Table eastern macroregion far east egp. Information technology in geography lessons
Where can I find the problems of the Western and Eastern macroregions? and got the best answer
Answer from Pani Ezopenko [guru]
1. Comparative characteristics Western and Eastern macroregions of Russia. Nature, population, economy
Western macroregion (European part of the country) includes Central Russia, European North, Ural, Volga region, North Caucasus; Eastern macroregion (Asian part of Russia) - Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East.
EGP of the Western macroregion is more profitable than the Eastern one, since it borders on economically developed countries Europe, and the Eastern macroregion - with only one highly developed country- Japan. Lowlands prevail in the Western macroregion, while in the Eastern (with the exception of Western Siberia) - highlands and mountains. In the Eastern macroregion, the climate is more continental and harsh (severe frosts, permafrost prevails).
However, more than 80% of all natural resources countries (timber, hydropower resources, oil, natural gas, coal, metal ores, fresh water, fish, etc.). At the same time, 80% of the total population of the country, 75% of the townspeople live in the Western macroregion, 85% of industrial and agricultural products are produced, 90% of scientific centers are located, almost all large urban agglomerations. Thus, between the West and the East, there is an imbalance in the distribution of resources, population and economy.
The main sectors of specialization of the economy of the Western macroregion: manufacturing industry (mechanical engineering, chemical, light, food), agriculture, science; Eastern macroregion - mining industry (fuel, hydropower, forestry).
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Objectives: - to get acquainted with the history of the SMR, EGP, its composition, resources, problems and prospects for the development of the macroregion. -Continue to practice the skills and abilities of working with the atlas, textbook and contour map.
Asian Russia stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 12.8 million km 2, which is almost 75% of the territory of our country. This is much more than the territory of any country in the world. Asiatic Russia is home to 27,098 million people.
Working with the map Determine which states the region borders on Find the extreme points of Russia in this region and their coordinates Which seas wash the territory
Practical work Mark the economic regions of the Asian region on the contour maps of Russia. Draw extreme points. Apply the seas surrounding the region. Mark major cities.
Highlight the positive and negative aspects of EGP BMR. Washed by the waters of two oceans; removed from the center; lack of railways and highways in the northern regions; has a great length from north to south, from west to east; large economic regions; harsh climate and permafrost; borders on the Ural economic region; lack of labor resources in certain territories of the Asian macroregion; has huge reserves of mineral raw materials; the presence of large water resources; has a rail and road connecting the west and
Positive sides: it is washed by the waters of two oceans, borders on the Ural economic region, has huge reserves of mineral raw materials, the presence of large water resources and has railways and highways connecting the west with the east.
Negative sides: remote from the center, lack of railways and highways in the northern regions, has a large length from north to south and from west to east, large economic regions, severe climate and permafrost.
Working with the map-grade 8 Analyze the atlas map "silently", then show the large geographic objects of the region on the map.
Characteristics of the main resources Mineral resources - in the north and in the central part: oil, gas; in the southeast: coal, polymetallic and copper ores. Eastern Siberia: brown coal, bituminous coal, apatite, phosphorite, gold, iron, polymetallic ores, nickel ores. Far East: tin, copper ores, lignite and hard coal, oil and gas. Agroclimatic resources: as the area stretches from north to south, it runs from the cold arctic to the temperate zone. Soil resources - only the southern part of Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia is rich, since most of the territory is permafrost. Water resources are the large rivers Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, Lake Baikal. Forest - zone of taiga and mixed forests.
The geographic location of the western and eastern parts of Asian Russia is significantly different. The northern regions have much in common in nature, in economic problems, in the way of life of people. These areas are called the North Zone.
Zone of the North Near North The nature is less harsh, the regions are connected by year-round transport (railroad) with more southern, well-developed territories. Far North Severe nature, lack of permanent transport routes.
Population Compared to other territories of Russia, the number of inhabitants of the Eastern macroregion is small. If in the European part of the country the population density reaches 27 people / km 2, then in the Asian part it is 10 times less (2.5 people / km 2). The population is concentrated in the south - along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Here, in some areas, the density sometimes rises tens of times compared with the average. The selective nature of development, difficult conditions for farming predetermined the predominance of the urban population. In general, the share of urban residents in the macroregion is 73%. In some constituent entities of the Federation, the share of the urban population reaches 85 -90% (Kemerovo Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region). Currently, 230 cities are located here. The largest cities in the macroregion are millionaire cities - Novosibirsk (the third largest in the country) and Omsk (the seventh in number).
