Appointment of railway transport. Railway transport - abstract
Transport infrastructure plays one of the primary roles in strengthening and maintaining state economy... Thanks to the development railway transport in Russia, which carries out the transportation of large-sized and multi-ton cargoes, full-fledged work of all sectors of the national economy, supply of regions and industrial enterprises is ensured. Rail transport is essential to ensure economic security and the integrity of the country.
Russian Railways
Today, Russian Railways is an all-encompassing transport system with thousands of passenger traffic and cargo turnover. The actual indicators of technical equipment testify to the real prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia. It can be briefly described using the following data:
- operational length - more than 90 thousand km;
- total length of double-track lines - more than 40 thousand km;
- electrified lines - about 40 thousand km;
- the length of the main tracks is 126.3 thousand km.
Rolling stock and domestic railway facilities allow for freight transportation on trains weighing 10-12 thousand tons.
The railway transport network occupies a leading position among all types of transport. Despite the fact that over the past decades, bus and air traffic has been intensively developing, Russian Railways remains the main instrument for ensuring the massive movement of goods and passengers both within the country and abroad.
The first railway tracks
The history of the development of railway transport in Russia dates back to the middle of the 16th century. The first analogs of modern railways appeared on the territory of stone and sand quarries, at mine excavations and coal mines. Then the road was a lingering bed made of wooden beams. On such routes, horses could carry heavier loads than on ordinary country roads. The bars wore out quickly, which caused the carts to often go astray. In order for the wooden beds to serve longer, they began to be strengthened with iron, and in the 18th century - with cast iron sheets. The rims on the beds helped to prevent the carts from going off the tracks.
So, in Petrozavodsk in 1778, a cast iron railroad was built, the length of which was 160 m. At that time, the tracks were built much more modern (no more than 80 cm), and the rail itself was angular.
The period of development of railway transport in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is characterized by a more intensive pace. 30 years after the construction of the first 160-meter cast-iron track, a two-kilometer horse-cast iron track appeared. A significant leap in the history of the development of railway transport in Russia took place in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.
So, in 1913, the mileage of the railway network in the current borders of the country reached almost 72 thousand km. At the same time, the paths were placed chaotically and unevenly. Most of the roads were located in the European part of Russia. The locomotive fleet consisted of low-power steam locomotives (500-600 hp), and the two-axle type freight cars had an average carrying capacity of 15 tons.
Development strategies for Russian railways
In 2008, the Government approved a concept for improving the railway infrastructure up to 2030. The strategy for the development of railway transport in Russia contains a description of a set of planned measures for the creation and improvement of railways, improvement of existing and adoption of new requirements for rolling stock.
This program is divided into two stages. The first was carried out in the period from 2008 to 2015, the second was launched in 2016. The development of railway transport in Russia is based on the principles of increasing the resource potential of the industry and the introduction of innovative modern technologies. The current Strategy implies the construction of more than 20 thousand km of roads by 2030.
To date, the construction of railways has already been completed by communications:
- Midnight - Obskaya - Salekhard (length about 850 km);
- Prokhorovka - Zhuravka - Bataysk (total track length is about 750 km);
- Kyzyl - Kuragino (460 km);
- Tommot - Yakutsk, including a section on the left bank of the Lena (550 km).
If the planned measures for the construction and commissioning of railways are implemented, the total length of the tracks by the end of the period will increase by 20-25%. The document defining the role of the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia focuses on the importance of this system of passenger and freight traffic for solving problems of strengthening economic sovereignty, national security and increasing the level of defense capability. In addition, the above Strategy implies a reduction in total costs in the transport segment of the national economy. An interesting detail in this context is that this kind of plan, which is being implemented in parallel with the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation, was drawn up exclusively for the development of railway transport in Russia.
The real state of affairs in the railway infrastructure
In recent years, a decline in production and a decline in labor productivity indicators have been noticeable on Russian railways. The used rolling stock not only prevents an increase in cargo turnover, but also contributes to an increase in the number of emergency situations on the tracks. Urgent reconstruction and overhaul required for a significant number of train stations and railway stations.
Today, the railways of our country operate trains, carriages, locomotives and special equipment produced in the USSR, Germany and Czechoslovakia. The issue of the release of new equipment is under the control of the commercial holding companies "Transmashholding", "Sinara", "ICT" and state enterprise Uralvagonzavod. Over the past ten years, the rolling stock on the most popular routes "Moscow - St. Petersburg" and "St. Petersburg - Helsinki" has been replenished with high-speed trains of the German company Siemens and the French manufacturer Alstom.
