The path to sustainable development of domestic enterprises. Achievements and difficulties on the way to sustainable development of Russia
Sustainability concerns almost every area of a company's business - from customer relationships to supplier reviews, from environmental impact assessments to ensuring a working environment, from developing an ethical business culture to confirming the transparency of the corporate governance structure. In this regard, the question arises: if this spectrum is so wide, is it necessary to create a separate position of a sustainable development manager?
The answer follows from the very idea of sustainable development management: it is to centrally coordinate all the organization's operations related to its development. And it's the sustainability manager, a kind of general without soldiers, who guides the company along the way.
Now in most Russian companies there are no such managers: managers from different departments are in charge of issues in this area concurrently. In most cases, they are competent only in their field (for example, HR, PR, etc.), and do not have a complete understanding of other areas. As a result, the establishment of sustainable development processes is more difficult and painful, this leads to conflicts in relationships within the company, and reduces its effectiveness. In world practice, the functions of a manager in the field of sustainable development are defined quite clearly and cover four key areas.
Initiatives in areas not covered by the current organizational chart. These areas include, for example, promoting targeted programs on corporate ethics, preventing corruption, reducing environmental pollution, adapting to climate change, volunteering, developing an investment strategy for local communities, creating jobs that meet environmental requirements, etc.
Coordination of information flows. The manager who implements changes in the organization should be given broad authority to coordinate information flows within the company. This is necessary so that the manager can assess the progress, effectiveness and achievement of the set goals in the given direction. The information is used both for preparing periodic reports for management and for dialogue with stakeholders.
Stakeholder dialogue and communication. The sustainability manager plays a key role in the discussion of the change management plan. He needs to ensure that employees are aware of the changes taking place both within the company and externally. Important aspects on the way to success - formalizing the process of interaction with stakeholders and providing feedback from the company. Responsibilities of a sustainability manager include identifying key stakeholders, identifying people who are responsible for establishing and maintaining contacts with them, and drawing up a program for their involvement.
Implementing a sustainable development program within an organization is a major challenge for the management of the world's largest companies. Success here depends not so much on the creation of a new, still unusual position in the company structure, but on the appointment of the right person to this position. A good sustainability manager, working at the level of strategic management of the company, becomes an influential leader who improves the mechanisms for dealing with risks in a rapidly changing economic situation, identifies and evaluates new opportunities in time.
Among the definitions of sustainable development formulated by Russian scientists, the most fruitful interpretation of Academician V.A. Coptyuga. He determined that the concept of sustainable development "presupposes the achievement of a reasonable balance between the socio-economic development of mankind and the preservation of the environment, as well as a sharp reduction in the economic disparity between developed and developing countries through both the technological process and rationalization of consumption." To ensure sustainable development, they were offered concrete measures combining tough government regulation and economic market methods that take into account the specifics of the country's economy, its social structure and the mentality of the population. Based on this interpretation, the following characteristics are included in the understanding of the essence of sustainable development: balance of the economy and ecology, i.e. the achievement of such a degree of development when people, as a result of their production or other economic activity, cease to destroy the environment; balancing the economic and social spheres, including ensuring the maximum use in the interests of the population of those resources that economic development gives; solving problems related to development, not only for current situations, but also taking into account the future, not only with an orientation to the needs of living citizens, but also future generations. Currently, there are two quite striking directions in the very interpretation of the concept of sustainable development. The first line of research develops the ideas embodied in the works of Vernadsky and the members of the Club of Rome. Within the framework of this direction, sustainability is interpreted primarily in the context of the need to ensure the reproducibility of limited resources, and the main emphasis is on the ecological component of sustainability. However, in Lately, the second direction is increasingly asserting itself, in which not environmental, but socio-economic aspects of sustainability come to the fore, which is especially characteristic of modern Russian studies... If we consider sustainability in the socio-economic aspect, then the concept of sustainable development becomes meaningfully closely interconnected with the category of “sustainable economic growth”. In the economic literature, the opinion is expressed that sustainable economic growth means a clearly expressed vector of growth within certain fluctuations in its rates, which have positive values, and sustainable development of the economy presupposes not only positive values of economic growth, but also zero, minus values, which, however , should be overlapped by positive values of economic growth. That is, the difference between sustainable economic growth and its sustainable development lies in the fact that with sustainable economic development, zero and minus values of