State regulation of the Russian economy is brief. The essence of state regulation in the Russian Federation
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Introduction
Chapter 1. The essence of state regulation of the economy
1.1 Objectives of state regulation of the economy
1.2 The subject and tasks of state regulation of the economy
1.3 Methods of state regulation of the economy
Chapter 2. Government regulation economy in Russia
2.1 State regulation of the economy in Russia
2.2 Development of the social sphere: priorities of regulation in Russia
2.3 Modernization of state management of the economy. Significance public sector in Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
public administration economics social
Introduction
State regulation is used in the interests of the whole society to activate all forms of activity and limit negative processes in the economy. It affects the interests of the entire economic and social sphere, all regions of the country, and has a huge impact on their development.
State regulation is based on the use of levers and methods, direct and indirect regulators of economic processes. The state regulates various aspects of economic activity through the budget, banking system, government orders, customs service. Planning, economic forecasting, control and other management functions are widely used.
State regulation establishes the rules and procedures for economic activity, responsibility for compliance with these rules. At the same time, state regulation ensures the independent activity of all economic structures.
The importance of state regulation of the economy has especially increased at the present time in connection with radical changes in the economic zoning of Russia - the establishment of seven federal districts, the main purpose of which is to strengthen the vertical of state power, prevent the collapse of the country, and limit the excessive sovereignty of regions. This goal can be achieved by significantly strengthening the processes of regulation of all aspects of economic and social development, strengthening the unified national economic complex of the country and coordinating the activities of central government bodies with government bodies in districts and constituent entities of the Federation.
The purpose of this term paper to reveal the features and mechanisms of state regulation.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set in the work:
1. Analyze key technologies of government regulation
2. Show the underlying regulation methods
3. To reveal ways to increase the effectiveness of government influence
Chapter 1.The essence of state regulation of the economy
1.1 Goalsstate regulation
In economics, the so-called pyramid of government regulation goals is distinguished. The highest goals of state regulation are the formation of favorable conditions for maintaining economic development and social stability of society. The rest of the goals follow from these higher goals.
The goals of the first order (they are called the magic quadrangle) include four main goals of government regulation: 1) ensuring GDP growth; 2) minimization of unemployment; 3) stability of the price level; 4) external economic equilibrium, expressed in a deficit-free balance of payments. These goals are called magic quadrangles because they contradict each other. In the previous chapters, we have already examined the relationship between inflation and unemployment, from which it follows that the fight against one phenomenon can cause the strengthening of another. Thus, stimulating employment through increased government spending leads to an increase in budget deficit, considered one of the important causes of inflation. Fighting inflation by “raising the cost of money” has the effect of reducing investment and increasing unemployment. Therefore, in all four directions, one should move evenly.
The goals of the second order are aimed at creating favorable legislative conditions for increasing profits and expanding competition, stimulating moderate economic growth, introduction of scientific and technological progress achievements into production, smoothing the cyclical nature of the economy, maintaining a satisfactory state of the environment, and some others.
The immediate concrete embodiment of the goals are the tasks facing the national economy. A number of main tasks of state regulation are carried out through state functions.
The main function of the state in the modern economy is to create a legal framework for economic activity. This function of the state involves the development, adoption and control over the implementation of laws and legal norms that ensure the functioning of the economy as a whole, regulating the economic activity of its individual subjects. An important task of the state is the establishment (specification) of property rights to economic resources. Control over the implementation of legislative norms is very important for Russia.
Antimonopoly policy is also considered to be the primary task of state economic policy. In Germany, for example, the antitrust law is called the constitution of the market economy. Relying on antimonopoly legislation, the state is fighting monopoly, protecting the principles of free competition, which ultimately allows realizing the advantages of a market economy and increasing economic efficiency.
The creation of public goods is another important function of the state. The market economy, like any other, cannot exist without them. However, commercial organizations only produce what makes a profit. Therefore, public goods are created mainly by the state or non-governmental non-profit organizations, which also enjoy the support of the state. The level of consumption of public goods guaranteed by the state depends on its capabilities, determined by the size of the state budget.
Regulation of external (side) effects. Externalities, or externalities, are utility or costs that are not reflected in the terms of the contract and are not included in the price system. They can be either negative or positive. Environmental pollution from oil production is a prime example of negative externalities. An example of a positive external effect, for example, is the raising of bees by one farmer, which allows his neighbors to increase the yield of fruit crops without making additional investments. The state is called upon to regulate externalities, reducing the costs incurred by negative externalities and supporting the benefits from positive ones.
The creation of the infrastructure of the economy is another task that requires government intervention. Developed infrastructure is a sine qua non for an efficient economy. Infrastructure is understood as a complex of sectors of the economy that ensure the reproduction process. There are several types of infrastructure:
1. production (transport, communications, power supply network);
2.market (institutions, organizations and services that ensure the functioning of the market: a network of wholesale and retail exchanges, etc.);
3.institutional (government apparatus);
4. social (science, health care, education system, cultural institutions);
5. informational (a set of information channels, information storages, information technologies).
The state can also act as an entrepreneur. State entrepreneurship is understood as the activity of state-owned enterprises that produce goods and services necessary for the development of the national economy, but, as a rule, are not profitable enough for the market sector of the economy. Unlike private entrepreneurial structures, state enterprises are guided not only by making a profit, but also by providing socially significant goods, works, services that ensure the functioning of the economy as a whole, including private capital.
The redistribution of income for the purpose of social and economic equalization and support of socially vulnerable groups of the population has become a characteristic feature of state policy in a socially oriented economy. The state uses various forms of withdrawing part of the income from the wealthier strata of the population in order to transfer them to others who are more in need of them. Such a redistribution serves as a condition for preventing social conflicts and achieving social stability in society, and makes it possible to solve many problems of national importance.
The main forms of income redistribution include:
tax redistribution of income, which implies partial or complete exemption from taxes of some persons and an increased rate of their payment for others. In this way, the state solves serious socio-economic problems: it supports the disabled and socially vulnerable groups, stimulates small business, the development of socially significant industries, attracts foreign investment, etc.;
state lending and subsidizing of economic entities at the expense of state or local budgets, as well as special funds;
government procurement of goods and services for government consumption. The state purchases products for the development of the public sector: the army, civil engineering, education and health care. At the same time, state purchases of goods and services guarantee entrepreneurs a stable sales market and profit. This form of income redistribution contributes to solving employment problems and increasing the well-being of the population.
V modern conditions very important is attached to such a function of the state as macroeconomic stabilization of the economy. With the help of fiscal and monetary levers of economic policy, the state implements measures to smooth economic cycle: slowing down the cyclical decline in production, reviving the economy in a recession, as well as cooling it in the event of overheating, fraught with a new crisis.
The tasks facing the state regulation of the economy include support for small businesses through tax and credit policies, the provision of consulting services, and assistance to enterprises in the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The development of small business is currently seen as a factor in maintaining competition in a market economy, as well as an important area in the fight against unemployment.
The most important function of the state is to create favorable foreign economic conditions for the functioning of the national economy. By regulating foreign economic activity in accordance with the current situation in world markets and based on specific national interests, the state pursues a protectionist or free-trade (liberal) policy. Measures of state foreign economic policy are subdivided into tariff measures, which involve the active use of customs duties, and non-tariff measures, which include import quotas, import licensing, the use of strict quality standards and norms, etc.
Let us dwell on such an important function of the state in an information society focused on the active creation and consumption of knowledge, as support for fundamental science, pursuing an active scientific, technical and innovation policy. The state finances fundamental scientific research, which is not directly profitable, but is necessary for the successful development of applied science and expanding the scientific potential of society.
The function of the state is also to ensure environmental safety. Economic activity damages the environment through its pollution, destruction of ecosystems, depletion of irreplaceable resources. In turn, this leads to negative economic, financial and social implications for the population. To a large extent, they can be reduced or even eliminated with the help of a set of measures for the greening of production, implemented by the state, which assumes the organization of a system for monitoring the state of the environment through the adoption of environmental legislation, tax policy, forces entrepreneurs to comply with environmental regulations. State bodies control the exploitation of natural resources, carry out an examination of investment projects, establish administrative sanctions for violation of environmental legislation, environmental standards, up to the prohibition of the release of certain types of products or the revocation of licenses for the extraction of minerals.
