Agro-industrial complex of Russia.
2. Agro-industrial complex (AIC) is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sale, as well as industries that provide agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
2.1. Three main areas of the agro-industrial complex.
There are three main areas in the structure of the agro-industrial complex:
v The first the scope includes industries that produce capital goods for Agriculture: tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, agricultural production construction, mixed fodder and microbiological industry serving agricultural production, etc.
v The second sphere - agriculture. Agricultural production is the central link in the country's agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods.
Agriculture is a special sphere of the economy, which is fundamentally different from all other spheres, because the main means of production in agriculture is land. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor; with rational use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its main and valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically replaced by others. The land is both a means of production and an object of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which causes unevenness in the production of goods, the use of labor, the consumption and use of material and financial resources during a year.
Main branches of agriculture:
O crop production with subsectors:
grain farming
(the main grain crops are wheat, rye, millet, buckwheat, barley, rice, oats, corn). This is the leading branch of agriculture, which meets the needs of the population in bakery products, and livestock - in high-quality forage.
production of industrial crops
Technical include fibrous(cotton, flax), oilseeds(sunflower, mustard, soy), sugar bearers(sugar beet), tonic(tea) crops used as raw materials for certain industries (sugar, textile, etc.)
vegetable growing(growing crops such as cabbage, beetroot, carrots, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers)
gardening(growing fruit and berry crops)
O animal husbandry with subsectors:
cattle breeding(main products are milk and meat)
pig breeding(products - meat, fat, leather, the level of development is highest in the zones of highly developed grain farming, potato growing)
sheep breeding(besides meat, wool is also a valuable raw material for the textile industry)
poultry(products - meat, eggs, fluff)
rabbit breeding(Meat)
pond fishing
beekeeping(honey, wax)
The location of agricultural production depends on the following factors:
· Natural factors affect the location, its sectoral structure, cause territorial differences and instability of production volumes over the years.
The most important natural factors in the location and specialization of the economy are the following:
1) soil quality
2) the duration of the frost-free period
3) the sum of active temperatures (heat supply)
4) total solar radiation (provision with light)
5) moisture conditions, (amount of precipitation)
6) topographic conditions of the area (plains, hills)
7) the likelihood of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion)
8) provision of water resources
Agricultural crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in the required amount of heat, light, moisture, make their own requirements for the quality of soil. This also determines the peculiarities of their placement not only by region, but also within individual farms. Natural factors, through the fodder base, also influence the location of livestock breeding. The development of science and technology makes it possible to weaken the influence of natural conditions, but up to certain limits.
In this regard, land reclamation is of paramount importance. (Land reclamation is a system of organizational, economic and technical measures to radically improve unfavorable hydrolytic, soil and other unfavorable conditions of lands in order to use them most efficiently.) Only it can ensure high and stable yields.
1. forest reclamation - afforestation of slopes, ravines, creation of field shelter belts;
2. agromelioration - the correct choice of depth and direction of plowing, etc .;
3. water reclamation - drainage, watering and irrigation;
4. chemical reclamation - the introduction of chemicals into the soil: lime, gypsum, etc .;
5. Cultural and technical reclamation - surface cultivation, stone cleaning.
The greatest effect is provided by complex land reclamation, i.e. simultaneous carrying out of several reclamation activities.
To a greater extent natural factors affect the location of crop production sectors, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others, it is much broader (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.).
The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is grazing livestock (reindeer husbandry, horse breeding, etc.). It is influenced by factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the length of the period of their use.
For the location of agriculture are also extremely important socio-demographic factors.
The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; there are regional features of the structure of consumption of this product. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural population... In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products, characterized by unequal labor intensity, develops. Increased migration of the population in a number of regions limits the production of labor-intensive types of products.
The most labor-intensive are the production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Placement and specialization are also influenced by the interests of the local population.
· Economic factor placement of agriculture
1) the location of farms in relation to the consumer, to sales markets and the presence of processing enterprises, tanks for storing raw materials and final products,
2) provision of production and transport infrastructure, quality Vehicle and ways of communication, transportability of products, the development of interregional ties
3) the level of scientific and technological progress, the achievements of science and technology, which make it possible to dramatically increase the efficiency of one or another agricultural production, expand the areas of production, remove strict restrictions on the specific weight of certain crops in crop rotation, etc.
4) location of farms in relation to auxiliary bases. The location of commercial livestock farming is based primarily on bringing it closer to fodder supplies and consumers of products. Breeding of dairy cattle, pig breeding and poultry farming are located mainly near areas of developed agriculture, which is the main, largest and most versatile base for the production of various and highly productive feed. Breeding of cattle for beef production and sheep breeding are located where there are natural hayfields and pastures, which saves money and labor for transporting feed.
v B third the agro-industrial complex includes processing industries:
O Food industry
The main purpose of the food industry is food production. The food industry is characterized by a complex structure. It includes over two dozen subsectors with numerous specialized industries (bakeries, meat processing plants, dairies, confectionery, oil and fat, beer and soft drinks, large flour-grinding plants, etc.)
The location of the food industry is based on two factors:
Raw materials
The focus on raw materials is due to the consumption of materials in the food industry.
Consumer
The low transportability of agricultural raw materials is taken into account, which is explained by the deterioration of its quality during long-term transportation and storage.