economic growth are allowed, the amplitude of growth fluctuations is much greater here than is the case with sustainable growth. It is obvious that sustainable economic growth, which is the basis of sustainable development, can be carried out only discretely. Therefore, after a certain period of time, sustainable economic growth is transformed into its sustainable development, i.e. development, accompanied by periodically certain breaks in the positive growth of the economy. But the vector of movement of the economy over a sufficiently long period of time, despite the negative and zero deviations, will have a generally positive direction. The paradigm of sustainable development, which presupposes a dynamic process of successive positive changes that ensure a balance of the economic, social and environmental aspects of society's life, should underlie the formation of approaches to resolving large-scale problems of territorial entities. This is especially true in modern conditions Russia, when the center of gravity of economic reforms is shifted to the level of its regions and their role in the implementation of the state's economic policy is strengthened. The priority approach in the implementation of reforms at the regional level should be the conviction that one should abandon the identification of the development of a territory with its economic development, which has been observed so far. The region cannot be considered steadily developing on the basis of an increase in economic indicators... Sustainable development of the region should be aimed at achieving a high quality of life, with a positive dynamics of a set of various indicators. In general, we can talk about general requirement balanced, safe and effective development that ensures the achievement of the set goals and priorities of a social, environmental and economic nature. In the work of P.M. Ivanova, stability is understood as the viability of the system. At the same time, it is defined as "the ability to live and develop", ie. a territory with the property of sustainability is capable of survival and development in its specific environment. The ability of the region to maintain and develop the value of the necessary parameters of the quality of life within or above the safety threshold with wide fluctuations of external and internal influences (socio-political, socio-economic, technogenic, natural-climatic, and other nature), threatening a decline in the quality of life, determines the sustainability regional development. When classifying regions in modern Russia are mainly distinguished according to the level and pace of development: developing, problematic and depressive. Developing regions have good rates of socio-economic growth, based, as a rule, on a highly developed industrial base of the territorial national economic complex. The problem regions have a fairly high level of unemployment, combined with a narrow industry specialization and a low share of final products. In depressed regions, which most often act as diversified, it has reached the greatest development Agriculture difficult to respond to market transformations. The stability of the development of the regional economy as a specific quality is achieved as a result of overcoming many obstacles and is not a given for a long period of time. In a crisis situation, sustainability is survival and subsequent achievement of a progressive process, at least in the main spheres of life. Thus, the main forms of sustainability of the regional system include: - unstable development, when immutability manifests itself sporadically and the system is subject to changes even with minor impacts (the study of unstable systems results in the theory of catastrophes); - hyper-stability, i.e. a state when an object is immune to development, unable to react and adapt to changes, incl. and the necessary positive; - global stability, the system meets the stability property for all trajectories of motion; - sustainable development is approached, characterized by a systematic increment of a positive result, not lower than the permissible minimum within a certain maximum, i.e. the stability property is fulfilled for a trajectory near equilibrium; - a stable system, in this case the system has reached a complete balance of the various components of the subsystems. Based on this approach, it is possible to propose a scale for assessing the sustainability of a region's development (Table 2.).Kucherova E.N.
Branch of the Moscow State Industrial University, Vyazma MODERN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE
This article examines the issues of sustainable development of an enterprise from the standpoint of a systems approach. The characteristics of the properties of the enterprise as a system are given, the types of sustainability of the activities of enterprises are identified, indicators of the sustainability of enterprises are determined, the systematization of the conceptual apparatus of sustainable development of the enterprise is carried out.
Crisis-free functioning of the national economy is possible with the transition of all its branches to sustainable development. In turn, sustainable development of the industry can only be achieved through the effective functioning of the primary links of the economic system - enterprises that play a major role in the life of modern society. Enterprises serve as the main structural element of the economy, connecting labor, material and financial resources for the production of products.
Today there is a need to ensure the sustainable progressive development of enterprises in order to achieve the set task of the accelerated development of our country. Along with the creation of favorable external conditions for the functioning of organizations and enterprises - improvement of legislation, the formation of a competitive investment market, a decrease in bank interest, optimization of customs policy - the improvement of enterprise management is of great importance.
The lack of an adequate management mechanism, methods and tools for influencing economic entities to a large extent hinders the country's economic development. The heads of enterprises need serious methodological assistance in making managerial decisions, and above all in choosing the strategic directions of the enterprise, taking into account all the features of economic and financial activities.
