Providing the necessary financial resources for the implementation costs. Financing the tourism sector
Depending on the targeted purpose of organizations' funds, there are types financing: wages; acquisition of durable goods; rent; transportation costs; overhaul; capital construction; other current expenses.
Financing organized on the principles of: planning; target direction of funds; irrevocability of appropriations allocated from the budgets of all levels; spending funds in accordance with the business plan of the enterprise or the budget of organizations; compliance with the economy. The principle of planning means that financial resources are provided in the corresponding budgets, extra-budgetary funds, business plans of commercial enterprises, budget estimates of organizations, financial plans public organizations and other economic structures. The principle of targeting involves the use of funds for the specific goals and objects provided for by the plan. The principle of irrevocability means that the financial resources (subsidies, subsidies, investments) provided to regions, enterprises, organizations are not directly reimbursed by them, what is the difference between the budget financing from lending based on the return of funds received by the borrower for a certain period with payment of interest for using the loan. The principle of spending funds in accordance with the business plan of the enterprise or the budget of organizations involves the allocation of financial resources only when the previously received amounts are used. The principle of compliance with the economy means the correct and rational spending of funds, strict adherence to financial discipline, established norms and standards.
For market economy a plurality of sources of financial support is characteristic production costs and measures for the development of production. In general, they are divided into 3 groups: own funds of enterprises; loans from commercial banks; appropriations from budgets.
Source structure financing not stable. It changes in the process of economic development, financing and monetary policy the state. In the context of development market relations and the transition to commercial settlement and self-financing as the main source financing are the own funds of enterprises. In recent years, the role of commercial credit has increased, the share of budget allocations in sources has decreased. financing current and capital costs.
Financing - the provision of the necessary financial resources for the implementation of certain activities.
Funding is carried out on the principles:
Planning means are provided when drawing up the budget (financial plan);
Purposeful orientation - the use of funds is allowed only for the objects and purposes provided for by the plan;
Irrevocability - the recipient of funds does not have an obligation to return them;
Allocation of funds as they are spent;
Savings-rational use of funds.
In general, the definition is quite acceptable for the conditions of a modern economy. It should be added that it is these principles of financing that are fully incorporated into the current budgeting process.
Obviously, one can argue about the proposed content of the concept of "financing". It may not seem strict enough. At the same time, we will not pretend to be an exhaustive nature of this definition. For further study of the issue of financing, the above characteristics are quite sufficient.
It should also be noted that financing should not be confused with the "sale and purchase" relationship, where there is a counter movement of financial resources and their tangible or intangible equivalent in the form of a product or service. This is important for further study, since, strictly speaking, not every receipt of money or material objects in an educational institution is funding. This issue can be discussed.
Estimated financing - allocation of funds from the state (municipal) budget to cover the costs of institutions in accordance with the estimate. Estimated financing is carried out (more precisely, it should be carried out) in strict accordance with the intended purpose of expenditures and cost rates established by the financing body, taking into account the profile and characteristics of the activities of budgetary institutions. Costs are grouped according to a budget classification that determines the targeting of the appropriation for each estimate. The need for funds is justified by an appropriate calculation for each type of expense. Expenses that are not included in the estimate or in excess of the estimated appropriations, as well as an increase in costs due to any other sources, are not allowed.
Budgetary institution estimate- a document defining the volume and quarterly distribution of budgetary appropriations for all expenses of this institution, drawn up in the context of budget classification items and in accordance with the established requirements.
The rest of the definitions necessary for understanding the issues of budget financing are established by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts.
-ensuring the activities of commercial organizations at their own expense.
Self-financing involves the receipt of profit by commercial structures and its use to finance the current costs of the enterprise, cover the costs of expanding and improving production, updating products taking into account the requirements of the market, increasing the wages of employees, meeting the social needs of the workforce.
Self-financing does not mean using all income and profits for your own needs. Commercial enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership must comply with their financial liabilities before the state, completely and in deadlines transfer the necessary funds to extrabudgetary funds... In case of insufficient own funds, enterprises can attract Bank loan, ensuring its timely repayment and payment of interest at the expense of its own financial sources.
Estimated financingProvision of funds from budgets of different levels (federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local) to cover the costs of budgetary institutions in accordance with the approved estimate.
The institution is financed from the budget, depending on the subordination to one or another public authority or body local government... According to the estimate, institutions of education, culture, health care, social security, state and local government bodies, courts, law enforcement agencies and state security agencies, measures for national defense are financed. Funds from the budget are provided according to the estimate of income and expenses. Allocations for the maintenance of budgetary institutions are determined on the basis of the projected volumes of provision of state or municipal services. Budget allocations have a strictly targeted purpose in strict accordance with divisions, functional departmental and economic classification of expenses. They are determined by detailed calculations for each item and cost element, taking into account the planned performance indicators and compulsory or calculation norms and norms of costs per unit of costs. It is not allowed to include in the estimates of appropriations in excess of the approved norms. Institutions are funded on the basis of an approved annual consolidated budgetary breakdown by quarterly, taking into account changes made to it during the year.