Using the textbook, compile and write down in the table the problems of the region and development prospects Problems Prospects
Problems Prospects Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union Use of meridional railways (two) river routes. ended up on the territory of the establishment of aviation Kazakhstan. intercontinental The need for reconstruction of communications through the inner Transsib. regions of the country. Economic reforms have led to the development of infrastructure reduction in the number of transport and social. population. Creation of new vehicles Conversion to defense vehicles. industry. Use of satellite Poor development of transport. communication.
District development problems. The development of a region with such a large resource base is constrained not only by the severity of the climate, but also by the extreme distance from the European part of Russia. Therefore, the development of transport is a vital issue for the macroregion.
Economic regions Districts Territory mln km 2 Population mln people Main natural resources Large cities West Siberian 2, 4 14, 6 Oil, gas, coal, Novosibirsk, Omsk, peat, iron ore, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, polymetals, Barnaul timber East -Sibirskiy 4, 1 8, 2 Coal, iron ore, copper, nickel, tin, molybdenum, uranium ores, gold, hydropower, forest resources Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Abakan Dalnevostochny 6, 2 6, 5 Coal, gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury, graphite, fish, forest, hydropower resources Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Yakutsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
The Eastern macroregion is the largest part of Russia in terms of area; it accounts for 75% of the territory (12.8 million km 2) of the country. The North zone includes 1/2 of Western Siberia, 2/3 of Eastern Siberia and 3/4 of the Far East, so the region is sparsely populated, only 22% of the population (32 million people) live here, about the same as in the Ural-Volga region.
On the geographical position The region is influenced by its extreme remoteness from the main industrially developed territory of Russia and wide external relations with foreign countries - Mongolia, China, NIS, Japan and the United States.
The Eastern macroregion is a storehouse of natural resources of Russia. Its northern part contains 80% of energy resources (including 85% of hydro resources) and timber, 75% of all fresh water reserves, the main production of diamonds and gold, the largest reserves of chemical raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores. Western Siberia accounts for 60% of peat reserves, it provides 70% of the oil produced and 90% of Russia's gas. In the southern zone there are favorable agro-climatic and soil resources for agriculture. The seas of the region are rich in fish and seafood, the fishing of sea animals is developed, furs are caught in the forests. Many areas are of recreational importance.
The bulk of the population is concentrated in the south, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. More than 200 cities are located here, including millionaire cities - Novosibirsk (1.4 million people), Omsk (1.2 million people). In the north, settlements are mostly focal.
Economically, the Eastern macroregion is focused on raw materials and energy-intensive industries. The territorial structure of the economy is formed on the basis of large deposits of minerals and centers of their primary processing, along the main railway lines. The backbone of industrial
production facilities are scientific centers and military-industrial complex - Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. The leading role in the economy of the region is played by the largest territorial-production complexes (TPK).
Western Siberia
West Siberian TPK, which has been formed since the 70s on the basis of oil production in the Sredneobskaya part of the region (Samotlorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Ust-Balykskoye) and gas - in the north (Urengoy, Zapolyarnoye, Yamburg). The pipeline system transports oil and gas primarily to the west, but also to the south and east. The largest cities: Omsk - a transport hub, a center for defense and precision engineering, petrochemical and food industries; Tomsk is the center of precision engineering, petrochemical and woodworking industries; Tyumen is the organizational center of the West Siberian TPK.
The Kuznetsk-Altai TPK specializes in the extraction of coal from the Kuzbass and the development of the ores of Gornaya Shoria. The largest metallurgical center is Novokuznetsk, where, next to the Kuznetsk combine, built in the 1930s, the West Siberian plant, ferroalloy plants, and an aluminum plant grew up.
Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Belovo (zinc smelting from local polymetallic ores) and Novosibirsk (production of tin and alloys based on Far Eastern concentrates).
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are used in mechanical engineering. In Kuzbass, metal-intensive machine building produces mining and metallurgical equipment. Machine tool building, instrument making and power engineering are developed in Novosibirsk, precision engineering - in Tomsk, agricultural - in Rubtsovsk, Barnaul and Novosibirsk. Large defense plants are located in Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk.
