most highly developed countries. Developed countries: concept, examples
ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Currently, the UN considers approximately 60 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Australia and Oceania to be economically developed countries. All of them are distinguished by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, the gross domestic product per capita (over US$5,000). However, this group of countries is characterized by rather significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.
The first of them is formed "big seven countries of the West", which includes the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada. These are the leading countries of the Western world, distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity.
The G7 countries account for about 50% of the world's gross national product and industrial production, and over 25% of agricultural production. Their per capita GDP is between 20,000 and 30,000 dollars.
Co. second subgroup include the smaller countries of Western Europe. Although the political and economic power of each of them is not so great, on the whole they play a large, ever-increasing role in world affairs. GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries.
Third subgroup form non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of South Africa (South Africa). These are the former migrant colonies (dominions) of Great Britain, which actually did not know feudalism, and even today they are distinguished by some originality of political and economic development. Israel is usually included in this group.
Fourth subgroup is still in the development stage. It was formed in 1997, after such Asian countries and territories as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were transferred to the category of economically developed countries. These states have come close to other economically developed countries in terms of GDP per capita. They have a broad and diverse economic structure, including a rapidly growing service sector, and are actively involved in world trade.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Economically developed countries"
- Countries of the world - Population of the Earth Grade 7
Lessons: 6 Assignments: 9
- Population and countries of South America - South America Grade 7
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1
- Population and countries of North America - North America Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- India - Eurasia 7th grade
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- Economic activity of the world population - Population of the Earth Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 8 Tests: 1
Leading ideas: the level of economic and social development of a country is largely determined by its geographic location and history of development; the diversity of the modern political map of the world - a system that is in constant development and whose elements are interconnected.
Basic concepts: Territory and border of the state, economic zone, sovereign state, dependent territories, republic (presidential and parliamentary), monarchy (absolute, including theocratic, constitutional), federal and unitary state, confederation, gross domestic product(GDP), index human development(HDI), developed countries, G7 Western countries, developing countries, NIS countries, key countries, oil exporting countries, least developed countries; political geography, geopolitics, GWP of a country (region), UN, NATO, EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, APR, OPEC.
Skills and abilities: Be able to classify countries according to various criteria, give brief description groups and subgroups of countries modern world, assess the political and geographical position of countries according to the plan, identify positive and negative features, note the change in GWP over time, use the most important economic and social indicators to characterize (GDP, GDP per capita, human development index, etc.) countries. Identify the most important changes on the political map of the world, explain the causes and predict the consequences of such changes.
developed countries
Developed countries are countries that occupy leading positions in the global economy. According to statistics, today only 15% of the world's inhabitants live in these countries, but more than half of the gross output is produced. The most developed countries of the world have a high standard of living and a large stock of capital. They are also characterized by an even distribution of income and social orientation of the economy.
In particular, these are investments in science, medicine, and environmental protection. An economically developed country, as a rule, is an exporter not only of products, but also of capital. The overwhelming majority of the population of such a country is engaged in highly productive labor.
The International Monetary Fund currently includes 30 countries in the list of economically developed countries. Here is the list: Austria, Australia, Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, USA, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia , Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea, Japan.
In the group of countries with high development, the so-called "Big Seven" stands out - these are the leading countries of the world economy - the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy. They achieved the highest labor productivity and reached the highest rates in science and technology. The G7 accounts for 50% of world imports, and if we sum up the industrial production of countries considered developed, 80% are produced by these seven countries.
The USA has been a leader for hundreds of years
The United States has been considered the undisputed leader in the list of developed countries for about a century. However, at the beginning of this century, due to economic crises and in connection with the active growth of developing countries, the weight of the United States in the world economy fell somewhat. In particular, the US GDP for 2011 reached 15.2 trillion. dollars, and state debt by 2011 amounted to 15.33 trillion. dollars.