If budgets are approved after January 1 of the current budget year, funds, pending the adoption of the budget, are spent on the corresponding sections of functional and departmental classifications of expenditures in an amount not exceeding j allocations of the previous year per quarter (no more than 1/12 - per month). Budget allocations are planned in annual and quarterly amounts, so their use is limited not only by the budget year, but also by the quarter. Budgetary institutions without the permission of the main manager of budgetary funds are not entitled to move allocations between quarters. Funds from the budget are provided as the plan is fulfilled in the network, states and contingents, and taking into account the use of previously allocated funds. Failure to meet operational and network indicators, untimely commissioning of new capacities by budgetary institutions entail a decrease in budget funding. Expenses in excess of the approved appointments or not provided for in the estimate are not allowed.
Economical and expedient use of funds is achieved through control over reasonable planning of appropriations and targeted use of budget funds. Institutions do not have the right to direct the funds saved under one cost item to increase other costs (in particular, the funds saved on material costs cannot be used to pay for labor). Improving the estimated financing consists in increasing the feasibility of planning by developing and applying state minimum social standards, financial norms focused on the final results of the activities of institutions, converging the needs of institutions in funds and the amount of budgetary allocations allocated to finance their costs.
Financing- (English financing) - the provision of the necessary financial resources for the development of enterprises, industries, the economy in general, the social sphere, regions, for the national defense of the country and the development of other spheres of society. It is carried out at the expense of enterprises, budgets of various levels, off-budget funds, private investors, and other sources. Volume financing is determined on the basis of planned costs and sources of their support. In commercial enterprises, financial resources and financial relationships are reflected in the business plan of the enterprise (section of the business plan "Financial plan of a commercial enterprise"). Expenses for the current maintenance and expansion of the activities of institutions and organizations that are on estimated funding are carried out mainly at the expense of the federal or municipal budgets, as well as the budget of the subject of the Federation.
Depending on the targeted purpose of organizations' funds, there are types financing: wages; acquisition of durable goods; rent; transportation costs; overhaul; capital construction; other current expenses.
Financing organized on the principles of: planning; target direction of funds; irrevocability of appropriations allocated from the budgets of all levels; spending funds in accordance with the business plan of the enterprise or the budget of organizations; compliance with the economy. The principle of planning means that financial resources are provided in the corresponding budgets, extra-budgetary funds, business plans of commercial enterprises, budget estimates of organizations, financial plans of public organizations and other economic structures. The principle of targeting involves the use of funds for the specific goals and objects provided for by the plan. The principle of irrevocability means that the financial resources (subsidies, subsidies, investments) provided to regions, enterprises, organizations are not directly reimbursed by them, what is the difference between the budget financing from lending based on the return of funds received by the borrower for a certain period with payment of interest for the use of the loan. The principle of spending funds in accordance with the business plan of the enterprise or the budget of organizations involves the allocation of financial resources only when the previously received amounts are used. The principle of compliance with the economy means the correct and rational spending of funds, strict adherence to financial discipline, established norms and standards.
A market economy is characterized by a plurality of sources of financial support for production costs and measures for the development of production. In general, they are divided into 3 groups: own funds of enterprises; loans from commercial banks; appropriations from budgets.
Source structure financing not stable. It changes in the process of economic development, financing and the monetary policy of the state. In the context of the development of market relations and the transition to commercial settlement and self-financing, the main source financing are the own funds of enterprises. In recent years, the role of commercial credit has increased, the share of budget allocations in sources has decreased. financing current and capital costs.
Budget financing- (English budget financind) - the provision of budget funds on an irrevocable and repayable basis to all budget recipients in accordance with the established legislation to fully or partially cover their costs for the activities provided for in the approved budget.
Budget financing- one of the existing forms of covering the costs of business entities; is used to ensure costs of general federal, regional and local significance, with their financing, respectively, from the federal, regional and local budgets. Budget financing carried out in accordance with the established principles by using special forms and methods of providing budget funds; during budget financing there is state financial control over targeted, economical and efficient spending of funds.
Principles budget financing can be subdivided into: general, concerning all budget recipients; private, determining the procedure for providing budgetary funds to enterprises, organizations and institutions, depending on their organizational and legal form and method of economic management. The general principles in Russia include: observance of the legality of financing (the release of budget funds can only take place on the basis of the approved budget and the consolidated budget list); the targeted nature of the provision of budgetary funds; allocation of funds within the limits of budgetary commitments recognized by the body executing the budget, and taking into account the use of previously released budgetary allocations. Private principles include principles that differ depending on who and for what purposes budget funds are provided. So, for budgetary institutions, the principle of the dependence of the amount of funding on the established norms and actually achieved indicators across the network, states and contingents operates.
