Geographic aspects of the quality of life. Modern problems of science and education
Quality of life of the population
In 2007 ᴦ. the population of 11 countries of the world exceeded 100 million people: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan and Mexico. In total, 4,018 million people live in them, or 60.2% of the world population. The population of China is especially large - 1,335 million people (20%) and India - 1,136 million people (17%).
In 2007 ᴦ. the population of Asia (with the Asian part of Russia) was 4,030 million people (almost 60% of the total world population), Africa - 965 million, Europe (with the European part of Russia) - 731 million, Latin America - 572 million, North America - 339 million, Australia with Oceania - 34 million.
In the 1960s - 1970s. the leading positions in population growth were occupied by Latin America (at that time its population was increasing by 29% a year, or 2.9%), and in the 1980s - 2000s. - Africa (now its population is growing by 21% annually, or 2.1%).
Reproduction of the population - a constantly repeating process of production of all new generations of people - is the natural movement of the population. The key indicators are:
fertility rates (number of live births per 1,000 people)
and mortality (deaths per 1,000 people).
Difference between odds P - C = EP population.
Usually in the world there is two types of population reproduction :
extended(with high natural population growth and sustained significant population growth);
simple(with low natural population growth and stable population). The border between them is the value natural growth population = 12% o. If EP> 12% o, then this is expanded reproduction (typical for developing countries of the world), if<12 %о - простое (в развитых странах). P ↓ C = ↓ EPN
In expanded reproduction of the population, two phases are distinguished:
‣‣‣ 1st phase: very high P (40 - 50% o), high C (20 - 25% o) and very high PSI (25 - 35% o). This situation is usually observed in the poorest countries of the world (most of the countries of Tropical Africa and Afghanistan in Asia); Р С = EPN
‣‣‣ 2nd phase: high P (30 - 40% o), very low C (5 - 10% o) and high PSI (20 - 30% o). This is the overwhelming part developing countries Asia, North Africa, Latin America and Oceania. The low mortality rate here is due to relatively good nutrition, significant advances in the development of medical services, etc. Р С ↓ = EPN
In some developed countries there is a relatively high natural population growth (for example, in Israel - 15%), in others, on the contrary, its natural decline (for example, in Japan). The most significant natural population decline is characteristic of the post-socialist countries, which are making a very painful transition from a command-administrative economy to a market economy (in Ukraine - 8%, in Belarus, Bulgaria and Russia - 6 %about, in Latvia - 5% o).
The world's highest birth rate observed in Niger (53%), East Timor and Uganda (51% each), Guinea-Bissau, DRC and Liberia (50% each), highest mortality - in Botswana (27% o), Lesotho (25% o), Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone (23% o each), the highest natural population growth is in East Timor and Uganda (36% o each), Niger ( 33% o), Yemen and Mali (32% each).
The lowest birth rate in the world observed in Germany, Greece and Japan (8% each), lowest mortality - in financially surplus countries - exporters of oil and natural gas (due to a significant share of children and labor migrants): UAE (1%), Kuwait (2%), Bahrain, Brunei, Qatar and Oman (3% each) ...
The population of India is growing annually by 18.2 million people, China - by 8 million, Pakistan - by 3.1 million, Nigeria - by 3.0 million, Indonesia - by 2.9 million.
Fertility rate- the average number of children born by one woman for the entire fertile (childbearing) age. Fertile age (according to the World Health Organization - WHO) lasts from 15 to 49 years.
In the 2000s, the world average fertility rate was 2.7 children per woman. Its highest absolute value was observed in the countries of Tropical Africa and some Asian countries, the lowest in Europe. The world leaders in this indicator were Niger (7.7 children per woman), East Timor (7.5), Guinea-Bissau and Uganda (7.1 each), the world outsiders - South Korea (1.1), Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland, Slovenia, Singapore and Ukraine (1.2 children per woman). Almost 200 million women in the world are infertile, ᴛ.ᴇ. cannot have children. Most of them live in developed countries.
The peculiarities of population reproduction in certain countries often compel the governments of these countries to pursue one or another demographic policy.
Demographic policy- a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures by which the state influences the natural movement of the population in the direction it desires. France was the first to implement a demographic policy (in the 1940s), and is currently being pursued by over 100 countries. Since this activity is usually high-cost, not all countries can afford it.
Demographic policy is:
stimulating(aimed at increasing the birth rate) - in countries with low natural growth, and even more so with natural population decline (primarily European), or in countries with high natural population growth, but still underpopulated, or with a significant proportion of immigrants (for example, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE and Libya).
and deterrent(aims to reduce fertility and infant mortality) - in countries with large populations, especially China and India. China implements a demographic policy with harsh methods (imposing a fine on every “surplus” child, raising the minimum age for marriage, regulating childbirth by women's committees), India - soft methods (mainly promoting a small number of children and the associated material well-being of the family). Over the past 50 years, the natural population growth in China has been reduced from 28 to 6%, and in India - from 36 to 16%.
Sex structure of the world's population.
Posted on ref.rf
The numerical predominance of men: on average, there are 1,010 men per 1,000 women (in absolute terms, this is slightly more than 33 million people). In any country, more boys are born than girls. Since the female body is more resistant to diseases and more hardy (it has a double degree of protection, designed for itself and potential offspring), the ratio between them is usually equalized by the age of 30 - 35 years. Finally, due to the fact that women traditionally live longer than men, the numerical predominance of women in mature and old age is becoming more and more noticeable. The described situation, as a rule, is typical for developed countries, where women in their social status are equal or approximately equal to men. In most Muslim countries, especially in Arab countries (Southwest Asia and North Africa), in China and India, the opposite picture is observed. A woman here is socially disadvantaged (in fact, she is subordinate to a man), and in some countries, which is quite unusual, even lives 1 - 2 years less than a man.
In Asia, there are, on average, 1,049 men for every 1,000 women. More men per 1000 women are found in financially surplus oil and natural gas exporting countries. This is due to the fact that these countries have an exceptionally high proportion of male labor migrants (for example, in Qatar they make up 80% of the total population, in the UAE - 75%, in Kuwait - 60%). The largest absolute numerical predominance of men over women is observed in China (by 31 million people), India (by 24 million) and Pakistan (by 4.5 million).
Age structure of the world's population. The ratio between individual age groups: the share of children (under 15 years old) is 28%, the share of able-bodied people (from 15 to 65 years old) is 65%, the elderly (over 65 years old) is 7%. The share of children has been decreasing over the past 20-30 years, while the share of older people, on the contrary, is increasing. This is due to a general downward trend in fertility, rising life expectancy and the onset of an aging world population.
The proportion of children is high in the countries of Tropical Africa and Muslim countries of Asia, and small in European countries. The proportion of older people is highest in Europe, and low in the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf (due to the large proportion of children and labor migrants) and Tropical Africa (due to the high proportion of children and low life expectancy of the population). The share of the population of working age is greatest in the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf, and small in the countries of Tropical Africa and some Muslim countries of Asia.
World leaders in the proportion of children in the age structure of the population are Uganda (50%), Niger (49%), Guinea-Bissau and Mali (48% each), world outsiders- Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, Slovenia and Japan (14% each).
Maximum proportion of elderly people observed in Italy and Japan (20% each), Germany (19%), Belgium and Greece (18% each), this indicates a significant aging of their populations (the maximum difference is observed in Italy and Japan - 20% and 14%, respectively) ).
Minimum- in Qatar and the UAE (1% each), Yemen, Kuwait, Angola and some other African countries (2% each). The share of the working-age population in Qatar and the UAE is 77%, Kuwait - 74%, Moldova, Singapore and South Korea - 72%, while in Uganda - 48%, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Niger - 49% ...
It is characterized by: average life expectancy, quality of nutrition, access to clean drinking water, morbidity, infant mortality, literacy rate, etc.
Average life expectancy of the population(average life expectancy) - the number of years, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ an average person born in the corresponding year will live, if the conditions for maintaining his health do not change throughout his life.