The main player on which the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia depend is Russian Railways. The companies of this largest holding in the country own their own railway infrastructure, a fleet of wagons and rolling stock.
Cargo transportation on Russian Railways
In Russia, there are several types of freight traffic on rail tracks:
- local - within the same route;
- direct - within the boundaries of one or several railway junctions according to a single travel document;
- direct mixed - this means combined transportation by several types of transport (in addition to rail, water, road, air, water-road, etc.) can be used;
- direct international - is carried out when transporting goods on road sections of two or more states under a single document.
The peculiarities of the development of railway transport in Russia, engaged in the transportation of goods, lie in the differences in the speed of delivery. So, the main part of freight trains is engaged in the transportation of goods for which specific transportation conditions are not required. Cargo compartments in passenger trains (luggage compartments) are intended for the carriage of mail, correspondence, personal belongings of passengers. For the delivery of perishable goods, high-speed rolling stock is used. The maximum permissible speed at which trains can move is 160 km / h.
Features of land railways in the capital
Other regions can envy the development of railway transport in Moscow. Despite the demand for constantly modernizing metro lines, it is planned to build and reconstruct about 80 kilometers of railways in the capital within the next 2-3 years. By 2019, according to a representative of the Moscow urban development complex, five new stations will appear in the city at once.
Despite the fact that just a few years ago, the intracity and intercity communication of electric trains in Moscow was considered outdated and ineffective, today experts say that overland railways are capable of providing the same carrying capacity, the same traffic frequency, traffic volume and comfort as the passenger traffic. subway. In addition, the authorities of the capital are confident that the construction of railways is a less costly industry than the construction of the metro.
The length of the Moscow one is more than 13 thousand kilometers of railway lines, while this type of transport serves about 30 million passengers, and this is approximately one fifth of the population of Russia. Another feature of the development of railway transport in Moscow is that the infrastructure goes far beyond the boundaries of the agglomeration and covers about ten subjects of the Central Federal District. The thing is that the railway of the capital was originally intended as an intersubjective infrastructure, allowing to solve interregional and intercity problems of transport communication. Fundamental changes have taken place since the launch of the MCC.
Ring railway artery of Moscow
The central one, which carried out the launch of the MCC, explained the success of the project by the emergence of the actual possibility of movement in any direction of the railway communication with a transfer. This system commuter trains were created with the aim of integrating radial stations. Now Muscovites and guests of the capital have no problems with trips outside the Moscow Ring Road. So, for example, it will not be difficult to get from the Kazan direction to Severyanin by transferring to the MCC along the Frezer or in the direction of the Yaroslavl highway.
Since the opening of the Moscow Central Circle, almost 100 million passengers have passed through it in less than a year. Despite the increased popularity of electric trains, they are still used as an alternative and additional type of railway transport in Russia. The stages of the MCC development are being implemented along the way of strengthening the integration of the metro with the surface railway network.
The main problems of railway in our country
Along with the strengthening of the industrial economic sector, the stage of the formation and development of railway transport in Russia is taking place. The problems of this area are gaining importance against the background of global trends in technological and technical modernization, the introduction of innovative developments in railway transport.
At the moment, it is necessary to strive to reduce the gap between the quality of Russian railways, rolling stock and infrastructure of foreign competitors. In order, first of all, it is necessary to consistently solve the main sectoral problems and eliminate a number of issues that hinder the targeted development of railway transport in Russia.
It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main purpose of the railway system is fast, convenient, inexpensive (that is, economically profitable) and safe transportation of passengers and delivery of goods not only within the country, but also abroad. The main problems of Russian railways as an integral infrastructure are two negative predetermining factors:
- lack of economic progress and efficiency in the provision of transport services, including a lack of travel speed, low level comfort at an unjustifiably high cost of passenger transportation;
- low degree of technical reliability and safety of operation of trains, rail tracks.
The first group includes collisions between the technological and managerial sectors, which negate the expediency of the railway infrastructure and inhibit the growth of its financial efficiency. The second category includes the difficulties of technical production, equipment and operation: problems of safe operation of equipment, technical means, lack of a fully functioning model of labor protection for employees of the industry, adverse environmental impact on adjacent territories. These problems will only get worse with the development of railway transport in Russia.