Budget funds can be provided in the following forms of financing: appropriations of various kinds (for the maintenance of budgetary institutions; for payment for goods, works and services performed under state and municipal contracts; for the implementation of certain state powers transferred to other levels of government; etc.); transfers to the population and lower-level budgets; budget loans to legal entities (including tax credits, deferrals, installments, etc.); investments; loans, grants, subventions, subsidies; funds for servicing debt obligations; loans to foreign countries, etc.
Russian system budget financing in the 90s. has undergone significant changes in comparison with the system of the former USSR: the volume of budget subsidies for enterprises was significantly reduced on the basis of improving the subsidy mechanism - budget funds began to be allocated for specific types of products and for a strictly defined period; the activities of specific enterprises are financed within the framework of targeted programs; funds are allocated within the budgetary commitments recognized by the budget executing body and the established limits; budget lending was introduced using the principles of payment and repayment. The procedure for providing funds from the budget depends on the organizational and legal status of the enterprise, organization, institution. For example, financing of budgetary institutions is carried out in an irrevocable manner in strict accordance with the appointments provided for in their annual estimates with quarterly breakdowns and to the extent that the state (municipal) tasks set by them are fulfilled. At the same time, the changes made to the estimate in the prescribed manner are taken into account, and all requirements of financial and budgetary discipline are observed.
Budget financing state-owned enterprises (factories, factories, farms) are produced in accordance with the order-plan and development plan, in accordance with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of Russia. Funds are allocated to state-owned enterprises from the budget for: implementation of state investment programs, R&D, maintenance of social infrastructure facilities; compensation for losses from the fulfillment of the plan-order; carrying out conversion activities, etc.
State enterprises are obliged to return unused budget funds to the budget after a year. For state and municipal unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management and operating on a commercial basis, budget financing partly can be carried out on terms of payment and return; on the same terms, budget funds are provided to non-state commercial enterprises that have won the competition for investment projects. Their expenditures are financed within the limits of the amounts approved in the budget for the respective year. On a paid and refundable basis, specific activities are financed, which are highlighted in the composition budget expenditures... These include: measures for state support for the delivery of products to the regions Far north and equivalent terrain with limited delivery times; expenses for the formation of the federal food fund; arrangements related to securing agro-industrial complex machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease (leasing); fund replenishment costs concessional lending; measures to provide short-term financial support to enterprises carrying out structural restructuring of production or exporting manufactured products, etc.
Borrowers of budgetary funds are Russian enterprises and organizations that are legal entities, with the exception of enterprises with foreign investments, as well as executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. For late return of budget funds and late payment of interest, a fine is levied in the established amount. Budget financing may also apply to non-governmental commercial organizations carrying out new construction, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of their production. However, budgetary funds at the federal level are allocated only by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, taken on the basis of business case, in the presence of the necessary design and estimate documentation and a positive examination, and only on condition of ensuring the participation of Russia or increasing the share of its ownership in authorized capital these organizations. Such participation and an increase in the share of state ownership is achieved by transferring additional blocks of shares (shares) to federal ownership at par value for the amount of budget funds provided. In the same way, issues with budget financing of non-state enterprises are resolved at the regional and municipal levels with the allocation of funds from the corresponding budget.
Methods budget financing, reflecting the expenditure of budgetary funds, include: write-off of funds from the single budget account in the amount of the confirmed budget commitment in favor of individuals and legal entities; offset of funds (subject to the presence of a budget recipient's debt on non-tax payments to the budget).
Improvement budget financing in Russia, the transition to budget subsidies for commercial enterprises will be facilitated based on the results of the competitive struggle of applicants for subsidies and the selection of the most effective options for investing budget funds. This method will allow Russia to really resolve the issue of the possibility equity participation state and business entities to cover certain types of expenses. When rebuilding budget financing the experience accumulated by the world practice of investing resources in social production is taken into account (for example, in Japan, they prefer financial support to economically strong, rather than weak enterprises, which, thanks to budget subsidies, get an opportunity for a significant leap forward).
Budget financing should be used more widely, on the one hand, to maintain the achieved level of social and cultural services for the population, on the other, to achieve the optimal structure of industries, taking into account social priorities. At the same time, it is important that in the budget of any level, the size and timing of the receipt of funds exactly correspond to the requirements. budget financing so that there are no delays in financing due to untimely and incomplete receipt of funds to the budget. Empty treasury violating budget financing, - not only the result of the crisis state of the economy, but also evidence of miscalculations made in the management of state and municipal finances, including due to an imbalance in the budget and insufficient justification of the established funding limits, which should not exceed the amounts of actually received revenues. With a decrease in budget revenues or sources of covering the deficit in the process of budget execution in budget financing a budget expenditure reduction regime or an expenditure blocking regime may be envisaged.
Financing innovation activitiesThe direction and use of funds for the development and organization of production of new types of products, services, for the creation and implementation of new technology, the development and implementation of new technology, innovations in the field of social services, the development and implementation of new organizational forms and management methods.