In 2005 ᴦ. average life expectancy in the world was 68 years old. Her highest values observed in developed countries (78 - 82 years) due to the high level of material security and medical care, good housing conditions, high quality food, improving environmental conditions, etc. The countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe, South Western Asia and North Africa (70 - 80 years old). Smallest the average life expectancy was typical for the poorest countries of Tropical Africa (35 - 45 years). In the last 10 - 20 years, there has been a steady increase in life expectancy in the rapidly developing countries of Asia (India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Mexico, etc.). During the same time, the average life expectancy in the CIS countries, on the contrary, some decreased, which is explained by the significant difficulties of their transition to market relations ... Among individual countries, people live the longest in Japan (82 years), and least of all in Botswana and Lesotho (35 years each).
Good nutrition: 1) sufficiently high in calories (at least 3,000 kcal per day); 2) balanced (the daily diet should include not only carbohydrates, but also animal and vegetable proteins and fats). Residents of Europe, North America and developed countries of Asia consume 3,000 - 3,500 kcal per day and eat in a balanced way. The population of a large part of the developing countries consume 2,500-3,000 kcal, the poorest - less than 2,000 kcal. Thus, the basis of the diet of the inhabitants Sahel countries make up millet cakes. Acute deficiency of animal proteins and fat is usually eliminated by consuming milk and blood of cattle(it is drained from the animal's cervical artery).
Clean drinking water. The entire population of Europe, North America and developed countries of Asia has access to it, 80-100% of the population of Latin America and the rapidly developing countries of Asia, and only 40-50% of the population of most countries in Tropical Africa (in Somalia - 29%, Ethiopia - 20%) and the poorest countries in Asia.
Population morbidity rate(number of cases per 100 people). Unsanitary living conditions contribute to the rapid spread of both well-known and new diseases (AIDS, Ebola, etc.). Despite the fact that HIV infection was first discovered in New York, most of its carriers now live in Africa. Their share in the population of some countries of South and East Africa ranges from 15 to 35% (in developed countries it rarely exceeds 0.5%).
Infant mortality rate shows the number of deaths under the age of 1 year per 1,000 people. In 2005 ᴦ. on average in the world it was 51%. The highest infant mortality was observed in the countries of Tropical Africa, the lowest in the developed countries of Europe and Asia. The world leaders in this indicator were Sierra Leone (165%), Liberia (157%) and Angola (154%), world outsiders - the countries of Northern Europe and Japan (2-3% each).
Literacy rate of the population shows what part of it (%) can consciously read and write. The share of literate people in the population of developed countries, Eastern Europe and the CIS is close to 100%. The population of most of the countries of Latin America, South-West and South-East Asia (about 90%) is characterized by a high level of literacy. The situation is much worse in the countries of South Asia and North Africa (here 60 - 70% of men and 40 - 50% of women are literate), but especially in the countries of Tropical Africa (for example, in the Sahel countries, only 30 - 40% of men and 10 - 20% of women).
Human Development Index (HDI) consists of indicators of infant mortality, average life expectancy, accessibility and level of education, quality of food and living conditions, crime rate and environmental cleanliness. The maximum possible HDI value is 1,000.
World leaders and world outsiders in terms of HDI value are presented in table. 5. As can be seen from the table, the top ten includes the most prosperous countries in Europe, Australia, Canada, the United States and Japan. The poorest countries in Tropical Africa are at the bottom of the list.
Table 1. Countries of the world with the highest and lowest HDI values (2006 ᴦ.)
A place | Leaders | A place | Outsiders | ||
in the world | Country | Region | in the world | Country | Region |
Norway | Europe | Mozambique | Africa | ||
Iceland | Europe | Burundi | Africa | ||
Australia | Australia | Ethiopia | Africa | ||
Ireland | Europe | Chad | Africa | ||
Sweden | Europe | CAR | Africa | ||
Canada | North America | Guinea-Bissau | Africa | ||
Japan | Asia | Burkina Faso | Africa | ||
USA | North America | Mali | Africa | ||
Switzerland | Europe | Sierra Leone | Africa | ||
Netherlands | Europe | Niger | Africa |
The quality of life of the population - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Quality of life of the population" 2017, 2018.
1. Introduction.
2. The concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.
3.System of indicators of the quality of life of the population
4. Statistics of the standard of living of the population. The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population. Objectives of statistics of the standard of living of the population.
5. Characteristics of the standard of living of the population.
6. Wages.
7.Quality of life of the population in science.
8. Statistics
9. Research on the quality of life of the population.
10. Qualitative indicators.
11. Integral indicator of the level and quality of life
1. Introduction. In the era of globalization and deepening of integration processes, expansion of foreign economic relations and various forms of economic cooperation, the availability of comparable information is a prerequisite for assessing the country's economic and social situation in the world. Currently, the results of comparisons are widely used by international organizations, national government bodies and non-governmental organizations of different countries, journalists and scientists for analytical and practical work.
The standard of living is central to the socio-economic life of society. In civilized countries, the main task of the state is to ensure a decent level and quality of life for the population. In modern transformations of the market economy, the problem of improving the level and quality of life is becoming very important. It is with the social function of the state policy that society associates ever-growing expectations regarding an increase in the quality and standard of living. The direction and pace of further transformations in countries and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on the solution of this problem. The work of many economists has been devoted to the study of questions of raising living standards. The works of K. Marx played a significant role in the development of their methodological foundations. Researches in this area were carried out by S.L. Bru, J.M. Keynes, F. Kotler, A. Maslow, S. Fisher and others. Foreign authors have developed national models of living standards, indicators of their assessment, and regulatory mechanisms.
In recent decades, the meaning that scientists attach to the term "standard of living" and the content invested in it have undergone major changes. Until recently, experts in the field of measuring living standards had only two long-established, traditional approaches to solving this problem. Both approaches, as it turned out, have serious shortcomings, the comprehension of which made it possible to raise the question of the ideal, from a theoretical point of view, indicator of the standard of living, that is, the benchmark to which one should strive in applied research and practical measurements. The existing disagreements in the methodology for determining the standard of living, an insufficiently targeted analysis of its indicators, the high social cost of economic reforms carried out in the world necessitate a thorough study of these positions and confirm the relevance of the topic of this essay.
The main goal of this work is to analyze the specifics of the concepts of "standard of living" and "quality of life", to study the most important indicators and to consider the state of the level and quality of life in various countries and regions of the world. In connection with this goal, the main tasks of the work are set - to define the concepts the standard of living and quality of life, describe the measurement indicators, reveal the importance of studying these concepts, based on the analysis, determine the current state of the level and quality and quality of life of the world's population, and also outline the main directions for improving the standard of living in various countries.
The subject of the research is defined as a set of economic relations that determine the standard of living of the population. The object of the research is the standard of living of the population and the conditions affecting it as a certain section of socio-economic relations.
2. The concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.
The quality of life is the most important social category that characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of their satisfaction. Some researchers, when defining the concept of "quality of life", focus much attention on the economic side, material security of the population's life. The opposite point of view also takes place, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.
Quality of life of the population- This is the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs of a person.
A person suffers from low quality and experiences satisfaction from a high quality of life, regardless of the area of work, business and personal life. Therefore, a person needs quality all the time. A person himself seeks to improve the quality of life - he receives an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.
The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:
- population income(average per capita nominal and real incomes, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real size of the assigned pension, the size of the subsistence minimum and the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.);
- quality nutrition(calorie content, food composition);
- quality and fashion clothes;
- comfort dwellings(total area of occupied housing per inhabitant);
- quality health care(number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants);
- quality social services(recreation and services);
- quality education(the number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, the proportion of students in the population);
- quality culture(publication of books, brochures, magazines);
- the quality of the service sector;
- quality environment, leisure structure;
- demographic trends(indicators of life expectancy, fertility, mortality, marriage rate, divorce rate);
- security (number of reported crimes).
3.System of indicators of the quality of life of the population
The cost of living:
- living wage; four.
- the number of students;
The cost of living:
- consumer price indices;
- the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services in the social sphere;
- living wage;
Population consumption:
- costs and savings;
Population income:
- final consumption costs;
- average per capita money income;
- income from labor and economic activity of households;
- the share of deposits in the population's expenditures;
- buying currency;
- purchase of securities;
- the property;
- land for personal use;
- availability of cars for 100 families;
- disposable resources of households;
- the minimum wage;
- the minimum pension;
- minimum consumer budget;
- decile coefficient of differentiation;
- fund ratio;
- income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
- the ratio of the shares of spending on food for different quantile groups of the population;
The cost of living:
consumer price indices;
- the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services in the social sphere;
- living wage;
Population consumption: 5.