On the basis of Kuznetsk coal, powerful thermal power engineering and chemistry have developed. Yuzhnokuzbasskaya TPP (coal-fired), Surgutskaya GRES-1 and 2 (oil-fired) and Novosibirskaya HPP are combined into an energy system with power plants in Eastern Siberia. On the basis of coking coal in Kuzbass and natural gas (in Kemerovo), a chemical industry has been created, in Novosibirsk (production of mineral fertilizers), in Barnaul (production of chemical fiber, rubber products, pharmaceutical products). Large chemical production facilities are being created at the Tobolsk and Tomsk combines, gas chemical complexes in Surgut and Novy Urengoy.
The largest centers of the forest industry have developed at the intersection of waterways railways- Tomsk, Omsk, Biysk. In many cities of the region, light (cotton, woolen, sheepskin and fur, leather and footwear) and food (flour, meat, sugar) industries have developed greatly.
Eastern Siberia
The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy: the production of aluminum (about 3/4 of the all-Russian) at the largest plants located near the largest hydroelectric power plants - sources of cheap energy (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhov), copper and nickel (Norilsk, Udokan).
A powerful mining industry is developed in the region: coal mining (Kansko-Achinsky, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky, Tunguska basins, Norilsk), iron ore (Angara-Ilimskoye deposit), mining of tin, polymetallic, molybdenum, uranium and other ores, gold and diamonds.
The chemical and forestry complex is represented by logging, woodworking (the largest centers are Lesosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk) and pulp and paper production focused on cheap energy from hydroelectric power plants (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Baikalsk, Selenginsk). The chemical industry has been developed on the basis of the use of cheap energy, petroleum products, sawmilling, coal, sodium chloride and potassium salts. The range of manufactured products is very wide: from chemical fibers and synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products to pharmaceuticals. Chemical industry centers: Krasnoyarsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye.
The region's mechanical engineering produces equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Cheremkhovo), freight cars (Abakan), grain harvesters (Krasnoyarsk), instruments and much more. Mechanical engineering is also developed as part of the military-industrial complex, the largest center of which is Krasnoyarsk.
Agriculture in Eastern Siberia is aimed at meeting the needs of the region's population, specializing in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep breeding is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva. Among the branches of the food industry, meat (Abakan) and dairy (Kansk, Shushenskoye) industries are of great importance. Light industry is represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), footwear (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita), textile enterprises of woolen fabrics (Ulan-Ude, Cherno-gorek, Chita, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk ).
Far East
The Far East differs in natural terms from Siberia. The large area of the region and its length from north to south for more than 5 thousand km explain the existing differences in the nature and economic development of its southern and northern parts. In the south of the region, there is the border of Russia with China and the DPRK. In the north, the region is washed by the seas of the Arctic, and in the east - by the Pacific Ocean. The territory of the Far East combines vast plains (Zeisko-Bureinskaya, Prikhankaiskaya, Nizhneamurskaya, Kolymskaya) and the largest mountain systems and ranges (Sikhote-Alin, Bureinsky, Sredinny, Chersky, Verkhoyansky), Koryak and Kolyma highlands.
The climate of the region is characterized by great differences in the northern and southern parts. Within Yakutia, there is a cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere (Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon), in the southeast there is a monsoon climate. The Far East has a rich hydrographic network; it is a land of various natural landscapes, stretching from the zone of arctic deserts in the north to the Ussuri taiga in the south, where the flora of the subtropical belt (lemongrass, bamboo) is represented in the forests. Over 40% of the district's territory is covered with forests.
The natural resources of the region are large and varied. The Far East accounts for the bulk of the country's gold, diamonds, tin ores, a significant part of tungsten, antimony, as well as mercury, phlogopite mica, and fluorspar. Large reserves of coal and brown coal, oil, gas, iron ore, numerous deposits of graphite, phosphorites and other minerals have been explored. In the vast shelf zone, in addition to oil and gas, deposits of iron, manganese, magnesium, titanomagnetite sands have been explored.
The population of the Far East as a whole is distinguished by its relative youth and the smallest proportion of older ages. Until the beginning of the 90s, the population grew rapidly, therefore, among the current residents of the district, a large proportion of those born outside of it: from 30-40% in the southern part to 60-70% in the northern. The density of the population of the northern and southern parts is also significantly different.
The southern part of the Far East, along which the Trans-Siberian Railway runs, is the most developed and populated. Natural conditions are favorable for human life. More than 2/3 of the population of the district is concentrated here with the maximum density in the Primorsky Territory - 14 people / km 2, that is, even higher than the national average - 7.5 people / km 2.