O Light industry
The processing of agricultural raw materials for the light industry is the processing of flax for the textile industry, beets for the production of sugar, etc.
The territorial organization of light industry is influenced by the raw material factor.
Balanced development of all links of the agro-industrial complex - necessary condition solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials.
2.2. Development of the agro-industrial complex.
Intensification is an increase in material labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, and reduce the cost of a unit of production.
The worldwide intensification of agricultural production in various regions on a machine and agrotechnical basis, for which it is necessary in agricultural policy to give priority to the development of large farms of various forms of ownership, turning them into high-value and low-cost production with the expansion of various types of production and supply and marketing cooperation.
Necessary conditions for the successful development of the agro-industrial complex:
1. Equipping with modern technology (mechanization of production)
2. Introduction of new scientific developments (chemicalization, land reclamation, improvement of production technology)
3. Solving social issues (issues of the village, personnel)
4. Development transport infrastructure(construction, renovation of auto and railways)
5. Development of ties between all spheres of the agro-industrial complex
3. Agroindustrial complex of Russia.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex in Russia is far from perfect; there are serious structural imbalances. An important problem that hinders the normal, balanced development of the entire agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the means of production.
The formation of a production market, an increase in the quality of products of the branches of the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex are necessary for the creation of highly efficient agricultural production in Russia.
The natural resource potential of Russia makes it possible to produce almost all major types of agricultural products. Nevertheless, our country is one of the main food importers. The main reasons are ineffective production, large losses and poor product quality.
There are three agricultural zones in Russia:
North Caucasian- supplies the market with grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets (factory), vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oil, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, tobacco, flax, meat, wool.
Central Black Sea- grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley, legumes), sunflower, vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oils, tobacco, milk, meat, eggs.
Povolzhsky- grain, melons, vegetables, berries, meat, milk, wool.
An important problem is the development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. It includes the North-West, Central, Volga, Ural regions. These areas are industrially developed; more than 40% of the total population of Russia is concentrated here. Therefore, the problem of providing people with food is acute. The non-black earth zone of Russia is at the same time a large agricultural region with significant production volumes and with established specialization. Nevertheless, the needs of the population for foodstuffs are far from being fully satisfied.
The main goal of modern agricultural policy- the formation of an effective and sustainable agro-industrial production, which provides the population with food, and the industry with agricultural raw materials, an increase in the income level of those employed in agro-industrial production, social development of the countryside, ensuring the country's food security.
The situation in the agrarian sector is complicated by the lack of effective state financial support, sharply deteriorated material and technical support, pricing that has taken ugly forms, a system of forming state food resources that is unprofitable for producers, and a number of other reasons.
Agrarian reform
Problems cause the need for an active agrarian reform, the main directions of which are:
Land reform(creation in progress economic mechanism, regulation of land relations and stimulation of rational use and protection of land).
Creation market infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex (agricultural exchanges, banks, trading houses, auctions are being created and functioning, systems for collecting, storing, processing information, insurance systems for agricultural enterprises are being developed).
For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure rural transformation(housing construction, construction of cultural facilities, health care, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications, i.e. create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages and sparsely populated regions).
Modern agrarian policy Russia is aimed at bringing the agrarian sector of the economy out of the crisis.
State priorities in agriculture:
Grain export development
Forced breeding of livestock
Sustainable development of agricultural areas
The leading role in the development of agriculture is played by the national project "Effective Agriculture", the implementation of which began in 2005.
Structure and purpose of functioning
Introduction
Introduction
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
Conclusion
Bibliography
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies their products to sixty industries.
Agro-industrial complex Russian Federation includes industries with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including the branches for the production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry), forestry and fisheries.
2. Industries processing agricultural raw materials (food industry, light industry related to the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Branches of industry producing means of production for agriculture and processing agricultural products (agricultural engineering, tractor engineering, mechanical engineering, producing equipment for the food and light industries, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agricultural products produced, agriculture provides only 13%).
Actual task modern development Agroindustrial complex - the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
An acute development problem that has arisen in the conditions economic reforms and the long-term crisis development of the agro-industrial complex - the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. This contributed to the progressive deterioration of equipment (in the processing industries it reaches 75%), a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land decreased by more than 10 times), a reduction in the fleet of automobiles, tractors and agricultural equipment (for the specified period - almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, should be recognized as the most important element national economy, the main objectives of the functioning of which, in our opinion, will be:
Meeting the needs of the population at the level of scientifically grounded standards in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such a quantity of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure the country's food security, i.e., independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agro-industrial system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It provides more than half of all agricultural products, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of industries - plant growing (farming) and animal husbandry with such subsectors as grain farming, forage production, industrial crops production, horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fur farming, pond fish farming and dr.
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products in the country, being the leading branch of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.
More than half of the country's sown area is occupied by cereals. Over the years economic crisis the area under grain crops was reduced. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a decrease in the harvest of grain crops (at the end of the 1990s, the annual harvest was 60 - 70 million tons), and a drop in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on warmth and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country, barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and not demanding crop, are placed in the forest zone. The heat-loving grain corn crop is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga Region (the so-called "corn belt").