- costs and savings;
- consumption of staple foods;
- energy and nutritional value of products;
The main integral indicators of the life of the population:
- ratio of income and expenses;
- the ratio of the average per capita income to the subsistence level;
- the amount of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
- Poverty rate:
- poverty line;
- population with incomes below the subsistence level;
Provision and coverage of the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:
- the number of consumer services enterprises;
- the number of educational institutions;
- the number of students;
- the number of medical personnel;
- the number of cultural and recreational institutions;
Demographic parameters:
- the number of resident population;
- age and sex composition of the population;
- total fertility rate;
- life expectancy at birth;
- general mortality rate;
- marriage rate;
- number of households;
4.Statistics of the standard of living of the population
Standards of living- is an economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services.
The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic life needs of people.
At the present time, when the economic systems of countries are subject to deformation and change, the main goal remains implementation of the principle of social orientation of a market economy by improving the living standards of the population.
The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population
As the main complex characteristics of the standard of living of the population at present, the human development index (HDI) is used, calculated as an integral of three components: GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, and educational attainment.
To compare the standard of living in different countries in world practice, the following indicators are also used:
- Gross domestic product per capita
- Consumer price index
- Consumption structure
- Mortality rate
- Fertility rate
- Life expectancy at birth
- Infant death rate
The agreed standard of living of citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following main indicators:
- gross domestic product per capita;
- the volume of production of essential goods;
- inflation rate;
- unemployment rate;
- real income per capita;
- opportunities of the population to invest in themselves and in the economy;
- the ratio of the living wage and the minimum wage;
- the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
- share of government spending on education, culture, health care and social security;
- the ratio of the average pension to the subsistence minimum;
- human life expectancy;
- the ratio of fertility and mortality of the population;
- the volume of retail trade;
- deviation of the state of the environment from the standards.
Objectives of statistics on the living standards of the population
The main tasks of statistics on the standard of living of the population are: to study the actual well-being of the population, as well as the factors that determine the living conditions of the citizens of the country in accordance with economic growth; measuring the degree of satisfaction of needs for material goods and services in relation to social conditions and development of production.
The task of studying the patterns of formation and regional-dynamic trends in the standard of living of the country's population as a whole, as well as in the context of individual socio-demographic groups of the population and types of households, should be especially highlighted.
The basis for building a system of indicators and solving these problems is the materials of macroeconomic statistics, demographic statistics, labor statistics, trade statistics, price statistics. A significant amount of information collected is based on data from financial and accounting statements, the state tax service, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, etc., as well as on the materials of special surveys, censuses, and surveys.
The main sources of information are the balance of cash income and expenditure of the population and sample household surveys.
The balance of cash incomes and expenditures of the population is built at the federal and regional levels and is the basis for constructing macroeconomic indicators. It reflects the volume and structure of the population's monetary funds, which take the form of income, expenses and savings. Incomes of the population are grouped in the balance sheet according to the sources of funds and the directions of their spending.
One of the types of state statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population is selective household budget surveys The surveys allow obtaining data for the accounts of the Households sector in the SNA, the distribution of incomes of various groups and strata of the population, as well as revealing the dependence of the level of material well-being of a household on its size and family composition, source of income, employment of family members in various sectors of the economy.
Currently, in accordance with the transition to international standards, according to the SNA methodology, new macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living are being introduced. These include household gross disposable income, household gross adjusted disposable income, household final consumption expenditure, and household actual final consumption.
5.Characteristics of the standard of living of the population
To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative side of the well-being of the population.
The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:
- consumer basket
- average salary 8.
- difference in income
- lifespan
- the level of education
- structure of food consumption
- development of the service sector
- housing provision
- state of the environment
- degree of realization of human rights
Top 10 countries with lowest and highest average life expectancy at birth, both genders, years, 2005 (WPDS) * Source: Population Reference Bureau. 2005, World Population Data Sheet. World Health Organization. The World Health Report, 2005. Geneva, 2005.
Countries with the highest average life expectancy |
Countries with the lowest life expectancy |
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World-67 |
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Botswana |
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Iceland |
Swaziland |
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China (Hong Kong) |
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San marino |
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Liechtenstein |
Sierra Leone |
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Norway |
Zimbabwe |
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Mozambique |
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Switzerland |
Afghanistan |
The standard of living of the population is associated with the concept " income poverty "... A person whose income is below a certain set minimum is considered to be absolutely poor.
The World Bank (WB) has found that for developing countries, the poor is defined as a person whose annual income is less than $ 375 (based on PPP US dollars in 1985 prices) or earns about one dollar a day. For Latin American countries, the World Bank has drawn a poverty line at $ 2 per day. In Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the poverty line is $ 4 a day. For industrialized countries, the US poverty line is used - $ 14.4 per day.
developed countries national poverty line is relative, not absolute... According to the concept of relative poverty, a person is considered poor if the means at his disposal do not allow him to lead the lifestyle accepted in the society in which he lives. In the United States, the relative poverty line is set at 40% of the median (average) income; in Europe in the framework of the Luxembourg International Income Survey - 50%; in the Scandinavian countries - 60%.
The method of measuring poverty officially adopted in Russia is based on the concept of absolute poverty or the minimum need, which ensures the maintenance of health and the preservation of working capacity (the composition of the minimum consumer basket). Valuation consumer basket, as well as the costs of mandatory payments and fees are the amount of the subsistence minimum. In the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years; in the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years. In the second quarter of 2006, the living wage of a Muscovite was (for all population groups) an average of 5,159 rubles, and the minimum wage (minimum wage) was 1100 rubles.
On average in the Russian Federation, the minimum living wage is 2,653 rubles, and the average salary is 8,530 rubles. Thus, the average Russian receives 3.22 consumer baskets per month.
In October 2006, State Duma deputies adopted in the second reading the law “On the consumer basket”, which slightly increased consumption rates. Thus, the rate of meat consumption per person per year will be 37 kg (or 3 kg per month), which is almost 2 times lower than the desired rate recommended by the specialists of the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (60 kg per year). As experts note, the proposed norms are below not only the level achieved in the USSR, but also the level of UN humanitarian aid in Somalia. According to Management Today magazine, CEOs of American companies receive the highest salaries in the world - $ 1.43 million a year (about $ 120,000 a month). They are followed by their British colleagues - $ 747.4 thousand. The third place is taken by the French - $ 546 thousand per year.
According to a report published by the Federation of European Employers in 2004, the highest average wages in Europe are paid in Denmark - 27.89 euros / hour, Switzerland - 22.03, Luxembourg - 20.03, Norway - 19.24 and Germany - 17.57. French and Finns get half the work of Danes per hour. The lowest average salary in Moldova is 0.32 euros / hour. In the ranking of 46 countries, Russia took the 40th position - about 1 euro / hour, or 4% of the amount that the average citizen of Denmark earns per hour. Behind Russia are Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Ukraine and Belarus.
In addition to these indicators, social transfers have a serious impact on the standard of living of the population. Thus, in Russia, the level of unemployment benefits is about 20% of the average salary previously received in the last 12 months of work. In Germany, the average benefit is 60% of the average wage. The amount of unemployment benefits in Norway is approximately $ 1900 per month, in the United States - from $ 400 to $ 2600, in Russia - from $ 55 to $ 116.
7.Quality of life of the population in science.
Interest in the problems of the quality of life of the population is observed among various kinds of sciences, which include economics, sociology, philosophy, medicine, etc. This kind of diversity of approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population predetermined the multiplicity and ambiguity of the existing interpretations of the category “quality of life of the population”. focusing on its individual aspects. Despite a significant amount of work and a variety of approaches to interpreting the quality of life, in general, the scientific community agrees that this category is a capacious, multidimensional and complex concept. The controversial issues in the unfolding discussion remain the issues of the components of the quality of life and various sets of indicators characterizing it. The purpose of this study is to review the methodological approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population. The results of the study will allow in the future to build the author's methodological approach to assessing the quality of life of the population.