Briefly about ways to solve problems
To eliminate the described imperfections of the domestic railway infrastructure, it will be necessary to take a set of measures to effective modernization, which guarantees the integrity and strengthening of the economic space of the Russian Federation, but at the same time does not infringe upon the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement. The current Strategy implies a step-by-step solution to the problems of railway transport by creating conditions in Russia for achieving the fundamental geopolitical and geo-economic goals of the state. Restarting and updating the existing infrastructure base, which is fundamentally important for the country's socio-economic growth, is no less important. For the development of the railway transport industry, it is also necessary:
- ensure transport accessibility for points of resource support and production progress;
- allocate additional jobs, provide railway workers with social guarantees, including the right to annual rest, the right to treatment, education;
- bring in line with the requirements of the population and international standards the level of quality and safety of passenger traffic;
- to ensure the maximum carrying capacity and reserves to create the optimal number of offers in the event of fluctuations in market conditions;
- continue integration into the international rail system;
- maintain a high level of emergency response skills that meet the requirements of defense and security;
- strive to improve investment attractiveness railway infrastructure;
- maintain social stability in the field and ensure a decent quality of life for employees, observe the priority of youth policy and support for industry veterans;
- to introduce high standards of labor productivity with the stable provision of the transportation process by qualified specialists.
Is it worth developing railway transport?
In the age of all-consuming integration processes, the railway infrastructure acquired the status of a mechanism, a kind of lever for the division of labor. In addition, the railway sector can be considered as a strategic object of the impact of globalization processes in the world. Russian railways are also a knowledge-intensive theoretical area of economics. In order to maintain the achieved positions and continue to improve the infrastructure, it is important to create all conditions for carrying out the latest scientific and technical developments in the country.
Railroad tracks in Russia are annually increasing by several thousand kilometers. The field of railway transport is an integral segment modern economy developed countries.
To date, almost a million kilometers of railway lines have been laid on the territory of the leading countries of the world. Many developments have been invented to improve rail transport: from trains that move from electricity to trains that move on a magnetic cushion without touching the rails.
Some inventions have firmly entered our life, while others have remained at the level of plans. For example, the development of locomotives that would run on nuclear energy, but because of the high danger to the environment and high financial costs, they were never built.
Now the world's first railway is being developed for a gravity train, which will move due to its inertia and
Railway transport has great potential. More and more new ways of traveling by rail are being invented, despite the fact that it seems that everything in this area has long been invented.
The origin of railway transport
The very first railways began to appear in the middle of the 16th century throughout Europe. It could not be called rail transport in full measure. Trolleys pulled by horses drove along the tracks.
Basically, such roads were used in the development of stone, in mines and mines. They were made of wood, and horses could carry much more cargo on them than on a regular road.
But such rail tracks had a significant drawback: they quickly wore out, and the carts went off the tracks. In order to reduce wear and tear on the wood, cast iron or iron strips were used for reinforcement.
The first railways, whose rails are made entirely of cast iron, began to be used only in the 18th century.
The first public railway
The world's first passenger railroad was built in England on October 27, 1825. It connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington, and was originally supposed to carry coal from the mines to the port of Stockon.
The railway project was carried out by engineer George Stephenson, who already had experience in operating and managing railways in Killinguoret. To begin construction of the road, it took four years to wait for parliamentary approval. The innovation had many opponents. The horse owners did not want to lose their income.
The very first train that carried passengers was converted from coal trolleys. And in 1833, for the rapid transportation of coal, the road was completed to Middlesbrough.
In 1863, the railway became part of the North-Eastern Railway, which is still in operation today.
Railway underground
The world's first railroad that ran underground was a breakthrough in the field public transport... The British were the first to build it. The need for a subway appeared at a time when Londoners became fully acquainted with traffic jams.
In the first half of the 19th century, congestions of various carts appeared on the central streets of the city. Therefore, we decided to “unload” traffic flows by creating a tunnel under the ground.
The London Underground Tunnel project was invented by the Frenchman Marc Isambard Brunel, who lived in Great Britain.
The construction of the tunnel was completed in 1843. At first, it was used only as, but later the idea of a subway was born. And on January 10, 1893, the grand opening of the first underground railway took place.
It used steam locomotive traction, and the length of the tracks was only 3.6 kilometers. The average number of passengers carried was 26 thousand people.
In 1890, a modification of the trains took place, and they began to move not on steam, but on electricity.
Magnetic railway
The world's first railway on which trains moved on was patented in 1902 by the German Alfred Seyden. Attempts to build were made in many countries, but the first was presented at the International Transport Exhibition in Berlin in 1979. She worked for only three months.
Trains on a magnetic railroad move without touching the rails, and the only braking force for the train is the force of aerodynamic drag.
