Specific capital investments, influencing factors. Capital investments Specific volume of investments per 1 person
When determining the reduced costs are calculated capital investments not, as such, but specific capital investments, i.e. investments per one part-operation, which is very important, since capital investments can be involved in the production of several types of products, which is typical for all types of production, except for mass production.
If several operations are considered in each option, then the calculations are carried out for each operation, and the results for the options as a whole are obtained by summing them up.
Calculation of specific capital costs by options is reduced to determining the cost of technological equipment, production space and expensive equipment, the rest of the capital investments in the calculation of economic indicators can be neglected, because. they do not change significantly, the total specific capital investments by options are determined by the formula:
where - specific capital investments in technological equipment, rub.;
Specific capital investments in production areas, rub.;
Specific capital investments in technological equipment, rub.
10.1. Calculation of specific capital investments in technological equipment.
The calculation is carried out for the part-operation, taking into account the accepted type of production.
In the conditions of serial and single production, costs are determined by the formula:
Where - the wholesale price of a piece of equipment installed in the operation, rub.;
Costs for transportation and installation of equipment, respectively, % from the price of equipment; in approximate calculations, it can be taken equal to 15 for heavy equipment and 5 for light, equal to 4 - 6.
Planned coefficient of performance of time norms by workers;
Normative equipment load factor. In calculations, it can be taken equal to 0.85 - for single and small-scale production, 0.8 - for medium and large-scale production.
Thus, the share of capital investments related to only one name of products (parts) is determined.
In the conditions of mass production, the calculation is carried out according to the formula:
where accepted amount of equipment for a particular operation, pcs.
The estimated amount of equipment for each operation is determined by the formula:
The resulting calculated value is rounded to the nearest integer, taking into account the permissible overload of equipment within 3 - 8% .
10.2 Calculation of specific capital investments in production areas
In the conditions of serial and single production, capital investments in the production area per one part-operation are determined by the formula:
where - the price of 1 m 2 of production space, rub.;
Production area occupied by a piece of equipment, m 2.
The price of 1 m 2 of production area is taken according to the actual data collected during the technological practice. If this value is taken by , then it is adjusted for inflation.
The production area occupied by a piece of equipment is determined by the formula:
where is the area of equipment in the plan, m 2 ;"
Coefficient taking into account the additional production area for driveways and walkways [Appendix 3].
In the conditions of mass production, capital investments in the production area are determined by the formula.
Kud.b \u003d (Bst.b / (Wh.b * Tzt)) + (Bsk.b / (Wh.b * Tzk)) \u003d
350000/(1.6*1095)+22000/(1.6*140)=297.98 RUB/ha
Kud.p \u003d (Bst.p / (Wh.p * Tzt
It is known that when performing various technological operations for the cultivation of crops, from 20 to 70% of the field area is compacted, and the total compaction area during the cultivation of a crop can exceed the field area by several times.
The impact of the operation of the machine and tractor fleet on the ecological state of the environment
The multi-operational nature of modern technologies for growing crops, small contours of fields that prevent the use of wide-cut equipment, the forced need to carry out spring field work in some years, and in low relief areas almost annually, with high humidity of the arable layer - all this enhances the negative effect of running systems of machine and tractor aggregates on the ground.
The degree of soil deformation during the passage of agricultural machinery depends on the type of mover, the mass of the machines, the number of passes through the field, the properties of the soil and its condition. The intensification of agricultural production is accompanied by the use of new high-performance tractors, tillage implements, sowing and harvesting machines, the mass of which is increasing.
So, if the design weight of the MTZ-50 and MTZ-52 tractors is 2.75 and 2.95 tons, respectively, then the MTZ-80 tractor is 3.16, MTZ-82 is 3.37, T-150 is 7.5, K-TO1 - 12.5 tons.