According to Jim O'Neill, head of the largest investment banking group GSAM, the traditional division of countries into developing and economically developed countries is now outdated. Today, China's economy can be considered one of the most developed, demonstrating a stable 15% annual growth. In terms of nominal GDP, Japan, France and Germany also took the lead. High GDP growth was recorded in Brazil, Great Britain and Italy. International experts believe that Russia and India can already be excluded from the list of developing countries. In particular, according to the results of 2011, Russia ranked 9th in terms of GDP, and is currently in sixth place in terms of PPP.
These include the USA, Canada, Western European countries, Japan, the Commonwealth of Australia, South Africa, Israel and New Zealand. These states are characterized by a mature level of development market relations. Their role in world politics and the economy is great, they have a powerful scientific and technical potential. But three main subtypes can be distinguished within this group:
1.1. The main capitalist countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy.
These are the most developed countries in the world in terms of their economic, scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other in the features of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in the world economy.
This group of countries includes six states from the famous "big seven". Among them, the first place in terms of economic potential is occupied by the United States.
1.2. Economically highly developed small Western countries. Europe: Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland.
These countries have reached a high level of development, but each of them, unlike the main capitalist countries, has a much narrower specialization in the world economy. At the same time, they send up to half of their products to the foreign market. In the economy of these states, the share of the non-productive sphere (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, the tourism business, etc.) is large.
1.3. Countries of "resettlement capitalism": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
The first four countries are former British colonies. Capitalist relations arose in them as a result of economic activity immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, which at one time was also a resettlement colony, their development had some peculiarities.
Despite the high level of development, these states retain the agrarian and raw material specialization that developed in their foreign trade back in the colonial period. But such specialization in the international division of labor differs significantly from similar specialization in developing countries, as it is combined with a highly developed domestic economy.
Israel is a small state formed by immigrants after the Second World War on the territory of Palestine (which was after the First World War under the mandate of the League of Nations under the control of Great Britain).
Canada is one of the "big seven" economically highly developed countries, but in terms of the type and characteristics of the development of its economy, it belongs to this group.
The second group in this typology includes:
B. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism. There are few such countries. They differ from the states included in the first group both in history and in the level of their socio-economic development. Among them, subtypes can also be distinguished:
2.1. A country that has achieved political independence and an average level of economic development under the dominance of the capitalist system: Ireland.
Modern level economic development and political independence in Ireland were achieved at the cost of an extremely difficult national struggle against imperialism. Until recently, Finland also belonged to this subtype. However, at present this country is included in the group of “Economically advanced countries”.
2.2. Lagging countries: Spain, Greece, Portugal.
In the past, these states played an important role in world history. Spain and Portugal created huge colonial empires during the era of feudalism, but later lost all their possessions.
Despite the well-known successes in the development of industry and the service sector, in terms of the level of development, these countries generally lag behind the economically highly developed countries.
Highly developed countries, as they are distinguished from total number states? How to determine whether a particular state can be called highly developed?
International statistical services use a special indicator called the HDI (Human Development Index) to rank countries. It is he who is the main criterion for determining the level of development of the country. Depending on its indicator, the level of development of the state can be characterized from "low" to "very high". Most highly developed countries are those whose human development index is close to the score of 1.
The value of the HDI depends on several factors. Such indicators as life expectancy, level of education, quality of life, well-being of children, equipment and level of health care, economic well-being and simply human happiness of the population are evaluated. The calculation formulas use all of these variables as factors. Based on the data obtained, the top ten best countries for human life are determined. Critics (especially from those countries that did not make it into the top ten) consider the HDI assessment to be inaccurate and vague. However, after reading the top list of ten highly developed countries, every sane person will understand that the error, if any, is very small.
Highly developed countries Top 10
1.Norway
Score: 0.943
The Kingdom of Norway is a country that has been ruled by monarchs for a long time, and which can be proud of its excellent level of education and impressively low unemployment. This country, the first of all states, in 1163 officially proclaimed the right to inherit the throne. Much later, already in 1814, a constitutional monarchy was proclaimed in the country.
