Spheres of public life and their relationship. The main spheres of public life, their relationship
Society is a set of all forms of uniting people (for example, family, collective, class, state, etc.) and relations between them. The first ideas about consistency in nature and society originated already in ancient philosophy, but most actively the problem of consistency public life began to be developed in the XIX-XX centuries.
V. in the works of such social thinkers as O. Comte, G. Spencer, K. Marx, M. Weber, P. A. Sorokini and others. Since then, a system of concepts has been developed that makes it possible to understand the structure of society as an integral system.
In philosophical science, society is characterized as:
a) a complex system consisting of a large number of elements, connections and relationships. Behavior and systemic change in society cannot be described unambiguously and predictably;
b) an open and self-developing system. Modern society has both a tiered organization and a network structure, which complicates the systemic characteristics of society.
The most active problem of the systematic nature of social life was developed by such major thinkers of the XIX-XX centuries. as O. Comte, G. Spencer, K. Marx, A. Bogdanov, M. Weber, P. Sorokin and others.
Systemic signs of society: integrity, sociality, stability, autonomy and self-sufficiency, openness.
Society is a self-organizing and self-developing social system, the way of existence of which is the activity of people.
The elements-subsystems, separate within the framework of society, also act as a social system: spheres of public life; man-society;
small and large social groups; ethnic and national communities; states or unions of states, etc. All these subsystems are united by a complex network of various functional interactions and interdependencies and differ in the processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction. Society as a social system is characterized by openness, a certain degree of consistency of its subsystems and, at the same time, a certain unpredictability, probabilistic and non-linear type of development.
In different philosophical models of society, different systemic elements are distinguished:
The economic sphere, the elements of which are material production and production relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange, distribution and consumption
The social sphere, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social institutions, etc., taken by their relationships and interactions with each other
The political sphere, which includes various subjects of political relations: the state, political parties, etc.
The spiritual sphere, covering various forms of social consciousness: law, religion, philosophy, morality, art, science, etc.
Each of these spheres, being itself an element of a system called "society", in turn turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make up it. All four spheres of public life are not interconnected, but mutually condition each other.
Spheres of public life:
1.material-production sphere covers the relations arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods (production, trade, financial institutions etc.);
2. the organizational (political) sphere regulates the activities of people and relations between them (the state, political parties, etc.);
3. the social sphere is the sphere of human reproduction as a member of society. It creates conditions for childbirth, socialization of people, recreation and restoration of legal capacity. It includes health care, education, service sector;
4. the spiritual sphere is the sphere of the production of knowledge, ideas, artistic values. It includes science, philosophy, religion, morality, art.
All spheres are closely interrelated, they can be considered separately only in theory, which helps to isolate and study individual areas of a truly integral society, their role in common system... Entering into relationships with each other, people form a variety of social groups. The totality of these groups forms the social structure of society. Groups are allocated by different signs, For example:
1.social-class groups are estates (for example, nobility, clergy, third estate), classes (working class, bourgeois class), strata (highly skilled workers and laborers), etc.; 2. socio-ethnic groups are clan, tribe, nationality, nation;
3. demographic groups - age and gender groups, able-bodied and disabled population, etc.;
4.vocational and educational groups - workers of mental and physical labor, professional groups
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Society is a rather complex concept, and there are several definitions for it. In the first case, it is a group of people who are united by similar interests and joint activities. Also, society can be called a part of the material world, which is closely related to nature, but not a subspecies of it. Society consists of individuals with their ways of organizing activities.
Society is a dynamic, constantly evolving system. It is complex, that is, it consists of a large number of elements and components. To study society as a whole, it is necessary to study each of its components.
There are four systems of society: economic, political, social and spiritual. These spheres are closely interconnected, without one of them the others could not exist.
Social sphere
Covers social communities and the connection between them. This area also includes ensuring a high-quality standard of living of the population: payment of pensions and benefits, free education and medical services.
The main subject of study in this area is man as a social being. No individual can exist without society, as well as without it. Throughout his life, a person performs several social roles and has a certain status. The social status of a person is determined by the position occupied by a person in society in accordance with his gender, age, profession, lifestyle. Status presupposes the fulfillment of certain duties by a person.