Today they cannot compete with the railway and the metro, because, despite the high speed of movement and noiselessness (some trains can reach speeds of up to 500 km / h), they have a number of significant disadvantages.
First, large financial investments will be required to build and maintain magnetic roads. Secondly, magnetic levitation trains. Thirdly, it causes great harm to the environment. And, fourthly, the magnetic railway has a very complex track infrastructure.
In many countries, including the Soviet Union, they planned to create such roads, but later abandoned this idea.
Railways in Russia
For the first time in Russia, the predecessors of full-fledged railways were used in Altai in 1755 - they were wooden rails in mines.
In 1788, the first railway was built in Petrozavodsk for factory needs. And for passenger traffic in 1837, the St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo railway appeared. Steam trains went along it.
Later, in 1909, the Tsarskoye Selo railway became part of the Imperial branch, which connected Tsarskoye Selo with all the lines of the St. Petersburg railway.
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………........................ ..2
2. Significance, role of railway transport in the country's economy …………… 3
3.Advantages over other modes of transport ……………………………… .5
3.1 General cargoes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.2 Main cargo flows …………………………………………… .. …… .. 7
4. Characteristics of the location of railway transport …………………… 7
5. Problems of the development of railway transport in the Russian Federation in a market economy …………………………………………………………………………… ... 9
6. Map diagram ……………………………………………………………………… 12
7.Literature ……………………………………………………………………… .13
1. Introduction
Transport and the market are inseparable from each other, interrelated. Their interaction accelerates the development of each of them and thus the entire economy. The emergence of markets is impossible without transport. The development of the latter favors the growth of the marketability of the economy, the involvement of new territories and producers in the exchange process, and causes an increase in the capacity of the domestic market. Hence, we can conclude that the degree of transport development determines the degree of market development and its opportunities. Transport, is the most important component of the productive forces of society, influences their development through its demand for vehicles, the devices, materials, components necessary for them. Investments in the country's transport potential increase not only production, but also consumer demand. The multiplier effect from transport investments then becomes an accelerator of consumer and total aggregate demand, expressed in GDP growth.
In economic relations, a special place is occupied by transport with its various types, interrelated, interchangeable and being in competitive relations with each other. Transport is one of the most important areas of material production. Transportation of various goods from areas of their production to areas of consumption is its main function.
Transport is the material carrier of connections between districts, industries, enterprises. The transport factor affects the location of production; without taking it into account, it is impossible to achieve a rational distribution of productive forces. Transport is also important in solving socially - economic problems... The provision of a territory with a well-developed transport system is one of the important factors in attracting the population and production, as well as an important advantage for the location of productive forces and gives an integration effect. Transport provides employment for 6.3% of the average annual number of all employed in the economy.
The product of transport (transport work) is the movement of goods and people, measured, respectively, in ton-kilometers (freight turnover) and passenger-kilometers (passenger turnover), the total transport costs of the national economy in the sphere of production and circulation amount to about 10% of the country's GDP.
The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at a more complete provision of the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.
Railway transport is the main transport system of the Russian Federation. Without his participation, not a single resource, not a single factor of production can be reproduced.
2 Significance, role of railway transport in the country's economy
The main mode of transport in the Russian Federation is rail. It accounts for more than 80 and about 40% of the total volume of freight and passenger traffic, respectively, carried out by transport. common use... Railways, being the main transport system of the Russian Federation, are of extremely important state, economic, social and defense significance. They are required to timely, high-quality and full satisfaction of the needs of the population, consignors and consignees in transportation.
Railway transport is divided into:
Public transport - transport carrying out transportation
cargo and passengers, whoever presented them.
Mainline, or external transport carries out economic
transportation between producers and consumers of products and transports
passengers.
Departmental transport - transport that carries out the transportation of its
departments or enterprises.
On-farm transport mainly satisfies
technological needs of production within individual enterprises.
Railway transport plays a primary role in the implementation of transportation. Railways connect all regions and districts of our vast country, which has an area of 17.8 million km, and in the conditions of the lack of good highways provide the population's needs for transportation and the normal circulation of industrial and agricultural products.
Rail transport plays a leading role in the system of communication routes in Russia, railways are most adapted to mass transportation. They function day and night regardless of the season and atmospheric conditions, which is especially important for Russia with its different climatic zones. Railways are a universal mode of transport for the transportation of all types of cargo in inter-district and intra-district traffic.