Communication of the northern part of the Far East with the main territory of Russia is carried out only by sea and by air, the inhabitants consider themselves to be living on the island. This is the only region of Russia where sea transport plays the main role in intraregional transportation. The population density is almost 100 times less than in the south. Only the south of Sakhalin and the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area are relatively densely populated.
The main branches of the Far East specialization: mining, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy sectors, food and light industries.
The mining industry is represented by the extraction of gold and diamonds (Yakutia), non-ferrous metallurgy - by the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metal ores (tin, lead, mercury, zinc, tungsten).
The basis of the fishing industry (more than 1/2 of the Russian fishing and processing of fish and seafood) is oceanic fishing, in which fish processing and transport-refrigerated fleets are involved. A powerful fish processing industry has been created - fleet bases, fishing ports, ship repair plants. The championship in catching and processing fish belongs to the Nakhodkinsky and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky complexes.
Among the branches of the timber industry in the Far East, sawmilling has been greatly developed in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur and Sakhalin Regions. Prospects for the development of the forestry complex are associated with the creation of industries for deep chemical and mechanical processing of wood.
The most developed branches of mechanical engineering include shipbuilding and ship repair, electrical engineering, agricultural engineering, production of equipment and machinery for the mining, timber processing and fishing industries. The main centers are Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk on the Amur, Vladivostok. In mechanical engineering, it is envisaged to change the specialization of a number of enterprises in accordance with the needs of the region.
In the Far East, agriculture is developed, focused on the production of meat and dairy products, vegetables, and potatoes. Oats, buckwheat, and rice are grown from cereals. The Far East is the main region for the production of soybeans, reindeer husbandry, fur farming, and hunting.
The main task for the Eastern macroregion is the intensive development of processing industries.
Eastern macroregion. general characteristics
Target: 1. To form a general idea of the features of the Eastern macro-region. Pay attention to the large territory, the variety of natural conditions, the richness of natural resources, the low degree of exploration and development, poor population and transport availability, the focal nature of the location of production.
2. Improve the ability to compare, analyze, generalize.Continue to develop skills and abilities of working with atlases, textbooks.
Equipment:"Physical map of Russia", "Economic regions", textbook, atlases
During the classes
1. Organization of the class
2. Updating students' knowledge
1. Frontal conversation -
work with the map "Economic regions"
1. What large macro-regions is the territory of the country divided into?
2. What economic regions are located on the territory of the Western macroregion?
3. What economic regions are located on the territory of the Eastern macroregion?
4. Which maroregton has already been studied?
Let's remember what characteristic features possess the economic regions of the Western macroregion.
2. Work in pairs
Define the economic region of the Western Zone by a set of characteristics.
b) has a large port;
8. a) fertile soils;
3 . Learning new material
Getting to know the Eastern macroregion comparing it with the Western economic zone... The comparison will go according to plan. All data will be written to the table.
Comparison plan of macroregions (on tables).
2. Natural conditions:
a) relief;
b) climate;
c) the nature of the earth's crust;
d) inland waters.
3. Natural resources:
a) mineral;
b) aquatic;
c) agroclimatic;
d) biological;
e) land.
4. Population:
a) population size;
b) population density;
c) the level of urbanization;
d) migration;
e) cities.
5. Facilities:
b) the placement of industries.
6. Problems of the macroregion.
Signs
Teacher comment: The Eastern macroregion covers an area of 12.8 million km 2. This is 75% of the territory of our country and at the same time is much larger than the territory of any country in the world, including Canada, with which it has much in common
However, this vast territory is remote from the main economically developed regions of the Western zone.
From Western Siberia there is a huge flow of fuel, especially gas, as well as coal and oil, to the Western macro-region and even transit through it to European countries.
In the Eastern macro-region prevails over a vast territory, expanding to the east, the North zone with harsh nature, with areas difficult for people to live.
The North Zone occupies 1/2 of the territory of Western Siberia, 2/3 of Eastern Siberia and more than 3/4 of the Far East. This means that all costs (standards) are estimated here depending on the severity of nature and the remoteness of the territory from the developed areas.
Therefore, the North zone is conventionally subdivided into two parts: a) the Near North, the territory of which is less severe, and its regions are connected by year-round transport (that is, by rail) with more southern, well-developed territories; b) The Far North - with the most severe nature and the absence of permanent transport routes.