The mass of wheeled tractors, which account for the bulk of field work, increased by last years 2 - 4 times. The same trend persists in the creation of other agricultural machines and implements. The specific pressure on the soil of their running systems does not decrease. The process of soil deformation under the action of running systems differs from the natural compaction caused by gravitational forces, precipitation and other natural factors. . When machinery moves across the field, the soil undergoes not only a stage (compaction), but also a shift in different directions
The degree of soil resistance to compression depends on its initial state: mechanical and structural composition, looseness, moisture content, degree of sodding, organic matter content, etc. The amount of soil compaction is significantly affected by the speed of movement of equipment and the depth of the track (the area of contact of the mover with the soil). With an increase in the speed of the tractor, combine or vehicle across the field, the deformation of the soil is noticeably reduced. The deeper the tractor wheels sink and, consequently, the larger the contact area, the lower the specific pressure. Reducing the air pressure in the tires of wheeled tractors also reduces the specific pressure. The average specific pressure of modern caterpillar tractors used in field work does not exceed 0.55 kg/cm2. When performing field work with wheeled tractors at speeds of 9-15 km/h, the recommended air pressure in tires is 1 kg/cm2. But it sharply increases with an increase in the load on the hook, that is, during the working process, and can exceed the average specific pressure on the soil by 2.5-3 times.
Sealing deformation during the movement of machine-tractor units across the field extends both in the vertical and horizontal directions. With one pass of the tractor, the deformation of soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil extends to at least 35-70 cm in the horizontal direction and up to 40 cm or more in the vertical direction, depending on the stress under the tractor propulsors. The greatest compaction was along the tractor track. As the distance in the transverse direction from the tractor track, the degree of deformation of the physically ripe soil decreased.
The wetter the soil, the more it compacts as the tractor passes. In general, an increase in the moisture content of loamy soil by 1.5 - 2% above physical ripeness led, when passing tractors, to an increase in the coefficient of relative compaction of the arable layer by 3-6%, and sub4.3. Welded connection:
Type of welding: we choose manual welding with high quality electrodes
This connection method is used in the design of the drive shaft, in particular the welded drum. In this case, special bushings are used to which the drum is welded, forming a single structure, which provides us with the convenience of assembling the assembly and the ease of turning the drive shaft itself during its manufacture, in contrast to the cast drum.
We have a T-joint with fillet welds.
The connection is calculated from shear stresses, the dangerous section is located along the bisector of the right angle.
\u003d (Tb / 2) / Wk ["],
where ["] is the allowable stress under static load for welds. It is determined in fractions of the allowable tensile stress of the parts to be joined;
Tb - torque on the drum, Tb = 443.72 Nm;
Wк - moment of resistance during torsion.
Return on assets is the most important generalizing indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
To increase the return on assets, it is necessary that the growth rate of labor productivity outstrip the growth rate of its capital-labor ratio. When analyzing capital productivity, one should evaluate the implementation of the plan, study the dynamics over a number of years, identify and quantify the factors of change in capital productivity, and calculate the reserves for its growth. The initial data for calculating the return on assets are brought into a comparable form: the volume of production is adjusted for the change in product prices that has taken place, and the cost of fixed assets is adjusted for their revaluation. The change in the level of return on assets is influenced by a number of factors that can be grouped as follows (Fig. 4).
Factors of the first level, affecting the return on assets of fixed production assets, are the change in the share of the active part of the funds in their total amount; change in the return on assets of the active part of the funds:
Fig.4. Factors of change in capital productivity
FO \u003d UD * FO,
The calculation of the influence of factors is carried out by the method absolute differences(Table 6):
ΔFO beats \u003d (UD @ f -UD @ pl) * FO @ pl \u003d (0, 6-0.604) * 12.5 \u003d -0.05 rubles,
ΔFO act \u003d (FO @ f -FO @ pl) * UD @ pl \u003d (12.0-12.5) * 0.60 \u003d -0.305 rubles,
Total -0.35 rub.
Return on assets of the active part of funds(technological equipment) directly depends on their structure, operating time and average hourly output.