The length of railways is 7% of the world, and the share in the world railway freight turnover is 25%, passenger turnover is 15%. In terms of the operational length of tracks, Russia is second only to the United States, and in terms of the length of electrified roads and the electric locomotive fleet, it ranks first in the world. Such a powerful development of this type of transport is due to the huge size of the country's territories, the peculiarities of the location of the productive forces of Russia, the intensive exchange of products and resources of all its regions.
The emergence of railways of national importance has become a new stage in the development of commodity - money and social relations. They accelerated the development of production, the decomposition of the natural economy, contributed to the involvement of agricultural and especially grain-producing regions in the sphere of commodity exchange. They played an important role in leveling prices in Russian regional markets. With the development of railway transport, indicators have improved Russian economy... The rhythm of the functioning of the entire economy, the stability of its growth rates, and the level of balance of the entire reproduction process largely depend on its work, the timeliness of delivery of people and goods to their destination. In the current Russian conditions, only railway transport is capable of making a breakthrough, which must be strengthened and expanded through the connection of all other modes of transport.
3 Advantages over other modes of transport
Features of this type of transport, its advantages over others: all-weather, high reliability, the ability to carry out mass transportation of people and goods at relatively high speeds and low costs. Under such conditions, only this type of communication could become the main transport, economic and national security of the country.
Railway transport has a number of advantages, which also determine its predominant development in the country. The industry is characterized by relatively free placement, reliability, regularity, versatility, regardless of the time of year, day, weather conditions. It makes it possible to carry out mass transportation of goods and passengers, which strengthens its advantages, increasing labor productivity, and significantly reduces the cost of transportation. In addition, it saves liquid hydrocarbon fuels through extensive electrification of traction. Rail transport is especially effective in long-distance transportation, and given the vast territory of Russia, it will in the long run remain the leading mode of transport and bulk cargo transportation over long distances, both in passenger transportation over medium distances, and in suburban traffic.
Railways, in comparison with other modes of transport, have a lesser impact on the environment and have a lower energy intensity of transportation work. The generally recognized advantages of railways over other modes of transport are efficiency (relatively low cost of transportation), resource conservation, environmental preference (in terms of noise and environmental safety), and traffic safety.
Technical and economic features and advantages of railway transport are as follows:
The possibility of construction on any land area, using
bridges, tunnels and ferries - the implementation of railway communication and
divided, including island, territories (as, for example, between
the mainland and the island of Sakhalin);
Mass traffic and high carrying capacity of railways;
Versatility of use for the transportation of various goods and
the possibility of mass transportation of goods and passengers at high speed;
Regularity of transportation regardless of the season, time of day and weather;
The ability to create a direct connection between large enterprises on
access roads and ensuring door-to-door delivery of goods without costly transshipments;
Compared to water transport, usually a shorter route
transportation of goods;
Relatively low cost of transportation in comparison with other modes of transport, except for pipeline.
3.1 Basic cargo
The main cargo of railway transport is coal (23%), construction cargo (16.2), oil and oil products (15), iron and manganese ore (8.6), ferrous metals (6), timber (4.5) , as well as chemical and mineral fertilizers, cement, grain and compound feed, non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous scrap, coke, engineering products, etc.
3.2 Main Freight Traffic
The main cargo flows of coal are formed in the Kuznetsk Basin, and significant transportation is carried out from Ukraine (Dombass) and from Kazakhstan (Karaganda). Coal is delivered to the Urals, to the central regions, to the Volga region. The main cargo flows of oil cargoes come from Western Siberia, the Urals, the Volga region, the North Caucasus. The bulk of timber cargo comes from the European North and from Siberia. The main freight flows of ferrous metals are determined by the exchange of products between the metallurgical bases of Central, Siberian and South (in Ukraine) and close ties with consumers: Center, North Caucasus, North-West. Grain cargoes are formed in the forest-steppe and steppe zones and go to densely populated consuming regions.
4 Characteristics of the location of railway transport
The economic profile of the district, its specialization, the degree of interconnection of production usually very strongly influence the outline and structure transport network, its size and technical equipment, volume and structure of transportation work. The nature of transport in the region is also influenced by other factors, for example, the natural conditions of the territory, the level of economic development achieved by the region. However, the influence of economic and geographical conditions is decisive for transport.
Railway transport is located unevenly. The European part of the country has a dense and extensive railway network. The network configuration is radial - circular with the center in Moscow. The main highways depart from the Moscow railway junction in the direction of Donbass, Odessa, Baku, Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Tashkent, Minsk, Riga, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and other cities.