The average life expectancy of Norwegians is 80.2 years, and there are simply no people living below the poverty line in the state. Norway became one of the main founding countries of NATO, but the country rejected the proposal to join the EU. Despite this fact, Norway still maintains friendly neighborly relations with all European powers. In addition, Norway has become one of the sponsors (in addition to being considered one of the founders) of the UN, it is also a leading member of the OECD and the WTO. The kingdom is rich, it owns the world's largest reserves of oil, gas, timber, various minerals, fresh water, and seafood. Norway has received universal international recognition for the development of world health, the improvement of the advanced foundations of the education system, and the improvement of social security systems for citizens. It is thanks to these factors that the Kingdom of Norway deservedly takes the honorable first place in the ranking of highly developed countries compiled by the UN.
2.Australia
Score: 0.929
In terms of economic development, Australia ranks only 13th in the world ranking (its GDP is $ 918,978,000,000) and 5th in per capita income ($ 40,836). In Australia, the form of government is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. This country occupies a leading place in the ranking in terms of quality of life: happy people live, there is quality healthcare and good system education (100% literacy and a large percentage educational institutions on the number of inhabitants). It is important for every person that the rights and freedoms of citizens are respected in this country: full protection of human rights, economic and civil freedom.
22.7 million residents of the state are satisfied stable government defending the interests of its citizens, peace and sustainable development state, measures to protect the environment, life expectancy (81.2 years). In addition, Australians are pleased that Australia is a fantastically popular country to visit: tourists from all over the world flock here to get in touch with the wild, protected by people, nature and see beautiful cities such as Sydney.
3. Most highly developed countries: Netherlands
Score: 0.910
The Netherlands (the more popular but officially incorrect name Holland) is nominally ruled by a monarch (King Willem-Alexander), but, in fact, the state is governed by a democratic parliament. Over the years of development, the Netherlands has been able to achieve high rates of education and literacy, with a virtual absence of the poor and unemployment. The Netherlands plays a leading role in the activities of the WTO, EU, OECD and NATO. The state is often referred to as the "legal capital of the world", as it is home to the main legal instances of the five courts. international systems. The state GDP is impressive ($832.160 billion), which in terms of per inhabitant corresponds to $49,950. According to a survey conducted in 2011, 16,700,000 people live in the Netherlands who consider themselves happy people. Holland is a country with a stable economy, honest government, low taxes and amazing cities (the capital city of Amsterdam is an example). People here live a full, healthy and happy life, its average duration is 79.8 years.
4.United States of America
Score: 0.910
America has come a long way since 1776, when, after the victory over the British in the American Revolution, a new state appeared. Today, having overcome many difficulties (civil war, the Great Depression, participation in world wars), the United States has become the most influential state on the planet. The states have the largest GDP ($15 trillion, which equals $48,147 per capita). The United States is one of the world's major commodity importers and exporters. The USA is a very multinational state, for example, in California, out of almost 40 million inhabitants, 50% of the total number are from Asia, Latin America and Africa.
But in terms of human happiness in the United States, everything is not particularly rosy, here the States are losing points a lot. Of the 315 million people in the country's population, 15% are considered poor, unemployment reaches an average of 9% (and in some states it reaches 14%). Experts argue that the American education system lags far behind similar systems in most developed countries. The US is also losing points in health care, as although life expectancy is relatively high at 79 years, obesity is skyrocketing. This problem exists in 33% of the adult population, among children the figures are almost the same. In addition, for many years America has a huge debt to other states.
5. New Zealand
Score: 0.908
Geographically, New Zealand is located on a remote small group of islands. Thus, the state can be proud of the stunning landscapes and the free life of animals. To admire the amazing flora and fauna of these places, many tourists visit the country every year. Although New Zealand is governed by parliament, the head of state is the monarch, Elizabeth II. The country has excellent indicators in terms of living standards and happiness of citizens. This state is an active supporter of peace, a protector of the environment and animals. Zealand's GDP is $157.877 trillion ($35,374 per person). The population of the island state is about 4.3 million people. Experts praise the education, literacy and sanitary standards of the country. Perhaps this explains the significant life expectancy (average 80.2 years). In addition to the beauty of nature in New Zealand, there is something to admire. For example, magnificent modern cities, such as Wellington.
