Spheres of public life and their relationship. The main areas of public life, their relationship

The loss of the breadwinner - 10/15/2019

Society is the totality of all forms of association of people (for example, family, collective, class, state, etc.) and the relations between them. The first ideas about the systematic nature and society arose in ancient philosophy, but the most active problem of the systematic social life began to be developed in the XIX-XX centuries.

V. in the works of such social thinkers as O. Comte, G. Spencer, K. Marx, M. Weber, P. A. Sorokini and others. Since then, a system of concepts has been developed that allows us to understand the structure of society as a holistic system.

In philosophical science, society is characterized as:

a) a complex system consisting of a large number of elements, relationships and relationships. The behavior and systemic change of society cannot be unambiguously and predictably described;

b) an open and self-developing system. Modern society has both a tiered organization and a network structure, which complicates the systemic characteristics of society.

The most active problem of the systematic nature of public life was developed by such major thinkers of the XIX-XX centuries. as O. Comte, G. Spencer, K. Marx, A. Bogdanov, M. Weber, P. Sorokin and others.

Systemic features of society: integrity, sociality, stability, autonomy and self-sufficiency, openness.

Society is a self-organizing and self-developing social system, the mode of existence of which is human activity.

The elements-subsystems separate within the framework of society also act as a social system: spheres of public life; human society;

small and large social groups; ethnic and national communities; states or alliances of states, etc. All these subsystems are united by a complex network of diverse functional interactions and interdependencies and differ in the processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction. Society as a social system is characterized by openness, a certain degree of coordination of its subsystems and, at the same time, well-known unpredictability, probabilistic and non-linear type of development.

Different philosophical models of society distinguish different systemic elements:

The economic sphere, the elements of which are material production and industrial relations arising between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange, distribution and consumption

The social sphere, consisting of such structural entities as classes, social institutions, etc., taken from their relationships and interactions with each other

The political sphere, which includes various subjects of political relations: the state, political parties, etc.

The spiritual sphere, encompassing various forms of social consciousness: law, religion, philosophy, morality, art, science, etc.

Each of these areas, being itself an element of a system called “society”, in turn, turns out to be a system with respect to the elements that make up it. All four spheres of public life are not interconnected, but mutually determine each other.

Spheres of public life:

1. material-production sphere covers the relations arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods (production, trade, financial institutions, etc.);

2. organizational (political) sphere carries out regulation of the activities of people and relations between them (state, political parties, etc.);

3. The social sphere is the sphere of human reproduction as a member of society. It creates conditions for childbearing, socialization of people, recreation and restoration of legal capacity. It includes health care, education, the service sector;

4. The spiritual sphere is the sphere of the production of knowledge, ideas, and artistic values. It includes science, philosophy, religion, morality, art.

All areas are closely interconnected, they can be considered separately only in theory, which helps to isolate and study individual areas of a truly holistic society, their role in the overall system. Entering into relations with each other, people form diverse social groups. The combination of these groups forms the social structure of society. Groups are distinguished according to various criteria, for example:

1. social-class groups are estates (for example, the nobility, clergy, third estate), classes (working class, bourgeois class), strata (highly skilled workers and laborers), etc. 2. socio-ethnic groups are clan, tribe, nationality, nation;

3. demographic groups - age and gender groups, able-bodied and disabled population, etc.

4. vocational educational groups - mental and physical workers, professional groups

You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

Social sphere

Covers social communities and the relationship between them. This area also includes ensuring the quality of life of the population: the payment of pensions and benefits, free education and medical services.

The main subject of study in this area is man as a social being. No individual can exist without society, just as it is without it. Throughout his life, a person performs several social roles and has a certain status. The social status of a person is determined by the position occupied by the person in society in accordance with their gender, age, profession, lifestyle. Status involves a person performing certain duties.

The status prescribed to a person from birth is called congenital: These are gender, age, race. People born in a family with a good material income are much easier to build a career than the poorer. But a greater place is occupied by acquired statuses - those that are obtained by a person throughout his life: education, hard work.

Status determines what its carrier can and should do in a particular situation and what not. A framework for its activities is being established.