The more expensive effect of natural and economic factors leads to the fact that the cost of all work exceeds the indicators of the Main zone in the Far North - 4-5 times, in the Near North - 2-3 times. Houses in the northern version (insulated) require more building materials and costs. In order for people to stay in the North, not only higher wages and other material incentives are needed, but also good conditions supply with everything you need. All of this comes at a cost. Labor remuneration in the North is 1.5 to 3 times higher.
At present, in the Eastern macroregion, the share of the urban population sharply prevails, making up 74% in general, and in the Far East - 76%. There are about 900 urban settlements here, including 230 cities. The East has its own millionaire cities - Novosibirsk and Omsk. Seven cities are the largest (with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants).
It was here that the formation of powerful TPKs began, concentrating the most important industries (for example, the production of more than 65% of oil and gas).
The eastern macroregion, with its vast territory, is poorly developed by transport. In the Eastern macroregion in the 70s - 80s. large transport construction was carried out (BAM, roads to the West Siberian North, Amur-Yakutsk main line - AYAM, etc.).
The Eastern macro-region concentrates various reserves of natural resources. Its northern territories with extreme conditions and easily injured nature concentrate more than 80% of the country's energy resources, 80% of mature timber reserves, 75% of water (and 85% of hydropower) resources, the predominant share of non-ferrous and rare metals, and large reserves of chemical raw materials.
Conclusion:
1. The region occupies a huge territory, remote from the Central regions of Russia. The farther from the European part, the more difficult it is to maintain interregional ties.
The Eastern region needs to develop external economic ties with the countries of Central and East Asia.
The transport network is poorly developed, so it is necessary to build new roads, especially in the north of the region, to develop river and air transport.
2. Natural conditions are unfavorable (they do not facilitate, but complicate the development of the territory).
3. Natural resources are the richest, but their development is more expensive than in the European part of the country.
The economy of the region is based on local resources, but it is necessary to develop knowledge-intensive industries.
4. Very poorly developed infrastructure, difficult living conditions - the reason for the poorly populated area and the lack of labor resources.
4. Anchoring. What are the features of the Eastern macroregion?
5. Homework§ 46 table
Define the economic region of the Western Zone by a set of characteristics:
1. a) in the east of the region there are deposits of coal, oil and gas;
b) there are large reserves forest resources;
c) an ice-free port is located in the north-west of the region;
d) the transport network is poorly developed.
2. a) the area is distinguished by a multinational composition of the population;
b) the population is unevenly distributed;
c) high density rural population;
d) agro-industrial complex and recreational economy- leading sectors of the economy.
3. a) the area has an advantageous EGP;
b) the area is poor in natural resources;
c) the main industry is mechanical engineering;
d) a significant part of the population lives in a city of federal significance.
4. a) rich mineral resources;
b) metallurgical base - rich in the country;
c) heavy engineering is developed;
d) the main problem is environmental.
5. a) the area is stretched from north to south;
b) the agro-industrial complex is important;
c) mechanical engineering specializes in the production of cars, trolleybuses;
d) the fishing industry is developed.
6. a) high-tech machine building, textile and chemical industries are developed;
b) ranks first in terms of population;
c) has a powerful scientific base;
d) the area is poor in natural resources.
7. a) the smallest in area;
b) has a large port;
d) the problem is floods in the largest city;
e) stands out for its knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive mechanical engineering.
8. a) fertile soils;
b) lack of water resources;
c) political instability;
d) the region has a surplus of labor resources.
Macroregion comparison plan
1. EGP (central, peripheral, area of the region, transport network).
2. Natural conditions:
a) relief;
b) climate;
c) the nature of the earth's crust;
d) inland waters.
3. Natural resources:
a) mineral;
b) aquatic;
c) agroclimatic;
d) biological;
e) land.
4. Population:
a) population size;
b) population density;
c) the level of urbanization;
d) migration;
e) cities.
5. Facilities:
a) specialization of the macro-region;
b) the placement of industries.
6. Problems of the macroregion.
Eastern region of Russia covers an area of 12.8 million km 2. This is more than half (75%) of the country and at the same time much more than the territory of any country in the world. It is home to 32 million people (22% of the total population of Russia).