Obviously, any enterprise needs to adapt to a rapidly changing environment, to survive in new conditions. The solution to this problem is impossible without the formation of a mechanism for the sustainable development of the enterprise, which provides unlimited
its stable, stable functioning, regardless of various kinds of influences.
The analysis of domestic and foreign economic literature shows that the approach to studying the problem of sustainable development of an enterprise is currently dual in nature. On the one hand, this problem is relevant today and is in the focus of attention of economists. On the other hand, in the ongoing scientific research, the methodological and theoretical basis for the issues of sustainable development of the enterprise remains insufficiently developed.
Thus, in foreign literature, the problem of sustainable development of an enterprise often goes hand in hand with the concept of sustainable economic growth. The problem of ensuring sustainable economic growth is reflected in the publications of foreign authors: J.St. Mill, J. Schumpeter, R.F. Harrod, E. Domar, R. Solow, P. Romer, R. Lucas, M. Porter, F. Kotler, D. Hay, D. Morris, D. Meadows, etc.
Domestic scientific research and publications on the problem of sustainable development of an enterprise in modern Russia are clearly not enough. In recognition of the importance of sustainable enterprise development, the concepts of "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are often considered synonymous. The issues of enterprise sustainability are considered in their works by such Russian researchers as M.I. Bakanov, V.V. Kovalev, A.A. Kolobov, R.S. Saifulin, G.V. Savitskaya, A.V. Grachev, A.D. Sheremet and others. The attention of Russian researchers is mainly focused on ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise, while the economic activity of the enterprise remains in the background.
Khanism of sustainable development of the enterprise and the problems of its formation have not been properly reflected in the scientific literature. To characterize the activities of the enterprise, economists mainly use concepts such as “ economic mechanism"," Management mechanism "," economic mechanism ". Among the works in this direction, one can single out the works of V.N. Kashin, V. Ya. Ionova, S.A. Zhdanova, L.V. Tyuleneva, V.I. Samochkina and others. We believe that the concepts used do not reflect the entire complexity of the problem under consideration.
The study of economic processes occurring at the level of the enterprise, the main link of the national economy, is of key importance. It is at this level
management needs to deeply understand what opportunities each economic entity has to maintain sustainable and effective economic development. And most importantly, the sustainable development of the country's economy as a whole depends on the solution of these problems by enterprises.
A modern enterprise carries out its activities in a specific space-time context, within a certain legal framework, i.e. represents an economic unit. A systematic approach to the analysis of the activity of economic units implies the understanding that each such unit is a complex system of elements, united by many connections as with each other.
Table 1. Characteristics of the main properties of the system
System property Characteristic
Limitation The system is separated from the environment by boundaries
Integrity Its properties of the whole are fundamentally not reducible
Structurality The behavior of the system is determined not so much by the features of individual elements as by the properties of its structure.
Interdependence with the environment The system forms and exhibits properties in the process of interaction with the environment
Hierarchy Subordination of elements in the system
Multiple descriptions Due to the complexity of the knowledge of the system requires the multiplicity of its description
State Characterizes an instant “cut of the system”, a stop in its development. It is defined through inputs and outputs. All "inputs" can be divided into control y and disturbing x. Since the outputs depend on a, y and x, i.e. g = f (a, x, y), then, depending on the problem, the state can be defined as (a, y), (a, y ^) or (a, y, x ^)
Behavior The ability of a system to move from one state to another. This concept is used when the patterns of transition from one state to another are unknown. Taking into account the above notation, the behavior can be represented as a function s (t) =. - Access mode. - URL: www.ifap.ru/ofdocs/rus/rus006.pdf (date of treatment 04/20/2013).
6.Mau V. Russian economy: strengths and weaknesses. Economic policy... 2006. - No. 2. - S. 30-45.
7.Melnik T.E. Management of sustainable development of industrial enterprises based on the use of an effective integrated indicator of its assessment. Diss. Cand. econom. Sciences: 08.00.05. Oryol: Oryol State Technical University. 2009 .-- 236 p.
8. Forcing to innovate: a strategy for Russia. Collection of articles and materials / Ed. V.L. Inozemtseva. Moscow: Center for Research on Post-Industrial Development, 2009. - 288 p.