The quality of life is determined by the vital potential of society, its social groups, individual citizens and the correspondence of the characteristics of processes, means, conditions and results of their life to socially positive needs, values and goals.
The quality of life is manifested in the subjective satisfaction of people with themselves and their lives, as well as in the objective characteristics inherent in human life as biological, psychological (spiritual) and social differences.
8. Statistics. In the framework of international studies of the quality of life of the population, various approaches and indicators of its assessment have been proposed. Among the most commonly used indicators of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). This index is actively used by the United Nations (UN) in the framework of the "Human Development Reports" and has been calculated annually since 1990. This series of reports is devoted to how the created living conditions can contribute to human development, that is, certain ideas are given about the relationship between the quality of life in different countries of the world. The HDI is calculated in three main areas:
Longevity, measured on the basis of life expectancy at birth (the minimum value is 25 years, the maximum is 85 years).
Education level, measured by the literacy rate of the country's adult population (from 0 to 100%) and the aggregate gross enrollment rate.
Living standards measured by the size of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars (from $ 100 to $ 40 thousand).
As a result, each of the listed indicators is converted to a scale from 0 to 1, after which the arithmetic mean is calculated. Based on the calculations obtained, a ranked list of countries is compiled according to the HDI indicator in the range from 0 to 1. Countries are classified into four groups: with very high, high, medium and low levels of human development. Leading positions, according to the 2013 Human Development Report, are occupied by such highly developed countries as Norway, Australia, the United States, the Netherlands, etc. Russia, on the other hand, is in the group with a high level of human development (55th place in the ranking), approximately at the same level as Belarus (50th place), Uruguay (51), Romania (56) and Bulgaria (57). A distinctive feature of Russia is that the block characterizing the level of education is at a high level, commensurate with the leading countries. However, the low expected duration and the size of GDP per capita do not allow to rise higher in the ranking. Despite the fact that the authors of the report consider the HDI as a total indicator of human development in the country, or "the so-called quality of life," the list of its components does not provide an exhaustive description of this problem. At the same time, it can give a kind of primary idea of the state of the quality of life. population of the countries of the world and their distribution relative to each other. According to the study, the top positions are occupied mainly by Swiss and German cities. In 2011, Vienna (Austria) became the city with the highest rates of quality of life. In general, the cities located in Europe (in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, France), North America (cities located in Canada and the USA), and Japan are among the best in terms of quality of life. Russia is represented by only two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In the presented rating, they were not included in the first hundred most favorable cities in terms of quality of life and took only 163 and 165 based on the size of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars); 2. Health (life expectancy at birth, years); 3. Political stability and security (based on relevant ratings); 4. Family life (based on the divorce rate per 1000 population, an index is built in the range from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)); 5. Social life (an index is built in the range from 0 to 1, based on data on church attendance or membership in trade unions); 6. Climate and geography (latitude to distinguish between warm and cold climates); 7. Guarantees of providing jobs (unemployment rate, in%); 8. Political freedoms (data on the indices of political and civil liberties, range from 1 (full provision of rights and freedoms) to 7 (significant restrictions); 9. Gender equality (the ratio between the average income of men and women).
According to the rating of countries built on the basis of this index, among 80 countries of the world included in this study, Russia in 2013 is in 72nd place (with a value of 5.31), being located next to such countries as Azerbaijan (5.60), Indonesia (5.54), as well as Syria (5.29) and Kazakhstan (5.20). The first three places are occupied by Switzerland (8.22), Australia (8.12) and Norway (8.09). 12.
Since the quality of life also includes indicators of the moral and psychological climate and mental comfort, an important complementary component is the subjective feeling of happiness. The population associates the idea of a high quality of life with a happy life (that is, success achieved, satisfaction with their social status, status, living conditions, family life, profession, work, specialty, salary, well-being in general), in connection with which neglect this aspect limits the interpretation of the subjective component of the quality of life. In the framework of the annual global international survey of the Association Gallup International "Global Barometer of Hope and Despair" conducted in December 2011 among 58 countries of the world, the index of happiness was calculated. Contrary to many ratings among countries in the world in terms of the quality of life of the population, the results of the study showed a slightly different distribution. The five most "happiest" countries in the world include Fiji, Nigeria, the Netherlands and Ghana. Russia in this rating took 40th place, being on the same level with such countries as the United States (38th place), Pakistan (39) and Hong Kong (41). A distinctive feature of Russia is the fact that there are significantly fewer happy people than in the world as a whole (39% versus 53%), but fewer and unhappy people (8% versus 13%). At the same time, the highest share of the part of the population, which regards its position as “neither happy nor unhappy” (42%).
9. Research of the quality of life of the population.
As the researchers note, the state of happiness is a certain cultural feature of a particular country (region) and does not directly depend on its real economic situation and the expectations associated with it.
Consequently, pessimism in relation to their financial situation is not able to drastically reduce the population's inner feeling of personal happiness, and therefore these subjective characteristics are necessary in the system of indicators of the population's quality of life. Of interest are the studies carried out at the All-Russian Center for the Level of Life, in particular by V. N. Bobkov, who notes that the quality of life is the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people. The author presents a list of indicators of the quality of life in relation to the main spheres of human life. These areas include: working life, the sphere of developing people's abilities, family life, everyday life and maintaining health, the life of the disabled, leisure, the environment, life in extreme economic situations, caring for the future. The method of extremely critical (threshold) values of indicators of the state of society, developed by S. Yu. Glazyev and VV Lokosov, deserves special attention.
An extremely critical value means such a value of an indicator, going beyond the boundaries of which indicates a threat to the functioning of the economy and the vital activity of society due to a violation of the normal course of the processes reflected by this indicator. 13.
In accordance with this, two threshold values are distinguished, the first characterizes the maximum allowable value, the second - the minimum, denoting the boundaries of the range of values acceptable for the normal functioning and development of the system. Thus, the authors emphasize the need to carry out systematic measurements of indicators of the socio-economic state and, based on the analysis, determine their attitude to the extremely critical values, in order to manage socio-economic development. The difference between intercountry and intracountry approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population consists in the number of blocks of indicators characterizing it. When compiling ratings of the countries of the world by the quality of life of the population, in most cases, the use of those parameters is noted that most cover all spheres of human activity and factors that influence them. This specificity is explained by differences not only in the qualitative composition of the population, the level of economic development of the country, etc., but also in ethnocultural characteristics, geographical and natural-climatic conditions. However, integral indicators of the quality of life can be presented in a minimized form. In this case, the values of complex indicators built into its structure are replaced by one indicator, the value of which correlates with it. In-country assessments are characterized by significant detailing of the studied parameters. In the context of Russian realities, the complexity of assessing the quality of life of the population is determined by its territorial characteristics. The territory of the Russian Federation occupies 17098.2 thousand square meters. km., which is divided into 9 time zones and is located in 3 climatic zones: temperate, arctic and subarctic.In the conditions of an export-oriented raw material economy, different natural resource potential largely determines the level of development of individual regions, thereby already making adjustments to the qualitative state of the country's population.
An additional factor is the heterogeneity of regions in terms of their socio-demographic, national, cultural and other characteristics predetermined by historical characteristics. Therefore, ignoring these facts when assessing the quality of life reduces its information content. However, it should be taken into account that the study of the quality of life refers to the problem of studying and managing complex social processes that are difficult to formalize. That is, we are talking about a system of socio-economic relations in which the most important parameters do not always correspond to the specific requirements of modeling.
10.Quality indicators
Indicators of working conditions. Indicators of working conditions in the practice of international statistics include the following information closely related to the demographic characteristics of the population:
1) the boundaries of the working age;
2) the established and actual duration of the working week (by industry and sector of the economy); fourteen.
3) the duration of the paid vacation;
4) indicators of working conditions directly at workplaces (the level of dustiness, noise, vibration, various types of radiation; monotony of work, uncomfortable posture, the need to move a lot, etc.).