1.2 The subject and tasks of state regulation of the economy
State regulation of the economy is a scientific economic discipline that studies the forms of participation of the state in the country's economic life with the help of methods and levers of influence on social economic processes ensuring effective formation market relations.
State regulation of the economy covers all aspects of social reproduction. During the transition to market relations, state regulation is especially necessary when carrying out economic reforms - reforming property, material production, the labor market, and the financial market. The role of state regulation in territorial development, determining within regional and interregional proportions, leveling the levels of socio-economic development of regions, and forming regional markets is extremely important. It is necessary to regulate the use of natural resources and foreign economic relations. The state should regulate the process of restructuring the economy in accordance with the main goal of market relations by sociologizing, increasing the material well-being of the population.
State regulation of the economy is based on the objective economic laws of social development. In the conditions of market relations, this is, first of all, the law of supply and demand, the law of value, etc. The purpose of state regulation is to provide a legal basis for the functioning of the market system, to establish legal and effective relationships between manufacturers and suppliers and consumers of products. State regulation acts as the main regulator of the behavior of civilized business and creates conditions for relative leveling social inequality population of the country.
Along with this, there is an understanding of the market as an element of the reproduction of the aggregate social product, the movement of its constituent parts. It is also a legitimate, one might say, reproductive characteristic of the market. Finally, there is a third understanding of the market - this is the market as a type of functioning of the economy as opposed to the command-administrative npif-treasury methods of regulation. The transition to the market is a complex process and is characterized by a decline in production, the destruction of many economic ties, disruption of money circulation and the consumer market, rising prices, inflation, stagnation of production.
The historical experience of development indicates the need to apply incentives and regulators based on the use of market relations in the establishment of an effective market economy. Only with sufficient saturation of demand and the development of competition between producers does the consumer market arise, the very commodity market that rigidly subordinates production to the satisfaction of social needs and provides a more reliable mechanism for realizing its goals.
At the same time, it also forms the economic basis for a continuous increase in capital investments in order to update the products and introduce new technologies into production.
This determines the main task of creating a modern market - meeting the demand for a variety of industrial and non-industrial goods, services, and liquidating a commodity deficit.
The market requires other business leaders than under the administrative-command system. The market needs a special infrastructure, the ability to create it and work in it is necessary.
The market cannot be introduced or canceled by decree. Its formation and approval is a natural historical process, long and complex, requiring a certain transitional period.
In this transitional period Russian economy the task of restoring the disturbed equilibrium in the national economy, ensuring an elementary balance of supply and demand, and then introducing market regulators is put to the fore.
State regulation of the economy has been and is currently being carried out in all countries of the world, including in developed countries Oh. An efficient market economy cannot be created without an active regulatory role of the state.
In our country, the experience of the last decade has shown that the almost complete refusal of state regulation of the process of socio-economic development, the provision of unrestricted freedom to the elements of the market led to a deep crisis, and proved that an unregulated market is not able to solve the problems of economic and social development, including creation and maintenance of infrastructure facilities.
A huge role in state influence on social economic development laws are in play that allow regulating the behavior of business entities. It is the legislative framework created at the initial stage of the transition to market relations that made it possible to smooth out, to some extent, many of the negative consequences of the modern market.
The essence of state regulation at the present stage of the transition period is not in the complete dismantling of the old system, but in the creation of a more effective system of economic regulation, taking into account the accumulated positive experience. First of all, to create such an effective regulatory system, it is necessary to carry out a number of measures.
* Improvement of the financial system, the transition to indicative methods, the use of financial leverage.
* Creation of conditions for adaptation and subsequent development for unprofitable and low-profit enterprises, which simply cannot be liquidated immediately. They need to be provided with temporary support through incentives and subsidies to adapt to market conditions. The next stage is denationalization, privatization of property on favorable terms for the state.
* Implementation of restructuring of the entire economic complex of the country, the introduction of the latest achievements of technology, new technologies, the development of resource conservation. Structural restructuring by conventional methods through the dispersal of capitals and the creation of the necessary accumulations through them is too long and difficult path. Effective regulation coupled with targeted planning and programming, as well as direct and indirect government incentives for structural adjustment, will greatly facilitate and accelerate this process.
* Carrying out an active social policy designed to alleviate the negative consequences of the transition to the market for the population, ensuring social protection, implementing a set of measures to increase the level of employment of the population.
* Conducting a clear anti-monopoly policy, increasing state control over the activities of monopolies, increasing the state's share in corporatization of the property of large monopolies.
The main levers of regulation should be cost proportions, with the help of which it is possible to form the proportions of development and reproduction in the spheres of the economy. Prices, taxes, benefits for them, allocation of financial resources, lending rates, rent payments, wage rates, pensions, benefits - all this constitutes a set of economic levers, with the help of which it is possible to influence the economic interests of industries and regions. One of the most important elements of government regulation is price control. Of course, in a market environment, it is impossible to establish control over prices for all types of products. But control over prices for raw materials is necessary, since they serve as a starting point for the formation of the entire chain and scale of prices, and the state must regulate them. There is also a need for state regulation of prices for basic socially significant goods, some food products, primarily bread. For example, in Germany, the state currently controls fifty percent of all prices, helps the countryside with subsidies, and finances housing construction. And this is happening in a country with a long-established and effectively developing market economy.
State regulation is not just an organizational, managerial or economic, but also a social problem. As the most important link in economic knowledge, government regulation is closely linked with other scientific disciplines, and above all with the public administration system.
State regulation is closely related to economic geography, regional studies, municipal management, economic history, statistics, sectoral economies and etc.
As already noted, state regulation is understood as a system or a set of interrelated methods and economic levers affecting all spheres of the country's socio-economic life, including production, exchange, distribution and consumption of industrial products.
However, the regulation mechanism is not limited to a set of methods and levers of managerial influence on social and production processes. Management impact is only one side of the regulatory mechanism. Its main content is determined by the target purpose of the system, target functions of each element and its interactions with other elements of the state regulation system.
In the economic complex of the country, each sphere of life, each industry, each region has its own characteristics, its own specific features, is guided in the course of its activities by its own economic interests. Being objects of state regulation, they require an individual approach in the application of individual regulators.
In the modern transition period, when the task is to overcome the crisis and stabilize the economy, regulation should be based on the principles of using market value instruments as standards for economic activity.
The meaning of the use of commodity-money relations in the conditions of a still unformed market economy in Russia is as follows.
1. Ensure the planned regulation of quantitative parameters of value categories within the limits of the measure that is determined by the laws of commodity production, in particular, the law of equivalence based on the equality of the costs of social labor embodied in the product, and the measure of social need for it.
2. Changing the values of cost parameters under the influence of a measure of social need for a product, purposefully influence the economic interests of producers and consumers of the product, use cost categories as a tool for regulating the structure and volumes of production and consumption.
3. Giving to commodity producers all the freedom to make economic decisions regarding the structure and volumes of production, distribution and sale of products within the centrally established cost parameters, to stimulate economic entrepreneurship with an orientation towards national targets.
4. To achieve convergence and coincidence of the goals of the state and the economic interests of commodity producers so that the production of a product necessary for society is beneficial to commodity producers.
In the period of transition to market relations, it is advisable to plan regulation of market relations, which consists in creating such economic conditions of management that would force the commodity producer for the sake of social economic benefit to bring the volume and structure of its production closer to the parameters of the national plan.
The state, giving the commodity producer, regardless of the form of ownership and management, the right to independently plan his production, brings him quantitative indicators to market parameters. Within their limits, the commodity producer himself chooses the structure of production that will be most economically profitable for him.
Thus, the content of the planned regulation of the market in general terms is reduced to the centralized development of its main cost parameters for a certain period of time.
In a planned economy, these parameters perform the functions of standards.
The main planned market standards include prices and tariffs, rates tax payments, rates bank interest, centralized investments and subsidies.
The listed standards constitute the main set of tools for the planned regulation of commodity-money relations.
They all interact together. It is the system of standards that constitutes the defining parameters of economic conditions. Purposefully changing their value, but without going beyond the objective measure of the laws of commodity production, the state can create favorable conditions for the production and sale of certain types of products and thereby regulate their volumes, bringing production closer to the requirements of the state plan for economic development.