9.Russia of the XXI century: the image of the desired tomorrow. M .: Econ-Inform, 2010 .-- 66 p.
10. Sergunyaev S.N., Trubitskov S.V. Formation of an assessment of the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise. Economics and Management. 2011. - No. 2 - S. 30-34.
11.Khomyachenkova N.A. The mechanism for the integral assessment of the sustainability of the development of industrial enterprises. Abstract dissertation. Cand. econom. Sciences: 08.00.05. M .: Moscow State Institute of Electronic Technology. 2011 .-- S. 21.
12.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode - URL: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (date of access 20.04.2013).
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Ecology and environment protection
Chapter I Basic principles of sustainable development in Russia Chapter II Main stages of ensuring sustainable development in Russia Chapter III Problems on the way to sustainable development Conclusion List of used literature: Introduction The transition to sustainable development is a very complex long-term and multifactorial process of achieving equilibrium interaction between society and the natural environment harmonization their relationship based on the observance of the laws of biosphere development. This process affects the whole complex of internal ...
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RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Occupational Safety and Environment
Department of Social Ecology and Environmental Management
Achievements and difficulties on the way to sustainable development of Russia
Test work on the discipline "Sustainable development and environmental and legal regime of protection natural resources and objects "
Completed:
EiP-DM-1 group student
Faculty of PHOTiOS
Daria Budekina
Checked:
Associate Professor at the Department of Social Ecology
and nature management
Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor
Kirillov Nikolay Petrovich
RSSU
2011
Introduction
The transition to sustainable development is a very complex, long-term and multifactorial process of achieving an equilibrium interaction between society and the environment, harmonizing their relations on the basis of observing the laws of biosphere development. This process affects the whole range of internal problems. long-term development countries, including structural and investment policies, issues of changing the structure of consumption, protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, economic and environmental security, social, scientific, technical and regional policy, as well as foreign policy aspects, where environmental factor plays an increasingly prominent role in international relations. Achievements and difficulties on the way to sustainable development of Russia.
At the end of the 20th century, the increased power of the economy, the negative trends of its globalization have become a huge destructive force. Nature's ability to self-pump c hoping and supporting the development of mankind turned out to be not limitless. The struggle for resources has become unusually aggravated, there has been an unprecedented stratification of the world in terms of income, and the scale of poverty has increased significantly. As a result, the world is faced with a problem of unprecedented difficulty - with the need to form, in essence, a new model for the development of civilization, which could withstand the impending global socio-political, economic and environmental crisis.
In 1992, Russia, among 179 states at the Summit of Heads of State and the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro), signed a number of program documents defining the agreed policy of the countries of the world to ensure sustainable development.
Guided by them, the first President of Russia approved the "Basic Provisions of the State Strategy Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development "(Decree No. 236 of 02/04/94) and" Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development "(Decree No. 440 of April 1, 1996). On behalf of the President and the subsequent decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (No. 559 of May 8, 1996) The Ministry of Economy of Russia together with the State Committee for Ecology and other interested parties federal authorities developed a draft state strategy for sustainable development. The draft was reviewed by the Government at the end of 1997 and sent for revision.
The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development focused on a balanced solution to the problems of preserving a favorable environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the needs of living and future generations of Russians. In the project, however, the complexity of the problem was completely insufficiently reflected. In addition, the feasibility of this project was questionable. In 1998, a group of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of the chairman of the Scientific Council on the problems of the biosphere of the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician A.L. Yanshin, who was then a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, carried out an examination of the project and demanded that it be revised with the participation of reputable scientists of various specialties, using the unique scientific potential Russian Academy sciences.
In 1998, the revised version of the draft State Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation was presented for discussion to the Commission on legislative support problems of sustainable development of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the second convocation. The document again received a sharply negative assessment and was recommended for cardinal revision.
On October 2, 2000, the State Duma Commission on Sustainable Development held parliamentary hearings on the formation of a draft strategy for Russia's sustainable development, at which a report from the RF Ministry of Economic Development was heard and a recommendation was made to create a working group under the Commission to finalize the draft strategy.
On October 5, 2001, at regular parliamentary hearings organized by the Commission, recommendations were adopted to the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation and other bodies on the implementation of the sustainable development strategy. The working group under the Commission was recommended to continue revising the draft strategy for sustainable development of the Russian Federation and publish it in the publishing house of the State Duma of the Russian Federation [ 2].
