What type of agriculture is called suburban. Specificity of specialization of suburban economy
Industries Agriculture, concentrated mainly near large cities and serving their population. Usually, suburban agriculture specializes in the production of products that do not allow long-term storage and long ... ... Business glossary
Production of crop and livestock products (mainly perishable and hardly transportable) on agricultural land located in the suburban area. Received products (mainly vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs) c. NS.… … Geographical encyclopedia
Location rural population on the territory Russian Federation... Unlike cities, rural settlements and their distribution across the territory have a zonal specificity: each natural zone has its own characteristics of rural settlement. ... ... Wikipedia
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This term has other meanings, see Nagoryevskoe rural settlement. Nagoryevskoe rural settlement Rural settlement of Russia (AE 3rd level) Country ... Wikipedia
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I (Nederland) Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) (informal name of Holland). I. General Information N. is a state in Western Europe, in the north and west it is washed by the North Sea. The length of the sea borders is about 1,000 km ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
I thought about the azonality of the suburban type of agriculture when I read about the high level of development of pig breeding in the Moscow region. Why would you think that? The mentioned region is located within the zone of mixed forests, where dairy cattle breeding is characteristic, but pig breeding is a feature of the forest-steppe.
Suburban type of agriculture
A few words about this type of agricultural. This is agriculture that develops within the zone, which is designated as a suburb. Since a separate type is distinguished, it means that there are peculiarities. Suburban agricultural traits:
- economic, functional connection with the city;
- specializes, to a greater extent, in supplying the city with livestock, poultry, and fresh vegetables;
- clear specialization;
- farms conduct production on an industrial base, doing practically without their own land area;
- intensive production;
- vegetable growing is focused exclusively on the consumer.
The zone specializes in open ground vegetable growing, dairy cattle breeding, open ground fruit growing, potato growing, greenhouse and greenhouse farming, poultry farming, pond farming, egg factory production, pig breeding.
Azonality of suburban type agricultural
In order to prove that this type of agricultural is azonal, I will demonstrate examples. I'll start with a suburb of Moscow. As mentioned above, this area is within the mixed forest zone. This zone is characterized by potato growing, dairy cattle breeding, cultivation of a number of grain crops: rye, oats, barley, spring and winter wheat. However, the needs of the city are conducive to the development, in addition to these, also vegetable growing, poultry farming, pig breeding, fishing. Vegetable growing is characteristic of the steppe zone, where climatic conditions contribute to its development.
The suburban area of St. Petersburg is located in the taiga, where livestock and crop production is very limited. In fact, poultry farming (the leader in the production of eggs and the third place in meat), dairy cattle breeding, vegetable growing (greenhouse, greenhouse), and the cultivation of fodder crops have been developed.
IN developing countries the separation of dairy farming in the form of an independent industry proceeds slowly and, at best, is limited to the sphere suburban economy. This process takes place on the basis of stall keeping of livestock, so far, mainly in the states of Latin America. In general, the small number of trucks and the sparse network of good roads in these countries sharply limit the distance of transportation of goods produced by peasants to cities. Even in centers with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants, vegetables - the main product of the suburban economy in the tropics - are delivered mainly from villages located within a radius of 50-60 km. The formation of regions of the corresponding agrarian orientation is still taking place under the dictates of the factor of transport costs.
As for the industrially developed countries, in them the modern suburban agricultural production ceases to obey the former rules of placement, which were primarily dictated by the value of the cost of transporting products. The progress of transport, the widespread practice of canning and freezing products and other new trends lead to a reduction in agricultural activity in suburban areas, primarily in dairy farming, as well as in a number of other characteristic industries: vegetable growing, pig breeding, poultry farming. This process is most clearly felt in the United States. Thanks to the appearance, for example, of refrigerated trucks, fresh milk is now delivered at a distance of up to 1,500 km, while for milk in flasks this distance does not exceed 150 km. Aviation is increasingly involved in the transportation of expensive products (peaches, strawberries, asparagus, flowers), which is involved in intercontinental transportation, for example, flowers from Kenya. It is indicative that the metropolitan area of New York, in which about 18 million people are concentrated, meets at the expense of local farms its needs for potatoes and pork by 2%, in vegetables - by 40%.
However, this does not mean that traditional industries do not continue to function in the area around large cities and agglomerations. They are represented by: 1) nowadays numerous part-time farms of owners, supplying in modest amounts with fresh fruits, berries and vegetables to consumers from nearby cities; 2) large agricultural enterprises of an essentially industrial nature - "factories" of milk and eggs, powerful greenhouses and greenhouse farms, etc.