In the eastern part of the country, the railway network has a pronounced latitudinal direction with little ramification. The main highway connecting the center with the Urals, Siberia and the Far East and having a length of 9332 km is the Transcontinental railway: Moscow-Ryazan-Ruzaevka-Syzran-Samara-Ufa-Chelyabinsk-Irkutsk-Chita-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok. The Baikal-Amur Mainline was built: Ust-Kut-Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
The South Siberian, Central Siberian and Turkestan-Siberian railways passing through the territory of Kazakhstan are of great importance for Russia. The Tyumen-Surgut-Urengoy section operates in the meridian direction.
The predominant direction in passenger traffic has two directions: southern (from Moscow in the direction of the Crimea, Caucasus) and eastern (from Moscow through the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia to the Far East).
The density of the railway network in the Russian Federation is rather low - 5 km per 1000 square kilometers, therefore the freight traffic of the railways is very high. The most heavily loaded railway lines are located in important directions: Center-North-West; Center-Ural; Center-Caucasus; Center-South-West; Volga-Ural; Ural-Siberia; Siberia-Far East. The main powerful streams are coal streams. V last years there is practically no railway construction in Russia. Only two fairly large projects are underway: in the north, the construction of the Arctic Mainline (Labytnangi-Bovanenkovskaya) continues to ensure the development of gas fields in Yamal, and in the east - the Amur-Yakutsk Mainline (Berkatit-Tommot-Yakutsk) to provide mining centers in Yakutia.
On the present stage for the development of railway transport, it is impossible to do without the introduction of scientific and technical achievements: electrification of railways, the creation of high-speed highways.
5 Problems of the development of railway transport in the Russian Federation in a market economy
The disadvantages include, first of all, capital intensity
railway construction and the relatively slow return of the advanced
capital (6-8 years, and sometimes more). Railways are major consumers of metal. In addition, rail transport is a very labor-intensive industry, where labor productivity is lower than in pipeline, sea and air transport (but higher than in road transport). On average, there are almost 14 people employed in transportation per 1 km of the operational length of Russian railways, and in the USA - 1.5 people. with approximately similar volumes of transport work.
The disadvantages of Russian railways include the still low level of quality of transport services provided to customers. At the same time, good technical equipment and progressive technologies of Russian railways allow them to remain a completely competitive mode of transport.
One of the most pressing problems in the industry is barter. Rail transport, more than anyone else, receives various commodity values instead of money for services. At the same time, there is not enough funds to pay taxes, to invest in production, to settle accounts with suppliers, etc.
Railway transport has a complex system of cross-financing of passenger transportation at the expense of freight (passenger transportation is unprofitable), some goods at the expense of others. This undermines the economy of the industry.
Many problems are associated with the collapse of the USSR and the severance of transport and economic ties. The problem of irrational transportation by rail is also relevant, it is closely related to shortcomings in the location and development of production in many sectors of the country's economy.
However, there are also great difficulties. They are associated primarily with the deepening economic crisis, falling production volumes, and thus transportation and profits. This undermines its own investment potential. Also, a major problem is the high degree of wear and tear of the rolling stock with expired service life, which is about 60%, which does not allow their simple reproduction only at the expense of the depreciation fund. Often, a depreciation fund of two or three units of rolling stock is required to buy one new locomotive, a car. This situation aggravates the crisis situation of transport enterprises associated with obtaining loans, mobilizing and concentrating their own material and financial resources. The purchase of new equipment is also a difficult task, and, consequently, the development of new, more advanced transportation technologies, without which a way out of the crisis is impossible.
The purchase must be increased several times, since the annual demand for freight cars is 75-80 thousand. Large investments are required, both in strengthening the track and its overhaul, as well as in the construction of second tracks in a number of directions, approaches to terminals and ports. The state of the track restrains the speed of not only passenger trains, but also freight trains in a number of directions. The average speed of freight trains in Russia is approaching 80 km / h, while in many other countries it exceeds 100 km / h, and, in addition, they are switching to a high-speed system for the movement of passenger trains. Russian Railways are also solving this problem. We need locomotives and wagons that not only have a higher carrying capacity, speed, but also economical in terms of electricity and diesel fuel consumption.
These costs in transport costs occupy a large share. Their reduction is an important reserve for increasing the competitiveness of railways. Russia is faced with the task of not only renovating locomotives, wagons, modernizing tracks, but also building new railways. There are too few of them in our country in relation to the territory and the size of its population.