The status assigned to a person from birth is called congenital: These are gender, age, race. It is much easier for people born into a family with good material wealth to build their careers than the poorer ones. But a greater place is occupied by acquired statuses - those that are obtained by a person throughout his life: education, hard work.
The status determines what its bearer can and should do in specific situation and what not. A framework for its activities is being established.
No less important is the concept of prestige - a kind of popularity that a particular field of activity enjoys in society. The more a person's profession is paid for, the more prestigious it is.
The social role is called the prescription of the corresponding status of behavior. Each person has his own set of roles - a set of roles he performs. Boy or girl, son or daughter, student or worker - these are all social roles. They can change throughout life (student - student - worker) or remain unchanged (son - daughter).
An important element of the social sphere is the division of society into groups - social stratification. Its main types are considered slavery (one person is the property of another), castes (a closed group of people who are related by origin; typical for a number of Asian countries), estates (a closed group of people, the position in society in which is determined by the presence of certain rights and responsibilities, passing on inheritance) and estates (a closed group, the position in society in which is directly related to the attitude towards private property). When there is social stratification, there is inequality - conditions under which people have unequal access to material goods.
V modern world conditionally distinguish strata that determine the position of a person. These include education, income, power, and prestige. The transition between strata is possible, the level of social mobility (horizontal and vertical) is very high. Social elevators have a special effect on mobility; they allow you to move from one stratum to another in the shortest possible period of time. Social elevators are the army, church, marriage, family, school, and more.
People who came out of one social class, but for some reason did not join another, are called marginals, that is, non-class individuals. They are free from stereotypes and depend only on themselves, do not bother with work.
A social institution is a stable form of organizing joint human activity. There are several basic institutions and their functions: family (reproductive function - reproduction of the clan), state (ensuring law and order and security), education (educational function, gaining new knowledge, primary socialization), religion (solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life). The task of social institutions is to meet human needs. Its primary, that is, the most necessary for successful life, is considered the need for food, drink, clothing, housing, communication.
Social values are abstract: pity, mutual help, kindness - they cannot be measured or touched.
Social norms govern behavior in society. These include legal norms, that is, norms established by law (laws, regulations), morality (the concept of good and evil), religious (the Bible says: “do not kill”, “do not steal”) and technical (when a small child is explained that it is dangerous to stick fingers into a socket).
All people interact in one way or another. At the same time, they are obliged to respect the opinions and interests of others, to be tolerant. In the absence of this quality, conflicts begin, the most difficult and dangerous form of which is interethnic conflicts. Each ethnic group, in addition to a certain territory, language, politics and economy, has its own national culture... The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and we must try to preserve it for posterity. Each culture can be expressed by a mentality - a national character.
It regulates the relationship between government and society. This system dynamic: it does not stand still and is constantly evolving.
Politics encompasses not only the power of the ruler, but also his opposition and their connection with the people. These are political views and ideas; legal culture and political relations, legal and political values and norms. Moreover, political sphere possesses communication - connects all strata of society with each other.
The functions of politics are so extensive that they cover all aspects of human life.
- Lawmaking - issuing laws and regulating their implementation
- Formation of political consciousness of people and manipulation of the masses - with the help of Mass Media (mass media): newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasting
- Determination of tasks and ways of development and their implementation to the masses
- Coordination of the interests of society with the interests of the state
The traditional form of government is a monarchy, in which power is inherited. Monarchy is absolute, when the power of the ruler is not limited by anything, and limited (constitutional and parliamentary). In a republican form of government, the ruler is elected for a certain period, it can be the president or parliament.
The political regime indicates the ways of organizing power in the state. The most "free" is the democratic regime. Power is concentrated in the hands of the people, it is its source. Democracy is an obligatory separation of powers (legislative, judicial and executive), equality of all citizens before the law and universal suffrage. Decisions are made by the majority, taking into account the opinion of the minority, as well as political pluralism - freedom of opinion and opinion, a large number of parties, the existence of opposition.
Totalitarian and unitary regimes are considered undemocratic. The state interferes in public life (under authoritarianism only in the economy and politics, under totalitarianism - including personal life), the participation of the people is minimal, there is a single ideology, sometimes even a cult of personality.