To analyze this indicator, you can use the following formula:
FD but=
FD a- return on assets of the active part of funds;
TO- average annual number of units of technological equipment;
T unit- the number of hours worked by a piece of equipment;
SW- average hourly output per machine hour;
OPF a - the average annual cost of the active part of the funds.
Table 6 - Initial information for the analysis of capital productivity
No. :strings | Indicator | Plan | Fact | +, - |
Output volume (VP), thousand roubles. | + 4800 | |||
2.1. 2.2. | Average annual cost of fixed production assets (OPF), thousand roubles. active part (OPF a) pieces of equipment (C) | 7680 120 | 127,27 | + 1285 + 720 +7,27 |
3. | Share of active part of funds (LEO a)(line 2.2/line 2.1) | 0,604 | 0,60 | - 0,004 |
4.1. | Return on assets (line 1/line 2.1), rub. including the active part (FO a)(line1 / line 2.2) | 7,55 12,5 | 7,20 12,0 | -0,35 -0,50 |
Average annual number of units of technological equipment (TO) | + 2 | |||
Worked out for the year by all equipment (T), thousand hours | 226,51 | - 13,49 | ||
7.1. 7.2. 7.3. | Including piece of equipment: hours (T units)(line 6 / line 5) shift (CM)(line 7.1 / line 9) days (D)(line 7.2 / line 8) | 3750 500 | 470,1 | -318 -29,9 -5 |
Equipment shift ratio (K cm)(line 7.2 / line 7.3) | 1,92 | -0,08 | ||
Average shift duration (P), h | 7,5 | 7,3 | -0,2 | |
Production output, produced for 1 machine - h (SV), rub. (line 1 / line 6) | + 45 |
The study of the capital productivity indicator of equipment can be expanded if the operating time of a piece of equipment is presented as a product of the number of days worked (D) shift ratio (K cm) front shift duration (P).
The average annual cost of technological equipment can be defined as the product of the number of units of this equipment (TO) And average cost its units in comparable prices (R), then the above formula will take the form:
FD a=
To calculate the influence of factors on the increase in capital productivity of equipment, the method of chain substitutions is used. Substituting the initial data, we get:
FD a = 12.5 thousand roubles.
To determine the impact on the rate of return on assets of the structure of equipment, all-day downtime of the shift ratio of equipment operation, intra-shift downtime, as well as the average hourly output, a number of calculations were made.
First calculation. To calculate the influence of the equipment structure factor on the indicator under study, one should take the actual average annual cost piece of equipment instead of the planned price (at the same prices, the cost of a piece of equipment can only change due to its structure). Substituting the values of the data given in table. 6, we get:
FD a 1 = thousand roubles.
As a result of changing the structure of equipment, the level of capital productivity decreased by 0.714 rubles. (11.786-12.5).
Second calculation. Now let's determine what the return on assets would be with the actual structure of the equipment and the actual number of days worked, but with the planned value of the remaining factors:
FD a 2 ==11.55 thousand rubles.
Decreased return on assets by 0.236 rubles. (11.55-11.786) is the result of over-planned whole-day downtime of equipment (on average 5 days for each unit).
Third calculation. To determine the impact on the return on assets of the third factor (shift ratio of equipment operation), the first three factors (structure, number of days worked and number of shifts) are taken as actual, the rest are planned. Then
FD a 3 == 11.088 thousand rubles.
Due to the decrease in the equipment shift ratio, its capital productivity decreased by 0.462 rubles (11.088-11.55).
Fourth calculation. The first four factors are taken as actual, the fifth (average hourly output) is planned. As a result, we get:
FD a 4 == 10.7926 thousand rubles
Due to the fact that the actual duration of the shift (Table 2.4) is 0.2 hours lower than the planned one, the annual output of a piece of equipment decreased by 37.6 thousand rubles, and the return on assets - by 0.2954 rubles. (10.7926-11.088).
Fifth count. All factors are actual, then with the actual production of equipment, the return on assets will be:
FD a 5 \u003d thousand rubles.
which is 1.2074 rubles. (12.00 - 10.7926) higher than the planned one.