At the same time, suburban farming in advanced economies remains highly efficient. Affects the immediate proximity of the centers of innovation, coupled with the saturation of experimental stations, nurseries and other institutions of the agrarian profile, which are pioneers of the massive introduction of scientific achievements and the transfer of agricultural production to industrial rails. In the areas adjacent to the cities, agriculture is more active than in the rest, it is forced to compete with other industries for labor and for land and financial resources, which forces them to resort to intensive technologies to achieve high productivity and high labor productivity.
Even coming to big cities Russia, to the capital, every time I saw grandmothers on the streets selling some kind of food. Of course, this is very convenient for people - you can buy something homemade, natural in the city. This is the main advantage of suburban agriculture.
What is suburban agriculture
I think the name here speaks for itself: suburban - in the city. Indeed, this type includes products that are produced near a city and specifically for its inhabitants. Typically, such an economy includes:
- milk products;
- meat;
- eggs;
- vegetables;
- perishable fruits.
It is risky to transport these products over long distances due to the fact that they deteriorate quickly, respectively, the economy will incur huge losses. Therefore, agricultural enterprises conclude contracts with nearby cities and supply products there.
Features of the suburban type
Due to the fact that suburban agriculture needs to somehow get along around megalopolises, it has its own characteristic features:
- use of the land area to the maximum;
- seasonality (seasonal products are grown in the fields to avoid land idleness);
- strong dependence on the climate in the region (not every culture will feel good in certain conditions);
- most often, farms occupy huge areas.
Even if it seems that there are no large farms near the city, the suburban type is still present - vegetable gardens and livestock of the inhabitants of the region. Of course, if a person keeps all the products for himself, this does not apply to suburban agriculture. But, you see, not everyone does this. And the products that are sold on the market are exactly the products of the suburban economy.
Perhaps, it seems to someone, they say, without farms near the cities they would have lived in peace. Nothing like this. Yes, fruits, vegetables, meat and milk can be transported hundreds of kilometers away, but in what condition will all this be in 2-3 days' journey? And prices will skyrocket several times - transportation is never cheap.
Suburban area, the territory surrounding the city and located with it in close functional economic, sanitary and hygienic, architectural and other types of interconnection and interdependence.
The suburban area has many-sided economic importance, performs health-improving functions for the urban population. The city is the home of some of the suburban population and also serves as the main cultural center of the suburban area.
In the suburban area there are suburbs, satellite cities, individual manufacturing enterprises, airports, railway stations, ports, as well as water supply devices serving the city, treatment facilities, warehouses, trading bases, etc. Part of the suburban area is used in agriculture, which specializes mainly in supplying the city with fresh vegetables, livestock and poultry products. Agricultural and industrial complexes, greenhouses, nurseries, agricultural experimental stations and much more are located in the suburban area.
Natural resources - forests, forest parks, rivers, lakes and other reservoirs - are preserved and protected in the suburban area, and recreational areas are being created.
Certain areas are allocated for country and garden villages, sanatoriums, rest homes, boarding houses, sports and recreation and children's camps. In the process of urbanization, the suburban area is a territorial reserve for the development and growth of the city. The most rational use of the territory of the suburban zone for all these functions requires the complex drawing up of master plans of cities and their suburban zones, which is achieved in the socialist countries through the implementation of projects for the regional planning of the suburban zone.
Different types of suburban agricultural enterprises are specific in specialization, combination of industries and economic conditions their activities. In a number of cases, suburban farms conduct their production on an industrial basis (poultry farms, greenhouse and greenhouse farms, pigs on food waste and mixed fodder, etc.), doing almost without their land area and agricultural industries.
As a rule, suburban farms are more intensive in their production. This is due to the fact that the production of products characteristic of suburban farms requires more intensive farming - the introduction of large doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, the use of irrigation, a high level of mechanization of agricultural production, the construction of indoor facilities in this regard - a high saturation of fixed assets and relatively small loads of land area.
Many suburban farms are not limited to specializing in the production of vegetables in general, or potatoes, or cattle breeding. Taking into account the location of farms and other conditions, there is a further division of labor and a deepening of their specialization in the production of green vegetables, or early green vegetables, or late vegetable crops. Deepening specialization in suburban cattle breeding leads to the formation of farms with a high proportion of cows in a herd, to the organization of specialized farms for raising young animals, separate production of eggs and poultry meat, to the allocation of independent farms for pig feeding and reproduction of pig herds, etc.
The establishment of a clear specialization of suburban farms, therefore, requires a particularly careful development, in relation to given natural conditions, of a combination of not only industries, but also crops and varieties.