The main cereal crops in Russia are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisture and does not tolerate high air temperatures, and therefore it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga - Akhtubinskaya floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are fiber flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is picky about moisture and not picky about soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beet mainly grows in the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop - sunflower - is grown in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth region, in the southern regions of the Urals and Western Siberia... Mainly in the same areas, there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south Of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Potatoes are cultivated practically everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, and some other regions, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the branches of animal husbandry, cattle breeding is of leading importance. Dairy and dairy - beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in suburban areas, gravitating towards the consumer, and secondly, in areas where juicy green fodder is grown, contributing to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the named specialization of cattle breeding are the Non-Black Earth Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in arid steppe and semi-desert regions - the North Caucasus, the South Urals and the Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural pastures, which, as a rule, are unsuitable for other types of livestock. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine fleece sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and northwest of the Non-Black Earth Region.
Pig breeding, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive branch of animal husbandry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the zones of grain farming and potato growing (the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central regions), and secondly, in the suburban areas, where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Poultry farming is located almost everywhere - one of the most early maturing branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountainous steppe regions of Siberia. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and southern Siberia (Altai, Sayan), maral breeding has developed, in the tundra and northern taiga zones, the main branch of animal husbandry is reindeer breeding.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and in the agro-industrial complex of Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasian economic region, where the main commercial agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Povolzhsky economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The rest of the economic regions are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Uralskiy region exports grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cellular fur farming and reindeer husbandry; Central and Volgo-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cellular fur farming and antler reindeer breeding; Far East - soybeans, rice, products of cellular fur farming, antler and reindeer breeding.
The food industry is one of the component parts Agroindustrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: food-flavoring (flour-cereals, sugar, bakery, oil-and-fat, confectionery, wine, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw materials and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries focused on the sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, butter, milk canning, butter, fruit and vegetable canning, etc.
2. Industries predominantly gravitating towards places of consumption finished products- bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Industries located at the same time in raw materials and consumer areas - meat, flour - cereals, tobacco, etc.
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Introduction
2. Features of the branches of the agro-industrial complex
Introduction
An industry is a set of enterprises and organizations characterized by a common product, production technology, fixed assets and professional training of workers.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest intersectoral complex, uniting several sectors of the economy, aimed at the production and processing of agricultural raw materials and obtaining products from it, brought to the end consumer. Agro-industrial complex (AIC) - a set of sectors of the country's economy, including agriculture and industries closely related to agricultural production, carrying out transportation, storage, processing of agricultural products, supplying them to consumers, providing agriculture with machinery, chemicals and fertilizers, serving agricultural production.
The agro-industrial complex includes 4 spheres of activity: Agriculture - the core of the agro-industrial complex, which includes plant growing, animal husbandry, farms, personal subsidiary plots, etc. fertilizers, chemicals, and others. Industries that are engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials: food industry, industries for the primary processing of raw materials for light industry. Infrastructure block - industries that are engaged in the procurement of agricultural raw materials, transportation, storage, trade in consumer goods, training for agriculture, construction in the agro-industrial complex.
1. Concept and structure of the industry
The national economy of Russia is a set of interconnected industries, each of which performs a specific economic function and differs in a number of essential features, such as the type and purpose of the products, the characteristics of the means of production, professional quality workers, etc. All sectors of the national economy are usually divided into two groups: material production and socio-cultural sphere (non-material production). In the industries of the first group, a material and material product is created, in the second group, an intellectual and information product.
At present, more than 300 branches are distinguished in the Russian economy; some of them, which have close technological ties, are combined into complexes: fuel and energy, machine-building, chemical-forestry, etc. The agro-industrial complex has a particularly complex sectoral structure; about 80 branches of the national economy are directly or indirectly involved in it. The industrial branches of the agro-industrial complex include food, which includes food (sugar, bakery, confectionery, pasta, fat and oil, fruit and vegetable), meat, dairy, flour and cereals and feed; lightweight (textile, leather and fur, shoe); mechanical engineering for the agro-industrial complex, etc.
The main (complex) branch of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. At the earlier stages of the social division of labor, it included only two sub-branches - agriculture and animal husbandry. In the future, the production of various products gradually emerged into independent industries - grain farming, sugar beet production, vegetable growing, horticulture, cattle breeding, pig breeding, etc. All of them differ in the types of products produced, technology and organization of production, systems of machines used. At the same time, large industries are subdivided into smaller ones. For example, animal husbandry includes cattle breeding and other industries, and cattle breeding, in turn, is divided into dairy and beef cattle breeding, raising pedigree young cattle.
For the purpose of rational use of land, material and labor resources in agricultural enterprises, there are usually several branches; on economic value they are divided into main, additional and auxiliary (auxiliary).
The main ones are the industries that play the most important role in the economy of the economy and have the largest share in their marketable output. Among them, one main industry can stand out, which accounts for more than 50% in the structure of commercial products.
Additional industries, like the main ones, are commodity, but they are of less importance in the economy of the economy, contributing to the development of the main industries. They allow more efficient use of available production resources and generate additional income.
Ancillary industries, as a rule, are non-commodity; they ensure the normal functioning of the main and additional industries (for example, feed production).
2. Features of the branches of the agro-industrial complex
Each sector of the national economy is characterized by specific means of production, labor skills of workers, manufactured products, production relations. Agro-industrial production has its own specifics, which must be taken into account when carrying out entrepreneurial activities.
The first feature of agriculture is that land is the main, irreplaceable means of production. Unlike other means of production, it does not wear out when used correctly, but retains its qualities. Land resources used in agriculture differ sharply in fertility and location, which leads to the emergence of differential rent I; commodity producers with better soil and located closer to sales markets receive additional income(profit).