Thus, the total impact of all the calculated factors on the return on assets was minus 0.5, i.e. (-0.714) + (-0.236) + (-0.462) + (-0.2954) + (1.2074).
To find out how the studied factors influenced the level of return on assets of the active part of the OPF, the results obtained must be multiplied by the actual share of the active part of the funds in total amount OPF:
Δfo i =Δfo a xi *ud f a
Change in the return on assets of the OPF due to:
a) equipment structures -0.714*0.60 = -0.4284;
b) all-day downtime -0.236*0.60 = -0.1416;
c) shift coefficient -0.462*0.60 = -0.2772;
d) intra-shift downtime -0.2954*0.60 = -0.1772;
e) average hourly output +1.2074*0.60 = +0.7244.
Total - 0.50 - 0.30
Further analysis of the calculation of the influence of third-order factors on the level of capital productivity allows us to determine how the volume of production has changed due to the replacement of equipment or its modernization. To this end, it is necessary to compare the output of new and old equipment for the period of time after its replacement and divide the result by the actual average annual cost of technological equipment:
FD a n =
ΔFO a n \u003d rub.,
T i- operating time of the i-th equipment from the moment of commissioning to the end
reporting period;
SW n, SW s- respectively, the production output for one machine-hour after the replacement and before the replacement of the i-th equipment. In a similar way, the change in the volume of production and capital productivity is determined through the implementation of scientific and technical progress measures to improve technology and organization of production:
FO a ntp =
ΔFO a ntp == 0.414 rubles.
The change in capital productivity due to social factors (improving the skills of employees, improving working and rest conditions, recreational activities, etc.) is determined by the balance method:
ΔFO a social = ΔFO a sv -ΔFO a n -ΔFO a ntp =1,2074 - 0,707 - 0,414 = 0,0864.
The influence of third-order factors on the level of return on assets of the fixed assets is calculated by multiplying the increase in the return on assets of equipment by i-th factor on the actual share of the active part of the funds. To find out how the volume of production will change, it is necessary to multiply the change in the return on assets of the OPF due to each factor by the actual average annual balances of the OPF.
After analyzing the general indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the degree of use of the production capacities of the enterprise is studied in more detail, certain types machines and equipment.
Under the production capacity of the enterprise It implies the maximum possible output of products at the achieved or planned level of technology, technology and organization of production. In other words, this is the maximum potential possibility of output by this enterprise for the reporting period. Production capacity is not some kind of constant value and changes along with the improvement of technology, technology and organization of production. It is calculated based on the capacity of the leading workshops, sections, units, taking into account the implementation of a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at eliminating bottlenecks, and possible production cooperation.
The degree of utilization of production capacities is characterized by the following coefficients:
Total coefficient =
Intensive coefficient =
Extensive coefficient =
In the process of analysis, the dynamics of these indicators, the implementation of the plan in terms of their level and the reasons for their change, such as the commissioning of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises, the technical re-equipment of production, and the reduction in production capacities, are studied.
In addition, the level of use of the production facilities of the enterprise is analyzed: output in rubles. per 1m 2 of production area.
Analysis of equipment operation is based on a system of indicators characterizing use of its number, operating time and capacity.
Distinguish equipment available and installed (commissioned), equipment that is actually used in production and which is under repair and modernization, and reserve. The greatest effect is achieved if the first three groups of equipment are approximately the same in size.
To characterize the degree of involvement of equipment in production calculate the following indicators:
utilization rate of the existing equipment fleet
K n =
utilization rate of the installed equipment fleet:
K y =
The difference between the amount of available and installed equipment, multiplied by the planned average annual output per unit of equipment, is a potential reserve for increasing production by increasing the amount of operating equipment.
To characterize the degree of extensive loading of equipment the balance of time of its work is studied. It includes:
calendar fund of time- fund of time, determined by the maximum possible operating time of the equipment (number of calendar days per reporting period multiplied by 24 hours and by the number of units of installed equipment);
regime fund of time- time fund, determined by multiplying the number of units of installed equipment by the number of working days of the reporting period and by the number of hours of daily work, taking into account the shift ratio;
planned time fund- fund of time, determined by the operating time of the equipment according to the plan (which differs from the regime by the amount of time the equipment is in scheduled repairs and upgrades);
actual fund of time- equipment operating time fund, determined by the actual hours worked.