Indicators reflecting the level of occupational diseases, industrial injuries and deaths at work are directly dependent on working conditions. These include:
a) the frequency of accidents, which is determined by dividing the number of accidents by the average number of employees;
b) the indicator of the average duration of incapacity for work, which is the ratio of the total number of days of incapacity for work to the number of victims in accidents;
c) the coefficient of severity of accidents, which is calculated as the ratio of the total number of days of incapacity for work to the total number of man-days worked;
d) the mortality rate from accidents, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths at work to the total number of victims or to the average number of employees during this period;
Indicators of conditions of life and leisure. The study of the conditions of life and leisure is based on an analysis of the directions of use of the income received and the share of expenses for various goods and services in total expenses.
The analysis of the structure and level of consumption of the main types of goods and services per capita or family is based on the criterion of the rationality of the structure of family expenditures proposed by the German statistician E. Engel in the 19th century: with an increase in family income, the share of expenses on food decreases, and the share of expenses on meeting cultural and other intangible needs increases significantly.
The level of consumption of certain types of food, clothing, footwear, provision of housing, furniture and other durable goods and various types of services is usually calculated on an annualized basis per person or family and is analyzed over time over a certain period of time, and is also compared with both scientifically sound national consumption standards, and with the corresponding indicators of other countries.
The income of the population is used either to cover current expenses or to save. Current expenditures of the population include expenditures on food, beverages and tobacco; clothes and shoes; housing, heating and lighting; furniture, home furnishings and home care; health care costs; for transport and communications; education, culture, physical education and sports, recreation and tourism; for other services and material benefits.
It should be emphasized that this grouping of recurrent costs for each country has its own characteristics, depending on the prevailing statistical practice.
Property and monetary savings are also often referred to as indicators of material well-being, since current income does not always accurately reflect the level of real consumption.
Savings of the population are the difference between income and current spending. Savings can be in cash or in kind. Cash savings represent either an increase in money in the hands of the population, or an increase in investments in financial institutions, or an increase in investments in securities (stocks, bonds, certificates, etc.). Savings in kind are expressed in the form of an increase in the value of land owned by the population, fixed capital (housing, outbuildings, transport, etc.) and inventories.
However, international comparisons on the criterion of the share of savings in income are often very arbitrary due to differences in inflation rates and the difficulty of accounting for differences in the quality of both consumed and accumulated goods.
When characterizing living conditions, international statistics primarily single out the owner of the home. For this purpose, the entire housing stock is divided into private, rented and municipal. Due to the fact that some owners have multiple residential properties, statistics also highlight primary residences (where the user spends most of their time) and secondary residences.
When studying the quality of housing, groupings are used by number of storeys, by material of walls, by height of ceilings, by the degree of its equipment with household amenities. For own housing, the size of the land plot belonging to him is indicated.
For generalizing characteristics of the provision of the population with housing, such indicators are used as the number of the population living in dwellings that do not meet the established standard, and its share in the total population; the number of rooms per inhabitant. At the same time, the standard of housing provision in Western countries assumes the presence of one room for each tenant plus one common room.
As for the provision of the population with various durables, international statistics calculate the number of durables on average per 100 families, or per 1000 people. This applies to cars, refrigerators and freezers, TVs and telephones, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and floor polishers, etc.
The characterization of the consumption of the most important types of food and non-food products by the population is made by determining the indicators of the average annual consumption per capita of meat, poultry, fish, eggs, bread and bakery products and other products both for the entire population and for individual social and professional groups. At the same time, the consumption of food products is considered not only from the point of view of quantity, but also from the point of view of the caloric content of consumed products, as well as the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins in them.
To study the level of education and culture of the population, the UN Statistical Commission recommends a number of indicators. These include:
a) the number of illiterates and their share in the total number of persons over the "age of literacy" (this age is determined by each country depending on specific conditions);
b) the number of school-age children not attending school;
c) the number and structure of students in primary and secondary schools;
d) the number of university students per 100 thousand inhabitants;
e) circulation of books per 100 thousand inhabitants, as well as a number of other indicators.
Health indicators include:
a) the number of healthcare institutions and their capacity, which is measured either by the number of visits per shift, or by the number of hospital beds;
b) provision of the population with medical personnel (the number of doctors per 1000 inhabitants, both in general and in individual specialties; training of medical personnel);
c) indicators of the activity of medical institutions (the number of patients in hospitals; the number of cured patients; mortality in medical institutions, etc.);
d) the total amount of financing of health care from all sources.
11.Integral indicator of the level and quality of life
As an integral indicator of the level and quality of life of the population, at different times it was proposed to use the national income per capita, the share of food expenditures in total household expenditures, the relative mortality rate, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of persons aged 50 and over to the total number of deaths. average life expectancy of the population, an indicator of free time, put forward on the basis of the well-known statement of K. Marx that free time in the future will become a measure of social wealth.
The use of aggregated economic indicators for this purpose is based on the assumption that the most economically developed countries have a higher level of social development. Often the basis for cross-country comparison is GDP or NI per capita, expressed in the currency of one of the countries, or in US dollars, or in PPP currencies.
However, all these indicators have various disadvantages associated either with differences in the calculation methodology adopted in different countries, or with difficulties in their interpretation. In this regard, attempts were made to develop complex indices for determining the level of development of a particular country, the standard of living in it.
An example of such an index is the “tension indicator” proposed by Russian statisticians. Its components are: 1) the degree of provision with consumer goods; 2) the level of crime; 3) the degree of public dissatisfaction with a complex of unresolved socio-political, economic and environmental problems. On the basis of these data, the index was calculated in more than 100 cities and in all regions of the country. 17.
The value of the index from 0 to 0.4 indicates social stability; from 0.4 to 0.8 - about social tension; from 0.8 to 1.4 - about local conflicts; from 1.4 to 2.0 - about social explosions in the region; over 2.0 - about massive social explosions.
In international statistical practice, the complex index was one of the first (in 1970) to be proposed by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. This index was called the social development index and included 16 most important (9 social and 7 economic) interdependent indicators. The authors of the study concluded that social development exceeded economic development with per capita income levels not exceeding $ 500.
Subsequently, Maurice D. Morris developed an index of physical development of the quality of life, taking into account three indicators:
· Life expectancy at the age of 1 year;
· Infant mortality rate;
· The spread of literacy among the adult population.
The aggregate index was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the retainers, which were rated on a scale from 1 point (worst case) to 100 (best option). Morris's results indicated a negligible relationship between the quality of life index and GDP per capita.
Some countries with high GDP per capita had low index scores and vice versa. For example, Sri Lanka with a GDP per capita of $ 302 per day in 1981. had a physical development index of quality of life twice as high as Saudi Arabia with a per capita income of $ 12,720. The above example indicates the possibility of a significant improvement in the quality of life even before the start of a significant increase in per capita income.
In 1987, the Washington Population Crisis Committee published the International Unwellness Index. The index was a composite index based on 10 indicators characterizing the well-being of people depending on their financial situation, demographic situation, health status and social structure. Calculations showed that at that time the most unfavorable living conditions were in Angola and Mozambique, and the most favorable in Switzerland and Luxembourg. In 1990, UNDP attempted a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic development of countries and for the first time published the Human Development Index (HDI). a scale from 1 to 0. A high level of development is considered to be an indicator from 0.8 and above, an average - from 0.5 to 0.799, and a low - below 0.5.
It takes into account three types of data: life expectancy, educational attainment (literacy and overall participation rates in primary, secondary and higher education), and living standards as measured by real purchasing power. The index represents In assessing the quality and standard of living, expert assessments can be used.
For example, the American non-profit organization "Committee on the Demographic Crisis", based on official statistics, the results of questionnaires and expert assessments for 1989, conducted a study of QOL in the 100 largest cities in the world. QOL was assessed on a 10-point scale with the following particular indicators: cost of food (share of family expenses on food), housing conditions (number of residents per room), quality of housing (share of houses and apartments with running water and electricity), communications (number of telephones per 100 inhabitants), education (proportion of children attending school), health care (infant mortality per 1000 live births), public safety (homicides per 100 thousand inhabitants per year), silence (level of outside noise), traffic (average speed in rush hour), air purity.