Financing innovation activities includes financing of research and development work and costs associated with organizing the production of new types of products, services, the introduction of new equipment and technology, which in a smaller part represent the current costs of the enterprise and in a larger part - capital investments financed from appropriate sources. Since innovation activity includes a number of stages and various enterprises and organizations are engaged in it (research, design, experimental, testing, experimental organizations, enterprises of various industries, implementation firms), it is important to ensure consistent financing of all its stages (R&D, development of a prototype , creation of a prototype, serial production of a new type of product) and all participants. The solution to this problem is facilitated by the development and proper financing of innovation programs, project financing (lending), the creation of special institutions (organizations) that finance innovation, innovation funds, innovation banks, venture funds.
Financing research and development work (R&D)Direction and use of funds for research and development work. Domestic expenditures on civil R&D were in 1998 (as a percentage of GDP): in Russia - 0.7 percent, in Sweden - 3.6, in Japan - 2.8, in the USA - 2.3, in Germany - 2 , 3 percent In 1999 in Russia for a share federal budget accounted for 49.9 percent. total funding R&D, to the share of funds of organizations of the entrepreneurial sector - 15.7%, own funds of scientific organizations - 10.4%, off-budget funds - 6.9%, funds from foreign sources - 16.9%. The federal budget financed R&D stipulated by the federal target scientific and technical program for 1996-2000 "Research and development in priority areas of development of science and technology for civilian purposes", federal target investment, social, conversion, environmental programs, international projects, orders of the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, ministries and departments for the most important national economic programs and projects (the term for the implementation of projects on request is 1-2 years). The funds provided for in the federal budget for financing science are transferred to recipients through personal accounts with the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation.
Financing R&D produced only under agreements, contracts, approved estimates. Federal budget funds are allocated to finance R&D on an irrevocable and returnable basis. Highly effective applied scientific and technical developments carried out within the framework of federal target programs and projects, international target programs and projects, orders of the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, ministries and departments for R&D... Costs for R&D financed either directly from the federal budget or from budget funds: Russian Foundation basic research, The Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, the Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere. R&D carried out by scientific organizations under the programs (orders) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are financed from the funds of the budgets of the territories.
Research and development organizations perform R&D and by orders of enterprises, organizations, associations, banks at the expense of their own, attracted and borrowed money customers. Payment for these works is made in accordance with the concluded contracts at negotiated prices, depending on the market conditions R&D, degree of novelty, commercial value, significance R&D for the customer, the effectiveness of the R&D... Enterprises and organizations perform R&D within the framework of its own innovative activity at its own expense: depreciation charges on intangible assets; profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise; funds from leasing premises, leasing scientific instruments; funds from the sale of patents, know-how; funds of joint-stock companies from the sale of bonds, shares, etc.
Costs for R&D financed also at the expense of extra-budgetary funds: sectoral and intersectoral, formed by voluntary contributions: enterprises and organizations in the amount of up to 1.5 percent. cost of products sold; The Russian Fund for Technological Development of the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, formed through transfers by ministries, departments, concerns, corporations, associations and other associations 25%. the amount of funds received by the industry and intersectoral funds formed by them R&D, and other sources. R&D they are financed on a non-repayable basis at the expense of sectoral and intersectoral extra-budgetary funds, and on a repayable basis at the expense of the Russian Fund for Technological Development. To finance highly effective R&D research and development organizations use bank loans. International scientific and technical programs, R&D that are carried out by orders of foreign firms by enterprises of mixed ownership, are financed (along with other sources) from funds foreign investors... Separate foundations, organizations (domestic and foreign) provide grants to citizens and legal entities for carrying out specific scientific research on the terms stipulated by the grantors.
Construction financingDirection of funds for technical re-equipment, reconstruction, expansion, new construction.
Construction financing carried out on the basis of investment projects and business plans of enterprises. In investment projects of technical re-equipment, reconstruction, expansion of activities of enterprises, new construction, the types of products, their quality, the size of retired and commissioned production facilities, the number of retired elements of fixed assets and proceeds from their sale, production volumes, construction time, volumes capital investments and their structure, sources of investment financing, indicators of their efficiency, investment risk. The specified indicators of the investment project are "embedded" in almost all sections of the business plan of the enterprise (including the financial plan and the section "Funding strategy"). The investment project and business plan provide for the amount of financing of capital investments (by months, quarters, years), indicating the sources of financing: depreciation deductions, profit, proceeds from the sale of elements of fixed assets, proceeds from the issue of securities, the amount of the loan received, etc.
When carrying out construction in an economic way, the enterprise itself buys equipment, performs construction and installation work), it finances the construction by paying the price of equipment, building materials, labor of builders and installers, transportation costs, etc.).