Comparison of the actual and planned calendar time funds allows you to establish the degree of implementation of the equipment commissioning plan in terms of quantity and timing; comparison of the calendar and regime - the degree of possibility of better use of equipment by increasing the shift ratio, and the comparison of regime and planned - to determine the time reserves by reducing its repair costs.
To characterize the use of equipment operation time, the following coefficients are calculated:
calendar fund of time: K.f.= T f /T to;
regime fund of time: K r.f= T f /T p;
planned fund of time: K p.f=T f /T p;
share of downtime in the calendar fund:
UD pr \u003d PR / T to,
T f, T p, T r, T to- respectively, the actual, planned, regime and calendar funds of the working time of the equipment;
ETC- equipment downtime.
Under intensive loading of equipment it means the output per unit of time on average per machine (machine-hour). An indicator of the intensity of equipment operation is the coefficient of its intensive loading:
TO int=CB f/CB pl,
where SV F, SV pl- respectively, the actual and planned average hourly output.
A generalizing indicator that comprehensively characterizes the use of equipment is the integral load factor (K i.load). It is the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive loading of equipment:
TO i.load=K p.f*TO int.
In the process of analysis, the dynamics of these indicators, the implementation of the plan and the reasons for their change are studied.
For groups of homogeneous equipment, the change in the volume of production is calculated due to its quantity, extensiveness and intensity of use according to the following model:
V p i \u003d K i * D i * K cm i * P i * SV i,
K i-number of i-th equipment;
D i- the number of days worked by a piece of equipment;
K cm i- shift ratio of the i-th equipment;
P i- the average duration of the change of the i-th equipment;
CB i - production output for 1 machine-hour per i-th equipment.
Calculation of influence of these factors is made by means of chain substitution, absolute and relative differences.
At the end of the analysis, reserves for increasing output and capital productivity are calculated. They can be the commissioning of uninstalled equipment, its replacement and modernization, the reduction of all-day and intra-shift downtime, an increase in the shift ratio, and more intensive use. At the same time, it is important, as mentioned above, to study the impact of the introduction of scientific and technological progress (STP) measures on capital productivity.
When analyzing the influence of this factor on capital productivity, it is necessary to study how not only the growth in output, but also the cost of industrial and production fixed assets affected its change. If we take into account only the growth in production as a result of the implementation of scientific and technological progress, we can draw wrong conclusions, since often new technology(equipment) is much more expensive than the one being replaced, and this rise in price may not be compensated by a corresponding increase in its productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact on the return on assets of a change in the cost of industrial and production fixed assets, which, for example, decreases for equipment removed from operation and increases by the amount of costs associated with the modernization of fixed assets.
When determining current and prospective reserves, instead of the planned level of factor indicators, their possible level is taken into account. For example, the reserves for increasing output due to the commissioning of new equipment are determined by multiplying its additional quantity by the actual value of the average annual output or by the actual value of all factors that form its level:
RVP, \u003d RK * GV f \u003d RK * D f *K cm f *P f *SV f.
Reducing the whole-day downtime of equipment leads to an increase in the average number of days worked by each of its units per year. This increase is recommended to be multiplied by the possible number of pieces of equipment and the actual average daily output of a unit:
RVP d \u003d K in RD * DV f \u003d K in * RD*Ksm f *P f *SV f.
To calculate the reserve for increasing output due to an increase in the shift ratio as a result of a better organization of production, it is necessary to multiply the potential increase in the latter by the possible number of days of operation of the entire fleet of equipment and by the actual shift output (CM in f):
RVP xm =K in *D in *RK cm * SMv f \u003d K in * D in * R K cm *P f *SV f.