In the United States, a simplified approach is actively used to calculate the integral indicator of quality and standard of living using the poverty index. The latter represents the sum of the inflation and unemployment indices.
In the second half of the 80s. The international organization United Nations Development Program (UNDP) proposed the Human Development Index (HDI) as a generalizing indicator of the quality of life of the population.
1The analysis of the subjective assessment of the quality of life of the population of the Baikal region in the context of the implementation of recreational activities is carried out. Improving the quality of life is seen as one of the main factors of territorial development. Using the example of the Olkhonsky and Ekhirit-Bulagatsky districts of the Irkutsk region, the importance of the subjective aspect of the quality of life of the population, its role in the implementation of projects for the recreational development of the region is shown. Contradictory expectations of the local population were revealed: a positive perception of tourism projects is associated with the expected increase in employment and the solution of social problems, negative assessments are accompanied by concerns about the safety of the ethnocultural landscape, the aggravation of sanitary and environmental problems, and the deterioration of the socio-economic situation. Comparative characteristics of the two districts with different recreational potential showed that the expectations of the population and the subjective self-assessment of their quality of life reveal similarities, which makes it possible to consider the commonality of socio-geographical problems as a more effective factor than regional differences.
the quality of life
population
ethnographic tourism
regional development
recreational activity
local community
polyethnic territory
1. Evstropyeva O.V. Ethnorecreational potential of the Baikal region // Geography and nature. resources. - 2013. - No. 1. - S. 127-135.
2. Kopylov S.N., Ashurkova Yu.A., Rogovskaya N.V. Towards a strategy for the development of tourism in rural areas of the Baikal region // Materials of the 12th Intern. scientific-practical conf. Russian Society of Ecological Economics. - Irkutsk, 2013 .-- S. 353-355.
3. Korytny L. M. Geographical approach to the allocation of territories of traditional nature management / L.M. Korytny, L.L. Kalep, A.T. Naprasnikov, V.M. Parfenov, G.V. Ponomarev, M.V. Ragulina, I.L. Savelyeva // Geography and nature. resources. - 2004.– No. 3. - P. 35-41.
4. Municipal formation "Ekhirit-Bulagatsky district". Official website [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ehirit.ru/kratkaya-istoricheskaya-spravka.html (date of treatment 02/10/2014).
5. Municipalities of the Irkutsk region. Statistical collection. Part 1. Irkutskstat. - Irkutsk, 2013.
6. Ragulina M.V. Cultural landscape and co-creation of man and nature / M.V. Ragulina // Geography and nature. resources. - 2007. - No. 3. - S. 88-94.
7. Raitviir T. Sociogeographic study of the way of life and its elements. - Tallinn, 1979 .-- 100 p.
8. Federal Law on the Protection of Lake Baikal. April 2, 1999 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.magicbaikal.ru/ecology/law-baikal (date of treatment 08/18/2014).
9. Shekhovtsova T.N. The quality of life of the population and the search for a regional strategy for economic development (on the example of the Olkhonsky district of the Irkutsk region) // Naukovedenie Internet magazine. - 2013. - No. 6 (19) [Electronic resource]. - M., 2013. - Access mode: http: naukovedenie.ru/PDF/60EVN613.pdf, free - Title. from the screen. (date of treatment 08.21.2014).
10. Environmentally oriented land use planning in the Baikal region. Baikal natural territory / A.N. Antipov, V.M. Plyusnin, O. I. Bazhenov et al. - Irkutsk: Publishing house of the Institute of Geography SB RAS, 2002. - 103 p.
The Baikal region in the context of the rapid deployment of the international tourism system has every chance of becoming a leading tourist center in the world. Lake Baikal is the backbone of the regional tourist space. The Irkutsk region is considered as a territory favorable for the development of inbound tourism. At present, in terms of the level of tourist product, the region is considered to be medium-developed. The main competitive advantage of the Irkutsk region among other regions is the presence of unique natural (Lake Baikal) and ethnocultural (living culture of Siberian peoples and Russian old-timers) resources. The development of tourism on Lake Baikal and adjacent territories is recognized as a complex priority for the development of the Irkutsk region.
The planned development of the recreational business should be accompanied by a comprehensive socio-economic and socio-geographical study. In a number of works, the directions of the recreational development of the region are considered, the prospects for ecologically-oriented and ethnographic tourism are analyzed. At the same time, the success of tourism development in the region largely depends on the positive attitude of the local population to the projects of recreational development of the territory, the "loyalty" of local communities and the willingness to cooperate within the framework of ongoing initiatives, the emergence of local initiatives. But diagnosing the attitude of the population to the development of tourism does not give a complete picture of the reasons for its acceptance or rejection. In our opinion, research requires a broader, integral category - the quality of life. This concept includes health, life expectancy, spiritual needs, environmental conditions, emotional balance. The quality of life is not limited to considering the consumption of material goods and services. The concept of quality of life includes the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people. Thus, the quality of life can vary significantly in terms of content depending on the social, economic, natural-geographical and cultural factors of the development of society. The territorial specificity of the characteristics of the quality of life of the population is also influenced by the nature of historical development, ethnic structure, socio-demographic features. The quality of life is an aggregate characteristic of the state of the population from the point of view of reproduction of a territorial community. Therefore, this concept is widely used in economic geography, regional economics and regional studies.
It should be noted that the concept of "quality of life" should be studied as an objective phenomenon and a subjective phenomenon. Objective quality indicators are identified mainly on the basis of statistics. The subjective facet requires approaches that take into account the opinion and attitude of people to the consumption of material goods, to projects for the development of the territory. It should also include aspects of physical and emotional-psychological health.
In the methodological aspect, when planning the sample, we relied on recommendations for conducting a sociogeographic study of lifestyle. The sample size recommended by the named author for sociogeographic research is 100-150 people. However, we had to slightly adjust these recommendations, since our study was of a pilot nature. The survey was accompanied by interviews. In terms of the size of the population of the studied municipalities, the sample can be considered sufficient: in two districts, 231 people were interviewed, including in Olkhonsky - 80 people, in Ekhirit-Bulagatsky - 151 people.
Socio-geographical features of the study regions
The Federal Law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal" regulates the life support of the population and presupposes the presence of environmental restrictions. The strategy of tourist development of a territory with environmental restrictions contributes to the "compensatory" development of the territory, involving natural and cultural monuments, aesthetic landscapes into circulation, stimulates the development of ethnoculture, economy, including agriculture and the service sector.
The Olkhonsky District of the Irkutsk Region is located within the Baikal natural territory, it stretches along the western coast of Lake Baikal and includes the largest island of the lake - about. Olkhon . The district has the status of a municipal formation, it includes 5 rural (Elantsynskoye, Buguldeyskoye, Kuretskoye, Shara-Togotskoye, Onguryonskoye) and 1 urban (Khuzhirsky) settlement, uniting 41 settlements.
Ekhirit-Bulagatsky district of the Irkutsk region is also included in the Baikal natural territory. The regional center - pos. Ust-Orda, there are 13 municipalities (Aluzhinskoe, Akhinskoe, Gakhanskoe, Zakhalskoe, Kapsalskoe, Korsukskoe, Kulunkunskoe, Novonikolaevskoe, Oloiskoye, Tugutuiskoye, Ust-Ordynskoye, Kharazargayskoye, Kharatskoye), the population of which lives in 54 settlements.
The life support of the population of the Olkhonsky district is based on the use of the resources of the lake. Baikal and adjacent landscapes: most of the men are engaged in fishing, there is a traditional Buryat horse breeding and breeding of cattle and small ruminants. There is a steady growth in employment in tourism and related services. There are 42 business enterprises and 332 registered individual entrepreneurs. At the same time, over 24% of the sales volume falls on the share of tourism services. The number of officially employed in the tourism business is only 300 people, and the territory is annually visited by over 400 thousand tourists, most of whom are unorganized vacationers. In the Ekhirit-Bulagat region, the base of economic development is formed by agriculture, which provides more than half (54%) of the production, the predominant role is played by animal husbandry. 6 small businesses, 600 individual entrepreneurs are registered. The livestock-raising specificity of agriculture in both regions lies in following the ethnic traditions of the indigenous population - the Buryats, and can be considered as the main component of their traditional use of natural resources, contributing to the strengthening of ethnic identity.