The second feature is that living organisms (plants and animals) that develop in accordance with biological laws act as specific means of production in agriculture. Economic process reproduction in agriculture is intertwined with natural, natural.
The third feature is the spatial dispersion of agricultural production; it is carried out in different soil and climatic conditions, and this has to be taken into account when choosing the means of mechanizing production processes, selecting varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds, chemicalization and land reclamation.
The fourth feature is that the results of agricultural production strongly depend on natural conditions, while this factor does not significantly affect industrial production. For example, the yield of grain crops in the Central Economic Region is 12-15 centners per hectare, and in the North Caucasus - 22-25 centners per hectare; the cost of production in the second region is 40-45% lower than in the first. In addition, natural and climatic conditions have a significant impact on the location and specialization of agriculture. Many crops can only be cultivated under certain climatic conditions. Weather conditions have a strong impact on market conditions. So, in 2002, favorable for the cultivation of grain crops, the volume of grain production in Russia amounted to 86.6 million tons - 30% more than in 2000.
The fifth feature is that in agriculture the working period does not coincide with the period of production, which leads to a large seasonality of production, primarily in crop production. This is most clearly manifested in the cultivation of winter grain crops. The period of their production begins in July-August, from the moment of soil preparation and sowing, and ends in July of the next year with the harvest. During this time, the working period is interrupted and resumed several times, while the production period, which is mainly determined by the natural conditions of plant growth and development, continues continuously. This has a significant impact on the organization of production, the use of technology and labor resources. Seasonality is also typical for the processing industry, since agricultural raw materials are supplied very unevenly throughout the year. For example, sugar factories are most busy in September - November, during the period of harvesting root crops and their delivery to the factory; dairies - in the spring-summer period, the volume of milk production on farms usually increases.
The sixth feature of agriculture is that the products created in it often continue to be used in the industry itself (seeds, feed, young livestock, organic fertilizers, etc.); on the contrary, industry receives its main raw materials from enterprises in other sectors. This feature is associated with the specificity of production technologies. In agriculture, the technological process is based on biological factors characteristic of living organisms, while in industry, the technology is based on chemical, physical and mechanical processes.
The seventh feature is the high capital intensity of the industry, the low rate of capital turnover, which makes agriculture less attractive for investment in comparison with other industries and objectively increases the need for government assistance.
The eighth feature is associated with the conditions of use of technology. In agriculture, as a rule, the implements of production (tractors, machines, combines and other agricultural machinery) move, and the objects of labor (plants) are motionless. In industry, on the contrary, objects of labor (raw materials) are usually moved, and equipment, machines, machine tools are fixed in place. Agricultural machinery is very specific and many machines can be used to produce one type of product. In fact, each sub-industry has its own set of machines. Therefore, the total demand for equipment per unit of production is much higher here than in industry.
The ninth feature of agriculture is that the social division of labor here manifests itself in a different way than in industry, where enterprises are usually highly specialized. Most agricultural enterprises produce several types of marketable products, developing both crop and livestock production. This allows the efficient use of by-products (for example, grain waste and manure), as well as land resources that are unsuitable for the cultivation of field crops.
The tenth feature is the price inelasticity of demand for agricultural products; the coefficient of elasticity in this case is much less than one (in most developed countries it is 0.2-0.25). This means that prices for agricultural products must be reduced by 40-50% in order for consumers to increase their purchases by only 10%. This significantly worsens the financial conditions for the development of the industry and requires great efforts to stabilize the market.
Finally, the eleventh feature of agriculture is the presence of a large number of similar commodity producers, which creates conditions for high competition in the market. This makes it impossible for an individual agricultural enterprise or their group to influence the market price; the conditions for creating a monopoly are absent here.
The above and some other features of agro-industrial production must be taken into account when analyzing and assessing the functioning of agricultural enterprises.
agroindustrial rural livestock
List of used literature
1. Brief Dictionary of Economics, M., 1987
2. Economics of the agro-industrial complex - Ed. Dr. I.A.Minakov, Moscow: KolosS, 2004
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Determination of the role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region. "Green Revolution" as a transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. Indicators of the efficiency of plant growing, animal husbandry, fishing.
Agro-industrial production technologies
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest intersectoral subdivision in the country's economy. Its constituent industries account for about a third of the gross social product and production fixed assets.
Agro-industrial complex (AIC)
The set of branches of the national economy, interconnected technologically, economically and organizationally. The main goal of their joint activity is to provide the population with food products and goods produced from agricultural raw materials.
The activity of the agro-industrial complex is provided by the production infrastructure - transport, communications, material and technical supply, energy and water supply, in total about 80 industries.
The agro-industrial complex is based on 3 areas of activity:
fund-forming industries
directly agriculture;
branches for the processing of agricultural raw materials.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex is shown in the diagram.
With the development of scientific, technical and social progress, the role of fund-forming and processing industries is gradually increasing. This is due to an increase in food consumption. Modern technological capabilities make it possible to process the main types of agricultural raw materials as much as possible.