Equally important is the concept of prestige - a kind of popularity that this or that sphere of activity enjoys in society. The more expensive a person’s profession is, the more prestigious it is.

The social role is called the prescription of the corresponding status of behavior. Each person has his own role set - the totality of the roles he performs. Boy or girl, son or daughter, student or employee - all these are social roles. They can change throughout life (student - student - employee) or remain unchanged (son - daughter).

An important element of the social sphere is the division of society into groups - social stratification. Its main types are slavery (one person’s property of another), castes (a closed group of people who are related by origin; characteristic of a number of Asian countries), estates (a closed group of people whose position in society are determined by the presence of certain rights and obligations that pass through inheritance) and estates (a closed group, the position in society in which is directly related to the attitude to private property). When there is social stratification, there is inequality - conditions under which people have unequal access to material wealth.

In the modern world, strata are conditionally distinguished, which determine the position of a person. These include education, income, power, and prestige. The transition between the strata is possible, the level of social mobility (horizontal and vertical) is very high. Social elevators have a special impact on mobility, they allow you to move from one stratum to another in the shortest possible time. Social elevators include the army, church, marriage, family, school, and more.

People who come from one social class, but for some reason do not join another, are called marginalized, that is, non-class individuals. They are free from stereotypes and depend only on themselves, do not bother with work.

A social institution is a stable form of organization of joint human activity. There are several main institutions and their functions: family (reproductive function - reproduction of the genus), state (ensuring law and order and security), education (educational function, obtaining new knowledge, primary socialization), religion (solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life). The task of social institutions is to meet human needs. His primary, that is, the most necessary for a successful life activity is considered the need for food, drink, clothing, housing, communication.

Social values \u200b\u200bare abstract: pity, mutual assistance, kindness - they cannot be measured or touched.

Social norms govern social behavior. These include legal norms, that is, rules established legally (laws, regulations), morality (the concept of good and evil), religious (the Bible says: “do not kill”, “do not steal”) and technical (when they explain to a small child that fingers into the outlet stick dangerous).

All people somehow interact with each other. Moreover, they are obliged to respect the opinions and interests of others, to be tolerant. In the absence of this quality, conflicts begin, the most severe and dangerous form of which are interethnic conflicts. In addition to a certain territory, language, politics and economy, each ethnic group has its own national culture. The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and you need to try to preserve it for posterity. Each culture can be expressed in mentality - a national character.

It regulates the relationship between government and society. This system is dynamic: it does not stand still and is constantly evolving.

Politics covers not only the power of the ruler, but also his opposition and their relationship with the people. These are political views and ideas; legal culture and political relations, legal and political values \u200b\u200band norms. In addition, the political sphere has communication - it connects all sectors of society.

The functions of politics are so vast that they cover all aspects of human life.

- Legislation - the publication of laws and the regulation of their implementation

- The formation of political consciousness of people and the manipulation of the masses - with the help of Mass Media (newspapers): newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasting

- Definition of tasks and development paths and their implementation to the masses

- Alignment of the interests of society with the interests of the state

The traditional form of government is the monarchy, in which power is inherited. The monarchy is absolute when the power of the ruler is not limited by anything, and limited (constitutional and parliamentary). Under the republican form of government, the ruler is elected for a certain term, it may be the president or parliament.

The political regime points to ways of organizing power in the state. The most “free” is the democratic regime. Power is concentrated in the hands of the people, it is its source. Democracy is an obligatory separation of powers (into legislative, judicial and executive), equality of all citizens before the law and universal suffrage. Decisions are made by the majority, taking into account the views of the minority, as well as political pluralism - freedom of opinion and opinion, a large number of parties, the existence of the opposition.

Totalitarian and unitary regimes are considered undemocratic. The state intervenes in public life (under authoritarianism only in economics and politics, under totalitarianism - including personal life), the participation of the people is minimal, there is a single ideology, sometimes even a personality cult.

The Mass Media has a great influence on politics: thanks to their activities, the attitude of citizens to the government of the state is changing, their choices are being cast. The media have a great influence on a person, regulate their consciousness. Many even call the media the “fourth power” - so great is their influence.

Mass Media tools evaluate information and comment on it, political socialization (attracting people to the political sphere, increasing political activity), representing the interests of various groups and public associations.