Chapter I Basic principles of sustainable development in Russia
Russia's gradual transition to sustainable development should be carried out in accordance with the principles set out in the Declaration and other documents of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), as well as in the materials of the nineteenth special session of the UN General Assembly (New York , 1997). At the same time, while adopting its national strategy for sustainable development, the Russian Federation transforms general principles in accordance with specific conditions, taking into account its own characteristics. The basic principles of sustainable development are formulated as follows.
- Everyone has the right to a healthy and active life in harmony with nature in an ecologically clean and favorable environment.
- Socio-economic development should be aimed at improving the lives of all people, preserving nature and natural resources, increasing responsibility for activities that damage the environment.
- The right to development must be exercised in such a way as to ensure equality of opportunity for development and the preservation of the environment for both present and future generations. Economic efficiency, social justice and environmental safety should equally determine the main criteria for development.
- Rational use of natural resources should be based on the sustainable use of renewable and economical use of non-renewable resources, on the timely disposal of waste and their safe disposal.
- Environmental protection is an essential part of sustainable development. It is necessary to proactively take effective measures to prevent the deterioration of the state of the environment, to prevent environmental and man-made disasters.
- Human economic activity should become socially and environmentally safe and be accompanied by a decrease in the difference in the standard of living of people, the scale of poverty and poverty, strengthening the relationship between the economy and the environment, and the formation of a unified (balanced) ecologized system of economic development. It is necessary to abandon projects that can cause irreparable damage to the environment or those whose ecological consequences are insufficiently understood.
- Demographic policy should take into account the strategic goals of sustainable development and form a conscious attitude towards family planning among the population.
- Sustainable development must take into account all aspects of the country's security.
- Gradual abandonment of the values of the consumer society, rationalization of the scale and structure of personal consumption of the population.
- Preservation for all peoples and ethnic groups living in the Russian Federation, their cultures, traditions, and environment should be one of the priorities of the national policy of the state at all stages of the transition to sustainable development.
- The transition to sustainable development should be carried out on the basis of international cooperation and global partnership and be supported by the adoption of relevant international agreements and other legal acts. Close cooperation with the CIS countries and stable good-neighborly relations with them should always be one of the most important priorities of Russia's foreign policy.
- The sovereign rights of each state to develop its own natural resources should be realized without damage to ecosystems outside the state borders; in international law, it is important to recognize the principle of differentiated responsibility of states for the violation of global ecosystems. Increasing responsibility for environmental offenses, taking into account the environmental consequences of decisions made.
- Free access to environmental information.
- The preservation of the largest ecologically sustainable zones of the Earth should be the responsibility of all states of the world. In this regard, Russia should insist on the introduction of a global environmental rent.
- Leading role in the implementation of sustainable development of the state as a guarantor of economic development, social justice and environmental protection.
- Economic activity should be carried out mainly in the already developed territories, and the economic use of new territories should be gradually abandoned.
Orientation to the systemic socio-natural approach of noospheric orientation, rejection of the goals and priorities of the consumer industrial society of "economic determinism" will require serious world outlook transformations. The survival and continuity of the development of civilization should be ensured without anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere, without the quantitative growth of many traditional parameters and, above all, without economic growth in its primitive, "physical" understanding.
Chapter II The main stages of ensuring the sustainable development of Russia
The founder of the theory of sustainable development in Russian science is V.I. Vernadsky, who developed the theory of the noosphere - the sphere of reason, where a person harmonizes their interaction with his work, conscious management of society and nature, preventing society from having a destructive influence on nature. In fact, according to many Russian authors, the noosphere is the ultimate goal of the sustainable development strategy in the current setting.
Sustainable development is a category fully attributable only to humanity and nature as a whole. This is an evolutionary process, the task of both the entire civilization and each specific state, requiring the formulation of goals at each stage. Sustainable development of one, separately taken country, is part of the sustainable development of all mankind.
The strategic goal of Russia's sustainable development is to improve the level and quality of life of the population based on scientific and technological progress, dynamic development of the economy and social sphere, while maintaining the reproductive potential of the country's natural complex as part of the Earth's biosphere, as well as technological potential in the interests of present and future generations.