The vast territory of the Eastern region, which concentrates the main fuel, energy and raw materials of the country, began to be actively developed consistently from west to east. The variety of economic and geographical location, natural resources and natural conditions of individual parts of the Eastern region largely determines its economic and geographical originality, problems and development prospects. The northern and southern regions differ sharply. The vast northern territories with harsh natural conditions are poorly populated and developed. The North Zone occupies more than half of the territory of Western Siberia, 2/3 of Eastern Siberia and more than 3/4 of the Far East. The North zone is normative, that is, all costs (standards) are estimated here depending on the severity of nature and the remoteness of the territory from the developed areas. All work in the North is 2-5 times more expensive. V last years there is an outflow of the population from the Asian North, since the general crisis in the country has especially affected the worsening living conditions of people in the northern regions with a specialization in raw materials. The northern territories of the Far Eastern region are extremely rich in natural resources, but the ecological balance is easily disturbed here. More than 3/4 of the country's energy resources, timber reserves, water (and hydropower) resources, as well as the predominant share of non-ferrous and rare metals and chemical raw materials are concentrated in the Asian North.
The region's population has grown rapidly over the past century, but the average density is still extremely low. The population is concentrated in the south - along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the Eastern region, the urban population sharply prevails, accounting for a total of 74%, while in the Far East it reaches the highest level - 76%.
The role of the Eastern region in the Russian economy is constantly growing. The eastern region is the main fuel and energy base of the country, the main producer of aluminum, supplier of non-ferrous metal ores, fish and timber products. In the future, the extraction of resources will not increase. It must be accompanied by a deep complex processing of resources. Here, in the future, energy-intensive and low-labor-intensive engineering industries should develop dynamically with the conversion of defense enterprises. With a huge territory, the region is poorly provided with transport, therefore it was here that a large transport construction(BAM, roads to the West Siberian North, Amur-Yakutsk highway, etc.).
There are three economic regions in the Eastern zone: West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern. All of them differ in the scale and degree of population, as well as the development of the territory.
West Siberian region concentrates almost half of the population (46%) of the Eastern region, occupying 1/5 of its territory. The EGP of the region located on the border of the Western and Eastern regions and Kazakhstan is quite favorable.
It is provided by a system of transport highways through which intensive communications are carried out: railway - latitudinal and meridional (Trans-Siberian, South-Siberian, Central and North-Siberian, Turkestan-Siberian), and pipeline. In the bowels of Western Siberia oil is concentrated, gas - in the regions of the Near and Far North (mainly in the Tyumen region), in the Kemerovo region - coal (Kuznetsk coal basin). Iron ores are mined in Gornaya Shoria. The region has non-ferrous metals, salt reserves (Kulundinsky lakes), large forest reserves and water resources. The main population is concentrated in the south of the region (forest-steppe and steppe areas). The labor reserves of the region are limited.
The main role in the region's economy is played by the fuel and energy complex (oil, gas, coal production), a complex of industries that process natural resources into structural materials (metallurgical, chemical, forestry), and agro-industrial complex(grain farming). There are two large parts: northern and southern. In the north ( Tyumen region, north of Omsk and Tomsk regions), a huge West Siberian TPK is being formed. The basis of the economic specialization of the complex is determined by the oil and gas industry, as well as the forestry. Gas production grew slowly until 1993, mainly due to the Yamburg field. Pipelines stretch from the regions of oil production (Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk) and gas (Urengoy, Yamburg), mainly to the west of Russia, to the CIS countries and Europe. The main centers of the northern part are located in the developed zone.
East Siberian region occupies a third of the territory of the Eastern Zone (4.1 million km 2), which is home to 29% of its population. Eastern Siberia is located at a great distance from both the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, which determines the continentality of the climate. The pearl of Eastern Siberia is Lake Baikal, which concentrates 20% of the world's ultrapure fresh water resources. Eastern Siberia concentrates 50% of the coal resources of the CIS countries - the Tunguska, Kansk-Achinsky, Taimyr, Irkutsk basins. In the Kansk-Achinsk basin, coal is mined in an open way: 80% of Russia's coal is located here, which can be mined in this way. There are large potential reserves of oil and gas, unique deposits of non-ferrous metals, for example, in the Norilsk region - complex copper-nickel-cobalt ores, on the BAM (Udokan) route - copper, in the lower reaches of the Angara - polymetals. Iron ore deposits have been discovered along the Angara valley, the Angara-Ilim deposits are being developed, in Transbaikalia and in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The urban population predominates (72%), while Russians make up 80% of the population.