A high level of development of productive forces in a market economy and the correspondence of objective economic laws to this high level can be achieved only through intervention in the economy of the state, i.e. through government regulation. In all developed countries of the world, with all economic systems, the state regulates the economy to one degree or another, while the role of the state in regulating the processes of socio-economic development increases with the deepening of the international division of labor.
However, in the theory of the development of market relations, there are directly opposite approaches. Back in the 18th century. Adam Smith, and in the XX century. M. Friedman and a number of other economists considered and still consider it unacceptable for the state to intervene in the formation of the market, arguing that the market system is automatically capable of self-regulation, equilibrium of supply and demand. Others, such as the English economist J.M. Keynes and American economist V. Leontiev, Nobel Prize laureate, considered necessary a system of state regulation of the market economy.
Moreover, each state develops its own model of building a market economy, taking into account its own characteristics - natural-economic, historical, levels of economic development, etc.
Studying the examples of building a market economy in other countries of the world, Russia cannot copy their models, since no other country in the world has existed for such a long period of time in such a rigid command-administrative framework of management. In addition, each country has its own historical and national characteristics, different levels of regional development.
Therefore, at the first stage of reforming the economy, it was impossible to completely destroy the existing and long-term management system; this led to economic chaos, a catastrophic decline in production, impoverishment of the population, and a protracted crisis. Russia needed a gradual transition to the market and the use of the positive features of the old management system, the preservation of economic ties that have been developing for many decades. In the end, taking into account the mistakes made at the beginning of the reform period, the state came to the need for a regulated market economy.
The essence of state regulation of the economy can be summarized as follows.
* The tasks of state regulation of the economy are: at the initial stage of the transition period - the implementation of measures to liberalize the economy; at the second stage - measures to stabilize the economy and at the final stage - measures to improve efficiency and progressive development.
* State regulation of the economy should lead to a balance of mutual interests, i.e., on the one hand, it should ensure the effective course of economic reforms, using market mechanisms, and on the other, to achieve fairness in the distribution of income and resources.
* One of the tasks of regulation is the skillful use of resources (natural, human, financial), which the state has at its disposal, to increase revenues to the revenue side of the budget, as well as to invest, restructure and develop the economy. At the same time, it is important to be guided by the criterion of preserving market freedoms.
* The task of regulation is to develop programs socio-economic development, sectoral, regional, interregional, as well as target programs, investment projects, concepts of socio-economic development, forecasts for the near and long term, in which the role of the state in management should be expressed.
* Government regulation should be aimed at strengthening economic basis independent socio-economic development of all regions of the Russian Federation through a clear delineation of competence and responsibility between state authorities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Federation and local governments. This distinction is especially important in the field of use. natural resource potential, development of the basic sectors of the economy, the military-industrial complex, transport, foreign economic activity, etc. At the same time, measures are needed to improve the legal framework and interaction of federal, regional and municipal authorities.
* Among the tasks of state regulation is the task of strengthening the financial independence of the regions on the basis of the principles of budgetary federalism.
* The tasks of regulation are to smooth out interregional differences, equalize the levels of socio-economic development of regions, as well as comprehensive support for regions with extreme natural and economic conditions.
* State regulation is especially important for the regions of the Far North, Siberia, territories where small peoples live, as well as areas of ecological disaster.
* State regulation is the basis for the formation of a single commodity market in Russia and regional markets; it is designed to ensure the principles of the unity of the country's economic space, freedom of movement of goods, capital and labor throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
State regulation presupposes the effective functioning of the system of providing financial aid certain regions, industries, industries. At the same time, the role of state regulation in improving the methodology for calculating transfers is great.
The study of the scientific discipline "State regulation of the economy" is aimed at training highly qualified specialists in the field of management, contributes to the formation of state thinking and the ability to solve the most important issues of regulating socio-economic processes in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations.
1.3 Methods of state regulation of the economy
State regulation of the economy in market conditions presupposes a system of legislative-executive and regulatory measures, carried out by competent government agencies and public organizations in order to adapt the socio-economic system to existing conditions. State intervention in economic processes should ensure progressive shifts in the proportions of reproduction, conditions for fair competition, and prevention of negative social and economic consequences.
The influence of the state on economic processes involves a combination of market self-regulation with government regulators. The market performs such functions as the exchange of products of labor of separate commodity producers; they stimulate product quality, reduce production costs; encouraging buyers to save money, increase income.
In developed countries, planning instruments play a significant role in defining strategic development goals, in identifying priority problems, the solution of which requires the participation of the whole society, in involving people in the implementation of national economic tasks.
Planned regulators are human actions to establish specific economic activities; market regulators - objectively acting, emerging as a result of the interaction of many producers and consumers of goods and services. Planned and market regulators are quite compatible. Planning as a subjective human activity to establish a certain sequence of actions aimed at achieving a specific goal should be based on taking into account the real conditions of its implementation, including the parameters of the external environment, the nature of the process of moving towards the goal, due to the peculiarities of the functioning of the market economy.
The state applies regulators, stabilizers, social compensation. The control function is also important for society, for example, the development of various standards. Taxes allow the government to regulate certain types of entrepreneurial activity and after government spending it stimulates firms and enterprises and satisfies social needs. Methods of direct and indirect regulation of the economy are applied.
The methods of direct state influence include:
* determination of strategic goals of economic development and their expression in indicative and other plans, target programs;
* government orders and contracts for the supply of certain types of products, performance of work, provision of services;
* governmental support programs, orders and contracts;
* regulatory requirements for quality and certification of technology and products;
* legal and administrative restrictions and prohibitions on the production of certain types of products, etc .;
* licensing of operations for the export and import of goods, i.e. foreign trade operations.
Methods of indirect state regulation of economic processes are based mainly on commodity-money levers, determine the "rules of the game" in the market economy and affect the economic interests of business entities.
These include:
* taxation, the level of taxation and the system of tax incentives;
* regulation of prices, their levels and ratios;
* payments for resources, interest rates for loans and credit benefits;
* customs regulation of export and import, exchange rates and conditions of exchange of currencies.
Direct methods of state regulation of the economy are not associated with the creation of additional material incentives or the danger of financial damage and are based on the strength of state power.
The scope of indirect regulation as the market economy develops significantly expands, narrowing the possibilities of direct state intervention in the processes of expanded reproduction.
State regulation of the economy, forecasting is a system of scientifically grounded ideas about certain areas of the country's socio-economic development. In the context of the transition to market relations, forecasting becomes very important and becomes the initial stage, the basis of the entire management system. This is due to the fact that in the market conditions the trajectories of development change, the alternatives of its variants increase, the intensity of the search for ways out of undesirable, negative situations increases.
A developed system of alternative forecasts allows you to compare, compare possible options, choose the optimal ones. In addition, in a market economy, the number of entities that independently, under their responsibility make certain decisions (state-owned enterprises and enterprises with foreign investment, cooperatives, farms, local authorities of republics, territories, regions). Each of these subjects needs to anticipate changes in the market situation, the possible consequences of their decisions.
State forecasting not only allows one to foresee development prospects, but also provides information to enterprises and companies about the intentions of the state, is a coordinating link for all other forms of regulation. Forecasting gives the market a more focused development.
With the program-targeted approach, the concentration of resources, the achievement of final results and needs are ensured. With its help, the most important problems of economic, social, scientific and technological development are solved, which are of national economic importance and, as a rule, are of an intersectoral or interregional nature.
Programming is a rather tough method of influencing reproduction processes and therefore it is used in cases where the use of other methods of regulation cannot bring the required results.
Target programs are developed for both long-term and medium-term perspectives and are drawn up at all levels - from the enterprise to the national and international levels. They are characterized by specifically expressed final (target) results (indicators); includes the full range of assignments, activities and related resources; are distinguished by a high degree of complexity, have a certain period of implementation. At the same time, the goal of the program should be measurable, clearly expressed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the system of measures should be developed taking into account the achievement of the intermediate and main goals of the program. Possible executors and terms of implementation of individual activities and the program as a whole are also determined.
Planning is one of the important methods of state regulation of the economy. It is a form of activity in which the development of tasks for the purposeful impact on the reproduction process is carried out.
In a market economy, planning cannot take the form of universal coverage of all aspects of economic and social activity. However, the market economy does not in any way reject planning, since a plan is nothing more than a properly formalized management decision.
As one of the main management functions, planning provides not only purposeful, but also dynamic and proportional development of the management object. Planning receives its concretization in the corresponding planned indicators and standards.