The media rarely reports boring meetings or unimportant laws. Most often, they bring people sensational statements, emergencies and reports of previously unknown phenomena. Such news attracts the average reader and enhances their political culture, introduces them to the values \u200b\u200bof politics.

All thoughts and feelings of a person associated with his political participation are called political consciousness. The political consciousness that is formed in every person and reflects what he remembers in everyday life is called everyday. Political feelings, experiences, the role of the individual in politics fall under the consideration of political psychology. Political psychology is formed on the basis of interaction between citizens and the state.

A holistic set of ideas and ideas that serve as the basis for political action is called ideology. Communist ideology prevailed in the twentieth century, when Marx's ideas on revolutionary violence came first. Joseph Stalin continued the development of this ideology and the idea of \u200b\u200ba world revolution came into being. The leadership of the proletariat, the establishment of a dictatorial regime, the reorganization of society on the principles of equality and justice — these are the basic ideas of communism.

Under its regulation fall relations between people who arise in the field of goods and services. They include the production, consumption, exchange and distribution of wealth.

Economics is understood as a science that explores the use by people of their benefits. All the resources that people use in the process of their activity are called production factors. The main factors of production are labor (people’s activities for the production of material goods), land (all types of natural resources), capital (buildings and structures, money), entrepreneurship (the ability to correctly evaluate and build their production).

Unfortunately, in the modern world there is a problem of limited resources. This problem is connected with the fact that people are not able to rationally use what is given to them. Man's desires are unlimited, they have long exceeded his primary needs. And in order to satisfy most of them, a greater supply of resources is needed than there is now.

The economic system is represented by three main types of economy: traditional, command and market.

Although the traditional economic system is inherent in pre-industrial (traditional) society, it is also manifested in the modern world - many people have gardens, dachas - subsistence farming.

The command system completely denies the existence of private property, all property is state-owned. Each enterprise operates according to a specific plan (how many and what products must be produced for a certain period of time) established by the authorities.

The market economy plays the most important role in the economic sphere. It is based on the right to private property, the development of competition, and economic freedom. The state does not intervene in a market economy; it only regulates and protects it through laws.

Spiritual culture is a process of mastering culture, science, religion. It determines the value - moral qualities of society, reflects its level and quality of development.

The very first step in the spiritual development of society is morality. It can be compared with a legal custom, not fixed in laws, but constituting its basis. The moral standards reflect the basic values \u200b\u200bof society, the measure of its aesthetic, religious development.

Culture can be divided into material (sculptures, architectural buildings) and spiritual (achievements of science and art). Innovation in culture is impossible without continuity: the authors, creating their creations, rely on the achievements of the past.

The inner spiritual life of each individual is considered his spiritual world. A person who does not have a spiritual world is called spiritless. There is a huge difference between people who regularly visit theaters and various exhibitions and deny art as such.

Culture is one of the highest human values. It focuses on the concepts of kindness and evil, truth and beauty. Patriotism is also important - love for the motherland.

Man's views on the world around him make up his worldview - a holistic view of nature, man, society, ideals of the individual. Worldview can be based on faith in God, concentrate on man or science, nature.

Art - let it be the comprehension of the beautiful. This is a moving wheel, the point of view of which is constantly changing. Art is created in order to overcome the possibilities of communication between individual nations.

Was last modified: January 12th, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva

What are the spheres of public life?
What are the areas of public life?
How are the various spheres of society interconnected?

The structure of society has always interested people. Have you thought about this? For many centuries, scientists have tried to create a model, an image with which it was possible to reproduce human society for study. It was presented in the form of a pyramid, a clockwork, likened to a branching tree.

Spheres of society

Society is reasonably structured. Each of its spheres (parts) fulfills its functions, satisfies certain needs of people. Remember what are the needs.

Spheres of public life are areas of public life in which the most important needs of people are satisfied.

Scientists distinguish four main areas of public life: economic, political, social and spiritual. Such a division is arbitrary, but it helps to better navigate the variety of social phenomena.

The economic sphere includes firms, enterprises, factories, banks, markets, mines, etc. That is, everything that allows society to produce such a quantity of goods and services that will satisfy people's vital material needs - in food, housing, clothing, leisure, etc. .d.