When carrying out construction by a contract, the enterprise orders (preferably by holding a tender) the design organization the development of design and estimate documentation and finances this work in the form of advance payments, either in the form of payment for the finished parts of the project, or in the form of payment of the contract price for finished project... Further, the customer enterprise purchases equipment, concludes an agreement (preferably based on the results of tenders, tenders) with the general contractor for the performance of construction and installation works and finances these works in accordance with the contract in the form of advance payments, or in the form of payment for completed stages of work, or in the form of payment of the contract price for the entire volume provided for in the contract of construction and installation works. When building a turnkey facility, the customer pays to the general contractor the contractual price of the facility, calculated based on the cost of the project, equipment, construction, installation and commissioning. To control the financing of capital investments at the enterprise, a capital expenditure budget is drawn up, including a list of construction costs (by type of capital investment, by construction objects, often - for each piece of equipment) according to the plan of capital investments, as well as sources of financing (including sources received in during the implementation of the project, - proceeds from the sale of replaceable elements of fixed assets, depreciation deductions for purchased in accordance with the project and installed machines, etc.) with distribution by months, quarters, years. During the construction of an object at the expense of a loan from commercial banks (including banks specializing in lending capital investments), the customer (borrower) submits to the bank an application, a consolidated estimate, technical and economic calculations characterizing the effectiveness of the project (payback period, the level of return on capital investments), the schedule of payments received by the borrowing company, documents confirming the availability of loan collateral (guarantees, pledge agreement, insurance policy, etc.), and other documents in accordance with the requirements of the bank. The bank assesses the risk of this transaction and makes a decision on granting (non-granting) a loan. In case of a positive decision, the bank concludes an agreement ( credit agreement) with the borrowing enterprise and gives him money in accordance with the agreement, and the enterprise finances the construction of the corresponding object at the expense of these funds.
With project financing of capital investments, financial and other resources of a certain group of enterprises and organizations, as well as individuals for financing of construction facility (from the design stage to start-up). Pooling resources credit institutions for the purpose of lending to the construction of an object, the operation of which will give a sufficient flow of money for servicing and paying off debt, is called project lending.
Major contributors project financing- the founders of the project (the company that initiated the project), creditors, contractors; potential participants - the state, suppliers of raw materials, materials for the construction and operation of the facility, consumer firms of the facility's products (services), insurance companies, export credit agencies, etc.
Design construction financing object requires an effective risk assurance system, including specific contracts for the sale of future products or the provision of future services (take-or-pay), various types of guarantees: a performance bond, a completion bond ), etc. Various forms of risk distribution are used between the founders of the company-initiator of the project and investors (creditors): lending with the right of full recourse; partial recourse lending; lending without recourse. Sources of capital investment financing: long-term debt financing (loans, including syndicated loans, bond issues); long-term equity financing (share issue); lease financing, etc.
Foreign banks provide Russian borrowers with both ordinary and “tied” loans, obliging, for example, the customer to purchase equipment for the given object at the expense of these loans (or lease it) from foreign firms associated with the lending bank.
Construction financing objects of national importance are carried out at the expense of the federal budget, regional significance - at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, local significance - at the expense of local budgets. The federal budget funds are directed to the implementation of federal investment programs that ensure the structural restructuring of the economy, the solution of environmental problems, the conversion of the defense industry, etc. production base and others. Budget allocations from the federal budget are directed to customers to finance capital investments in accordance with budget allocations through the personal accounts of the Federal Treasury. Employees of the treasury bodies check the documents submitted by customers - contracts, summary estimates, invoices, acts of acceptance and delivery of work performed. After verification, the money on the payment orders of the customer within the estimate is debited from the personal account.
The capital budget is allocated on a non-refundable or refundable basis. On terms of repayment and payment, they finance the costs of implementing highly effective investment projects placed on a competitive basis, including projects that have passed competitive selection in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. For inappropriate use by enterprises and organizations of federal budget funds allocated to finance capital investments on a non-refundable and repayable basis, a fine is levied.
In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Development Budget of the Russian Federation” (1998), the Development Budget can finance investment projects, as well as fulfill the obligations of the Government of the Russian Federation on state guarantees provided to investors in the prescribed manner on terms of repayment, payment and urgency. Funds from the Development Budget are allocated by lending to investment projects selected at competitions in addition to the investor's own funds and other sources of financing resources, as well as through direct investments in the property of commercial organizations implementing investment projects, with a corresponding increase in the state's share in the authorized capital of these organizations. Relations arising in connection with the placement of funds from the Development Budget are regulated by the Regulations on the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Investment Projects when placing on a competitive basis the centralized investment resources of the Development Budget of the Russian Federation. Individual enterprises of federal significance may be granted tax credits by decision of the federal authorities. This means that enterprises undertake to use a certain amount of profit to finance capital investments, which they normally should have transferred to the federal budget in the form of income tax. Upon the expiration of the prescribed period, when, as a result of capital investments, fixed assets will be created and will yield a return, the enterprise is obliged to pay an appropriate amount to the budget, as a rule, in installments with payment (or without payment) of the established interest.