The main prerequisites for the sustainable development of Russia are: a large territory with preserved non-renewable natural resources and natural ecosystems, human potential and economic resources. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to preserve territories with natural ecosystems to the maximum extent, rationally use non-renewable natural resources and human potential, and also, due to a special demographic situation, direct economic resources to human development.
The stability of Russia (in the broadest sense) is determined - and will be determined for a long time to come - by the stock of its natural resources. The natural resources of Russia are the basis for solving its economic and social problems... At the present stage, probably the only way to go on the path of sustainable development is to gradually abandon the intensive sale of resources, their reasonable economy, and fair distribution of natural rent. Moreover, the natural resources of Russia serve all mankind: having 65% of the world's wild forests in our area, we purify the air consumed by all mankind. Therefore, Russia has the right to raise the issue of global environmental rent before the world. The Kyoto Protocol is the first step towards a fair solution to this problem.
The goal of the first stage of Russia's sustainable development (short-term) is to overcome the long-term development of socio-economic, environmental and structural crisis, which covered the period of the country's transition to a market economy and to a democratic civil society.
The tasks of this stage should be implemented in the actions of the Government to overcome the socio-economic crisis and provide conditions for the country's transition to a stable, socially oriented market economy based on the use of mainly its internal resources: rent for natural resources, intellectual potential and high-tech industries.
At this stage, the foundations of a new Russian economy should be laid, which ensures effective reproduction and has the potential for long-term dynamic growth, which makes it possible to solve the problems of increasing the level and quality of life, modernizing the production apparatus, maintaining the integrity and security of the country, which will require strengthening the economic function of the state associated with the necessary adjusting the market mechanism and its regulators.
Strengthening the Russian economy, implementing structural transformations, and increasing its efficiency should be carried out on the basis of modern environmentally friendly technologies using modern world experience. Should be provided government support development of highly efficient industries, small and medium-sized businesses, abandon the implementation of projects that damage the environment, or those whose consequences are not clear enough. As part of this process, it is important to start the process of general stabilization of the ecological situation in the country, its improvement in the most disadvantaged regions.
The main internal political goal of sustainable development should be the consolidation of the stratified Russian society.
At the second stage (in the medium term), the goal of sustainable development is to ensure a dynamic socio-economic development of the country based on the effective use of its economic resources (including the achievements of scientific and technological progress) and the advantages of the international division of labor while maintaining the reproductive potential of the natural complex and establishing more equitable world economic connections.
Achieving this goal will require solving the following main tasks:
In the economic sphere - further development of an efficient socially and environmentally oriented market economy (with a gradual increase in the role of planning), ensuring a decent standard of living for people, saving natural resources, ecological cleanliness and competitiveness of products; introduction of civil rent for natural resources. An important task will remain the introduction of resource-saving and waste-free technologies, the modernization of production as a condition for increasing economic efficiency and preventing emergencies of a man-made natural nature.
In the environmental sphere - preservation and restoration of natural ecosystems, stabilization and improvement of the quality of the environment, reduction of discharges and emissions of harmful substances into water bodies and the atmosphere, reduction of the generated mass of waste, especially toxic, organization of their safe processing and disposal.
In the social sphere - the elimination of poverty and the reduction of poverty, the improvement of the human environment, the development of his social activity, the strengthening of the social function of the state, ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining education, medical care and restoration of health, ensuring social protection of citizens.
In the field of upbringing and education - the formation of an environmentally oriented worldview among citizens, a consciousness of responsibility for sustainable development; formation of a system of universal continuous environmental education, providing access to information on solving problems of sustainable development, strengthening these components in educational programs at all levels. Formation of a new ethics based on an attitude towards the biosphere as the foundation of life; on the need to comply with the laws of its development, restrictions and prohibitions arising from them; effective management, rational consumption and a healthy lifestyle; on tolerance in interethnic and interfaith relations.
In the field of military security, the maintenance of military potential, including nuclear missile, at the level necessary for a quick response in the event of a complication of the international situation, in defense, in joint actions against international terrorism, in the elimination of the consequences of man-made disasters.
The goal of the third stage of sustainable development (long-term perspective, several decades of the XXI century) is to harmonize the relationship between society and nature on a global scale and in the country through the development of economic activities within the reproductive capabilities of the biosphere, a shift in the emphasis in the system of human values from material to spiritual moral, which corresponds to the further noospheric orientation of the development of society, everyone's awareness of the need for rational consumption.