Combining efforts requires the problem of internationalization of inter-farm relations. To this end, Russian Railways is building access roads to the ports, acquiring shares in a number of them, including a block of blocking ones. The same applies to ferry crossings. One of them "Ust-Luga-Baltiysk-German ports" allows the delivery of trains to Germany, and then, possibly, further.
An important direction in the development of international rail transport is the cooperation of countries in which the track gauge is 1520 mm. The scale of this phenomenon, as well as orders from other states for the construction, design of railways and the implementation of other works create conditions for the transformation of this corporation into a transcontinental one.
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Railway transport today is the leading among the universal types of passenger and cargo transportation in many large countries of the world, including Russia. This is primarily due to geographic features... It is convenient, economical and relatively safe to travel by rail on long-distance territories.
Surface rail transport is rooted in the distant past. It is known that in ancient times people did not need to move bulky goods. Everything that was needed was carried over to oneself. With the development of civilization, transport has also improved. Rafts were used on the water, then boats. On land - carts drawn by animals.
It appeared around the 16th century. Then for the delivery of goods from mines and mines, wooden beds were used. But, as you know, wood is not a material of the highest strength. It was impossible to carry out such transportation over long distances and for a long time. Science of the past has found a way out. But the first land-based rail track was also of industrial importance. It was intended to transport coal from the mines to the villages of Wallaton and Strelli near Nottingham. And already in the 18th century, the first Russian cast-iron track 160 meters long saw the light.
At first, only wide railways were built in the world. Practical ones appeared only in the 19th century. They quickly gained recognition and distribution. Soon, narrow-gauge railways began to be used not only between raw material bases and industrial enterprises. They connected remote areas of various countries with their economic centers.
In the twentieth century, the development of railway transport went through different stages. In the last years of the existence of Tsarist Russia, narrow-gauge railways were actively built. After the revolution and with the emergence of the USSR, there was a certain lull. The Stalin era gave a new impetus to Russia. They became famous "camp lines". After the collapse of the GULAG system, narrow-gauge railways ceased to be actively built. In general, such railways were used on a large scale in Russia until the 1900s.
Today, in most countries of the world, railway transport is divided into industrial, urban (trams) and general use (passenger, intercity freight). Modern compositions bear little resemblance to their predecessors from the 19th century. The history of railway transport is a two-century-long path from the first steam locomotive in 1803 through electric and diesel locomotives of the early twentieth century to and. Today there are civilian and military equipment.
The history of the development of railway transport includes the names of engineers and mechanics from different countries: (Scotland), (France), (England), (England), (Russia), (England), Rudolf Diesel (Germany), Russian engineers, inventors, and many others.
Today, many countries are connected by a network of railways. You can get by train to almost any European state, the pearls of the Middle East. The Indochina railway network connects Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Singapore. Trains run in North and South America, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Haiti, the Philippine Islands, Australia, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Madagascar, Cuba, Fiji, Jamaica, Japan. And progress in the field of rail transport is moving forward with confidence.
Since the wooden canvas quickly fell into disrepair, this prompted the inventors to turn to more durable materials such as iron or cast iron. But the modernization did not end there, due to the frequent derailment of the carts, peculiar edges (rims) were invented.
The idea of creating rail transportation came to the mind of the representatives of humanity in ancient times. So, in Ancient Greece there was a so-called diolk, which is a stone path along which heavy ships were dragged across the Isthmus of Corinth. Then, deep grooves acted as guides, in which runners greased with animal fat were placed.
Initially, the railway track was very wide. This was due to the fact that a large distance between the wheels was considered safer, since a narrow track was considered for a long time much more likely to be susceptible to emergencies associated with derailments and overturns of cars. Therefore, the first narrow-gauge railways began to appear only several decades after the emergence of wide-gauge "brothers".
By the beginning of the 20th century, a rather impressive number of narrow-gauge railways existed in the vastness of Russia. Basically, the target orientation of the use of this type of railway track was rather narrow - narrow-gauge railways were widely used to transport peat and wood. In the future, it is these railway lines that will become the basis for the formation of narrow-gauge railways in our state.
In Great Britain there were quite a few people who considered rail transport very promising, but in addition to them there were also ardent opponents of the construction of railways. And then, when the question arose about the construction of a new railway line connecting Manchester and Liverpool, a great many discussions and discussions arose on this matter.
On the lands close to the city of Darlington, there was a huge number of coal mines, from which coal was delivered to Stockton (a city on the Tees) and from there reached the ports of the North Sea. This crossing was originally carried out in horse-driven carts, which took quite a lot of time and was very unproductive.