Housing construction is carried out from various sources. If housing was built at the expense of federal, regional, local budgets, regional and local extra-budgetary funds for the development of housing, funds of organizations, enterprises, then it is transferred to the relevant authorities, organizations, enterprises. Regional and local off-budget funds for the development of housing construction are formed at the expense of voluntary contributions from enterprises, organizations, public associations and citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign legal entities and individuals; targeted loans secured by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation or local governments within their competence; dividends received from operations with securities purchased using temporarily available funds of funds; fees for engineering, information and other services rendered by fund services in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The funds of these funds are spent on: housing construction, engineering preparation of territories for new housing construction, construction and repair of housing and communal services, construction of social infrastructure facilities, social support for low-income groups of the population to pay for construction, purchase and maintenance of housing, development of a production base for housing construction; the purchase of securities, including government securities, in order to generate income for the development of housing construction. If housing is built at the expense of construction organizations' own funds or loans taken by them, then it is sold to municipalities, citizens, organizations, and real estate firms. Municipalities provide housing to citizens either free of charge or with partial payment (the rest of the housing price is housing subsidies), or they sell them to citizens and organizations at market prices. Citizens buy housing from construction organizations, real estate firms, municipalities at market prices using their savings, purchased housing bonds, certificates taken from banks, ordinary (without housing collateral) and mortgage (secured housing) loans. Mortgage banks sell borrowed by citizens mortgage loans(debts of citizens) to the Federal Agency for Mortgage Lending. Thus, mortgage banks receive money to issue mortgage loans to other citizens.
Special-purpose financing- (English target financing) - the allocation of financial resources, monetary funds intended purpose to ensure the interests of the investor using a system of measures that ensures the achievement of predetermined goals, the solution of a socio-economic problem, the creation of a specific object.
Funds targeted funding are subject to separate accounting. In accounting, a group of accounts "Target financing and receipts" is allocated, which reflect funds received from the budget, special purpose funds, from other organizations, individuals for the implementation of targeted activities (for example, conducting research and development, personnel training, maintaining children's institutions and etc). The credit of these accounts reflects the receipt of funds, and the debit - their use for the planned activities; the balance on each reporting date shows the balance of funds. Part net assets funds targeted funding are not included.
As is known from the Constitution of the Russian Federation and concretizing the constitutional guarantees of educational legislation:
All must be provided free of charge with preschool education, general secondary education and primary vocational education (according to the Constitution, secondary vocational education);
Free secondary vocational education and higher vocational education should be provided to those who have passed the appropriate competitive selection on the announced conditions.
These are the starting points on which the education financing system should be based.
It is clear that free education is for students (their families), but not for the state, which must ensure the implementation of constitutional guarantees, paying from public funds:
Labor of teachers and lecturers;
Maintenance, repair, provision of heat and energy to classrooms;
Building;
Purchase of manuals, instruments, equipment, etc. for the educational process.
All this requires costs, the size of which is determined by two main groups of factors:
1) the adopted procedure for determining the amount of funds allocated to the education system and the distribution of these funds between educational institutions;
2) quantitative parameters of the education system (it is useful to recall the definition) and, accordingly, the need for funds to ensure its normal functioning.
Despite their obviousness, these factors are not so simple.
The quantitative parameters of the system must be presented not only in terms of the actual network of educational institutions, but also as quantitative parameters of the other two components of the education system:
Educational standards and educational programs - what and how much is required for their implementation;
Educational governing bodies and their subordinate organizations - what and how much is needed for the successful work of governing bodies, what kind of organizations should be in their jurisdiction and what these organizations need to solve the tasks assigned to them.
A task of this magnitude is very difficult. Until now, it has not been fully resolved, which is especially noticeable when discussing issues related to the lack and (or) determination of the required amount of budgetary funding for education.
World practice shows that the education system has the ability to function and develop normally, to provide complete general secondary education for all citizens of the country, when expenditures for these purposes are at the level of 5-7% of GDP, taking into account, of course, the specific conditions and traditions of each country.
These data do not allow us to answer the question of whether sufficient funds are allocated for education. In addition, the share of expenditures is determined from the values of government expenditures and GDP that differ across countries. Nevertheless, the given indicators do not have a very significant scatter, which may indicate the presence of some general patterns in the determination of public spending on education.
At the same time, the amount of public funds allocated to education is almost universally assessed as insufficient, which, in a certain sense, can be presented as a permanent factor - a lack of resources. The impact of this factor forces us to look for additional sources to form mechanisms for the rational use of available resources.
The main type of resources allocated to the education system in Russia is funds from budgets of various levels, that is, public funds.
In particular, in daytime general education institutions, the share of funding from state and municipal budgets in 2010–2011. was respectively 96.6 and 97%.