The efficiency of the agro-industrial complex enterprises depends on the internal balance of industries in terms of areas of activity. Unfortunately, at present, the development of the agro-industrial complex is characterized by a number of imbalances. Thus, the agricultural sector is still insufficiently provided with the means of production. In agricultural production, the share of manual labor is still high, about 70% of technological operations are performed manually, tractors and agricultural machines are not provided with a sufficient set of trailed and mounted implements, and there is not enough small-sized equipment. This situation is deteriorating due to the transition to market relations, a reduction in production volumes, and delayed financing of agriculture.
The development of the processing industry is constrained by the lack of modern packaging, refrigeration equipment, and a network of storage facilities. All this leads to huge losses of agricultural products.
In order to balance the work of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to increase the return on fund-forming industries and industries for the processing of agricultural products. In addition, it is necessary to develop an optimal organizational structure for managing agro-industrial production.
The main interrelated stages of agro-industrial production technology are presented in the diagram.
Scheme. Agro-industrial production technology
At each stage of agro-industrial production, specific technologies are used. So, in the production of agricultural products, intensive technologies of farming and animal husbandry are used, which make it possible to consistently obtain high results with the help of selection work, mechanization and automation of labor, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Plant protection technology includes a set of measures:
agrotechnical (pre-sowing, post-sowing, post-harvest tillage);
chemical (seed dressing, spraying of crops with pesticides, disinfection of storage facilities);
biological (use of biological preparations, bacterial baits, beneficial insects).
Depending on the characteristics of an agricultural product, the following processing industries (technologies) are distinguished as independent:
flour and elevator;
bakery;
macaroni and cereal;
dairy, meat and cheese making;
production of meat products;
production of fish products;
sugar production;
confectionery;
microbiological, etc.
The sale of agricultural products can also be carried out in various ways (sale to the state, sale on the market, barter exchange, etc.).
In a market economy, along with collective farms (collective farms, state farms), farms and peasant farms, limited liability companies, closed and open joint stock companies and others. All of them manufacture products in a highly competitive environment.
Specific features of agriculture
In agriculture, the same general economic laws apply as in other sectors of the national economy. However, they manifest themselves taking into account the specific features of the industry.
Specific features of agriculture
The land is the main means of production. The earth does not wear out, and if used correctly, it improves its quality parameters.
Living organisms, such as animals and plants, which develop on the basis of biological laws, act as means of production.
The production of agricultural products is carried out on huge areas and is dispersed across different climatic zones. The end results are highly dependent on the conditions in which the production takes place.
The territorial distribution of agricultural production is associated with a large volume of transportation of manufactured products, equipment and material resources.
Products created in agriculture take part in the further production process as means of production (seeds, planting material, feed, livestock for the restoration and expansion of the herd of animals).
The working period does not coincide with the period of agricultural production. The period of production consists of the time when it is performed under the influence of human labor and when it is carried out directly under the influence of natural factors
Seasonality of agricultural production
Division of labor and specialization of production are manifested in a different way,
than in industry and other sectors of the national economy. For the rational use of resources, it is necessary to achieve an optimal combination of crop growing industries with livestock industries and the development of subsidiary industries and crafts.
The implements of production (machines, combines, agricultural machinery) are moving, and the objects of labor (plants) are in one place. The need for energy resources is much higher than in industry.
The employee does not have a permanent job
Links between agriculture and other branches of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Food subcomplexes
At present, agriculture cannot be considered in isolation from other industries that make up the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The latter is a set of sectors of the national economy associated with the development of agriculture, servicing its production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. As part of the agro-industrial complex, it is usually customary to distinguish 4 main areas:
The first is the production of means of production for the entire agro-industrial complex.
The second is agriculture itself.
The third is the industrial processing of agricultural products, as well as their procurement and sale.
The fourth is production and social infrastructure.
The effective functioning of the entire agro-industrial complex depends not only on the activities of agriculture, but also on the quality of work of all links involved in bringing the final product to the consumer. The cost of the final product of the agro-industrial complex (CK) consists of the mass of the net product created in agriculture (NPv) and a part of the net product of the food (light) industry (PE), as well as the branches of the sphere of circulation, transport and communications (PPt):
Ck = Chp + Chp + Chp
The result of cross-sectoral integration in the agro-industrial complex is the formation of product sub-complexes. The set of food sub-complexes forms a vertical cut organizational structure Agro-industrial complex, in which its overall goal is differentiated according to the main leading verticals. Allocation of food sub-complexes in the structure of the agro-industrial complex makes it possible to identify imbalances, apply a program-targeted approach to investment policy and management, based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the final product of each sub-complex.
Any product sub-complex is a set of enterprises and organizations, both for the production of raw materials and the receipt of finished products, and the industries serving the sub-complex. That is, the grocery subcomplex includes industries for the production of appropriate agricultural products (including selection and seed production, breeding of highly productive livestock breeds, etc.), production of equipment and other means of production, technology development, scientific research, procurement, storage, transportation, processing and sale of products of a specific industry.
In accordance with the product structure, the formation of food subcomplexes is carried out, the main of which are: grain products, potato products, fruits and vegetables, meat products, dairy products. Let's consider them in more detail.
Grain product subcomplex
In modern conditions, the Russian Federation is one of the largest grain-producing countries, ranking sixth in terms of population and fourth in the world in terms of grain production. The sown area for grain crops is more than 50% of all sown areas.
Grain is a universal food raw material and basic agricultural product. Increasing grain production is of decisive importance for the advancement of all branches of agriculture. This is determined by the multilateral ties of the grain product sub-complex with adjacent sectors of agriculture and industry.