The distribution of the population is extremely uneven: its main share is concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway, in forest-steppe and steppe pits surrounded by mountains. In recent years, the standard of living has sharply decreased both in the northern regions and in large industrial centers in the south of Eastern Siberia.
The economy of Eastern Siberia includes extractive industries and the electric power industry in the fuel and energy complex, as well as energy-intensive non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industries that are formed on their basis. An aluminum production was created in the region - in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhov, a copper-nickel production - in Norilsk. The largest centers of the chemical industry are Krasnoyarsk, Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoye. Wood processing centers have been set up in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Ust-Ilimsk and Baikalsk. In the East Siberian economic region, there are interconnected production of powerful TPK based on the hydropower resources of the Yenisei and Angara. The Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power stations have been built; reserves of coal, timber and various ores are widely used. The Bratsk-Ust-Ilimsk TPK was formed, the Sayan TPK (hydroelectric power plant, mechanical engineering, energy-intensive production and intensive agriculture), the Kansk-Achinsk TPK (coal-based power engineering, hydroelectric power station, timber processing, chemical, machine-building, aluminum industries) are in the stage of formation.
The agro-industrial complex does not fully satisfy the needs of the population. Agriculture - meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, reindeer breeding is developed in the Yenisei North. The largest scientific and industrial centers are Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk. Complex problems of the region's economy are associated with the extreme concentration of chemical, metallurgical and defense industries in super-powerful industrial centers and TPKs and the operation of polluting enterprises in the Baikal region.
The solution to these problems is determined by the tasks and prospects for the development of Eastern Siberia: this is the conversion of defense enterprises; refusal to focus on the construction of the largest complexes, including energy; creation of the upper floors of environmentally friendly industries; the transition from the creation of a resource-type TPK to research and production complexes.
Far Eastern region. The Far East, the largest in terms of territory in the country, occupies about half of the Eastern zone (6.2 million km 2), where less than a quarter of its population lives. The Far East is one of the problem regions of Russia, here economic reforms and becoming market system management is quite difficult. Objective reasons are the complexity of the natural and geographical nature, and the severity of climatic conditions predetermines the need to increase the costs of the population for clothing, food and health rehabilitation. In the division of labor across the country, the Far East is primarily a powerful fishing complex.
Far East - richest area on the diversity of natural resources. There are non-ferrous and rare metals (tin, gold, tungsten), diamonds, coal, oil, gas, hydropower resources, mineral resources, timber, furs, and a rich ocean. With the exception of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, these resources are poorly studied and require extensive geological work to prepare for their industrial development. The area is extremely contrasting in natural and economic conditions... In the south, there are inhabited fertile plains of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. It has a monsoon climate, good conditions for agriculture and human life. Industry, population and large cities are concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
In the Magadan region and Sakha (Yakutia), in the harsh conditions of the North, the development of the territory is extremely difficult. On the Pacific coast, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, economic development is constrained by poor development social sphere and transport. If until recently the Far East and especially its northern territories were quickly populated, now the outflow of the population from the North is characteristic. Therefore, at present, the Far East, especially regions with extreme natural conditions, predominantly raw materials specialization, requires large funds, including for improving living conditions in sparsely populated areas.
In the region, the South Yakutsk TPK is being formed (coal, electricity, metallurgy in the future), work is underway to develop the zone of the Baikal-Amur Mainline. The main transport axes of the North zone are the Lena River and the North sea route... In the south, the outstripping development of the fuel industry, the electric power industry, and, in the future, mechanical engineering is planned.
The important role of the Far East in the national economy of the country is associated with the development through its ports and the border of Russia's foreign trade with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Largest city Vladivostok is located on the coast of the convenient Golden Horn Bay at the approaches of the Trans-Siberian Railway to the sea and until recently closed to civil ships and world trade, it is becoming an important commercial port. Major ports are Nakhodka, Vostochny and Vanino.
The land capital of the Far East - Khabarovsk - is an industrial and scientific center. The main agricultural granaries are the Zeisko-Bureiskaya and Prikhankaiskaya lowlands, where the production of grain, including rice, as well as soybeans, potatoes and vegetables is established. Suburban economy developed in Primorye and near large cities; reindeer husbandry is developed in the north of the region. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is rightfully considered the center of mechanical engineering, around which a new TPK is being formed.