Chapter III Challenges towards sustainable development
The following circumstances significantly affect the sustainability of development:
- an economy that has been on the oil needle for forty years and is therefore dependent on fluctuations in oil prices is not sustainable;
- the agricultural sector has not yet developed a stable class of agricultural producers;
- the ecological situation is not improving, for various reasons the number of man-made accidents and disasters has noticeably increased;
- natural resources are used uncontrollably;
- social inequality is increasing, the life expectancy of people is decreasing;
- millions of people are in a difficult psychological state under the threat of unemployment, with no hope for the future.
Russia's sustainable development is hampered by the lack of consent and united political will in our society. The historically developed readiness of the population to work for common goals is opposed by another national tradition - distrust of the authorities, which creates extreme opposition. It is possible to overcome this state with the help of political and legislative measures, but at the same time it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of Russian spirituality and mentality, history and national traditions, understanding of the moral imperatives and values of our society. Perhaps we should go to the creation of a coalition government in order to transfer the center of internal political differences from society to parliament, and thus consolidate all social strata and make society more stable.
An important feature of Russia is the ability to use such a geographical factor as the presence of a huge territory. The area per capita in Russia is 11.5 hectares, in the USA - 3.35, in Japan - 0.29, China - 0.76 hectares. The presence of a large territory, in particular, means that the demographic factor, which plays a decisive role for the planet's biosphere as a whole, is perhaps not significant enough for Russia, where the population density is low and it is decreasing by almost 700 thousand people annually. The direction of development for us is to stimulate the birth rate as much as possible by strengthening the family.
The vastness of the territory significantly affects the development of national culture, forms the national foundations of most of the peoples of Russia, the mentality of Russians, the way of doing business, is a strategic resource for the security and survival of the state. This is an additional margin of safety that allows one to survive in the extreme conditions of a worsening global situation (political, economic, military, environmental). In critical circumstances, this feature of Russia makes it possible to regroup forces, mobilize reserves, and concentrate resources on decisive areas.
But the vastness of the territory also gives rise to a number of problems in the development of the country. Difficulties are manifested in the creation of a transport system, transmission of energy, and ensuring controllability. The challenge is to overcome or minimize these negative points.
Another important factor is the colossal reserves of natural resources. Russia has a quarter of the world's timber reserves, a third of the world's natural gas reserves, the second largest in the world in terms of water resources, arable land and pastures; oil reserves per capita are six times higher than the world average, and so on. Reasonable and rational use of these resources in combination with rental mechanisms gives Russia a significant advantage over all countries of the world. However, the inclusion of rental mechanisms requires political will.
Sustainable development is based on long-term cost-effective projects, carefully thought out and planned taking into account the forecast social consequences... Unfortunately, the last decades of our history are filled with completely negative examples of this kind. The current generation of taxpayers has to deal with many of the consequences of the shortsighted (to say the least) decisions of previous governments. For example, at one time sufficient funds were not provided for the conversion and dual use of nuclear missile weapons, the disposal of missile and chemical weapons; while deploying mass construction in the 60-70s, they did not think that in 30-40 years all residential buildings would suddenly fall into disrepair; while developing virgin lands, they did not care about preserving the land, etc., etc. At the same time, one should categorically abandon all kinds of projects with low economic efficiency, requiring large budget expenditures and questionable in an ecological sense. In particular, because the percentage of stolen funds is always the greater, the larger the project budget.
The extensive nature of the economy, accompanied by the ineffective use of natural resources, huge volumes of extraction and sale of raw materials, the concentration of industries in a number of regions without taking into account their economic capacity, the lack of a system for processing household and industrial waste, the development of new and write-off ( without the necessary reclamation) of disturbed farmland, etc. The deformed structure of the national economy with the prevalence of nature-exploiting industries that create a constant excessive load on ecosystems, and especially military complexes, contributes to the "longevity" of outdated non-ecological technological processes, the unreliability of technical systems leading to accidents and anthropogenic disasters, etc.
Environmental protection should become one of the main strategic development goals. The rate and extent of environmental degradation in Russia in most cases is at an average level between developed and developing countries. Thus, in terms of the nature of land and forest degradation, Russia is closer to developing countries, and in terms of emissions of pollutants into the air and water environment, their mass and diversity - to developed countries. Despite the decline in production by more than 50%, atmospheric pollution decreased by only 12%, specific emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere per unit of GDP in 1992-1995. increased by 1.3 times.