Economic standards determine the “rules of the game” common for all economic entities and differentiated for their groups - rates of taxes, customs duties, exchange rates, etc. They are a regulatory tool and allow business units to determine their plans for their activities, taking into account regional and federal interests.
Financial and credit methods of regulation relate to all spheres of the socio-economic life of Russia. The socially necessary expenditures of labor and the price of a commodity are determined as the resultant from the confrontation of two tendencies: the supply of a commodity, reflecting the average social expenditure of labor for its production, and effective demand for a commodity as an expression of social necessity and need for a given commodity. When forming the planned price, on the one hand, it is unacceptable to focus only on the production costs of the manufacturer of the goods; on the other hand, it should not be allowed that the buyer has ample opportunity to pay for the goods with funds allocated in the form of subsidies or price discounts covered by the state.
Being stable, target prices must also have the necessary elasticity in order to act as a real object of a trade transaction between a supplier and a buyer.
It is advisable to have three types of prices during the transition period: stable prices, at the same time possessing mobility and elasticity within the established upper and lower boundaries (these are prices for basic and certain types of goods); limit prices with a rigid upper bound (mainly for capital goods, energy systems and services); freely folding prices - prices of a spontaneous market.
An important role in regulation should be played by a system of direct economic contracts that regulate relations. The business contract should become the main document governing the relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer. The supplier and the buyer enter into a contractual relationship, guided by cost standards. Economic organization any form of ownership has the right to choose a supplier of resources and a buyer of products. Contracts are concluded in the pre-planning period; they clearly record all the conditions for interaction between the parties, the volume of supplies of goods and services, their structure, nomenclature, compliance with standards, quality requirements, delivery times, prices and tariffs. The contracts regulate the norms of material liability for violation of the terms. Contained in the pre-planning period, they serve as the basis for the development of production plans, distribution and implementation of economic entities.
Purposefully changing the parameters of economic conditions, but without going beyond the objective operation of the laws of commodity production, the state can create either more favorable or less favorable conditions for the production and sale of certain products and raw materials and thereby regulate volumes, bringing production closer to the parameters and requirements. a unified state plan for the development of the economy.
The state order is also a way of regulating the economy. On its basis, purchases for federal and regional state needs are carried out. Licensing is of regulatory importance, on the basis of which it is allowed to carry out a certain type of activity within a specified period.
Standardization establishes norms, rules, characteristics in order to protect the interests of consumers and the state. At the same time, a special body - Gosstandart of Russia - monitors and supervises compliance with state standards, establishes general technical rules for carrying out standardization work.
When regulating the location and development of productive forces, a normative method is used that expresses scientifically grounded needs for goods and services in the regions of the country.
The balance method allows you to choose the right relationship between sectors of the economy. Big role This method plays a role in substantiating the placement of individual economic objects, in developing a system of rational intra-district and inter-district ties, in determining the required volume of export and import. The balances make it possible to assess the feasibility of new construction, the capacity of these new facilities.
The balance sheet method is applicable when evaluating resources, financial security.
The modeling method is used to regulate territorial proportions, the location of industries and industries, and settlement systems.
Legal and managerial regulators have a direct impact on socio-economic processes in the context of the formation of market relations, and especially on the effective implementation of market economic reforms.
The further improvement of the regulatory system should be influenced by the management reform aimed at strengthening the vertical of power and expressed in the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the formation of seven federal districts, which include the subjects of the Federation. These are federal districts - North-West with a center in St. Petersburg, Central - with a center in Moscow, Privolzhsky - with a center in Nizhny Novgorod, Uralsky - with a center in Yekaterinburg, Yuzhny - with a center in Rostov-on-Don, Siberian - with a center in Novosibirsk and Far East - with a center in Khabarovsk. Authorized representatives in federal districts are called upon to coordinate the work of federal power structures in the territories entrusted to them. It is expected that this measure will ensure better control over the work of the regions by the president and strengthen his ties with the regions.
Territorial government bodies have full state power in their jurisdiction, are independent participants in foreign economic relations, are in charge of the use and disposal of natural resources, regulate relations between the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, provide guarantees of the financial independence of local self-government, minimum social standards, etc. ...
Chapter 2. State regulation of the economy in Russia
2.1 State regulation of the economy in Russia
The question of the possibility and forms of state influence on economic processes has always been one of the most difficult and debatable in economic science and practice. Per recent times the range of assessments and approaches in this area has expanded, and under the influence of the concepts of globalization of the world economy, the opinion is often expressed that state functions in the economy should inevitably narrow. This position was actually imposed by Western experts on the countries of the post-socialist zone at the start of market reforms.
It was this approach that seemed to be the most rational and "only correct" and Russian initiators of market transformations in the early 1990s. It was based on the axiom of the alleged "incompatibility" of market modernization with state management of the economy. In Russia, this turned into a rapid withdrawal of the state from the economy.
Do market institutions replace the functions of the state in the economy? An objective analysis of world practice shows that the so-called process of “denationalization” of the economy in any of the highly developed countries of the world did not lead to the “withdrawal” of the state from the economy. Moreover, factual materials on the scale of participation of various states in the regulation of the economic processes of their countries showed that, on average, highly developed countries, i.e., countries with a long-standing focus on market mechanisms are characterized by the highest levels of spending on public administration... The sustainability of the scale of the use of public resources for social and administrative purposes in different countries is shown in Table 2.1. It shows that in Russia the level of government spending is significantly lower than in any of the developed countries.
Table 2.1 Consolidated budget expenditures in relation to GDP in a number of countries of the world (v %)
Country |
2000 year |
2002 year |
2003 r. |
2004 r. |
|
Kazakhstan |
|||||
Argentina |
|||||
United Kingdom |
|||||
Germany |
|||||
Finland |
|||||
Australia |
|||||
Despite the fact that at the end of the XX century. the level of expenditures for state needs in our country was significantly lower than the level characteristic of most developed countries (amounting to about 27-29% of GDP), in the official projections of the government of those years, the tasks of further reducing the corresponding expenditures of the state budget, bringing them to 22- 23% of GDP, that is, below the average level for underdeveloped countries. This was the actual removal of the state from the functions of managing the economy and society. Today, among experts and politicians, there is a growing conviction of the need for a transition to a more efficient system of public administration. And this is due to urgent adjustments in the content and direction of the economic course.
Under the influence of the requirements of the time, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation in the formation of the program of socio-economic development for 2007-2009. for the first time at the official level, it recognized the urgent need to "change the model of economic development towards strengthening the factors of innovative growth, enhancing energy conservation, and a significant increase in investment activity." One can agree with this formulation of the problem if there are adequate actions related to the modernization of the public administration system behind it.
Although the Federal Law "On State Forecasting and Programs of Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation" (? 115-FZ), adopted on July 20, 1995, undoubtedly contributed to the correction of purely liberal approaches to the functions of the state in the economy, it was still half-hearted and did not answer many pressing questions. In it, in particular, there are no provisions on strategic and indicative planning, on the need for scientific support of forecasting and planning work, etc. The lack of strategic planning means in fact the almost complete disappearance of the responsibility of specific state bodies and specific individuals for the development and implementation of the strategy of socio-economic development country leads to major errors and readings.
The administrative reform being carried out in the country, which has significantly changed the structure and nature of the functioning of state bodies, is quite progressive by design, since it is based on ideas and experience recently tested by world practice. However, this reform stalls and often brings negative results, for the reason that it does not have real responsible leadership.
The structure of state bodies, which are charged with performing certain functions in the economic sphere, has become even more confusing as a result of public administration reforms. The level of bureaucratization in the development and passage of the management decisions... The corruption of the bureaucracy has broken all records in history. If in 2003-2004. corruption processes in the activities of the state apparatus, judging by sociological studies, worried about 30% of citizens, then in 2004 already 40%, and in 2006 more than 50%.
Of all the ministries that are directly or indirectly tied to solving problems related to economic development, the most significant, both in name and in scale, is the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT). It is here that economic projects are developed and submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation - concepts and programs of socio-economic development, large forecast studies, national projects, federal target programs, etc. economic projections. But this ministry just "looks" responsible and active. In fact, the "controllability coefficient" of the national economy from certain actions or inaction of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (as an "economic headquarters") is a value that, even in principle, is hardly possible even approximately to determine.