A specific feature of suburban vegetable growing is production oriented towards direct consumption: processing here is the exception rather than the rule, only non-standard products or products that cannot be stored are subjected to it.
For many farms in the suburban area, specialization in several sectors is characteristic, which makes it possible to achieve a combination effect.
Main areas of specialization:
One of the central problems of the agricultural economy is increasing the efficiency of vegetable production. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the main problem - to choose the most rational way of using the factors of production to resolve the contradiction between unlimited needs and the lack of resources to satisfy them. The basis for achieving the efficiency of vegetable cultivation is both the method of production and the marketing of products.
Vegetable growing is the most important branch of agriculture: it is designed to meet the needs of the population for dietary products, as well as for canned vegetables throughout the year. Vegetable products contain vitamins, acids, proteins and other minerals that are irreplaceable for the body. Providing vegetables to the population and the vegetable processing industry is possible subject to a significant increase in the volume of vegetable production on the basis of reducing the costs of manual labor, reducing the cost. Consequently, the main way to achieve this goal is to increase productivity, reduce the labor intensity of production.
Organize long-term storage of vegetables grown in the open field, in a fresh state at a modern scientific and technical level;
Increase the volume of vegetable crops in greenhouses;
To develop the selection of vegetable crops and their varieties, aimed at preserving their useful properties during long-term storage, as well as at creating a crop less susceptible to low temperatures, droughts;
One of the central problems market economy is to improve production efficiency. To solve this problem, it is necessary to choose the most rational way of applying the factors
production to resolve the contradiction between limitless needs and the lack of resources to meet them. Efficiency is based on the way of production. Increasing efficiency means trying with limited resources to maximize the ever-growing needs of the population.
Economic efficiency shows the final useful result from the use of means of production and a living product, the return on total investment. This is getting the maximum volume of production from 1 hectare of land, from 1 head of livestock at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor. When solving the problems of increasing the efficiency of vegetable growing, it is necessary to improve the use of land, machinery, fertilizers, and increase crop yields. This implies further growth technical equipment, increasing productivity, durability, accelerating scientific and technological progress, introducing the achievements of domestic and world science. It is also necessary to improve planning, organization of labor and production, improve the qualifications of personnel, and strengthen their material incentives.
One of the main indicators of efficiency is the profitability of production. With regard to agriculture, production efficiency should characterize the level of use of land, material and labor resources, and, as a result, the provision of conditions for expanded reproduction of products. The reproduction process is the basis of production efficiency, the content of which is expressed in three stages of capital: money, production, commodity.
To characterize the efficiency, it is necessary to calculate the profit of the farm. It is found as the difference between revenue and production costs. Based on profit, you can calculate profitability as the ratio of profit to production costs, based on the data of yield, sown area, gross harvest of crops.
The main areas of vegetable crops and the largest number of farms involved in their cultivation are concentrated in areas with favorable conditions for their cultivation. Zones of industrial vegetable growing with one or another specialization have formed: raw material microdistricts of processing enterprises; deep-seated for the export of early products to industrial centers and northern regions; traditionally specializing in the cultivation of certain cash crops; seed-growing; vegetable growing. Vegetable-growing enterprises operate in each zone, supplying the bulk of marketable products. Obtaining unstable yields of vegetables over the years under conditions is explained not only by the influence of unfavorable weather conditions, but also by the imperfection of the technology of their cultivation.
Cattle have the ability to use cheap feed. His diet is dominated by juicy and roughage, the production of which is cheaper than grains. Dairy cattle have a high return on feed.
The prime cost of a feed unit for dairy cattle is lower than for pigs and poultry, which are based on more expensive concentrated feed.
Calculations show that if the cost of a feed unit spent on milk production is taken as a unit, then the relative cost of feed for beef will be 1.1 - 1.25, pigs - 1.3-1.5, poultry products - 1, 6-1.8. The production of a unit of milk protein requires 2 - 2.5 times less feed than a unit of protein from beef, pork and poultry. Milk is a relatively cheap food product. Livestock products provide over two-thirds of all animal protein, of which milk accounts for more than 50%.
Among the branches of animal husbandry, cattle occupies a leading place both in the structure of productive animal husbandry (about 70%) and in the cost of livestock products (about 60%). The share of marketable livestock products in the total volume of agricultural production is over one third, and in specialized farms - 50-60% and more. In areas of intensive livestock raising, livestock raising is of great importance in the economy of collective and state farms. In large dairy complexes and specialized farms for fattening cattle, marketable livestock products are the main ones.