Potato product subcomplex
Potatoes are an everyday and affordable food product for the majority of the population, a source of relatively cheap carbohydrates in the diet, a widespread feed for animals, and an irreplaceable raw material for the food and processing industries. Potatoes are an important technical raw material for the production of starch and alcohol. Potato processing products are used in food, meat and dairy, pharmaceutical, textile, leather and other industries.
Potatoes are grown everywhere, mainly in suburban areas, as they are not easily portable crops and require well-equipped special storage facilities. The largest areas of potato planting are concentrated in the Central, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural economic regions. Potato shortage is observed in the northern, eastern and southern regions of the country, which are regions with limited opportunities for the development of potato growing. Providing the population of these regions with potatoes requires additional expenditures of material and monetary funds for the transportation, storage and procurement of these products.
The main directions of increasing the efficiency of potato production are increasing the yield of tubers, the introduction of high-yielding varieties, the use of complex mechanization of cultivation and harvesting, the improvement of storage technology and the sale of products, the choice of ways and channels for the sale of products.
Vegetable and vegetable canning subcomplex
If products from grain and potatoes are of the most important energy value for the nutrition of the population, then vegetables and fruits are indispensable dietary products containing vitamins, useful minerals and easily digestible carbohydrates. An increase in the production of fruits and vegetables has been achieved at the present time at the expense of personal subsidiary plots of the population, collective gardening and horticulture. In the future, it is planned to increase the production of fruits and vegetables in open and protected ground, mainly due to large specialized farms of various forms of ownership (by the example of the Moscow and Leningrad regions). It is advisable to import into Russia only those vegetables, the production of which is impossible in the country.
The development of the vegetable and vegetable canning subcomplex takes place taking into account its organizational and production structure and technological ties. These ties are provided by contractual relations between enterprises and organizations that purchase products, form consignments and flows, and also ensure the promotion of products from manufacturer to consumer. For a year-round supply of fruits and vegetables to the population, it is necessary to develop a marketing infrastructure that ensures effective promotion of goods from producer to consumer, create conditions for the integration of agriculture with industry and trade.
Fruit and vegetable products are perishable and hardly transportable, which is associated with the peculiarities of the biochemical structure of vegetable and fruit crops, the presence of a large amount of water in their composition. For this reason, the transportation of fresh produce over long distances is very difficult and the processing of vegetables should be developed in places where they are grown. The main vegetable crop is cabbage, and tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers are consumed mainly in canned form. The largest processing capacities for fruits and vegetables are concentrated in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, and the Volgograd Region. Almost all fruit and vegetable products are used for personal consumption fresh, and only 7-8% are processed.
Dairy subcomplex
The task of the subcomplex is to provide the population of the country with milk and its processed products; without them, it is impossible to provide a high level of nutrition. The dairy subcomplex includes: dairy cattle breeding, fodder production, primary milk processing, milk processing in industrial conditions, transportation and sale of products.
By its structure, the dairy subcomplex consists of two main interrelated elements - livestock farms and processing enterprises, which are directly dependent on the country's food market (demand for dairy products and their supply).
Meat subcomplex
Meat is the main source of essential protein in the diet of the population. Livestock gives valuable species raw materials for industry, and the development of livestock industries makes it possible to productively use labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year.
The modern production process of bringing meat and meat products to the end consumer is ensured by the interaction of several economically isolated links - agriculture, procurement, storage and processing, wholesale and retail... The unity of these links and the integrity of the production process are realized through economic relationships.
Introduction
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
3. The main tasks of animal husbandry
4. Main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies their products to sixty industries.
The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes sectors with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including the branches for the production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry), forestry and fisheries.
2. Industries processing agricultural raw materials (food industry, light industry related to the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Branches of industry producing means of production for agriculture and processing agricultural products (agricultural engineering, tractor engineering, mechanical engineering, producing equipment for the food and light industries, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agricultural products produced, agriculture provides only 13%).
The urgent task of the modern development of the agro-industrial complex is the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
An acute development problem that arose in the context of economic reforms and a prolonged crisis in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. This contributed to the progressive deterioration of equipment (in the processing industries it reaches 75%), a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land decreased by more than 10 times), a reduction in the fleet of automobiles, tractors and agricultural equipment (for the specified period - almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, should be recognized as the most important element of the national economy, the main objectives of the functioning of which, in our opinion, will be:
Meeting the needs of the population at the level of scientifically grounded standards in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such a quantity of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure the country's food security, i.e., independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agro-industrial system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It provides more than half of all agricultural products, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of industries - plant growing (farming) and animal husbandry with such subsectors as grain farming, forage production, industrial crops production, horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fur farming, pond fish farming and dr.
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products in the country, being the leading branch of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.
More than half of the country's sown area is occupied by cereals. During the years of the economic crisis, the area under grain crops has been decreasing. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a decrease in the harvest of grain crops (at the end of the 1990s, the annual harvest was 60 - 70 million tons), and a drop in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on warmth and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country, barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and not demanding crop, are placed in the forest zone. The heat-loving grain corn crop is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga Region (the so-called "corn belt").
