Man in the system of market relations.
Regional state-owned educational institution
secondary vocational education
(secondary special educational institution)
Minussky Pedagogical College named after A.S. Pushkin
Workbook "I'm on the labor market"
under the discipline "Employment technology"
Student 321Groups
Specialty 050.
Physical education
FIO Rustamov Ruslan Hagany oglu
Lecturer: Alekseeva I.V.
Minusinsk - 2014
Section 1. Labor market in modern socio-economic conditions.
Topic 1.1. Man and work in a market relations system
Labor market- This is a system of relationships between employers and an employee, which is governed by the demand for labor demand and its proposal. Characterized by the number of specialists, the number of jobs and condition wages.
The main characteristics of the labor market are:
Proposal for workforce
Demand for labor
Types of modern labor market:
View | Characteristic |
1. open market Labor | On the one hand, the economically active population is looking for work, and on the other hand all vacancies in all sectors of the economy. |
2. Regulated labor market | Creates legal basis behavior of subjects in the labor market, provides legislative regulation economic, social and labor relations, as well as a developed system collective contracts as a source of regulatory regulation. |
3. Organized labor market | 1. Presums developed infrastructure ensuring the functioning of the labor market. 2. Close interaction of employment policies with labor areas socially economic politicians states. |
4. External labor market | Spends geographic and professional labor mobility between the organization. |
5. Domestic labor market | Based on the professional movement of workers within the organization. |
6. Demographic Labor Market | Depending on the degree of labor mobility, various levels of working capacity and the activity of workers in the labor market. |
7. Professional | It is characterized by an association of workers in professional interests, leaving outside the organization where they are busy. |
8. Flexible labor market | A complex of measures of a socio-economic, industrial and legal nature for the rapid adaptation of the organization's activities by a changing condition of the economy. |
Vocational guidance - This is a system of measures aimed at assisting
youth in the choice of profession. Includes propaganda of the most necessary society of professions, individual advice, information on educational institutions that operate in a certain region.
Profession - (from the Latin word Professio - I declare your business)
labor activity requiring certain training and is usually a source of existence.
Professional quality- Ability and skills to perform work by a specialist in its specialty (profession).
Specialty- in the very general It is possible to determine as a type of classes within the framework of one profession (from the Latin word Species - genus, view). It can be said that the specialty is a combination of knowledge, skills and skills acquired as a result of education and ensuring the formulation and solution of the relevant class of professional tasks, the possibility of a certain type of professional activity in accordance with the qualifications assigned.
Specialist- worker performing certain work in the organization, according to established official dutiesWith a certain quality qualification based on its knowledge, consisting of education and acquired experience.
Qualification - this is the level of training, preparedness to competent implementation of a certain type of activity
specialties.
Position - This is a service situation, a place in the organization related to the performance of certain official duties and a certain responsibility. Position may be:
Vacant - free, provided for filling,
Elective, which can be occupied by the competition or by election,
Staten, provided staffing schedule Organizations.
Employer- A person hiring other people who provides them with work.
Vacancy (from Lat. Vacans - Pustoor) - this is the presence of an unoccupied workplace, the post on which a new employee can be accepted.
Labor discipline -this is a form of labor behavior of workers, determined by both the rules of law and morality in society and the conditions and regulations of labor in this organization.
Professional requirements
- Conditions in the organization that are created in order to optimally manifest each specialist their professional qualities.
Professional standard- This is a qualification characteristic required for the implementation of a certain type of professional activity.