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The influence of the state on economic processes in order to create optimal conditions for the development and support of the existing market mechanism, and its changes, if necessary.
In the history of economic thought, there have always been discussions about the degree of government intervention in the economy. "For" - were the mercantilists, and representatives classical school political economy defended the slogan "economic freedom". XX century - the century of world wars and economic crises redistributed the scales towards state regulation. The victory was won by the theoretical foundations of J.M. Keynes, called the Keynesian model of economics. It flourished in the 1950s and 1960s, but in the 1970s, chronic budget deficits led to a weakening of its positions and their replacement by neoliberalism and the modern theory of "supply economics".
Tasks and goals of state regulation
Regulation is designed to ensure the effective functioning of the economic system of the state, which consists in the interaction of all spheres, primarily financial, legal and social. In this regard, there is a theoretical aspect and a practical implementation. The first is forecasting and action modeling. The practice provides for the implementation of specific legislative, executive and regulatory measures aimed at regulation.
The main goal of state regulation is to improve the welfare of society as a whole, which implies the welfare of each of its members. The goals of state regulation are usually structured into economic, social and political. In this case, the main components are:
- stable economic development and growth;
- employment policy;
- maintaining stability national currency and pricing;
- social protection of the population;
- foreign economic activity.
The implementation of the first 4 directions and their interconnection ensure the achievement of balance in the macroeconomic sphere. In the context of the globalization process, the results of their complex interaction directly affect the foreign economic sphere of state activity. At a certain historical stage in the development of society, the sequence of achieving goals may change.
It should be noted that the methods of state regulation are divided into direct and indirect. Direct ones provide for administrative and legal measures, and their effect lies in the fact that economic actors act on the basis of government regulations and cannot be fully guided by a free economic choice. They are part of a mixed economy and have shown high efficiency, especially in those countries where it is underdeveloped.
Indirect methods, as a rule, are of an economic nature and create preconditions for the independent choice of subjects of economic relations in favor of achieving general economic goals. Competent interaction of methods with each other ensures the solution of the main task - increasing the well-being of society.
Functions and instruments of state regulation
As for the functions of the state, the most important is the creation of the necessary legislative framework, providing legal basis for the functioning of a market economy. An important function of the state is the activation of innovation and entrepreneurial activity, stimulation of investment policy.
In a modern market economy, the state acts as a guarantor in the field of social protection of the population. The tool for this is the function of redistributing income in favor of less protected groups of the population. Social policy is not inferior in importance to such an instrument as the management of the public sector of the economy, since it prevents the growth of social tension in society and contributes to the achievement of social security. As for the use of state property, it acts as a basic element for the implementation of long-term tasks, especially in those areas that require significant investment.
In modern conditions, state regulation of the economy in a market economy is understood as a system of standard measures of a legislative, executive and controlling nature, carried out by competent state institutions and public organizations in order to stabilize and adapt the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.
State regulation of the economy is an integral part of the reproduction process. Specific directions, forms, scales of state regulation of the economy are determined by the nature and severity of economic and social problems in a particular country in a particular period.
Objects of state regulation of the economy are spheres, industries, regions, as well as situations, phenomena and conditions of the country's socio-economic life, where difficulties have arisen or may arise, problems that are not automatically resolved, or are resolved in the distant future, and the removal of these problems is necessary for the normal functioning of the economy and the maintenance of social stability.
Objects of state regulation of the economy differ depending on the level of tasks being solved: firms, regions, industries, sectors of the economy, the economy as a whole (business cycle, money circulation, prices), global (social relations, ecology), supranational (relations with other countries).
The general goal of state regulation of the economy is to ensure the welfare of society, economic and social stability, to strengthen the existing system within the country, and to adapt it to changing conditions. In a mixed economy, state regulation of the economy should ensure the effective functioning of the national economy in those directions that cannot be solved with the help of a market mechanism.
From this general goal, a tree of mediating specific goals or directions of state economic policy spreads, without the implementation of which the general goal cannot be achieved. These specific goals are inextricably linked with the objects of state regulation of the economy, to which they are directed, as well as with each other, although they are not the same in meaning and scope. One goal cannot be set and achieved independently of others. So, the goal - ensuring employment - is aimed at the object - employment, but it is associated with creating conditions for capital accumulation, sectoral, sectoral and territorial structures of the economy, training and retraining of personnel.
Specific goals can serve as mediators to achieve other, higher goals for the current moment. They partially overlap each other, one of them may turn out to be more important and subjugate others, depending on the real economic situation, on the priorities chosen by the government. Any of the goals can help or hinder the achievement of another goal.
The position of individual goals or directions of state economic regulation in the goal tree is unstable. It constantly changes depending on the economic situation, economic tasks that come to the fore. In a crisis, the primary goal is to get out of it, i.e. revival of the conjuncture. All other goals retreat and obey the primary one. In the context of a prolonged deficit of the balance of payments, an increase in external debt, and a decrease in foreign exchange reserves, the primary goal is to improve the balance of payments and its subordinate goals - to attract capital to the country, increase the competitiveness of national goods in world markets.
The goals of state regulation of the economy depend on many circumstances: the degree of general development of the economy, its structure (modern and desired in the future), measures of involvement in the international division of labor. The classic set of goals for a bourgeois state is economic growth, full employment, economic efficiency, price stability, economic freedom, fair distribution of income, economic security, trade balance.
State regulation of the economy should be linked to the regulation of other aspects of life (politics, culture). In addition, the state is obliged to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, protection from the mafia and corruption, and compliance with the rule of law.
The main border of state regulation of the economy is the possible discrepancy between its goals and the private interests of capital owners in conditions of relative freedom of making economic decisions.
The economic basis of state regulation of the economy is a part of the gross domestic product, redistributed through the state budget and extrabudgetary funds, and state property. This basis determines the forms of state intervention in the economy - direct and indirect intervention. Direct state intervention in the economy - expanding state ownership of material resources, lawmaking, management manufacturing enterprises... Indirect government intervention in the economy - managing the economy through various measures of economic policy.
Both of these forms are closely related to each other, but this relationship in a market and centralized economy differs significantly. Countries with market economies, which began to form two to three centuries ago, are constantly looking for the optimal combination of government regulation and the functioning of a naturally formed market mechanism. Countries with an established centralized economic system are trying, in the course of denationalization, to revive with the help of the state (no matter how paradoxical it may sound) that very powerful life-giving private interest, without which there can be no market. the main problem at the same time - not to kill this life-giving interest in the arms of the state.
Types of government regulation - centrally controlled planned economy, extreme economic liberalism (unlimited private entrepreneurship), Keynesian model state regulation, mixed management (great neoclassical synthesis), intermediate forms (Japanese, Swedish models).
The state fulfills its functions by applying various instruments to which the market system imposes certain requirements.
Firstly, any actions of the state that break market ties are excluded.
Secondly, it is possible to influence the market as a self-adjusting system mainly by economic methods. If the state relies exclusively on administrative methods, then it is capable of destroying the market mechanism. At the same time, this does not mean that in a developed market economy, administrative methods have no right to exist at all, in some cases their application is not only permissible, but also necessary.
Third, economic regulators should not weaken or replace market incentives; they should be applied on a “do not interfere with the market” principle.
Fourth, the state, applying economic regulators, must constantly monitor the positive and negative effects they bring, be responsible for the long-term consequences of their decisions.
Fifth, it is necessary to take into account the national specifics, which have a tangible effect on the economic activity of the regions and subjects of economic activity.
Although the world economic practice knows many combinations of various methods of regulation, their internal structure, as a rule, remains unchanged. Some methods (both economic and administrative) play the role of a supporting structure in the economy, are aimed at achieving the set goals, while others act as shock absorbers, designed to extinguish the negative effects that inevitably accompany state regulation of the market economy.
The achievement of the goals of economic policy and the implementation of its main directions are provided by various instruments (administrative and economic) of state regulation of the economy.
Administrative means are based on the strength of state power and include measures of prohibition, permission and coercion. Thus, prohibitions and permits can take the form of issuing licenses to engage in a particular type of activity. When the authorities are interested, for example, in stopping new industrial construction in the historic center of the city, they simply stop issuing licenses for new industrial construction instead of levying fines and raising taxes. On the contrary, the permission to conduct this or that activity creates new areas of capital investment, expands economic activity. Coercive measures include the fact that the state bodies of developed countries oblige entrepreneurs to comply with certain labor protection conditions, to install treatment facilities, and to organize industrial training for young people.