The main cereal crops in Russia are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisture and does not tolerate high air temperatures, and therefore it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga - Akhtubinskaya floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are fiber flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is picky about moisture and not picky about soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beet mainly grows in the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop - sunflower - is grown in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth region, in the southern regions of the Urals and Western Siberia. Mainly in the same areas there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Potatoes are cultivated practically everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, and some other regions, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the branches of animal husbandry, cattle breeding is of leading importance. Dairy and dairy - beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in suburban areas, gravitating towards the consumer, and secondly, in areas where juicy green fodder is grown, contributing to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the named specialization of cattle breeding are the Non-Black Earth Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in arid steppe and semi-desert regions - the North Caucasus, the South Urals and the Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural pastures, which, as a rule, are unsuitable for other types of livestock. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine fleece sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and northwest of the Non-Black Earth Region.
Pig breeding, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive branch of animal husbandry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the zones of grain farming and potato growing (the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central regions), and secondly, in the suburban areas, where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Poultry farming is located almost everywhere - one of the most early maturing branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountainous steppe regions of Siberia. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and southern Siberia (Altai, Sayan), maral breeding has developed, in the tundra and northern taiga zones, the main branch of animal husbandry is reindeer breeding.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and in the agro-industrial complex of Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasian economic region, where the main commercial agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Povolzhsky economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The rest of the economic regions are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Uralskiy region exports grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cellular fur farming and reindeer husbandry; Central and Volgo-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cellular fur farming and antler reindeer breeding; Far East - soybeans, rice, products of cellular fur farming, antler and reindeer breeding.
The food industry - one of the constituent parts of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: food-flavoring (flour-cereals, sugar, bakery, butter and fat, confectionery, wine, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw materials and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries focused on the sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, butter, milk canning, butter, fruit and vegetable canning, etc.
2. Industries, mainly gravitating towards places of consumption of finished products - bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Industries located at the same time in raw materials and consumer areas - meat, flour - cereals, tobacco, etc.
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
The location and specialization of agricultural sectors is influenced by natural and socio - economic factors, while the first group of factors has a predominant influence. Agricultural crops for their cultivation require certain natural conditions. The duration of the growing season, the requirements for heat, light and soil quality in agricultural crops are different, and therefore the boundaries of their distribution are not the same. The influence of natural factors on the location of livestock industries is manifested through the fodder base.
The main natural factors in the location of agricultural sectors are soil quality, the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply), total solar radiation (light supply), moisture conditions, precipitation, water supply, terrain relief conditions, etc.
Natural factors have the greatest influence on the location of crop growing industries.
Of the branches of animal husbandry, pasture animal husbandry is the most dependent on natural conditions (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding, as well as reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). The development of its industries depends on the availability of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the duration of their use.
An important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which leads to uneven use of labor throughout the year, makes agriculture dependent on natural production conditions, and causes uneven flow of products and cash incomes throughout the year. The peculiarity of agriculture is that it is biological in nature, i.e. plants and animals are used as means of production.
The most important natural factors in the location and specialization of agriculture are the following: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply); total solar radiation (provision with light); moisture conditions, amount of precipitation; the probability of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion); provision of water resources; topographic conditions of the area, etc. To a greater extent, natural factors affect the location of plant growing industries, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc .; for others, it is much broader (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the location of livestock breeding, manifesting themselves through the fodder base. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture animal husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). Here one can distinguish such factors as the presence of pastures, their size, the composition of vegetation and the duration of the period of their use.
Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products, therefore, there are regional features of the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products, characterized by unequal labor intensity, develops. The most labor-intensive industries are considered to be: vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Increased migration of the population in a number of regions is currently limiting the production of labor-intensive types of products. An important factor in the location and specialization is also the interests of the local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account and which in a number of cases significantly limit the possibility of production for the export of many types of products, which were previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.
To the most essential economic factors placement and specialization of agriculture can be attributed to:
1. Location of farms in relation to markets. The position of agricultural enterprises in relation to sales markets. The production of low-transportable agricultural products is concentrated near the mass consumer (areas where the population is concentrated). Big cities, agglomerations and urbanized areas contribute to the development of the suburban direction of specialization of agriculture (production of perishable and mass agricultural products).
2. Location of processing enterprises, which often determines the nature of specialization and the level of concentration of agricultural production. Thus, enterprises of the canning industry concentrate nearby vegetable growing, fruit growing, cattle breeding for dairy or meat production, and sugar factories concentrate crops for sugar beets, etc.
3. The nature of the development of transport, first of all, automobile, the provision of the territory with hard-surface roads.
The nature and condition of the means of communication also have a direct impact. Manufacturing products that are easy to transport can be concentrated in places where they are most efficient. The ability to transport products in large volumes also causes cheaper transportation.
4. Already created production potential agriculture: the availability of reclaimed land, the number of productive livestock, agricultural structures, industrial buildings, etc.
5. Area of agricultural land, their structure: the size of arable land and farmland per capita.
6. Economic efficiency of agricultural production, determined by a system of indicators, the main of which are: agricultural output and gross income per unit of land area and unit of material and labor costs, profitability of production. It should be noted that economic efficiency is influenced by the totality of all considered factors of the location and specialization of agriculture.
7. Features and stability of interregional ties in agricultural products. The possibility of purchasing agricultural products, their guarantee creates a basis for the development in certain regions of only those agricultural sectors for which there are the most favorable conditions... Of course, this takes into account the costs of purchasing the necessary agricultural products, their transportation in comparison with the costs of their production in the region.