Cattle in our country are located everywhere. Its main livestock is concentrated on collective and state farms, where cattle breeding has become large. About 21% of the livestock and 33% of the cows are in the personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers, workers, employees and other groups of the population, which serves additional source meeting the needs of the population in milk and meat.
Depending on the use of animals, the following areas of animal husbandry are distinguished: dairy, milk and meat, meat and milk and meat. The direction of livestock breeding as an industry is determined by the relevant economic and natural conditions, the structure of the herd, breed, level of production and the ratio of the final product.
Dairy farming is characterized by a high yield of marketable milk - over 70% of the value of all marketable livestock products and a limited volume of meat production. In dairy cattle breeding, 12-13 kg of milk and more are produced per kilogram of meat. This area mainly covers suburban areas, where cattle breeding is designed to meet the needs of the urban population in whole milk and fresh lactic acid products.
The production of whole milk in suburban areas is carried out on the basis of the creation of large industrial-type dairy farms in collective and state farms and by organizing dairy complexes for 800, 1200 cows and more, as well as combining them into specialized firms for the production of whole milk
In farms with intensive dairy production and a higher concentration of cows, reproduction and expansion of the herd of cows can be carried out through the organization of specialized enterprises for raising young animals.
It is advisable to transfer overrepairing young cattle from high-intensity dairy farms to other specialized enterprises for rearing and subsequent intensive fattening.
Along with the suburban areas, dairy farming, in contrast to the suburban areas, in a significant part of these regions, sells milk not only in whole form, but is also used for processing into butter, cheese, and cream. The proportion of cows in the herd of these farms is reduced to 55 - 50%. However, in the cost of marketable livestock products, milk is also prevalent here, although the yield of beef per cow is increasing against whole-milk farms. The ratio of milk and meat in dairy farms fluctuates depending on the level of specialization and concentration of dairy cattle.
Organization stable provision food products of the population of cities is becoming increasingly important.
The growth of large cities simultaneously removes from agricultural production not only labor resources, but also land, using them both for industrial and housing construction, and for recreational purposes. The constant expansion of urban agglomerations has become a natural factor in our life. It leads to an extremely high concentration of the population, which, due to the living standards formed by the city and the growth of income levels, makes an increased demand for the variety and quality of food.
Large cities have a mixed impact on the development of agriculture: as consumers of agricultural products, at the same time industrializing it, compensating for increased consumption with new, more efficient means of production. At the same time, the concentration itself disproportionately increases the load on infrastructure, as well as losses associated with the delivery, storage and sale of food products.
Specialization, concentration, cooperation and combination in suburban agriculture provide a solid foundation for the diffusion of industrial methods. The industrialization of the agricultural sector of the economy transforms traditional manual labor processes into fundamentally new highly mechanized and automated ones, expands the use of typically industrial technologies with their strict regulation of the sequence and accuracy of operations performed.
The proximity to the city forms here increased requirements for social - everyday and cultural standards of life, living standards, to a greater extent satisfied due to the development of social infrastructure. The combination of these circumstances can
The proximity to the city creates other opportunities for intensifying agricultural production. The development of the economic infrastructure of the suburban area, the higher rates of convergence of the levels of the social and cultural population near the core of the agglomeration, the capacity of the sales market contribute to the potential prerequisites for accelerated expanded reproduction.
The localization of suburban agri-food farms in the structure of the agro-industrial complex and the concentration of high-intensity agriculture in them, focused on the production of low-transportable and perishable products, is an important factor in the formation of commodity resources of the food markets of urbanized territories, and as a consequence, ensuring the sustainable functioning of the sphere of food supply to cities and adjacent suburbs. The existing system of food distribution in the regions, characterized by an extreme monopolization of the processing sector, the presence of a powerful intermediary link in food chains, and trade barriers make it difficult to implement marketing strategies of producers of low-transport products. At the same time, the advantages of suburban agriculture, manifested in the possibilities of reducing transport costs, using the innovative and infrastructural potential of the city, moving social resources between the city and the rural suburb, necessitate the optimization of food flows in the direction of expanding the share of suburban agriculture in the structure of marketable products.
The traditional formulation of the problem of using the potential of suburban agri-food zones based on the formation of centralized resources to provide cities with food requires significant adjustments taking into account the laws of the market in the direction of developing new technologies for enhancing the potential of the suburban agro-industrial complex as a subject of the sphere of food supply for urbanized territories, the formation of algorithms for comparing the resource and production potential of suburban agri-food zones and the current demand for food on the local market, assessing the possibilities of using program-targeted methods of regulating the sphere of food supply integrated socio-economic system "city-village".
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