The Mass Media has a great influence on politics: thanks to their activities, the attitude of citizens to the government of the state, their choice when voting, changes. The media have a great influence on a person, regulate his consciousness. Many even call the media "the fourth estate" - so great is their influence.
The Mass Media evaluates information and comments on it, political socialization (attracting people to the political sphere, increasing political activity), representing the interests of various groups and public associations.
The media rarely reports on boring meetings or unimportant laws. Most often, they bring people sensational statements, emergencies and messages about previously unknown phenomena. Such news attracts the average reader and enhances their political culture, introduces them to the values of politics.
All thoughts and feelings of a person associated with his political participation are called political consciousness. The political consciousness formed in each person and reflecting what he remembers in Everyday life, is called common. Political feelings, experiences, the role of the individual in politics fall under the consideration of political psychology. Political psychology is formed on the basis of the interaction between citizens and the state.
The holistic set of ideas and perceptions that serve as the basis for political action is called ideology. In the twentieth century, communist ideology prevailed, when Marx's ideas on revolutionary violence came to the fore. Joseph Stalin continued the development of this ideology and the idea of a world revolution was born. The leadership of the proletariat, the establishment of a dictatorial regime, the reorganization of society on the principles of equality and justice — these are the main ideas of communism.
It regulates relations between people that arise in the field of goods and services. They include production, consumption, exchange and distribution of wealth.
Economics is understood as the sciences that investigate the use by people of the benefits they have. All resources that people use in the course of their activities are called factors of production. The main factors of production are labor (the activity of people in the production of material goods), land (all types natural resources), capital (buildings and structures, money), entrepreneurship (the ability to correctly assess and build their production).
Unfortunately, in the modern world there is a problem of limited resources. This problem is due to the fact that people are not able to rationally use what they have been given. Human desires are limitless, they have long exceeded his primary needs. And in order to satisfy most of them, a supply of resources is required much larger than it is now.
The economic system is represented by three main types of economy: traditional, command and market.
Traditional economic system although it is inherent in pre-industrial (traditional) society, it also manifests itself in the modern world - many people have vegetable gardens, dachas - subsistence farming.
The command system completely denies the existence of private property, all property is state property. Each enterprise works according to a certain plan (how much and what kind of products must be produced within a certain period of time), established by the authorities.
The market economy plays the most important role in the economic sphere. It is based on the right to private property, the development of competition, and economic freedom. V market economy the state does not interfere, it only regulates and protects it through laws.
Spiritual culture is the process of mastering culture, science, religion. It determines the value and moral qualities of society, reflects its level and quality of development.
The very first stage of the spiritual development of society is morality. It can be compared to a legal custom, not enshrined in laws, but constituting its basis. Moral norms reflect the basic values of society, the measure of its aesthetic, religious development.
Culture can be divided into material (sculptures, architectural buildings) and spiritual (achievements of science and art). Innovation in culture is impossible without continuity: the authors, creating their creations, rely on the achievements of the past.
The inner spiritual life of each individual is considered his spiritual world. A person who has no spiritual world is called spiritless. There is a huge difference between people who regularly visit theaters and various exhibitions and reject art as such.
Culture is one of the highest human values. It focuses on the concepts of good and evil, truth and beauty. Patriotism is also important - love for the Motherland.
A person's views on the world around him constitute his worldview - a holistic view of nature, man, society, and the ideals of the individual. A worldview can be based on faith in God, concentrate on a person or science, nature.
Art is let the comprehension of the beautiful. It is a moving wheel whose vantage point is constantly changing. Art is created in order to overcome the possibilities of communication between individual nations.
Was last modified: January 12th, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva
- What are spheres of public life?
- What are the spheres of public life?
- How are different spheres of social life interconnected?
The structure of society has always interested people. Have you thought about it? For many centuries, scientists have tried to create a model, an image, with the help of which it was possible to reproduce a human society for study. It was represented in the form of a pyramid, a clockwork, likened to a branchy tree.
Spheres of life of society
Society is intelligently organized. Each of its areas (part) performs its functions, satisfies certain needs of people. Remember what needs are.
Spheres of public life - areas of public life in which the most important needs of people are satisfied.
Scientists identify four main spheres of social life: economic, political, social and spiritual. This division is arbitrary, but it helps to better navigate the diversity of social phenomena.