Like Olkhonsky, Ekhirit-Bulagatsky district has a set of recreational resources, among which ethnorecreational ones are the main ones. The actualization of ethnic identity contributed to the growth of attention to shamanism. There are many sacred loci in the region - archaeological sites with rocky petroglyphs, places of worship, ancestral sanctuaries. Currently, the tourist development of the region is small.
Both regions are characterized by a distinctive ethno-cultural landscape that combines material objects, the natural environment and the spiritual layers of culture on the basis of ethnic traditions and practices of nature management. Olkhonsky District is in a more advantageous position, possessing significant recreational potential, and regional development plans are associated with the use of the “brand” of Baikal, the expansion of the tourism business and the prospect of involving local communities in it.
Subjective assessment of the quality of life of the population
The study was carried out in the municipalities of the administrative districts of the Irkutsk region: Olkhonsky - "Yelantsinskoye" and Ekhirit - Bulagatsky "Ust - Ordynskoye". The predominance in the sample of women who traditionally live in the interests of the family, and at the same time have a high level of education, are of active working age, probably influenced the nature of the responses regarding concerns about the future and the fate of local youth.
It is interesting to compare the data on living conditions: in the Olkhonsk region they are satisfied with only 10%, 57% consider them unsatisfactory. Over the past 5-10 years, life in the village has not changed, according to half of the respondents, a quarter of the respondents believe that it has worsened. Improvement of living conditions in the village is noted by only 17% of the respondents. Dissatisfaction with the sanitary condition is noticeable: 64% of respondents assess it as bad, 21% - satisfactory, 2.5% - good. The respondents generally assess the prosperity as low (53%) and average (46%). More than half of the respondents (57%) are not sure about the future. Only 17% are optimistic about the future. Of particular concern are rising prices, unemployment, drunkenness, low wages, unresolved housing problems, and insufficient social protection and assistance.
Among the possible directions for the development of the municipality, the respondents highlight the improvement of the housing and communal services, the development of tourism and the creation of new jobs (34%), the improvement of medical services (26%), the repair and construction of preschool and school institutions (19%), the construction of cultural and sports institutions ( fourteen%).
In Ekhirit-Bulagat region, 10% are satisfied with the living conditions, 64% note that much needs to be changed, and 21% are not at all satisfied with the current situation. About 40% of respondents believe that life in the village has not changed in recent years, another 40% - that it has worsened, 17% note an improvement. The sanitary condition is considered bad by 69% of the respondents, satisfactory - 22%. The block of social problems causes considerable concern among the population: negative emotions are provoked by low wages (89%), drunkenness (85%), unemployment (84%), rising prices (82%), difficult solutions to housing problems (78%). Residents of the village consider the problems of children and youth (85%), the operation of public transport (42%), the maintenance of municipal housing (70%), the maintenance of roads (81%), improvement (78%), medical services to be issues requiring urgent solutions. (86%), social services (69.5%), public order protection (68%), sanitary condition of the territory (80%), sports and leisure (57%).
Since the Olkhonsky District has significant recreational potential and the future of the region is associated with the development of tourism, it would be logical to assume that the survey will reveal positive orientations and expectations of the population associated with the development of the recreational complex. But 42% of respondents fear that with the development of tourism, life will become worse, as Baikal will become polluted, its shores may be destroyed. The threat of disturbing the peace of the places sacred for the Olkhon Buryats was noted by 17% of the respondents, regardless of their ethnicity. Only 23% believe that tourism will solve the problem of unemployment. The rest of the respondents find it difficult to assess what the prospects of the tourist development of the region will mean for them personally.
In Ekhirit-Bulagat district, a third of the respondents fear the "side effects" of tourism development. People strive to prevent the destruction of natural and cultural monuments, littering the territory. Even residents of the village, geographically remote from Lake Baikal. Ust-Ordynsky fear that with the growth of tourist flows the unique ecosystem of the lake will be destroyed. Baikal, especially since the consequences of unregulated tourism in the Olkhonsky district of the Irkutsk region are negative for the natural environment. Thus, the territory of study in the perception of its inhabitants is an ethnocultural landscape with which the community is connected by relations of territorial and value rootedness.
Conclusion
Our research, focused on a subjective assessment of the quality of life of the population of two districts of the Irkutsk region, allowed us to come to a number of conclusions. A subjective assessment of the quality of life is of great importance in planning territorial development. Objective approaches that reveal the quality of life using a set of measurable indicators need to be supplemented with subjective assessments of well-being and well-being. This was made possible by our method of questioning the local communities of the municipalities "Yelantsinskoye" and "Ust-Ordynskoye". The population's answers about the quality of the environment, problems and ways of development, self-awareness, create a panorama of the subjective perception of the quality of life of the region under study. Subjective assessments are at the heart of the strategies of interaction between the local community and business investors. As a result, conflicting expectations were revealed in relation to the development of the recreational business: hopes for improving employment and reducing unemployment are accompanied by concerns about the preservation of the sacred components of the natural environment and ethnocultural landscape. At the same time, the share of negative expectations is higher in the Olkhonsky District (the sanitary state of the territory worries a significant number of respondents), where the flow of tourists is approaching half a million people, and the sanitary protection infrastructure cannot meet their needs. In these circumstances, the success of business projects of organizing not only ethnocultural and sacred tourism, but also its other types, including beach and bathing holidays, cruise, hiking, cycling, auto, ecological and educational tourism, largely depends on the subjective feeling of well-being and interest of local communities. tourism. Therefore, in order to reduce risks, it is necessary to maximize the participation of local residents in the implementation of tourism projects, from the planning stage to specific implementation. Ethnic tourism in the areas of residence of the Buryat and old-time Russian population requires social planning. In the event that local residents are not involved in it, they receive on their territory only a lot of environmental problems, possibly a negative attitude towards recreational development. All this can entail a number of unfavorable consequences, from interpersonal relations and safety of vacationers, to the opposition of deep relationships with the sacred landscape to the theatrical “kitsch-ethnoculture”.
Therefore, to accurately take into account investment risks and prevent conflict situations, it is necessary to use subjective methods for assessing the quality of life of the local community. In accordance with the results obtained, the actions of the authorities and business can become more targeted, coordinated and correct.
Reviewers:
L.A. Bezrukov, Doctor of Geosciences, Head of the Laboratory of Georesource Studies and Political Geography, Institute of Geography. V.B. Sochavy SB RAS, Irkutsk;
Ragulina M.V., Doctor of Geosciences, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Georesource Science and Political Geography, Institute of Geography. V.B. Sochavy SB RAS, Irkutsk.
Bibliographic reference
Shekhovtsova T.N. SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE SUBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION: RISKS, EXPECTATIONS, PROBLEMS (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE PILOT RESEARCH OF EKHIRIT-BULAGAT AND OLKHON REGION OF EDUCATION OF THE ILLKHORTSKY DISTRICT). - 2014. - No. 6 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=15689 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
A BASIC LEVEL OF
The study of geography at the basic level of secondary (complete) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals :
· mastering the system of geographical knowledge about an integral, diverse and dynamically changing world, the relationship of nature, population and economy at all territorial levels, the geographical aspects of the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them; methods of studying geographic space, the variety of its objects and processes;
· mastery of skills combine global, regional and local approaches to describe and analyze natural, socio-economic and geoecological processes and phenomena;
· development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities through familiarization with the most important geographical features and problems of the world, its regions and major countries;
· education patriotism, tolerance, respect for other peoples and cultures; respect for the environment;
· using in practice and daily life of a variety of geographical methods, knowledge and skills, as well as geographical information.
MANDATORY MINIMUM OF CONTENT
BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
MODERN METHODS
GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH.
SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Geography as a Science. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives. Geographic information systems.
NATURE AND HUMAN BEING IN THE MODERN WORLD
Interaction between humanity and nature, changes in the environment in the past and present. The main types of natural resources, their distribution, the largest deposits and territorial combinations. Rational and irrational use of natural resources.
Assessment of the provision of mankind with the main types of natural resources. Analysis of maps of nature management in order to identify areas of acute geoecological situations.