Task number 1.Explore the labor function of your professional activities in the professional standard and fill in the table:
I am owned for professional activities | I have a deficit for professional activities |
|
Labor Actions | - participation in creating a safe and psychologically comfortable educational environment of an educational organization through ensuring the safety of children's life, maintaining the emotional well-being of the child during the stay in the educational organization. Planning and implementing educational work in the group of children of early and / or preschool age in accordance with federal government educational standards and basic educational programs. The development of professionally significant competencies necessary to solve the educational tasks of the development of children of early and preschool age, taking into account the characteristics of the age and individual characteristics of their development. Creation of a positive psychological climate in a group and conditions for benevolent relations between children, including those belonging to different national-cultural, religious communities and social sections, as well as with various (including limited) health capabilities. Organization of activities carried out in early and preschool age: subject, educational and research, game (role-playing, directing, with rule), productive; construct creating extensive opportunities for the development of a free game of children, including providing game time and space. Organization of constructive interaction of children in different types Activities, creating conditions for the free choice of activities, participants in joint activities, materials. Active use of non-forwarding assistance and support for children's initiative and independence in different activities. Organization of the educational process based on direct communication with each child, taking into account its special educational needs. | - participation in the development of the main educational program of the educational organization in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education. Organization and conducting pedagogical monitoring of the development of educational programs and analysis of educational work in the group of children of early and / or preschool age. Formation of psychological readiness for school learning. Participation in planning and adjusting educational tasks (jointly with a psychologist and other specialists) on the results of monitoring, taking into account the individual characteristics of the development of each child's early and / or preschool age. |
Necessary skills | - Organize activities carried out in early and preschool age: subject, educational and research, game (role-playing, directorial, with rule), productive; constructing creating extensive opportunities for the development of a free game of children, including providing game time and space. To own all kinds of educational activities of the preschooler (game, productive, cognitive-research). To own ICT competencies necessary and sufficient for planning, implementation and evaluation of educational work with children of early and preschool age. | - Replace the methods of the physical, cognitive and personal development of children of early and preschool age in accordance with the educational program of the organization. Use methods and means of analyzing psychological and pedagogical monitoring, allowing to evaluate the results of developing educational programs, the degree of formation of their qualities necessary for further education and development at the following levels of training. Build partnerships with parents (legal representatives) of early and preschool children to solve educational tasks, use methods and means for their psychological and pedagogical education. |
Necessary knowledge | -Specialism of pre-school education and features of organizing work with children of early and preschool age. Fundamentals of the theory of the physical, cognitive and personal development of children of early and preschool age. Modern trends in pre-school education. | - Major psychological approaches: cultural and historical, activity and personal; Basics of pre-school pedagogy, including classic pre-school education systems. General laws of child development in early and preschool age. Features of the formation and development of children's activities in early and preschool age. |
Unemployment - This is a socio-economic situation in which a part of an active, able-bodied population cannot find the work that these people are able to fulfill. Unemployment is due to the exceeding the number of people who want to find work, over the number of available jobs, corresponding to the profile and qualifications of applicants for these places.
Species of unemployment:
View | Characteristic |
1.Friction | Associated with the movement of people from one job on other, from one terrain to another. |
2. Structural | associated with changes in technology and change markets of goods and services. For example, the share of employees employed in the field of services in recent years is consistently growing, and the share of products engaged in the production is reduced. To mitigate structural unemployment, various types of training and retraining of product production workers are needed. |
3. Season | associated with fluctuations in production volumes in different periods of the year. |
4. Cyclic | associated with insufficient cumulative demand on the goods and services that cause an increase in unemployment in those sectors where these goods are produced. |
5. Ware | which is characteristic of the domestic economy. The essence of it in the fact that in the conditions of incomplete use of enterprise resources caused by economic crisis, Enterprises do not dismiss workers, and translate their either per short-term working hours (part-time working week or part-time), or sent to forced unpaid leave. |
Labor exchange - This is an institution registering the unemployed for the purpose of finding jobs for them.
Unemployment benefits - this is monetary help State unemployed, registered on the labor exchange.
Topic 1.2. Career as a work strategy
Career - This is from the Italian Carriera - Running, life Path, field) -
successful promotion in any field of activity implies not so much an increase in position as professional growth.
Career Types:
View | Characteristic |
1. intorganization | the employee passes all positions consistently in one organization. |
2. Interhorganization | the employee passes all positions consistently working in different organizations. |
3. specialized | the employee undergoes various career stages consistently in one or in different organizations, but within one profession. |
4. Non-specialized | it is based on the assumption that the head must be a specialist who can work on any site of the company, i.e. Perform the functions of any of your subordinates. |
5. vertical | the rise to a higher level of the structural hierarchy is an increase in position, which is accompanied by a higher level of remuneration. |
6. Horizontal | it is assumed either move to another functional area of \u200b\u200bactivity, or the implementation of a certain official role on a step that does not have a rigid formal consolidation in the organizational structure. |
7. Speed | combines elements of horizontal and vertical career. |
8. Centripetal (hidden) | it is the least obvious to others. Under the centripetal career means movement to the kernel, the management of the organization |
Career building models (options):
Model | Description |
1. "Springboard" | widespread, among managers and specialists, the life path of which consists of a long lift on the service staircase with a gradual increase in their potential, knowledge, experience and qualifications. |
2. "Stairs" | each step of a career is a certain position that the employee takes a fixed time. |
3. motivation | understand the motives for choosing an option of career promotion, a career strategy and a system of life values. |
4. Satisfaction with labor | it is characterized as an estimated attitude of a person to various aspects or areas of his professional activity: to work, organization, professional and official career, etc. |
Phases of formation of a professional
Mentor |
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Authority | Master of his business in any profession "Fecting" students |
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Master | Well known in the professional environment |
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INTERNAL | Worker is able to solve the most difficult tasks |
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Adaptant | Experienced worker who successfully performs functions |
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Adept. | Adaptation, addictive young specialist to work |
|||||
Opan | This man who has become on the path of profession commitment and mastering it |
|||||
Man is concerned about the choice or forced change of profession and makes this choice |
The man in the system of market relations without people can not be any economy. The economy arose with a person and develops for a person, to influence the development of the human person. Economy - a generation and result of a conscious impact of a person in nature in the name of obtaining means of existence. It is often said that the economy is the interaction of a person with the environment in the interests of human and society in general. In the conditions of market relations, a person acts as
the owner of certain material and intellectual objects, personal labor. A person may be an entrepreneur, dispose of the profits received at his own discretion, and it can successfully manage someone else's property, to be the manager, manager or an effective employee. It is to enjoy the path of market development that ensures its citizens multiple opportunities to show their abilities. It turns out, the market is similar to society of universal benefits?