As you can see, the main source of funding for education is the budgets of all levels. The share of budget financing in the total volume exceeds 80% and is a fairly stable indicator. It should be borne in mind that the data presented include, in fact, only two sources and do not take into account others, for example, voluntary donations, income from the production and sale of goods and “non-educational” services by educational institutions. Their share is small, and it is difficult to trace it in statistical materials. Comparing the indicators of the table. 5.2 with the above data on the share of extra-budgetary receipts to general education institutions, it can be concluded that the bulk of extra-budgetary income goes to the education system through vocational education institutions.
Here are some necessary definitions that you can rely on when studying issues related to financing education.
Financing - the provision of the necessary financial resources for the implementation of certain activities.
Funding is carried out on the principles:
Planning means are provided when drawing up the budget (financial plan);
Target orientation - the use of funds is allowed only for the objects and purposes provided for by the plan;
Irrevocability - recipients of funds do not have obligations to return them;
Allocation of funds as they are spent;
Savings-rational use of funds.
In general, the definition is quite acceptable for the conditions of a modern economy. It should be added that it is these principles of financing that are fully incorporated into the current budgeting process.
Obviously, one can argue about the proposed content of the concept of "financing". It may not seem strict enough. However, we will not pretend to be exhaustive of this definition. For further study of the issue of financing, the above characteristics are quite sufficient.
It should also be noted that financing should not be confused with the "sale and purchase" relationship, where there is a counter movement of financial resources and their tangible or intangible equivalent in the form of a product or service. This is important for further study, since, strictly speaking, not every receipt of money or material objects in an educational institution is funding. This issue can be discussed.
Estimated financing - the allocation of funds from the state (municipal) budget to cover the costs of institutions in accordance with the estimate. Estimated financing is carried out (more precisely, it should be carried out) in strict accordance with the intended purpose of expenditures and cost rates established by the financing body, taking into account the profile and characteristics of the activities of budgetary institutions. The costs are grouped in accordance with the budget classification, which determines the targeting of the appropriations for each estimate. The need for funds is justified by an appropriate calculation for each type of expense. Expenses that are not included in the estimate or in excess of the estimated appropriations, as well as an increase in costs due to any other sources, are not allowed.
Budgetary institution estimate- a document defining the volume and quarterly distribution of budgetary allocations for all expenses of this institution, drawn up in the context of budget classification items and in accordance with the established requirements.
The rest of the definitions necessary for understanding the issues of budget financing are established by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts.
Financing - the provision of the necessary financial resources for the implementation of certain activities. In our case, for the implementation of the educational process, i.e. for the implementation of one or more educational programs and / or the maintenance (upbringing) of students, pupils. Funding assumes:
- - targeted use of funds - spending funds for established predetermined goals;
- - irrevocability - funds provided to educational institutions are not directly returned by them, not reimbursed. In the "classical" concept, financing is defined as "the provision of the necessary financial resources for the development of the national economy." Funding is carried out on the principles:
- - planning - funds are provided when drawing up the budget (financial plan);
- - allocation of funds as they are spent;
- - economy - correct and rational spending of funds.
In general, the definition is more voluminous, but quite acceptable. It should be added that these funding principles are fully incorporated into the current budget process. Estimated financing - the provision of funds from state budget to cover the costs of non-production institutions, as a rule, do not have their own income. Estimated financing is carried out (more precisely, it should be carried out) in strict accordance with the intended purpose of expenditures and cost rates established by the financing body, taking into account the profile and characteristics of the activities of budgetary institutions. The costs are grouped in accordance with the budget classification, which determines the targeting of the appropriations for each estimate. The need for funds is justified by an appropriate calculation for each type of expense. Expenses that are not included in the estimate or in excess of the estimated appropriations, as well as an increase in costs due to any other sources, are not allowed.
An estimate of a budgetary institution is a document that determines the volume and quarterly distribution of budgetary allocations for all expenses of a given institution.
Since the main source of funding for education is the budget (state and municipal), then funding for education is determined by the following factors:
- - the system of state and other bodies involved in the process of financing education;
- - the procedure for developing forecasts of the need for budgetary funds, projects of the expenditure side of budgets for financing education;
- - the procedure (order) of the actual financing of education from the budget.
At this stage, two important components of the financing system are:
- - financing scheme;
- - distribution of functions between bodies participating in funding.
The following bodies are involved in the funding process at the federal level:
- - President of the Russian Federation (senior official);
- - Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (legislator);
- - The Government of the Russian Federation;
- - The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, including the system of the Federal Treasury and its territorial bodies how component part The Ministry of Finance;
- - federal ministries and departments that are in charge of educational institutions financed from the federal budget;
- - authorized banks (conducting network);
- - actually educational institutions of federal jurisdiction (spending). An important mechanism of budgetary financing educational institutions is the standard value federal regulation budget financing. Federal budgetary funding standard - the standard cost of implementing a state educational program during the year by type and type of educational institution per student. The size of the federal standard is the minimum cost required for the execution of budgets of all levels. When calculating it, the following costs are not taken into account:
- 1) current (utilities, i.e.: heating, lighting, water supply, sewerage and others);
- 2) long-term (capital) expenses.