Over time, it became clear that the carriage of passengers and goods by rail are two incommensurably different things. So different that they require not only different types wagons in the train, but also completely diverse locomotives. While smoothness and high speed are paramount for passengers, power and high traction power are prioritized in cargo transportation.
In the thirties of the XIX century, vast lands on the territory of the then Perm province belonged to a breeder named Ivan Demidov. These were iron and copper smelters, as well as iron-making enterprises and mines. In total, about forty thousand serfs worked for the landowner Demidov, one of whom was Efim Cherepanov.
England became the birthplace of the first public railway line, and here such a form of transport as the underground railway was born. There were several prerequisites for the construction of the subway. The main one is considered to be the fact that already in the first half of the 19th century in London people learned and felt the meaning of the concept of "traffic jams".
Once upon a time, the Newcomen steam engine was successfully used to pump water in mines and shipyards, which lasted more than 50 years. At the same time, this entire structure had impressive dimensions and required constant replenishment of coal reserves. At times, up to 50 horses had to be used to supply the steam engine with fuel. In general, everything indicated that this unit needs improvement, the whole question was only who would come up with this idea first.
This unit, invented by the Frenchman Nicolas-Jose Cugno, was a fairly large structure. Three wheels were attached to the large platform, which became the first prototype of both a steam locomotive and a car, with the front one serving as a steering wheel. A steam boiler was also fixed in the area of the front wheel, and next to it was a two-cylinder steam engine. There was also a seat for the driver, and the "body" of the cart was intended for the transportation of military cargo.
The history of modern steam locomotives is inextricably linked with the first experiments in the creation of compact steam engines. The famous English engineer James Watt achieved great success in this business at the end of the 18th century. Its mechanisms were used in many industries and for the purpose of pumping water from mines.
Many people mistakenly believe that it was George Stephenson who first invented and designed the modern steam locomotive. However, this is not so, the English engineer entered the world history of technology as the first person who managed to prove the indisputable advantage of steam locomotive transport over horse-drawn traction.
The works of the father and son of the Cherepanovs became a bright page in the history of not only Russian technology, but were of great importance for the entire nascent steam locomotive industry. And it all started with the design of steam engines, the first of which had a capacity of only 4 horse power... The elder Cherepanov, Efim, was greatly influenced by a trip to England, where he could see Stephenson's steam brainchild with his own eyes.
The creators of the first mechanisms moving on rails were very worried that the smooth wheels of their units would begin to slip and lose their adhesion to the railroad bed. And, despite the fact that by that time the Trevithica steam locomotive had already been designed, which successfully transported passengers and cargo, experiments in this direction continued.
For the first time, the internal combustion engine used to move a locomotive was designed by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler. A demonstration of the new moving mechanism was made on September 27, 1887. Residents of Stuttgart and guests of the city could see with their own eyes the movement of a motris with a narrow-gauge transmission, which was driven by a two-cylinder internal combustion engine.
For a long time, locomotive manufacturers competed and collaborated to determine their optimal design and the layout of the units. In the 20s of the twentieth century, in the young Soviet republic, work was carried out to create two cars at once for the transport of goods and passengers. These were the diesel locomotives of Gakkel and Lomonosov.
After the end of World War II, many industrial giants gradually began to reorient themselves to products of a peaceful nature. At this time, diesel traction, more profitable from an economic point of view, continues to crowd out the locomotive traction on all fronts. In the United States of America, General Motors occupies a leading position in the field of diesel locomotive construction. Along with another technical monster, General Electric, this North American manufacturer is still one of the industry leaders today.
Before the main attention of the Russian diesel locomotive construction was focused on the implementation of the ideas of Yakov Gakkel and Yuri Lomonosov, many projects were considered in scientific circles. Some of the developments grew into prototypes, and some remained on paper, today history remembers both of them.
Idea of use electrical energy for powering machines that perform mechanical work, appeared a long time ago. So, back in 1834, the researcher Jacobi designed an electric motor with a rotating armature, later his developments had a great influence on the development of the ideas of electric traction.
Even the cars that the Russian Empire acquired abroad still had to be altered and adapted to local conditions. After all, the carriages abroad were designed for travel over fairly short distances with frequent parking and use in countries where the climate was much milder than in Russia.
Even during the construction of the very first public railway, laid between Manchester and Liverpool, some ill-wishers talked about the project manager George Stephenson that he started this whole construction just to find practical use steam locomotives manufactured at the personal Stephenson steam locomotive plant.