WORLD POPULATION
The constant growth of the world's population, its causes and consequences. Reproduction types... The composition and structure of the population. Geography of the religions of the world. The main centers of ethnic and confessional conflicts... The main directions and types of migrations in the world. Geographical features of the distribution of the population. Forms of settlement, urban and rural population of the world. Urbanization as a worldwide process.
Assessment of the main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population. Analysis of population maps.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
World economy, the main stages of its development. Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy. Geography of the main branches of production and non-production areas, regions of various specialization. World trade and tourism. Major international highways and transport hubs. International specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world, integration industry and regional unions. Leading exporting countries of the main types of products. Geography of world monetary and financial relations.
Analysis of economic maps. Revealing the unevenness of the economic development of different territories. Determination of the international specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world. Establishing relationships between the location of the population, economy and natural conditions in specific areas.
REGIONS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
The variety of countries in the world and their types. Modern political map of the world. Features of geographical location, history of discovery and development, natural resource potential, population, economy, culture, modern problems of development of large regions and countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and Latin America, as well as Australia.
Analysis of the political map of the world and economic maps in order to determine the specialization of different types of countries and regions of the world, their participation in the international geographical division of labor.
RUSSIA IN THE MODERN WORLD
Russia on the political map of the world, in the world economy, in the system of international financial, economic and political relations. Branches of international specialization in Russia. Features of the geography of economic, political and cultural ties of Russia with the most developed countries of the world. Geographic aspects of the most important socio-economic problems of Russia.
Analysis and explanation of the features of the modern geopolitical and geoeconomic position of Russia. Determination of the main directions of external economic relations of Russia with the most developed countries of the world.
GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF MODERN
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY
The concept of global problems, their types and relationships. Geographical content of global problems of mankind in the past and present. Raw materials, demographic, food and geoecological problems as priorities, ways to solve them. Problems of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Geographic aspects of the quality of life of the population. The role of geography in solving global problems of mankind.
Compilation of the simplest tables, diagrams, schematic maps, reflecting the geographical interconnections of the priority global problems of mankind.
LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
GRADUATE TRAINING
As a result of studying geography at a basic level, the student must
know / understand
· Basic geographic concepts and terms; traditional and new methods of geographical research;
· Features of the location of the main types of natural resources, their main deposits and territorial combinations; the number and dynamics of the world's population, individual regions and countries, their ethnogeographic specifics; differences in the level and quality of life of the population, the main directions of migration; problems of modern urbanization;
· Geographical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy, the location of its main industries; the geographical specifics of individual countries and regions, their differences in terms of the level of socio-economic development, specialization in the system of the international geographical division of labor; geographical aspects of the global problems of mankind;
· Features of the modern geopolitical and geoeconomic position of Russia, its role in the international geographical division of labor;
be able to
· define and compare according to various sources of information, geographic trends in the development of natural, socio-economic and geoecological objects, processes and phenomena;
· evaluate and explain resource availability of individual countries and regions of the world, their demographic situation, levels of urbanization and territorial concentration of population and production, the degree of natural, anthropogenic and technogenic changes in individual territories;
· use various sources of geographic information for observing natural, socio-economic and geoecological objects, processes and phenomena, their changes under the influence of various factors;
· make up complex geographic characteristics of regions and countries of the world; tables, schematic maps, diagrams, simple maps, models reflecting the geographical patterns of various phenomena and processes, their territorial interactions;
· juxtapose geographical maps of various subjects;
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practice and everyday life for:
· Identifying and explaining the geographical aspects of various current events and situations;
· Finding and using geographic information, including maps, statistical materials, geographic information systems and Internet resources; correct assessment of the most important socio-economic events in international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, trends in their possible development;
· Understanding the geographical specifics of large regions and countries of the world in the context of globalization, the rapid development of international tourism and recreation, business and educational programs, various types of human communication.
Italicized material in the text indicates material that is subject to study, but is not included in the Requirements for the level of training of graduates.
1.2 Indicators of quality of life.
There are integral and private approaches to the knowledge of the quality of life. The integral approach presupposes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics, without using generalized information based on various kinds of public opinion polls, etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).
IV Bestuzhev - Lada orients the category "quality of life" towards such an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which does not lend itself to direct quantitative measurement, but requires complex methods of indirect qualification according to various scales. Therefore, an assessment should be made of the content of work and leisure and satisfaction with them, the level of comfort in work and life, the quality and fashion of clothing, the quality of food, housing, living and environment, the functioning of social institutions, the quality of the level of satisfaction of the need for communication, knowledge, creativity and other needs aimed not only at self-preservation, but also at self-satisfaction and self-organization of the individual.
The health of the population, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced in connection with:
1. An increase in the role of the human factor in the economy of the national economy, where health is the main property of labor resources, which characterizes the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;
2. The increase in direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor of many sectors of the national economy
3. The need for a quantitative measurement of the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health is manifested as a consumer good and as its main component.
D. Pringle uses a system of life quality indicators based on the use of a number of statistical assessments characterizing the level of employment, health status of the population, crime rate, etc. At the same time, the author points out that many components of the quality of life are not quantitatively measurable (for example, satisfaction ).
Other authors also refer to such “non-measurable elements” as individual attachments and preferences, human satisfaction in his ability to control any situation, etc. These and similar elements, combined together, allow us to draw a picture of the subjective quality of life felt by a person.
Having analyzed the available approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “quality of life” of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created on the basis of combining two groups of criteria into a whole.
The first group is made up of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of convention, these criteria can be called objective.
The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their life, therefore, it seems quite reasonable to classify them as subjective.
In general, it is necessary to be careful when measuring the quality of life in terms of subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach is, as M. Adamitz and K. Pornalk correctly believe, that freedom and the ability to avoid hoaxes are among the conditions that give people's judgments sufficient credibility. Consequently, in order to avoid a mystified idea of the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level assumes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:
· The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfaction of "refined, modified personal needs" begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore
· The country has developed a middle class of sufficient size, concentrating a significant part of the nation's intellect, whose well-being is beyond doubt;
· A person evaluating the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that the smaller a family or an individual has alternatives to compare. The less they value the quality of life.
· Stability of the social and political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.
Contemporary Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the listed conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach should prevail, which, with a certain degree of convention, can be called objective. Criteria and assessments of the quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio - economic situation.
1.3 Quality of life criteria
The study of the quality of life of the population involves the addition of criterion assessments with a system of scientific substantiation and systematic, organized observation. Collection and analysis of data.
The differently planned nature of the concept of "quality" of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a separate element of the quality of life or the whole set. Relevant indicators include:
1. Health
The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;
Impact of health impairment on individuals;
2. Individual development through learning
The assimilation of basic knowledge and skills by children, as well as the values necessary for their individual development and successful activity as a member of society;
The ability to continue self-education and the ability to use these skills;
The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility, which are required to realize their economic potential and, if desired, enable them to integrate with the economic process;
The preservation and development of the cultural development of the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;
3. Employment and quality of working life
Availability of profitable work for those who seek to get it;
The nature of work;
Individual satisfaction with their working life
4. Time and leisure
Possibility to choose your pastime
5. Possibility to purchase goods and use services
Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;
The number of people experiencing material deprivation;
The degree of equity in the distribution of goods and services;
The quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;
Protection of individuals and their families in the event of economic hardship;
And such indicators: - working conditions and safety; - environmental Safety; - availability and possibility of rational use of free time; - the cultural level of the population; - the state and level of physical culture. The level and quality of life are very similar concepts, but still different. The quality of life is more abstract. Of course, it depends on the level ...
CHAPTER II. DIRECTIONS AND INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF MUNICIPAL EDUCATION 2.1 Component analysis of the quality of life of the population of the municipality. So, as we found out, the monitoring of the quality of life of the population can be carried out in the three main directions noted above (see Chapter 1) Let us now consider each of the outlined directions of monitoring more ...
Property crimes account for a high proportion of crimes committed in public places and on the streets. 3. Territorial differentiation of the quality of life of the population The Perm Territory remains a territory with significant differentiation of municipalities in terms of the level of socio-economic development, living conditions of people. A relatively favorable situation ...