Their financing is in addition to the standard.
All funds coming to an educational institution not from the budget, of course, are off-budget. In this case, the distinguishing feature is their "non-belonging" to the source of income, i.e. to the budget (no matter which budget). Perhaps this is not the most successful classification, but it has become firmly established, and the term is generally accepted. Thus, the sources of funds for the educational institution are divided into budgetary and non-budgetary. This does not mean at all that budget funds cannot move according to the scheme of acquisition by the state (the owner of budget funds) of any goods and services. The state, of course, can acquire both for its own needs. Therefore, in order to understand financing, it is necessary to introduce one more important feature: only its founder-owner can finance an organization (by the definition given in Civil Code Russian Federation, article 120).
Thus, the state can finance an educational institution or municipality, and maybe a private person. In addition, the concept of "self-financing" is known. Self-financing is the organization's financing of its own work (performed within the organization) at the expense of funds owned (at the disposal) of this organization. The results of such work can be:
- - consumed by the same organization, in this case, self-financing is presented in the form of reimbursement of their own costs for performing work at their own expense;
- - received in the form of some product, intellectual object, etc., which can be further realized, which will reimburse (fully, partially, or with a profit) the costs incurred, or postponed “in stock, in reserve”, etc. But since both of these options have as an end result a specific product, in one form or another used by the organization, then, strictly speaking, this is not financing. Rather, it should be attributed to the acquisition of goods, works, services by the organization (at least from its employees). Another question is, if an organization spends its funds on conducting, for example, research work that does not bring tangible results (at least for a certain period of time), then this can probably be considered self-financing of its own work. Thus, funding can be provided from the following sources:
- - the founder's budget;
- - sponsorship funds;
- - own funds at the disposal (property).
And to be even more precise, it should be pointed out that the funds of the organization that remain with it after paying off the costs incurred to obtain these funds can be used for the purpose of own financing, i.e. profit, and even after the settlement of relations with the tax system.
The sources of extra-budgetary funds include:
- - income from the sale of goods, works, services (income from the implementation of various types of activities);
- - income from non-operating activities (these are all sorts of fines, penalties, penalties, etc.);
- - donations (gifts, sponsorship, bequest, etc.)
All these sources of extra-budgetary funds are present in the activities of educational institutions.
It is possible to classify extra-budgetary receipts (revenues), probably, in different ways. The basic elements of the classification can be selected two main groups that determine the nature of the activity, financial results and possible tax implications... These groups include:
- 1. Main activity:
- - implementation of one or several educational programs, content, education of students (pupils);
- - carrying out research work;
- - activities for the provision and maintenance of the educational and research process.
- 2. Other activities, including other income, ie other activities permitted by educational institutions that generate income and are not related to the specified types of core activities.
The federal budget funds are directed to the maintenance of educational institutions of federal jurisdiction, to the implementation of federal educational programs, to educational subventions within the framework of financial transfers to subsidized regions. Funds from the budgets of the regional and municipal levels provide for appropriations for the maintenance of educational institutions, the founders of which are the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, as well as for the implementation of programs of the respective constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities.
The term multi-tier funding is used in cases where funding for certain events or educational institutions is carried out from the budgets of various levels. In cases where the term multichannel financing is used, it means that the sources of financial resources are not only budgetary allocations of different levels, but also different types of extrabudgetary funds.
There is also a bill of exchange method of financing educational institutions. It is preceded by the receipt of bills of exchange of various enterprises and banks in the budget in conditions of a lack of means of payment. The financial authorities transfer the incoming bills of exchange as financing to the educational authorities. Bills of exchange are transferred at a specific par value with specific maturity dates.
Option bill of exchange implementation of financing in its essence is close to the system of netting, which arises as a means of reducing non-payments. When financing by the offsetting method was implemented, an agreement was concluded between the lender of the educational institution, the education management body and the financial body.
Participation of an educational institution in the conclusion of an agreement as one of the parties is possible, but not required. If the educational institution is a full-fledged entity on the basis of economic independence, after offsetting, it received a notification from the educational authority on financing by the offsetting method.
The treasury system of budget execution was developed with the introduction of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 No. 145. In the implementation of such a financing system, first of all, financial support of the expenses of educational institutions under the so-called. "protected" budget classification items. When financing educational institutions through the treasury system of budget execution, the main manager of loans, the education management body, is removed from the procedure for financial transfers of funds.
The functions of education authorities are reduced to determining the amounts to be transferred and drawing up applications for funding for each institution, indicating the items of expenditure. Financial authority the budgetary funds are transferred to the bank account of the relevant department of the Treasury, which are credited to the personal accounts of the educational institution. The personal accounts of the Centralized Accounting Offices of the Education Administration bodies receive only funds from educational institutions serviced by this accounting department.
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