As you know, by reducing intra-shift downtime, the average duration of a shift increases, and hence the output. To determine the value of this reserve, the predicted increase in the average shift duration should be multiplied by the actual level of average hourly production of equipment and the expected number of shifts worked by the entire fleet CM,(the product of the possible number of equipment, the potential number of days worked by a piece of equipment and the possible shift ratio):
RVP p, \u003d SM in * RP * SV f \u003d K in * D in *K cm * RP *SV f.
To determine the reserve for increasing output by increasing the average hourly production of equipment, it is first necessary to identify the possibilities for its growth due to its modernization, more intensive use, the introduction of scientific and technical progress measures, etc. Then the identified reserve for increasing the average hourly output must be multiplied by the possible number of hours of operation of the equipment T,(the product of the expected number of units, the number of days of work, the shift ratio, the length of the shift):
RVP sv, \u003d T in * RSV 1 \u003d K in * D in *K cm in *P in * R SW 1.
Reserves for the growth of capital productivity- these are indicators that determine the increase in production volume and the reduction in the average annual balances of fixed assets (OPF):
RFO \u003d FO in -FO f \u003d ,
RFO- reserve of capital productivity growth;
DO in, FO f - accordingly, the possible and actual level of return on assets;
PVP - reserve for increasing production;
OPF d - an additional amount of fixed production assets necessary for the development of reserves for increasing output;
Р↓ OPF - a reserve for reducing the average balances of fixed production assets through the sale and leasing (leasing) of unnecessary (surplus), as well as write-offs of unusable ones.
Approximate methods for estimating capital investments
For an approximate, but quick assessment of the amount of capital investments in the construction of energy facilities, approximate methods are used, built on the basis of aggregated cost indicators (UPS).
These are the average costs of enlarged units of volumes of construction and installation work or individual elements developed on the basis of standard designs and data on previously completed specific objects.
In the UPS on construction works as specific meters take: 1 m 3 of the building, 1 m 2 of the area, 1 km of external pipelines, etc.
For equipment in aggregated cost indicators, the meters are: unit, turbine, transformer, crane, kit, etc.
Capital costs can be represented as the sum of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs:
K \u003d K post + K lane \u003d K post + k lane N y,
where K post is a constant part of capital costs, independent of the installed capacity of the facility, rub.; K lane, k per - accordingly, the total and specific variable components of capital investments, proportional to the installed capacity, rub. and rub./unit. power; N y - installed capacity of the facility, kW.
If we imagine capital costs per unit of power, then we can get specific capital investments, rubles / kW:
K ud \u003d K post / N y + k per.
An increase in the unit capacity of the units leads to a decrease in specific capital costs. Moreover, the transition to ever larger unit capacities leads to relatively smaller reductions in capital costs.
This is the result of two factors acting in opposite directions:
· reducing the share of semi-fixed costs per unit of installed capacity;
· increase in costs caused by the complication of structures, the use of higher initial steam parameters and better materials with an increase in installed capacity.
The effect of an increase in the number of units of the same type on specific capital costs is ambiguous. Initially, with an increase in the number of units, the specific capital costs decrease. FROM further growth number of units, specific capital costs begin to grow. This is mainly due to the rise in the cost of transport links.
Let's consider methods for calculating capital investments in energy facilities when using UPS.
Capital investment in power plants
Depend on the following factors:
Type of equipment and its unit capacity;
Applied scheme of technological connections;
Initial steam parameters;
Type of fuel used;
Construction area (geological, topographic and climatic conditions).
1. Calculation of capital investments in block IES:
K CES \u003d 0.57 * C smr * K CES / + 0.43 * K CES / ,
KES / \u003d (K 1bl + SK nbl * (n bl -1)) * C t * C inf,
where K 1bl - investments in the first block;
SК nbl - investments in subsequent blocks;
n bl is the number of blocks;
C t - coefficient taking into account the type of fuel;
C inf - revaluation factor taking into account inflation;
С smr - coefficient taking into account the construction area.