The main task of the economic sphere is to organize the activities of large groups of people in production, consumption (buying and using purchased for their own purposes) and the distribution of goods and services.

The entire population participates in economic life. For the most part, children, pensioners, and disabled people are not producers of material wealth. But they participate in the exchange - when they buy goods in a store, distribution - when they receive pensions and benefits, and, of course, in the consumption of material goods. You are not yet creating wealth, but you are actively consuming it.

The political sphere includes the state and bodies of state power and administration. In Russia, these are the President, the government, the parliament (Federal Assembly), local authorities, the army, the police, the tax and customs services, as well as political parties. The main task of the political sphere is to ensure order in society and its security, resolve social conflicts, adopt new laws and monitor their implementation, protect external borders, collect taxes, etc.

The social sphere includes the daily relationships of citizens, as well as the relationships of large social groups of society: peoples, classes, etc.

The social sphere also includes various institutions for ensuring the livelihoods of people. These are shops, passenger transport, public services (housing management companies and dry cleaners), catering (canteens and restaurants), healthcare (polyclinics and hospitals), communications (telephone, post office, telegraph), as well as leisure and entertainment facilities (parks) cultures, stadiums).

An important place in the social sphere is occupied by the bodies of social protection and social security. They are called upon to provide social assistance to those in need: pensioners, unemployed, large families, disabled people, low-income people. You learned how social assistance is provided to families in grade 5.

The spiritual sphere includes science, education, religion and art. It includes universities and academies, research institutes, schools, museums, theaters, art galleries, cultural monuments, national art treasures, associations of believers, etc. It is in this sphere that the spiritual wealth of society is accumulated and transferred to future generations, and people and entire societies find the answer to the question of the meaning of life and their existence.

What areas of public life are depicted in the photographs? Argument your answer.

The relationship of the four spheres of society

So, we have identified four main areas of modern society. But this does not mean that they exist separately from each other. On the contrary, they are closely interconnected and influence each other. For example, if the country's economy does not fulfill its tasks, does not provide the population with a sufficient number of goods and services, does not expand the number of jobs, then the standard of living decreases sharply, there is not enough money to pay salaries and pensions, unemployment appears, crime is growing. Thus, successes in one, economic, sphere affect well-being in another, social.

The economy can greatly influence politics, in history there are many examples.

Additional reading

The Byzantine Empire and Iran waged many years of war with each other over which of them would collect duties from merchants who drove caravans along the Great Silk Road. As a result, they depleted their strength in these wars, and the Arabs took advantage of this, who seized most of their possessions from the Byzantine emperors, and completely conquered Iran.

Explain how this example shows the relationship between the economic and political spheres.

The social sphere is directly related to political life. Changes in the political sphere, such as a power shift, the advent of other politicians to governing the state, can worsen people's living conditions. But feedback is also possible. The reason for the change of power was often the indignation of the masses with the deterioration of their position. For example, the Western Roman Empire also ceased to exist because the taxes imposed by the emperor were unbearably large for his subjects and they preferred the power of the barbarian kings to the imperial.

To summarize

There are four areas of public life: economic, political, social and spiritual. The spheres of public life satisfy the basic needs of people and are closely interconnected with each other.

Key terms and concepts

Spheres of society: economic, political, social, spiritual.

Test your knowledge

What areas can society be divided into? Give a brief description of each area of \u200b\u200bsociety. What is their significance for society?
Explain how different spheres of society influence each other. When answering, use the circuit on p. 20.
What do you think is the most important area of \u200b\u200bsociety? Explain your answer.

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Quiet my homeland!
Willow, river, nightingales ...
My mother is buried here
In childhood, my ...

Where I swam for fish
Hay is rowed into the hayloft:
Between river bends
People dug a canal.

Tina now and swamp
Where I loved to swim ...
Quiet my homeland
I have not forgotten anything.

A new fence in front of the school
The same green space.
Like a crow funny
I'll sit down again on the fence!

My wooden school! ..
The time will come to leave -
The misty river behind me
Will run and run ...