Economic and administrative methods are interconnected. So, any economic regulator carries elements of administration, since it is controlled by one or another public service... In turn, in every administrative regulator there is something economic in the sense that it indirectly affects the behavior of the subjects of the economic system. By resorting to direct control over prices, the state creates a special economic regime for producers, forces them to revise production programs, look for new sources of financing capital investments, etc. Consumers also have to adapt - to change the structure of current demand, as well as the ratio between its volume and the amount of savings.
At the same time, economic and administrative methods are opposite. Economic methods do not limit the freedom of choice for the entities that retain the right to free market decision making. When, for example, the state uses the interest rate on its debt obligations to regulate the economy, the owner of monetary income sees this as a sign that the options available to him for the profitable placement of savings ( Bank deposit, purchase of securities of private corporations, purchase of real estate, etc.), another one was added. And here everything depends on the ability of the state to attract the owner of the savings to its side in order to achieve the goals of regulation.
On the contrary, administrative methods significantly limit the freedom of economic choice, and sometimes reduce it to zero. This happens where administration goes beyond economically justified boundaries, acquires the features of totality, and degenerates into an administrative-command system. Then control becomes all-encompassing, covering the entire economic process - production and its structure, costs, prices, product quality, wages, profit and its distribution, etc.
At the same time, administrative measures, suppressing individual economic freedom, are fully justified if they are used in cases where the maximum freedom of some subjects turns into heavy losses for other subjects and the market economy as a whole. There are areas where the use of administrative methods is effective and does not contradict the market mechanism.
First, tight government control over monopoly markets.
Secondly, the regulation of externalities and their consequences for the environment. In this area, economic regulators are insufficient and ineffective, since if a lake or forest is destroyed, then no financial sanctions will revive them. Administrative measures are needed: conservation of a part of national resources, excluding their commercial exploitation, allocation of nature protection zones in which certain types of production activities are unacceptable, direct prohibition of the use of environmentally harmful technologies.
Third, the development of environmental standards that guarantee the population an environmentally safe life, national standards and others, as well as control over their observance.
Fourth, the definition and maintenance of the minimum permissible parameters of the well-being of the population - a guaranteed minimum wage, unemployment benefits, etc.
Fifth, the protection of national interests in the world economy, for example, export licensing or state control over the import of capital.
Legal regulation economy in the Russian Federation
The legal prerequisites for state regulation of the economy are, first of all, the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: welfare state(Art. 7); on guarantees of a single economic space, support for competition, protection of various forms of ownership (Article 8); on the prohibition of monopolistic activities and unfair competition (Art. 34), etc.
The first part of Art. 8 establishes and guarantees the unity of the economic space in Russia. This concept covers the unity of the market, the establishment of the legal basis of which is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Market unity means not only free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition, freedom of legal economic activity throughout Russia and prevention of activities aimed at monopolization and unfair competition, but also free movement of labor.
Free enterprise, free exchange of goods and services, free sale of one's own intelligence and working hands require regulation.
The Constitution actually speaks of two types of property: private (individual and collective) and public, ᴛ.ᴇ. state (federal and belonging to the subjects of the Russian Federation) and municipal. The recognition and protection of other forms of ownership are also not excluded; so, at the present time, church property is clearly growing. Collective private property must be cooperative, owned by others public organizations, joint stock companies, etc.
An important, not always taken into account feature of the constitutional list of forms of ownership is the placing of private property in the first place.
The state exercises control by state registration legal entities and persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Federal law establishes a list of types of activities that are subject to licensing and the implementation of which is possible only after obtaining an appropriate license in the manner prescribed by law.
In the Russian Federation, support for competition, freedom of economic activity is guaranteed, economic activity aimed at monopolization and unfair competition is not allowed (Articles 8, 34 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The main legislative act that regulates these relations is the Law "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in the Commodity Markets".
It is extremely important to include the regulation of relations associated with the activities of natural monopolies in the area where government regulation is traditionally present. The basic act in this area is the Federal Law "On Natural Monopolies". Natural monopoly is a state of the market for goods, in which the satisfaction of demand in this market is more efficient in the absence of competition due to the technological features of production, and goods produced by the subjects of natural monopolies are not replaced in consumption by other goods, and therefore the demand for this commodity market for goods produced by the subjects of natural monopolies is less dependent on changes in the price of this product than the demand for other goods.
Along with antimonopoly regulation, the so-called monopoly regulation operates in the Russian Federation. Thus, the Federal Law "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity" allows the state monopoly on the export and (or) import of goods, the lists of which are approved by federal laws.
Protection of consumer rights - this sphere of property turnover, where state regulation is present, is especially important, one might say, significant for a country where civilized market relations are being formed.
The current legislation establishes a special procedure for the conclusion and execution of contracts providing for the satisfaction of state needs. Foreign exchange regulation, the sphere of foreign trade is a traditional area where public-law elements of regulation are strong.
In accordance with paragraph "g" of Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the establishment of the foundations of pricing policy is attributed to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. There are areas of the economy in Russia where state regulation of tariffs and prices is carried out. These areas traditionally include electrical and thermal energy.
Issues related to patent law are regulated by the Patent Law of the Russian Federation.
A number of spheres of the national economy due to their exceptional importance for the life of the country, its political and economic security subject to government regulation.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the administrative and legal institutional support of the market economy is aimed at implementing state policy in this area, provisions and requirements enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in federal laws of a sectoral, comprehensive and functional nature, at further strengthening the unity of the economic space and the rule of law.
The state, being the most important economic subject of market relations, also plays a fundamental role as a regulator of the functioning of the economic system, allowing the entire system to respond in a timely manner to emerging contradictions in socio-economic development. It gives market system additional resilience makes it socially safer and often more effective.
Legal state regulation is a form of state regulation of public relations, through which the behavior of their participants is brought into line with the requirements and permissions contained in the rules of law.
Legal regulation of the economy consists in the development of laws that ensure the norms of the functioning of market structures (stock exchanges, banks, joint stock companies), entrepreneurship and commerce, protection of the rights of buyers and the interests of society, equality of market actors, mediation between entrepreneurs and employees, the fight against the shadow economy and so on. In the system of such regulatory norms, “antimonopoly legislation” and “deflationary policy” are of exceptional importance.
Administrative and legal institutional support of the market economy is aimed at implementing state policy in this area, provisions and requirements enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in federal laws of a sectoral, complex and functional nature, at further strengthening the unity of the economic space and the rule of law.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basic educational literature (textbooks, teaching aids, anthologies):
1. Bulakov, ON Jurisprudence: textbook / ON. Bulakov, I. V. Zykov. - M.: KnoRus, 2006 .-- 336 p.
2. Gureev, V.I. Jurisprudence: textbook / V.I. Gureev, Z.G. Krylov. - M.: Higher school, 2006 .-- 600 p.
3. Magnitskaya, E.V. Jurisprudence: textbook / E.V. Magnitskaya, E.N. Evstigneev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Peter, 2006 .-- 512 p.
4. Marchenko, M.N. Jurisprudence: textbook / M.N. Marchenko, E.M. Deryabin. - M.: Prospect, 2006 .-- 416 p.
5. Mukhaev, R.T. Jurisprudence / R.T. Mukhaev. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M.: Unity, 2005 .-- 415 p.
6. Jurisprudence: textbook / ed. A.V. Malko. - 2nd ed., Erased.
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- M.: KnoRus, 2006 .-- 400 p.
7. Jurisprudence: textbook / ed. O.E. Kutafina. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Infra-M, 2006.
8. Jurisprudence: textbook / ed. M.B. Smolensky. - M.: Dashkov and K., 2006 .-- 480 p.
9. Shumilov, V.M. Jurisprudence: textbook / V.M. Shumilov. - M.: Welby, 2006 .-- 272 p.
10. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12.12.1993 Ch. 1 - 7 // Russian newspaper. – 1993. – № 237.
11. Tax code Of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ // SZ RF. - 1998. - No. 31. - Art. 3824.
12. The Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 07.24.2002 No. 95-FZ // SZ RF. - 2002. - No. 30. - Art. 3012.
13. The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) dated 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ // SZ RF. - 2002. - No. 1 (part 1). - Art. 1.