2. Calculation of capital investments in a thermal power plant with cross-links:
K CHP \u003d 0.57 * C smr * K CHP / + 0.43 * K CHP /
K "CHP \u003d [K gk + K gt + ∑K pk i P PC i+ ∑To Fri i P Fri i]С t С inf,
i =1 i=1
where K gk, K pk - investments in power boilers (head and subsequent);
K GT, K PT - investments in turbine units (head and subsequent ones);
P PC i , P Fri i- number of subsequent boiler units and turbine units i-th type;
P, m- respectively, the number of types of boilers and turbines;
The cost of the head (first) units, in addition to the cost of equipment and buildings, includes the cost of facilities, without which it is impossible to put the first unit into operation - these are the total costs for the first and subsequent units, which include:
Capital investments in access roads;
site preparation;
Communication and water supply device;
Part of the main building, etc.
The cost of power plants can be adjusted for environmental protection systems, degree of automation, etc.
Specific capital costs in this object are the ratio of absolute capital investments to the installed capacity of the object, rub./unit. power:
K beats \u003d K / N y.
Specific capital investments, influencing factors
Specific capital investments are the most common technical and economic indicators characterizing the cost of building electrical networks.
Power transmission lines are characterized by specific capital investments per 1 km of length and 1 MW of transmitted power:
k l \u003d K power line / L l,
k p \u003d K power line / R l
where L l is the total length of the power transmission line, km; R l is the calculated transmitted power along the line, mW.
Specific capital investments in the substation:
k p.st = K p.st / S p.st,
where S p.st - rated power of the substation, mVA.
General indicators are used to characterize the network as a whole.
k set \u003d (K power line + K p.st) / L l,
k set \u003d (K power line + K p.st) / R l.
Using data on general and particular technical and economic indicators, it is convenient to analyze the construction of facilities that are identical in their tasks, but different in parameters. Generalization of many estimates and their technical and economic indicators made it possible design organizations develop aggregated cost indicators discussed above.
A significant number of various factors influence the value of the estimated cost of the construction of electrical networks, and, consequently, their specific indicators. Their impact is not the same for different energy construction projects.
The main factors affecting the specific indicators of the estimated cost of construction of overhead lines include:
Geological;
climatic;
Topographic;
Electrophysical;
Constructive.
The cost of specific indicators for the construction of cable lines is primarily influenced by electrophysical factors, and then by geological, topographical and structural factors (the number of cables in the trench, the presence of pipes, the nature of the pavement coating, etc.).
Geological (ground conditions) affect volumes and cost earthworks, as well as on the structures of supports and their foundations (for overhead power lines). Soft dry soils reduce the cost of line construction. The transition to rocky soils, on the contrary, increases the cost estimated cost overhead power lines by 2 - 10%, and the construction of linear supports on wet soils - by 15 - 36%.
Climatic conditions affect the dimensions of the supports, foundations and cross-sections of wires through wind loads, ice, tension, dimensions of the sag, etc. In addition, in areas with intense lightning activity, enhanced lightning protection is required, etc. IV climatic region increases by 25-35%.
The greatest increase in cost under severe geological and climatic conditions occurs at power lines on wooden supports with a small cross section of wires. These factors have the least influence on lines with large sections of wires suspended on metal supports.
The topographic factor affects the specific indicators of capital investments in power lines in the following way. There is an increase in the cost of construction in areas of industrial and urban development by 1.4-1.7 times; in mountainous conditions, the rise in price increases up to 1.8 times; the passage of power lines through swamps increases the cost of the estimated cost by 1.2-1.9 times. In forest conditions, depending on the density, size of the forest and the hardness of its species, the estimated cost of transmission lines increases (taking into account the return of the forest) by 5 - 10%.
Dependence of capital investments in overhead lines on electrophysical factors and, above all, on the rated voltage Un characterized by the following equation:
k l = f(U n)= a + b*U n + c*U n 2 ± d,
where but, b And c-coefficients depending on the price level; d- oscillation amplitude value k l from its average value depending on the cross-section of wires, climatic region, etc. (value d ranges from 5 to 10% of the average cost k l ).