6.Canada
Score: 0.908
In terms of land area, Canada is the second country in the world after Russia. The country's parliamentary democracy coexists perfectly with a constitutional monarchy. Even this country has two anthem - "Oh Canada" and "God Save the Queen." Economically, the country is well developed (per capita). population GDP is $51,147 with a total GDP of $1,758 billion). The population of Canada is considered one of the most educated and intellectual in the world. This is supported by the fact that most Canadians speak two or even three languages. Thanks to a developed and well-functioning healthcare system, the average life expectancy of Canadians is at around 80.7 years. Taxes in the country are low, and the country has approximately 34.7 million inhabitants. Many tourists visit the country every year to look at Niagara Falls or visit the capital Ottawa and the ancient city of Quebec.
7. Ireland
Score: 0.908
Ireland, which is governed by a parliamentary democracy, has only 4.5 million inhabitants. The Irish literacy rate is high (99%), life expectancy is estimated at an average of 78.9 years. GDP – $203.89 trillion ($45,497 per person) The state stands guard over the rights and freedoms of its citizens. Ireland has been hit hard by economic crisis which started in 2008. The country has accumulated huge debts, however, the country is successfully cooperating with the leading EU states (France and Germany) and is successfully moving forward in solving this problem.
8. Liechtenstein
Score: 0.905
The small Principality of Liechtenstein provides its citizens with a decent, comfortable and joyful life. This country is one of the least populated countries in the world. For every person in the population of 35,000, there is a high GDP ($141,000). At the same time, the country has many zero indicators: zero poverty, unemployment and zero public debt. The Principality is famous for its very low taxes. If you ever feel like making an exciting trip to Europe, then go to Liechtenstein. There you can explore the capital of the Grand Duchy of Vaduz and visit the majestic Castle, which has been the home of the princely family for many years, as well as chat with someone from the 5100 inhabitants of the glorious cozy city.
9.Germany
Score: 0.905
Germany is one of the most economically developed European countries. A high level of education ensured 100% literacy of the German population, and 82.2 million people live in the country.
German advanced technology, especially in the automotive industry, has proven itself throughout the world. German cars of various brands (Volkswagen, Mercedes, BMW) are popular due to the reliability of their design and build quality, which was made possible by the use of a highly skilled workforce. The life expectancy of Germans is 79.4 years. country's GDP- $ 3.5 trillion, which is $ 40,631 per capita. Despite the fact that unemployment in the Federal Republic of Germany takes place (it is approximately 7%), the level of poverty is extremely low.
10. Sweden
Score: 0.904
The Kingdom of Sweden, with its capital Stockholm and a population of 9.3 million people, is an economically stable European state. A small territory (the size of the country is comparable to the US state of California) did not prevent the state from becoming financially strong and independent. The Swedes are among the wealthiest ($35,876 GDP per person) and the happiest people on the planet. In addition to economic stability, liberal Sweden is characterized by environmental sustainability, a significant life expectancy (80.9 years), a high level of health care and education.
Different houses, different cars, different amounts of money. What is the concept of economic inequality? What are the characteristics of developed countries and developing countries?
What is economic inequality?
There are a number of differences between developed and developing countries. In almost any city, you can see various houses, cars and people engaged in various activities. These differences may be indicators of economic inequality, which is hallmark individuals or entire populations in terms of their wealth, assets or income. Although it is most common to see differences in economic level in one's own city, economic inequality can also take on a broader scale, relating to entire peoples and nations.
Two types of countries
Economically, the world has been divided into two types - developed countries and developing countries. These two categories are based primarily on per capita income, which is calculated by taking the total national income for a country and dividing it by the number of people living in the country. For example, if a small country has a total national income of $800,000 and a population of 20,000 people, then the per capita income is $40.