14. Labor Code of the Russian Federation of 12/30/2001 No. 197-FZ // SZ RF. - 2002. - No. 1 (part 1). - Art. 3.
15. Land Code Russian Federation from 25.10.2001 № 136-FZ // SZ RF. - 2001. - No. 44. - Art. 4147.
16. Budget Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 No. 145-FZ // SZ RF. - 1998. - No. 31. - Art. 3823.
17. Air Code of the Russian Federation of 03.19.1997 No. 60-FZ // SZ RF. - 1997. - No. 12. - Art. 1383.
18. Forest Code of the Russian Federation dated January 29, 1997 No. 22-FZ // SZ RF. - 2006. - No. 50. - Art. 5278.
19. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 01/08/1997 No. 1-FZ // SZ RF. - 1997. - No. 2. - Art. 198.
20. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ // SZ RF. - 1996. - No. 25. - Art. 2954.
21. Family Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1995 No. 223-FZ // SZ RF. - 1996. - No. 1. - Art. 16.
22. Water Code of the Russian Federation of November 16, 1995 No. 167-FZ // SZ RF. - 2006. - No. 23. - Art. 2381.
23. Civil Code Russian Federation (parts one, two and three) // SZ RF. - 1994. - No. 32. - Art. 3301.
24. Customs Code of the Russian Federation of 18.06.1993 No. 5221-I // SZ RF. - 2003. - No. 22. - Art. 2066.
Further reading for all topics:
25. Aminov, I.I. Jurisprudence: textbook / I.I. Aminov and others.
Posted on ref.rf
- M.: Infra-M, 2006 .-- 160 p.
26. Balashov, A.I. Jurisprudence: textbook for universities / A.I. Balashov. - 2nd ed. - M.: Peter, 2006 .-- 512 p.
27. Belousov, M. S. Jurisprudence. Answers to exam questions: textbook for universities / M.S. Belousov, V.A. Maiorov. - M.: Examination, 2006 .-- 157 p.
28. Bulakov, O. N. Jurisprudence: textbook / ON. Bulakov, I. V. Zykov. - M.: KnoRus, 2006 .-- 336 p.
29. Grishaeva, D.S. Jurisprudence: lecture notes / D.S. Grishaeva. - M.: Prior, 2004 .-- 160 p.
30. Gureev, V.I. Jurisprudence: a textbook for students of economics. and finance. Universities / V.I. Gureev, Z.G. Krylov. - M.: Higher school, 2006 .-- 600 p.
31. Yezhov, Yu.A. Jurisprudence in schemes and definitions: textbook / Yu.A. Yezhov. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2006 .-- 448 p.
32. Kudinov, O. A. Jurisprudence (course of lectures): textbook / O.A. Kudinov. - M.: Examination, 2006 .-- 190 p.
33. Magnitskaya, E.V. Jurisprudence: textbook / E.V. Magnitskaya, E.N. Evstigneev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Peter, 2006 .-- 512 p.
34. Malyshev, V.A. Jurisprudence: lecture notes / V.A. Malyshev. - M.: Eksmo, 2006 .-- 192 p.
35. Fundamentals of the state and law / ed. O.E. Kutafina. - 13th ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Yurist, 2006 .-- 478 p.
36. Fundamentals of law / ed. V.V. Lazarev. - 4th ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Yurist, 2006 .-- 429 p.
37. Jurisprudence. Workshop. It is important to note that for university and college students / ed. V.A. Vasenkov. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Yurist, 2005 .-- 126 p.
38. Jurisprudence: textbook for universities / ed. M.B. Smolensky. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2006 .-- 480 p.
39. Jurisprudence: a textbook for high schools non-legal. profile, applicants / ed. A.V. Malko. - 2nd ed., Erased.
Posted on ref.rf
- M.: KnoRus, 2006 .-- 400 p.
40. Jurisprudence: a textbook for non-legal. Universities / ed. O.E. Kutafina. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Yurist, 2006 .-- 400 p.
41. Shkatulla, V.I. Jurisprudence: a textbook for non-legal. faculties of universities / V.I. Casket. - 5th ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Academia, 2004 .-- 496 p.
Legal regulation of the economy in the Russian Federation - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Legal regulation of the economy in the Russian Federation" 2017, 2018.
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Introduction
At the present stage of development of the state, carrying out the regulation of socio-economic processes, it uses a system of methods and tools that change depending on economic tasks, the material capabilities of the state, the accumulated experience of regulation. Analysis of Western theories and world experience makes it possible to speak about both the formation of national models and the established standard set of social forms and methods of state regulation.
The possibilities of the free market are by no means limitless. He is unable to guarantee the solution of all socio-economic problems. modern society... In this case, we are not talking about shortcomings, but about limited market opportunities, especially in relation to modern economic conditions... Therefore, in those areas where the free market cannot produce results, government intervention is necessary.
State regulation of externalities. The market does not cover all social economic relations participants in the macroeconomic system. The activity of producers and consumers generates external (and not only internal) effects that may not directly have a monetary measure. For example, there is an industrial enterprise that, by participating in market competition, incidentally pollutes the environment. There is nothing the market can do about this external effect. One cannot do without the participation of the state.
State regulation of the consumption of public goods. A free market allows people to satisfy only those needs that are expressed through demand. But there are other needs that cannot be measured in money and turned into demand. How to deal with them? It is, first of all, about goods and services for collective use. And especially about those in the consumption of which all citizens, without exception, participate - these are national defense, public order, public administration, a unified energy system, national communication networks, etc. These goods are called public goods in world economic science. A public good differs from a private one in that it goes to all consumers approximately equally, in the same amounts. The provision of public goods to the population is becoming one of the functions of the state in the economy of free competition. Their financing falls on the central and local budgets. The state budget should be sufficient to compensate for externalities and volumes of supply of public goods.
Providing the economy with the required amount of money. The market alone cannot solve this problem. As a result, we get an idea of the economic mechanism of free enterprise. There are two of its leading links - the free market and the state. At the same time, the meaning of the economic activity of the state is to supplement the market, to solve those problems before which it gives in. If even the economy of free competition cannot do without the participation of the state, then it is all the more necessary in a modern market economy. Several more follow from the same problem: income redistribution, unemployment, investment in science and technology.
Any economy (both market and non-market) is subject to inflation and monopoly. Therefore, the market economy needs an anti-inflationary and antimonopoly policy pursued by the state.
The purpose of the work is to study theoretical aspects and modern strategy of state regulation in the Russian Federation.
The aim of this work is to show the main directions and tools of the modern strategy of state regulation in the Russian Federation.
1. The essence of state regulation in the Russian Federation
To begin with, let's consider what government regulation applies to. Objects of state regulation are spheres, industries, regions, as well as situations, phenomena and conditions of the country's socio-economic life, where difficulties have arisen or may arise, problems that are not automatically resolved or resolved in the distant future, while the removal of these problems is urgent necessary for the normal functioning of the economy and the maintenance of social stability. I. Kurnyshova, V. Zasko. Trends and prospects of economic growth. // Economist. 2007. No. 10
The main objects of state regulation of the economy are:
The economic cycle - the essence of the state countercyclical policy, or regulation of the economic situation, is to stimulate the demand for goods and services, investment and employment during crises and depression. For this, private capital is provided with additional financial incentives, government spending and investments are increasing;
- ??? sectoral, sectoral and regional structure of the economy - carried out with the help of financial incentives and public investment, which provide privileged conditions for individual industries and regions;
- conditions for capital accumulation;
- employment is the maintenance of the ratio between the demand and supply of labor, which is normal from the point of view of a market economy. This ratio should satisfy the economy's need for qualified and disciplined workers, wage which serves as sufficient motivation for them to work;
- money circulation - the fight against inflation, which poses a serious threat to the economy;
- balance of payments - the state constantly carries out operational and strategic regulation of the balance of payments by influencing exports and imports, capital movement, increase and decrease in national currencies, trade and contractual policy and participation in international economic integration;
- prices - the dynamics and structure of prices reflects the state of the economy. At the same time, prices themselves strongly influence the structure of the economy, the conditions for investment, the stability of the national currency, and the social atmosphere;
- R&D (research and development work aimed at the development and implementation of scientific ideas);
- conditions of competition;
- social relations, including relations between employers and employees, as well as social security;
- training and retraining of personnel;
- environment;
- foreign economic relations.