The peculiarities of environmental degradation in Russia include the world's highest local radiation pollution, and a high level of pollution with toxic heavy metals, pesticides, and organic compounds.
In almost all cities of Russia with a population of more than 100 thousand people, the average annual content of certain harmful impurities in the atmospheric air exceeds the permissible standards. About 40 million inhabitants of the country live in areas where the level of concentration of harmful impurities in single or daily air samples regularly exceeds the MPC by 10 times or more.
It is necessary to rehabilitate (restore) disturbed ecosystems in ecologically unfavorable regions of Russia, which make up at least 16% of the country's territory and where more than half of the population lives.
The transition to sustainable development can be viewed as a nationwide idea designed to unite all strata of society in the name of the revival of Russia.
Many specific factors indicate that Russia must carefully enter the process of globalization, which inevitably accompanies all countries on the path to sustainable development. First, for numerous purely technical reasons; for example, an underdeveloped financial system is unable to mitigate the effects of globalization such as the 1998 crisis. Secondly, there is a serious danger of losing your culture by exchanging it for some kind of universal, "globalized" one. We must preserve a special mentality, and the diversity of national cultures, and a special, purely Russian phenomenon - the intelligentsia, and much more. Of course, Russia should not close its economy, but it might be worth considering such an alternative to open integration into world economy as strengthening regional cooperation.
Conclusion
Sustainable development in general and in Russia in particular is incompatible with the irrational human needs and the modern economic system... Creation required new economy, based, first of all, on the assessment of the total value of natural resources and the fullest possible economic account of the harm caused to the biosphere by the economic activities of mankind
Optimal entry into sustainable development is impossible without its theoretical justification, therefore, we believe that the biosphere concept of sustainable development based on scientific theory is preferable for Russia.
Building on paragraph 30 of the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, which commits to “improve governance at all levels for the effective implementation of the Agenda for XXI century ”, we consider it necessary to create a specialized body in Russia to solve the problem of Russia's transition to sustainable development.
The fundamental strategic line of development of Russia should be taking into account the fact that for future generations the priority will be not the overconsumption of material goods and the possession of wealth as an indicator of the dignity and rating of a person's social importance, but the intellectual and spiritual perfection of a person while meeting their needs at an optimal-reasonable level. Accordingly, the development of material production in the real sector of the economy will gradually be redirected from the production of material goods to oversaturate the physiological needs of people to create a material base and conditions for their information-analytical, intellectual-cognitive and spiritual-aesthetic development.
In these conditions, the main goal and the decisive means of achieving this goal will be the existing intellectual and spiritual potential of people living in Russia. In this respect, our country still has an underutilized potential. Amory Block Aovins, an American scientist engaged in the development of methods for the efficient use of resources, assesses the potential of Russia: “In the emerging world information economy, which is largely based on human resources, Russia's advantage lies in priceless wealth - its people. Their natural endowment, enriched with history and one of the most sophisticated and effective systems of universal education, is a unique contribution. This contribution can serve as the basis for a new Russian economy - stable, comprehensive and deep. "
Therefore, we need to make full use of our great intellectual potential in the interests of Russia's transition to the path of sustainable harmonious development. Moreover, the development of Russia along the path of sustainable development may turn out to be the very national idea that can unite all the forces of society for the revival of Russia.
Bibliography:
- V.F. Parfenov "Sustainable Development". Edition "ECO BULLETIN »INECA№ 7-8 (42-43) .
- The main provisions of the strategy of sustainable development of Russia / Ed.A.M. Shelekhov. M., 2002 .-- 161 p.
- Kasimov N., Mazurov Yu. In agreement with nature. Magazine Public administration resources, no. 3, 2005, p. 8-11.
- Krivenko V.G., Vinogradov V.G. Problems of conservation of wetlands in Russia. - Bulletin "Use and protection of natural resources in Russia", No. 9-10, 2003, pp. 119 - 125.
- Korochkin, E. F. Ecology and sustainable development / E. F. Korochkin // Geography and ecology in the school of the XXI century. - 2006. - N 10.
- Barlybaev Kh.A. The path of humanity: self-destruction or sustainable development. M: Ed. State Duma, 2001, 143 p.
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