The most important characteristics of developing countries
The least developed (developing) countries have the following common features:
- Low standard of living. Causes include slow national income growth, stagnant per capita income growth, concentration of income in the hands of a few individuals and uneven distribution of national income, poor health care, low literacy rates and inadequate educational opportunities.
- Low labor productivity due to lack of technology, capital, etc.
- High population growth rates. Underdeveloped countries are characterized by higher rates of population growth. Mortality rates are also high compared to developed countries.
- High and rising unemployment and underemployment. Some work less than they could. Part-time employment also includes those who normally work full-time but who do not have suitable vacancies. Disguised unemployment is a feature of developing countries.
- Substantial dependence on agricultural production. The vast majority of people, almost three-quarters, work in countryside. Similarly, three-quarters of the labor force is employed in agriculture. Contribution Agriculture in the gross national product of developing countries is very high compared to developed countries.
- Dependence on the primary product. Most economies from less developed countries are oriented towards primary production rather than secondary activities. These commodities make up the main exports to other countries.
- Dependence in international relations. The higher unequal distribution of economic and political power between rich and poor countries is manifest not only in the dominant power of rich countries to control international trade, but also in their ability to often dictate the terms in which technology, foreign aid, and private capital are directed to the needs of developing countries.
- dualistic economy. Almost all developed countries have a dualistic economy. One of them is market economy; The other is subsistence economics. One is in the city and not far from it; The other is in the countryside.
- Distribution of wealth. Inequality in wealth and asset distribution is the main cause of uneven income distribution in rural areas. the highest concentration of assets is on the industrial front in the hands of large business houses.
- Absence natural resources A: fertile land, clean water, mineral resources, iron, coal, etc.
- Lack of entrepreneurship and initiative. One more feature underdeveloped countries is the lack of entrepreneurial prospects. Entrepreneurship is inhibited by a social system that denies the possibility of creativity.
- Inefficient capital equipment and technologies.
developed nations
First economic category are developed countries, which can generally be classified as countries with more industrial development and higher per capita income. To be considered a developed country, a country typically has a per capita income of around US$12,000. Moreover, in most developed countries average income per capita is approximately $38,000.
As of 2010, the list of developed countries includes the United States, Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Singapore, Taiwan, Israel, Western European countries and some Arab states. In 2012, the combined population of these countries was about 1.3 billion people. This figure is relatively stable and is estimated to grow by around 7% over the next 40 years.
In addition to high per capita incomes and stable population growth rates, developed countries are also characterized by resource use patterns. In developed countries, people consume a large amount of natural resources per person and are estimated to consume nearly 88% of the world's resources.
developing nations
The first economic category is the developed countries, and the developing countries are, respectively, the second economic category. This broad concept includes countries that are less industrialized and have a lower per capita income. Developing countries can be divided into more developed or less developed countries.
Moderately developed countries have an approximate per capita income of $1,000 to $12,000. The average per capita income for moderately developed countries is around $4,000. The list of moderately developed countries is very long and amounts to about 4.9 billion people. Some of the more recognizable countries that are considered moderately developed include Mexico, China, Indonesia, Jordan, Thailand, Fiji, and Ecuador. In addition to them are the states of Central America, South America, North and South Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, former USSR and many Arab states.
Less developed countries are the second type of developing countries. They are characterized by the lowest income, while total income per capita is approximately less than US$1,000. In many of these countries, the average per capita income is even lower, around $500. Countries listed as less developed are in eastern, western and central Africa, India, and other countries in southern Asia. In 2012, these countries had about 0.8 billion people and lived on very little income.
Even though the income range is quite wide, there are still nearly 3 billion people living on less than $2 a day. Can you imagine living on less than $2 a day? This would be a very difficult task for most of us. In addition to low income levels, developing countries are also characterized by high population growth rates. It is estimated that in the next 40 years it will increase by 44%. By 2050, it is predicted that more than 86% of the population will live in developing countries.