The economic sphere includes firms, enterprises, factories, banks, markets, mines, etc. That is, everything that allows society to produce such a quantity of goods and services that will satisfy the vital material needs of people - for food, housing, clothing, leisure, etc. .d.
The main task economic sphere- the organization of the activities of large groups of people for the production, consumption (purchase and use of the purchased for their own purposes) and the distribution of goods and services.
The entire population participates in economic life. For the most part, children, pensioners, and the disabled are not producers of material goods. But they participate in the exchange - when they buy goods in the store, distribution - when they receive pensions and benefits, and, of course, in the consumption of material goods. You do not yet create material goods, but you actively consume them.
The political sphere includes the state and public authorities and administration. In Russia, this is the President, government, parliament (Federal Assembly), local authorities authorities, army, police, tax and customs services, and political parties. The main task of the political sphere is to ensure order in society and its security, resolve social conflicts, adopt new laws and monitor their implementation, protect external borders, collect taxes, etc.
The social sphere includes the everyday relationships of citizens, as well as the relationships of large social groups of society: peoples, classes, etc.
The social sphere also includes various institutions for ensuring the life of people. These are shops, passenger transport, utilities and consumer services (housing management companies and dry cleaners), catering(canteens and restaurants), healthcare (clinics and hospitals), communications (telephone, post office, telegraph), as well as leisure and entertainment facilities (parks of culture, stadiums).
An important place in the social sphere is occupied by the bodies of social protection and social security. They are called upon to provide social assistance to those in need: pensioners, unemployed, large families, disabled people, low-income people. You learned about how social assistance is provided to families in the 5th grade.
The spiritual realm includes science, education, religion and art. It includes universities and academies, research institutes, schools, museums, theaters, art galleries, cultural monuments, national art treasures, religious associations, etc. It is in this area that the accumulation and transfer of the spiritual wealth of society to the next generations is carried out, and people and entire societies find the answer to the question about the meaning of life and their existence.
What areas of public life are shown in the photographs? Give reasons for your answer.
The relationship of the four spheres of society
So, we have identified four main areas modern society... But this does not mean that they exist separately from each other. On the contrary, they are closely related and affect each other. For example, if the country's economy does not fulfill its tasks, does not provide the population with a sufficient amount of goods and services, does not expand the number of jobs, then the standard of living drops sharply, there is not enough money to pay wages and pensions, unemployment appears, and crime increases. Thus, successes in one, economic, sphere affect well-being in another, social.
The economy can strongly influence politics, there are many examples of this in history.
Additional reading
The Byzantine Empire and Iran fought with each other for many years over which of them would collect duties from merchants who drove caravans along the Great Silk Road. As a result, they exhausted their strength in these wars, and the Arabs took advantage of this, who seized most of their possessions from the Byzantine emperors, and conquered Iran entirely.
Explain how given example shows the relationship between the economic and political spheres.
The social sphere is directly related to political life. Changes in the political sphere, for example, the change of power, the arrival of other politicians in government, can worsen the living conditions of people. But feedback is also possible. The reason for the change of power was often the indignation of the masses at the worsening of their situation. For example, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist also because the taxes imposed by the emperor were unbearably high for his subjects and they preferred the power of the barbarian kings to the imperial.
Let's sum up
There are four spheres of social life: economic, political, social and spiritual. The spheres of public life satisfy the basic needs of people and are closely interconnected with each other.
Basic terms and concepts
Spheres of social life: economic, political, social, spiritual.
Test your knowledge
- What spheres can a society be divided into? Give brief description every area of society. What is their significance for society?
- Explain how different areas of society influence each other. Use the diagram on p. twenty.
- In your opinion, which of the spheres of social life is the most important? Explain your answer.
Workshop
My quiet homeland!
Willows, river, nightingales ...
My mother is buried here
In my childhood ...
Where I swam for fish
Hay is rowed into the hayloft:
Between river bends
People dug a channel.
Tina is now a swamp
Where he loved to swim ...
My quiet homeland
I haven't forgotten anything.
New fence in front of the school
The same green space.
Like a funny crow
I'll sit down on the fence again!
My wooden school! ..
The time will come to leave -
The river behind me is foggy
Will run and run ...
(social studies grade 9 OGE)
1. The concept of society as a system.
2. Subsystems of society:
a) political;
b) economic;
c) social;
d) spiritual.