This is not quite so. In the course of market transformations in our country, the income levels of the richest and poorest part of the population were sharply delimited, the income difference was hundreds and thousands of times. At the same time, there were no two poles - rich and poor, but the middle class is the basis of an effective market economy, while slowly formed. Moreover, market relations spawned a significant number of citizens of the country, devoid of housing, socially unprotected, many homeless children, including
having parents. The country has become a familiar unemployment (according to official statistics - up to 10% of the working-age population in a number of regions), especially in agricultural areas, places unfavorable to residence of people on climatic conditions. The growth of unemployment contributes to migration to Russia of the population from the republics former USSRwhere the Russian-speaking population cannot find applied to his work. By the beginning of the XXI century, only three or five percent of the country's population, "settled" raw materials and financial
streams, have income that allow them to feel themselves if not all-quality magnami, then exactly people who are forgotten are forever, what household material difficulties and monetary problems. « Middle class"(About 20% of the population) represent in the current conditions not engineers, officers, doctors, teachers, scientists, middle entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers and farmers (as accepted in many developed countries), and employees of services, entertainment services, officials and various kinds of Earls, living
on income from invested capital. The remaining 75% of the population is supervised at the level of simple reproduction of labor. Such a provision led to the fact that the access of the poor of the population for education is difficult, quantitatively decreased able-bodied populationWith no less than a million people in ten years, emigrated from Russia for ten years, and a significant part of this emigration was the educated people who were previously engaged in intellectual activity. The following reasons for income inequality are distinguished: distinction in abilities, educational
/ Roven, the amount of property of property (including the privatization received during the privatization in the early 1990s.), the situation in the labor market (including discrimination), the easperiness in the productivity of the chest in different industries and, of course, luck, luck. The market medium spawned the multiplicity of cases of scam, fraud, on the path of which should be standing (as long as there is no extent) prohibitive legislation. Construction situations " financial pyramids", Intentional bankruptcy of enterprises and banks are traditionally
inherent in a market economy, in the transition period, they manifest themselves most often and painfully for many citizens. Increment inequality exists in any economic system, but only when a certain border is exceeded, it leads to social explosions. That is why we are seeing a new phenomenon for our country - strikes. For several recent years, miners, air traffickers, even teachers and doctors have strikes; The salary of employees of the budget sector is significantly lower than wages in the non-state sector of the economy.
And this inequality leads to different possibilities in the consumption of goods: family with low income It can not give good education to children, will not provide them with a decent profession, not to mention incomparable opportunities in everyday needs - in clothing and nutrition. What do you need to return to the idea of \u200b\u200bequal income, to the "equalization"? In no way, because the equality of income undermines interest, incentives for labor activity, negatively affects the development of the economy as a whole. We must only be fulfilled the requirements of social justice,
as part of which preferential social benefits are issued only to those who really need them, large taxes are paid from large income, and a number of social goods are made publicly available, free. An important involvement of an employee in the affairs of the enterprise, in which he works, his personal interest in improving labor quality is important. Privatization of the property itself does not ensure the effective inclusion of a person in market relations.
Attracting an employee to the management of an enterprise contributes to this process, reduces the alienation of a person from the means and results of labor. In this significant role plays an increase in the qualifications of workers, which the employer should take care of the first. An essential factor in the appearance of confidence in the future of many citizens is associated with the so-called richness effect, when a person has the opportunity to receive income from several sources.
For example, the possibility of space free money In reliable banks in order to receive additional income or game on the stock exchange makes human behavior in market conditions planned, predictable, stable.