The difference between developed countries and developing countries
Classification of countries based on economic status (GDP, GNP, per capita income, industrialization, standard of living, etc.) The developed countries belong to sovereign states whose economy has advanced significantly and has a large technological infrastructure compared to other nations. Countries with low industrialization and low human development are called developing countries. In some states, a free, healthy and secure atmosphere is provided, while in others this is not enough.
Developed and developing countries of the world: a comparative table
There are developed, developing, transitional countries. What is their main difference? The main features of developed and developing countries are presented in the table:
The developed countries | Developing countries |
Having an effective level of industrialization and individual income | A developing country is a country with a slow rate of industrialization and a low per capita income. |
Low unemployment | Poverty and high unemployment |
Mortality, including infant mortality, and fertility rates are low, and life expectancy is high. | High infant mortality, mortality and fertility, and low life expectancy |
Good standard and living conditions | Low level and satisfactory living conditions |
Developed manufacturing sector, service sector and high industrial growth. | Dependence on developed countries. Developed agricultural sector of the economy |
Equal distribution of income and efficient use of factors of production | Unequal distribution of income, factors of production are used inefficiently |
Countries in terms of economy and industrialization
Developed countries are countries that are developing in terms of economy and industrialization. They are also called the first and self-sufficient. Human development statistics rank countries based on their development. These states have a high standard of living, high GDP, high child welfare, health care, excellent medical services, transport, communication and educational institutions.
They provide improvement living conditions and living conditions, industrial, infrastructural and technological development, higher per capita income. These countries receive more income from the industrial sector compared to the service sectors as they have post-industrial economy. Among others, the list of developed countries includes:
- Australia.
- Canada.
- France.
- Germany.
- Italy.
- Japan.
- Norway.
- Sweden.
- Switzerland.
- United States of America.
Countries that survive entry levels industrial development along with low per capita income, are known as developing countries. These countries are classified as third world countries. Economically developed and developing countries differ from each other in many ways, including a low human development index, lack of a healthy and safe living environment, low gross domestic product, high illiteracy rates, poor education, transportation, communication and health services, unsustainable public debt, unequal distribution of income, high mortality and birth rates, both maternal and infant malnutrition, high infant mortality, poor living conditions, high unemployment and poverty. These include states such as:
- China.
- Colombia.
- India.
- Kenya.
- Pakistan.
- Sri Lanka.
- Thailand.
- Turkey.
- UAE etc.
Key differences
Countries that are independent and prosperous are known as developed countries. States that are facing the beginning of industrialization are called developing. The former have a higher per capita income, a high literacy rate, and good infrastructure. There are constantly improving conditions in the field of health and safety, which are not available in developing countries.
The economies of developed and developing countries may have similar features, but there are more obvious differences. There is a big difference between these states. Developed countries have a high Human Development Index, they have proven themselves on all fronts and made themselves sovereign by their own efforts, while developing countries with varying success are still trying to achieve the same.
Socio-cultural characteristics
Live in one country different types social groups. They differ in terms of religion, castes and creeds, cultures and customs, languages and beliefs, etc. These social and cultural values have a profound impact on the economy of the nation. Developing countries may have discordant social patterns in their economic lives. Employment opportunities or activities exist in urban areas, while the traditional production method is used in rural areas. There are fewer job opportunities than required. Consequently, these countries have a dualistic economy, which leads to various problems with the formulation of economic policy.
Problems of developing countries: poverty, militarization
Poverty is low income, small investment, less industrialization. In a certain industrial and technological area, developing countries achieve rapid growth, provided that economic and geopolitical stability is achieved.
Militarization also prevents stable prosperity and improvement. Some developing countries face terrorism and the threat of national security due to border disputes. They spend billions of dollars on modern military equipment, which leads to a reduction in funds for development and innovation. Examples are India, China, Vietnam.
The role of education
Speaking about the problems of developed and developing countries, one should not forget about the importance of education for the future of this or that nation. An important feature developing country is her illiteracy. Although efforts are being made to eradicate it, the problem of unskilled personnel remains acute to this day.
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