8. Saturation of the territory with the main production assets consisting of technical (cars, agricultural machinery, etc.) and infrastructural (storage, industrial buildings, agricultural structures, energy and water supply systems, etc.) elements.
7. Provision of labor force. As you know, many sectors of agriculture are quite labor-intensive, therefore, the possibility of developing a number of industries, primarily in crop production, depends on the availability of a labor force in the region.
3. The main tasks of animal husbandry
The main task in the livestock industry is to create conditions for the production of products in terms of volume and quality, corresponding to the population of the country, food standards and at prices that ensure both the profitability of its production and commensurate with the size of the income of the majority of the population. If earlier the main task was to get as much production as possible, at almost any cost, now the main criterion has become the competitiveness and break-even of the industry. To successfully complete this task, along with solving other problems, it is necessary to ensure a high level of herd reproduction.
Happening in last years the reduction in the number of cattle does not indicate the curtailment of the livestock industry. Culling of livestock, including cows, takes place in agricultural enterprises with low animal productivity and unprofitable livestock production. Therefore, special attention in animal husbandry is paid to the creation of a highly productive dairy herd using decades of accumulated domestic and foreign breeding resources.
Poultry products are of particular social importance for stabilizing the food market.
In animal husbandry and other agricultural enterprises, advanced domestic and foreign technologies, machinery and equipment are being introduced into production, which make it possible to obtain competitive profitable products. In order to realize the genetic potential of animals and efficient production products, work is underway to strengthen the feed base, change the structure of feed and their rational use. In animal husbandry, long-term cultivated pastures with the use of portable electric fences serve this purpose. They allow you to get products with minimal costs.
4. Main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
There are two possible ways to increase the production of agricultural products - extensive (i.e., as a result of the expansion of cultivated areas, an increase in the number of livestock, etc. means of production, the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
The possibilities for extensive development have already been almost exhausted, therefore intensification (i.e., an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products from each hectare, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production) is the most effective and only possible way development of production.
The main directions of intensification are: complex mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increase in the power-to-labor ratio in agriculture, improvement of the used production technologies. Intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further development of agro-industrial integration.
Many agricultural enterprises do not have a real opportunity to cultivate the land assigned to them due to a lack of labor resources, material and technical equipment. On the other hand, there is not enough land to allocate to farmers and other newly created agricultural enterprises on the basis of new forms of farming, land plots for maintaining personal subsidiary plots where land can be used efficiently. Land reform is aimed at improving land fertility and maintaining ecological balance in agriculture.
The creation of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations and stimulating the rational use and protection of land is underway. It is important to take into account the principle of socially fair land redistribution and the creation of equal conditions for all forms of management. The land reform provides for the introduction of private ownership of land and the formation of a land market. When making the transition to private ownership of land, it is important that land does not become a means of profit, speculation, therefore, a mechanism has been developed state regulation by this process. It includes strictly targeted use of land, limitation of their size, temporary restriction on their sale, etc. New land management schemes are developed on the basis of a balance between the availability of land and the need for them, on the basis of an objective assessment of the state, distribution of land and the ability of land users to process them.
The economy of agricultural enterprises is negatively affected by the monopoly of enterprises of the processing industry and the sphere of agricultural services, which is increasing with the process of denationalization. As part of the ongoing agrarian reform, in opposition to monopoly, it is proposed to corporatize these enterprises with the transfer of a controlling stake to agricultural producers. For this, it is advisable on the part of the state through the system tax incentives, soft loans to financially and organizationally help agricultural enterprises to acquire shares.
One of the most important reasons for the decline in agricultural production is the inequality of exchange between agriculture and industries that produce the means of production for agriculture. The agrarian reform presupposes the implementation of measures that maintain the parity of prices for agricultural industrial Products through indexation, direct compensation to enterprises for costs associated with an increase in wholesale prices for material and technical resources, and the abolition of all types of taxes, except for land tax.
A market infrastructure is being created in the agro-industrial complex. Agrarian exchanges, banks, trading houses, auctions, etc. are being created and functioning, effective marketing Information Systems collection, storage and processing of information, insurance systems for agricultural enterprises.
For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure social transformations in the village (housing construction, construction of cultural, health care, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications), that is, to create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages, sparsely populated regions.
Conclusion
Agriculture is a very special area of production, main feature which - the presence of land as the main means of production. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, its size cannot be increased; with its correct use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its qualities, but even improves them, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically, being replaced by others. The land, being a means of production, acts both as a means of labor and as an object of labor.
The agro-industrial complex is actively developing new forms of management. At present, they are represented by peasant farms, associations of peasant farms, agro-cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, agro-consortia, and agricultural firms. The choice of one form or another depends on the specific conditions of the area, is carried out on a strictly voluntary basis, and the criterion of advantage can only be economic efficiency. In the coming years, 3/4 of agricultural products will be produced by large agricultural enterprises: associations of peasant farms, joint-stock enterprises, agricultural cooperatives created on the basis of collective and state farms. Peasant farms will give about 1% of total production, since even with serious government support (road construction, gasification, electricity supply, maintenance, product acceptance), they need long-term loans and at least 3-5 years to get on their feet ...
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- Peculiarities of interaction of insured organizations with the FSS, if they are located in the region where the pilot project is operating Interaction with the social insurance fund
- Keeping a journal of registration of cash documents
- A sample of filling out an order for an inventory
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