(Social Studies Grade 9 OGE)

1. The concept of society as a system.

2. Subsystems of society:

a) political;

b) economic;

c) social;

d) spiritual.

3. The concept of elements (subsystems) of public life.

4. Political sphere:

a) the state;

b) power;

c) legislative activity;

d) elections, referendum.

5. Economic sphere:

a) production;

c) consumption;

d) the distribution of wealth.

6. Social sphere:

a) friendship;

c) love;

d) conflict.

7. The spiritual realm:

a) education;

b) religion;

d) art.

8. The interconnection of all spheres of public life.

All spheres of public life are closely interconnected, since they are part of a single mechanism called society. Thus, the political sphere affects all spheres of society through the established rules of conduct in a particular industry, whether it is the economy where the right to property is protected, whether it is the social sphere where the behavior of citizens is regulated, their basic rights and obligations are fixed. Politics also affects the education system, art, religion and science, also establishing certain orders there.

Economics is the creation, exchange, consumption and distribution of wealth. Without these material goods, a person will not be able to satisfy his most important life needs, not to mention spiritual ones. Thus, the economy provides society with material goods, which positively affects the life of all other areas of public life.

The spiritual sphere carries the role of the formation of the spiritual world of the individual, his values, ideals, and guidelines. Education prepares prominent politicians, entrepreneurs and leaders in various fields.

The social sphere helps people to carry out this or that activity together. To make friends, create families and so on. If a conflict arises in the social sphere, then it is also reflected in other subsystems of society.

The spheres of society are the totality of relationships of a stable nature between various social objects.

Each sphere of society includes certain types of human activity (for example: religious, political or educational) and established relations between individuals.

social (nations, peoples, classes, age and gender groups and others);
economic (productive relations and forces);
political (parties, state, socio-political movements);
spiritual (morality, religion, art, science and education).

Social sphere

The social sphere is the totality of relations, enterprises, industries and organizations related and determining the level and life of society and its welfare. This area primarily includes a range of services - culture, education, healthcare, physical education, social security, catering, passenger transport, public services, and communications.

The concept of "social sphere" has different meanings, but they are all interconnected. In sociology, this is the sphere of society, which includes various social communities and close ties between them. In political science and economics, it is a combination of industries, organizations and enterprises whose task is to improve the standard of living of society.

This area includes various social societies and relations between them. Occupying a certain position in society, a person enters into different communities.

Economic sphere

The economic sphere is the totality of relations between people, the emergence of which is due to the creation and movement of various material goods; it is an area of \u200b\u200bexchange, production, consumption and distribution of services and goods. The mode of production and distribution of material goods is the main factor that determines the specifics

The main task of this sphere of society is to solve such questions as: "what, how and for whom to produce?" and “how to harmonize consumption and production processes?”.

The structure of the economic sphere of society consists of:

- labor force (people), tools and objects of working life;
production relations - this is the production of goods, their distribution, further exchange or consumption.

Political sphere

The political sphere is the relationship of people who are primarily associated directly with the authorities and are engaged in ensuring joint security. The following elements of the political sphere can be distinguished:

political institutions and organizations - revolutionary groups, the presidency, parties, parliamentarism, citizenship and more;
political communications - forms and communications of interaction between various participants in the political process, their relations;
political norms - moral, political and legal norms, traditions and customs;
ideology and political culture - ideas of a political nature, political psychology and culture.

Spiritual sphere

This is an area of \u200b\u200bintangible and ideal formations, which include various values \u200b\u200band ideas of religion, morality and art.

The structure of this sphere of society includes:

morality is a system of ideals, moral norms, actions and evaluations;
religion - various forms of worldview that are based on faith in the power of God;
art - the spiritual life of man, artistic perception and development of the world;
education - the process of training and education;
law - the norms that the state supports.

All spheres of society are closely interconnected

Each sphere is characterized by independence, but at the same time, any of them is in close interaction with the rest. The boundaries between the spheres of society are transparent and blurred.

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Spheres of public life and their relationship. The main areas of public life, their relationship

More on the topic 44. Society as a system. Spheres of public life and their relationship:

Social sphere

Spheres of society

The relationship of the four spheres of society

Additional reading

Test your knowledge

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