The cost of wires is 30-40% of the cost of overhead transmission lines, the transition to large cross-sections, all other things being equal, increases the cost of 35-220 kV lines by 4-12%. The influence of the material and structures of supports on the cost of overhead electric lines is as follows. Power transmission lines on wooden poles are 40-50% cheaper, and on reinforced concrete poles 10-25% cheaper than on metal poles, therefore, in forest areas for power lines up to 220 kV, it is advisable to use wooden poles, and in treeless or sparsely forested areas - reinforced concrete. Metal poles for power lines up to 220 kV are used in cases where the power transmission is more than 1000 km away from concrete plants that manufacture pole structures, and also when the lines pass through mountainous terrain.
Metal supports, as a rule, are used for power lines of 500 kV and above. Lines on double-circuit supports such as "barrel", "fir-tree" and others related to the same chain are cheaper than the same lines on single-circuit supports by 14-25%. At the same time, 330 kV transmission lines give a lower price, and 35 kV transmission lines provide a larger one. Of the metal U-shaped intermediate supports, guyed supports are cheaper. However, if the lines pass through fields and orchards, the damage agriculture can force them to switch to power lines on free-standing metal poles. For power transmission lines 35-110 kV, single-column supports are economical. The cheapest foundations for supports are stuffed and reinforced concrete piles.
Cable lines are significantly cheaper (by 12-35%) when laying several cables in one trench. The cost of laying cable lines also depends on the type of pavement and pavement coatings. When laying a cable under a cobblestone pavement, the estimated cost is 10-25% cheaper than laying along a street with an asphalt concrete surface. Specific capital investments in cable lines increase sharply with an increase in the rated voltage.
The main impact on the specific indicators of the estimated cost of substations is exerted by:
a) power;
b) voltage;
c) electrical circuit from the high side;
d) types of equipment;
e) ground conditions at the construction site.
The values of k p.st fall with an increase in the power of the substation. The transition to the next voltage step, with other parameters unchanged, increases the estimated cost of substations by 50-80%. The complication of the electrical connection scheme from the high side increases the specific capital investments in the substation.
The types and power of the power equipment of the substation significantly affect its estimated cost. The use of autotransformers instead of transformers reduces the cost of this equipment by 10-25%. Replacing oil circuit breakers with air circuit breakers at existing prices increases the cost of cells, outdoor switchgear 35-110 kV substations by 1.2-1.5 times.
Ground conditions also affect the estimated cost of substations. Thus, a decrease in the bearing capacity of the soil under the foundations of structures from 2.5 kg / cm 2 to 1 kg / cm 2 increases the cost of the substation by 2.5-3%; high groundwater level (less than 2 m from the day surface) increases the estimated cost of substations by 5-6%. The cost of building networks and substations, as well as the estimated cost of hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants, is affected by the construction area (climate, degree of development, development of communications, transport, etc.). This influence is taken into account by the so-called territorial coefficients, which in the European part of the USSR range from 1 to 1.09, for the average conditions of Siberia and Central Asia from 1.04 to 1.11, and finally, for remote areas and regions Far North from 1.2 to 1.5 and above.
The organization and technology of construction and installation works have a significant impact on the cost of energy enterprises. Further standardization of energy facilities, the increasing introduction of precast concrete while reducing the number of standard sizes of parts and structures, improving the use of mechanization tools, improving these tools by increasing their quality factor and productivity with a wider range of applications - all this will continue to reduce the cost of construction and installation works.
The pace of construction of energy facilities has a significant impact on their economic indicators. Accelerating the pace of construction reduces the cost of depreciation of construction enterprises, construction mechanization, overhead costs, etc. Early commissioning gives additional production and, therefore, additional profit.
SPECIFIC INVESTMENTS - the share of the amount of capital investments per 1 ton of annual production capacity. mining enterprise. Distinguish U. to 1 ton of ore, concentrate and metal.
Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al.. 1978 .
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