Economic relations, which, throughout life, comes a man, diverse. The person's place in economic relations is primarily characterized by:
1) its position in the property relations;
2) its role in the labor process (production);
3) its participation in business and entrepreneurship;
4) its position in the distribution relationship and consumption produced in the Company's society.
Entering the property relationship, a person implements the rights of ownership (the opportunity to have this or that property), orders (the ability to change the appointment and belonging of property), use (the ability to use the beneficial properties of property). The volume of these rights depends on the ownership: general, private or mixed.
It should be emphasized that the influence of the shape of ownership of the economic behavior of a person is not unambiguous. For example, private property, on the one hand, disconnects people and alienates them from labor, but, on the other, is prerequisite Their economic independence and independence. General (or public) property, to a certain extent, contributing to overcoming a sharp property and social inequalityAccording to economists, does not create sufficient incentives for labor and cannot provide sustainable economic growth.
Ownership is recognized as one of the natural and inalienable human rights.
The most important economic role Human - his participation in the process of labor. The objective characteristics of human labor activity are performance, efficiency and place in the system of public division of labor.
Its estimate is determined by the degree of compliance with the most important requirements for it: the requirements of professionalism, qualifications, labor, technological and contractual discipline, as well as operational and initiative.
IN modern conditions The scientific and technological revolution has the strongest influence on the nature of labor.
Entrepreneurial activities in modern conditions becomes one of the important forms of human participation in economic relations. Entrepreneurship is considered to be carried out on their own initiative, on their risk and responsibility, independent, aimed at obtaining the activities of people.
She presents special requirements for man: ingenuity, deep knowledge, initiative, willpower, readiness for risk, hardness, the ability to independently accept responsible decisions, loyalty to the Word. The inconsistency of these requirements turns activities, externally similar to the entrepreneurial, in its opposite - deception and scam.
Finally, a person is a party to distribution and consumption.
There are various forms of distribution generated in the Company's society: wages, bank interest, Land rent, dividend for purchased shares, etc. Income inequality depends on the position of a person in the property relations, the level of its education, qualifications, training and other factors. Inevitable in conditions market economy gap in income levels individual people and groups of the population in modern conditions are intended to compensate for the state ( social programs, benefits).
When entering into relations consumption, the person for the received income acquires the goods and services they need, satisfies the available material and spiritual needs.
Economic relations, which, throughout life, comes a man, diverse. The person's place in economic relations is primarily characterized by:
1) its position in the property relations;
2) its role in the labor process (production);
3) its participation in business and entrepreneurship;
4) its position in the distribution relationship and consumption produced in the Company's society.
Entering the property relationship, a person implements the rights of ownership (the opportunity to have this or that property), orders (the ability to change the appointment and belonging of property), use (the ability to use the beneficial properties of property). The volume of these rights depends on the ownership: general, private or mixed.
It should be emphasized that the influence of the shape of ownership of the economic behavior of a person is not unambiguous. For example, private property, on the one hand, disconnects people and alienates them from labor, but, on the other, it is a prerequisite for their economic independence and independence. General (or public) Property, to a certain extent, contributing to overcoming a sharp property and social inequality, according to economists, does not create sufficient incentives for labor and cannot provide sustainable economic growth.
Ownership is recognized as one of the natural and inalienable human rights.
The most important economic role of a person is his participation in the labor process. The objective characteristics of human labor activity are performance, efficiency and place in the system of public division of labor.
Its estimate is determined by the degree of compliance with the most important requirements for it: the requirements of professionalism, qualifications, labor, technological and contractual discipline, as well as operational and initiative.
In modern conditions, the strongest influence on the nature of labor is provided by the scientific and technical and technological revolution.
Entrepreneurial activities in modern conditions becomes one of the important forms of human participation in economic relations. Entrepreneurship is considered to be carried out on their own initiative, on their risk and responsibility, independent, aimed at obtaining the activities of people.
She presents special requirements for man: ingenuity, deep knowledge, initiative, willpower, readiness for risk, hardness, the ability to independently accept responsible decisions, loyalty to the Word. The inconsistency of these requirements turns activities, externally similar to the entrepreneurial, in its opposite - deception and scam.
Finally, man is a member of the relationship of distribution and consumption.
Various forms of distribution generated in the Company of the product are known: wages, bank percentage, land rent, dividends for purchased shares, etc. The inequality of income depends on the position of a person in the property relations, the level of its education, qualifications, training and other factors. Inevitable in the conditions of the market economy, the gap in the levels of income of individuals and groups of the population in modern conditions is intended to compensate for the state (social programs, benefits).
When entering into relations consumption, the person for the received income acquires the goods and services they need, satisfies the available material and spiritual needs.
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