
- Before making the foundation for the house, mark the site and dig a trench, the depth of which is usually about 70 cm.
- Sand is laid at the bottom, tamped, and wooden formwork is mounted. It should rise above the ground by a maximum of 30 cm.
- Also carry out waterproofing of the base.
- After choosing and laying the foundations of the house, timber walls are installed.
- To increase the reliability of the structure, the beams are attached to the foundation using large anchor bolts or studs previously cast into the base. The nuts are screwed onto the latter.
- After that, the studs are sunk in the timber to the base.
How to make a foundation for a frame house correctly
For frame houses, it is usually made columnar or tape. The latter is mainly used for heavy multi-storey buildings. Column foundation is great for one-story houses frame type. But when choosing a base, not only the parameters of the building should be taken into account. The properties of the soil, especially its heaving, are of great importance. The higher it is, the stronger the foundation will be needed. In some cases, it is advisable to equip a tiled base for a frame house.
The strip foundation is usually made shallow. It should be borne in mind that on such a basis a lightweight building can float during periods of high soil moisture. The tape-type foundation for frame houses is made of concrete or reinforced concrete, having previously arranged a pillow made of any non-porous material, which will reduce the mobility of the structure.
Column foundation is less expensive than strip foundation. You can make it out of concrete or brick. It turns out good from red burnt bricks. Pits 0.5-1.5 m deep are dug under the supports.
The disadvantage of a brick columnar foundation is that, due to the pressure of the moving soil, it can move or deform. A concrete foundation of this type is considered the most durable and can last over 150 years, but it costs much more than its brick counterpart.
- Supports for the foundation are placed along the perimeter of the base of the frame building at a distance of 1.5-2 m.
- Be sure to install posts under the load-bearing partitions and corners of the house. The diameter of the holes should be at least 40 cm, the depth depends on the level of freezing and heaving of the soil.
- The bottom is covered with sand or other material that is suitable for arranging a pillow. Carry out formwork, insert reinforcement cage and the pit is poured with concrete with periodic compaction.
- You can make a concrete screed between the supports, which will become the basis for the basement and protect the basements of the frame house from cold, dust and moisture.
- The screed is placed on a 20 cm deep cushion. Formwork and fittings are also needed to equip the screed.
It is advisable to complete all construction work in one season and put the house into operation. If construction is postponed until next year, the foundation without loading the walls and roof can deform over the winter. The laying of the foundation for the house begins after the purchase of all the necessary building materials.
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Carrying out the choice of the foundation and laying it, a person carries out the most responsible work in the process of building a house. Indeed, it is on how high-quality the base of the building will be that determines its durability and well-being in further operation. It should be noted that the implementation of the choice of the foundation is sufficient complicated procedure, but if you focus on the criteria below, then no problems in this regard will arise. Let's decide which foundation is better?
Foundation selection criteria
First of all, the foundation of your house should be durable and have a high bearing capacity (relative to the building erected on it);
The foundation of the house must to prevent the resulting heat exchange as much as possible between the floor of the house and the ground;
Durability... The operational period of the foundation should be such that its destruction would begin only after the destruction of the walls);
Perfectly, the foundation should allow the creation of warm and dry cellars or underground garages. A very important quality in the construction of a private house;
Maximum efficiency- but not at the expense of quality.
It should be noted that it will be impossible to select the type of foundation without taking into account the type of soil on which the construction will be carried out. This factor is no less important than the characteristics of the building being erected. It is simply impossible to decide which type of foundation will be better in this or that case.
What are the types of foundations for a private house? Their main characteristics
When erecting private houses, one of the following types of foundation is used:
Slab foundation - it is formed on the basis of a monolithic slab previously placed on the ground.
Strip foundation - the type of foundation provides for a strip-like base on which the load-bearing and interior walls of the house are held;
Pile (columnar) foundation - the support for the structure being erected is a slab or beam grillage, placed not on the ground, but on the tops of vertical supports (meaning on poles or piles).
Slab
Tape
Pile
Without a doubt, each type of foundation has its own advantages and disadvantages. It will be possible to make a competent choice only if you know them thoroughly.
On the foundation of this type, it will be possible to erect both a light frame structure and a capital brick building. However, it should be noted that it is possible to erect a tape base only on dense rocks with moderate moisture and slight heaving deformation. An accompanying requirement for the site on which it is planned to erect such a foundation for a house will be a relatively flat relief.
The tape universal base is suitable, practically, for any type of house - for example, for a brick
Positive traits:
High bearing capacity tape type foundation;
Solid internal volume
Disadvantages:
Low heat resistance;
Insufficient moisture resistance.
In fairness, it should be noted that using plate insulators, it is possible to level these shortcomings better.
You can build anything on such a slab, but it will cost you dearly.
Obvious advantages:
No restrictions on the characteristics of the soil and the weight of the house being built.
High load-carrying capacity;
Moderate heat and moisture resistance.
Disadvantages:
"Zero" base volume;
The site requirement is a perfectly smooth surface;
High price.
Conclusion - the use of a slab foundation is possible only if the project of the house does not imply the presence of an underground garage or basement. And the estimate should involve significant financial costs.
Pile and columnar foundations
Only a light structure can be erected on a foundation of this type - frame houses, "Finnish" houses, as well as block buildings.
Fast and reliable pile foundation for a lightweight frame house
Pluses of a pile foundation:
Unpretentiousness to the ground - dense soil, quicksand, silty soil will do. This is due to the fact that the installation of piles makes it possible to detect a dense support at a depth of 12 meters - provided that the pile packages are immersed at a distance of 25-35 meters.
It is possible to create a spacious cellar or underground garage;
Durability. A pile foundation for a house will stand for more than a hundred years.
Disadvantages:
Low bearing capacity - this explains the fact that it will not be possible to place a capital brick building on this foundation.
The need for additional heat and moisture insulation.
What is the foundation for the house to choose?
In order to choose the appropriate type of foundation, you will need to find out the following things:
Detailed characteristics of the soil on which construction is planned;
Features of the site relief;
Characteristics of the structure being erected. The project, materials, the need for the arrangement of underground premises, total area, the planned costs - all this must be taken into account.
It is necessary to once again focus on the fact that before deciding which foundation for the house is better to do, it is necessary to check all the data three times. Get it right - this is a job that is usually entrusted to professionals with appropriate training and work experience. If you have already decided to save money, then you need to do everything so that this saving does not turn into tenfold losses. The foundation will be wrongly chosen - the house will not stand for a long time. Even a pile foundation erected according to all the rules will not withstand the capital structure, and the strip foundation will "ride" on quicksand. This is about what mistakes are made in most cases when choosing the type of foundation.
Only if we take into account all of the above factors, then it will be possible to choose a suitable foundation, thereby providing the built house with a guarantee of durability.
For convenience, below is a table of the ratio of foundations and types of houses.
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