3. The concept of elements (subsystems) of social life.
4. Political sphere:
a) the state;
b) power;
c) legislative activity;
d) elections, referendum.
5. Economic sphere:
a) production;
c) consumption;
d) distribution of material wealth.
6. Social sphere:
a) friendship;
c) love;
d) conflict.
7. Spiritual realm:
a) education;
b) religion;
d) art.
8. The relationship of all spheres of public life.
All spheres of social life are closely interconnected, since they are part of a single mechanism called society. Thus, the political sphere affects all spheres of society through the established rules of behavior in a particular industry, whether it be the economy, where property rights are protected, be it the social sphere, where the behavior of citizens is regulated, their basic rights and obligations are enshrined. Politics also affects the education system, art, religion and science, also establishing certain orders there.
Economy is the creation, exchange, consumption and distribution of material goods. Without these material benefits, a person will not be able to satisfy his most important vital needs, not to mention spiritual ones. Thus, the economy provides society with material benefits, which has a positive effect on the life of all other spheres of public life.
The spiritual sphere carries the role of the formation of the spiritual world of the individual, his values, ideals, guidelines. Education prepares the society for outstanding politicians, entrepreneurs and leaders of different directions.
The social sphere helps people to perform certain activities together. Make friends, create families, and so on. If a conflict arises in the social sphere, then it is also reflected in other subsystems of society.
Spheres of society are a set of relations of a stable nature between various social objects.
Each sphere of society includes certain types of human activity (for example: religious, political, or educational) and established relationships between individuals.
- social (nations, peoples, classes, age and gender groups, and others);
- economic (productive relations and forces);
- political (parties, state, socio-political movements);
- spiritual (morality, religion, art, science and education).
Social sphere
The social sphere is a set of relations, enterprises, industries and organizations related to and determining the level and life of society and its welfare. This area primarily includes a range of services - culture, education, health care, physical education, social Security, catering, passenger transport, utilities, communications.
The concept of "social sphere" has different meanings, but they are all interconnected. In sociology, this is a sphere of society that includes various social communities and close ties between them. In political science and economics, it is a set of industries, organizations and enterprises whose task is to improve the standard of living of society.
This area includes various social societies and the relationship between them. Taking a certain position in society, a person enters into different communities.
Economic sphere
The economic sphere is a set of relations between people, the emergence of which is due to the creation and movement of various material goods; it is the area of exchange, production, consumption and distribution of services and goods. The mode of production and distribution of material goods is the main factor that determines the specifics
The main task of this sphere of society is to address such questions as: "what, how and for whom to produce?" and "how to harmonize the processes of consumption and production?"
The structure of the economic sphere of society's life consists of:
- - labor force (people), tools and objects of working life;
- production relations is the production of goods, their distribution, further exchange or consumption.
Political sphere
The political sphere is the relationship of people who are primarily connected directly with the authorities and are engaged in ensuring joint security. The following elements of the political sphere can be distinguished:
- political institutions and organizations - revolutionary groups, presidency, parties, parliamentarism, citizenship, and more;
- political communications - forms and connections of interaction between various participants in the political process, their relationship;
- political norms - moral, political and legal norms, traditions and customs;
- ideology and political culture - ideas of a political nature, political psychology and culture.
Spiritual realm
This is the area of immaterial and ideal formations, which include various values and ideas of religion, morality and art.
The structure of this sphere of society includes:
- morality is a system of ideals, moral norms, actions and assessments;
- religion - various forms of worldview, which are based on faith in the power of God;
- art - the spiritual life of a person, artistic perception and development of the world;
- education is a process of teaching and upbringing;
- law - norms that are supported by the state.
All spheres of society are closely interconnected
Independence is inherent in each sphere, but at the same time, any of them is in close interaction with the rest. The boundaries between spheres of society are transparent and blurred.
- The use of customer-supplied raw materials for the production of finished products: accounting, consumption rates, write-off Reflection of services for the processing of materials
- Terms of payment of insurance premiums and submission of reports under the new rules
- Reminder of admission to off-budget (paid) places How to pay for tuition
- Online courses for accountants, distance accounting courses online, online training for accountants Accounting for cash transactions and transactions with accountants