State regulatory authorities seek to influence other objects of state regulation of the economy, for example, to interest private firms in the development scientific research and the implementation of their results in the export of goods, capital and accumulated knowledge and experience. Laws on compliance with competition rules, social protection, and environmental protection are being studied and improved.
Based on the essence, the goals of state regulation are determined. Economics considers at the global level the main, supreme goal of regulation and applied goals. In any country, the highest goal should be to achieve the maximum well-being of the whole society. But its implementation is possible through the achievement of applied goals, which include:
- the economic growth;
- full employment;
- stability of the price level and stability of the national currency;
- external economic balance.
In the system of economic goals, ensuring economic growth is considered the leading specific task. Its decision is associated with the absolute and relative increase in GNP.
Economic growth is associated with another major goal - meeting the requirements of full employment. Its essence is to achieve the maximum possible and in the long term stable use of everything able-bodied population... Specifically, the task is being solved by creating new jobs and other methods of combating unemployment. The complex of these measures in the development of the country is usually called the policy of ensuring employment.
The stability of the price level and the national currency is a condition for the stability of the economy. Therefore, the achievement of this goal is the most important guideline in the actions of the state.
The solution of the three listed target tasks means the achievement of a relative macroeconomic equilibrium within the national economy and creates more favorable conditions for achieving foreign economic equilibrium. It is supported by a system of government measures in the field of international trade, intercountry movement of capital, labor resources, and ensuring a balanced balance of payments. Fundamentals of Foreign Economic Activity. - Rostov-on-Don: RIO RF RTA, 2007 .-- 55 p.
The significance and consistency of goal setting in a particular country is determined by a variety of internal and external circumstances. With regard to the conditions of Russia, the sequence of achieving the considered goals may differ markedly from the sequence characteristic of Western countries. And in the very composition of the goals there is a certain specificity caused by the insufficient maturity of market relations.
The state, carrying out the regulation of socio-economic processes, uses a system of methods and tools.
Let us consider the universal means of state regulation used recently (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. Types of state regulation
Legal regulation consists in the establishment by the state of the rules of the "economic game" for manufacturing firms and consumers. The system of legislative norms and rules determines the forms and rights of ownership, the conditions for concluding contracts and the functioning of firms, mutual obligations in the field of labor relations between trade unions and employers, etc. Voronina L.A., Ratner S.V. An innovative way of developing the Russian economy. // Finance and credit. 2006 No. 12.
Administrative regulation includes measures for regulation, contingency (from Lat. Remaining for a share - a limit set for certain purposes, the norm of something), licensing (from Lat. - freedom, right, permission), quotas (late Lat. - share , part, the norm of something allowed), etc.
With the help of a system of administrative measures (in the form of measures of consolidation, permission, coercion), control is exercised over prices, income, discount rate, exchange rate... In a number of countries, the scope of administrative measures is limited to the area of environmental protection and social protection of the population.
Economic regulation involves the impact on the nature of market relations through the impact on aggregate demand, aggregate supply, the degree of capital concentration, the structuring of the economy and social conditions, the use of factors of economic growth. For this purpose, it is used:
- budgetary and fiscal policy;
- money-credit policy;
- programming;
- forecasting and planning.
2. Modern strategy of state regulation in the Russian Federation
On November 17, 2008, the Government of the Russian Federation issued Order No. 1662-r "On the concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020".
The Concept formulates the goals, priorities and main tasks of long-term state policy in social sphere, in the field of science and technology, in the field of economics, a strategy for achieving the set goals was determined, including methods, directions and stages, goals and priorities of foreign economic policy, parameters of the spatial development of the Russian economy, and tasks of territorial development were outlined.
The main points of the strategy of social and economic development are:
- a new model of economic growth. Ensuring macroeconomic and social stability and choosing a further way to modernize the country
-budgetary and monetary policy, macroeconomic parameters of the development of the Russian economy
- reform of the pension system
in recent years, practically in all economically developed countries, to one degree or another, difficulties have arisen with maintaining a stable state of the pension provision of the population. Many of them are faced with the need to reform their pension systems... There are many reasons for this, but first of all, the demographic reason should be noted - negative tendencies in the change in the ratio of people of working and disabled age.
- strengthening of market institutions. Ensuring the stability of property conditions and the development of competition, stimulating small business
-transition from stimulating innovations to growth based on them
- tax policy
- labor market, vocational education, migration policy
-new school
- reducing inequality and overcoming poverty
the goal is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy measures aimed at reducing poverty and inequality in access to development resources. Special attention will be paid to the issues of improving the redistribution policy, increasing the efficiency of the social support system for the population, improving the measures of state policy in the field of pension provision and in the labor market aimed at reducing poverty and inequality state regulation of employment economy
-development of the financial and banking sector
- human health and environment
- real federalism, local government, interbudgetary policy
- increasing the efficiency of public investment and public procurement, creating a federal contract system
- optimization of the presence of the state: reduction of regulatory functions, ensuring transparency and feedback with citizens and business
- management state property and privatization
- development of public institutions
- reform of the public sector in the economy
- reform of natural monopolies
When forming a socio-economic strategy for the development of Russia in the long term, the most pressing problems in the field of reforming and developing natural monopolies are: common approaches the state to regulate the post-reform natural monopolies of Russia, contributing to the provision of maximum rates of economic growth and balanced social development of the country. Second, the solution of numerous specific sectoral problems that have accumulated as a result of the low efficiency of the functioning of natural monopolies and imperfections that have arisen in the course of reforms and the creation of artificial conditions for the development of market institutions.
- overcoming territorial and informational disunity: development of the transport system, communications and information
- Russia's international position: economic benchmarks
- development of economic and social integration in the post-Soviet space
In order to objectively characterize the state regulation of economic growth, the work considers and characterizes objects, goals, methods, tools (means), as well as directions of state regulation for the near future. Considered a strategy and priority directions socio-economic development of the country until 2020.
Conclusion
This work highlights such concepts as: the concept of state regulation of the economy, goals, objectives and forms, in detail
objects and instruments of state regulation of the economy are considered. Regulation methods are also touched upon.
We made the following conclusions.
The country's economy is hundreds of millions of different components (including people, machines, equipment, raw materials, materials, tools, etc.) that are in constant interaction. Only under the condition of a rational division of rights and responsibilities between the upper and lower management levels, the effective functioning of the management mechanism is ensured. Only under the condition of a rational division of rights and responsibilities between the upper and lower management levels, the effective functioning of the management mechanism is ensured.
The regulating role of the state in organizing the foreign economic activity of product manufacturers is important, since in this area, in addition to economic ones, interstate rules are in force. Therefore, those state bodies of economic management are being strengthened, which ensure external relations between suppliers and consumers of products. The role of state bodies is mainly, firstly, to control the observance of laws by economic entities and, secondly, to prepare the missing laws and regulations.
The most important economic task of state bodies is to provide conditions for the development and implementation of state investment and scientific and technical policies in the country, contributing to the technical re-equipment of production and increasing the competitiveness of domestic products in world markets.
State regulation of the economy is aimed at developing entrepreneurship and creating a competitive environment in order to maximize production efficiency in accordance with the interests of the state and the needs of the population. The efforts of the central and local authorities the authorities therefore concentrate on the development of the real sector of the economy, designed to provide the country with material resources. The state assumes the functions of entrepreneurship mainly not only and not so much for the sake of regulating market relations. State bodies are recognized to solve those problems that an uncontrolled market is not able to solve. The state must establish an order under which entrepreneurs, acting in market conditions, are forced and interested in doing exactly what is beneficial not only to themselves, but also to society as a whole. We are talking about such an order that would take into account the general needs and laws of the market in the real socio-economic conditions of the country. At the same time, the independence of market entities would be combined with the interests of society. Thus, the state turns into the main coordinating center of the entire economic system, ensuring the normal productive work of the subjects included in the system. The state, proceeding from its social, political, economic and other interests, should set goals for business and stimulate it to achieve these goals. It will help a business a lot if it formulates public policy with regard to business development. It is necessary, firstly, to formulate the principles of the state's attitude to business and reflect them in the legislative and regulatory framework, secondly, to establish state socio-economic priorities and, thirdly, to create a state infrastructure conducive to business activities.
By its actions, the state can slow down or accelerate their development. The market economy is not able to automatically regulate all economic and social processes in the interests of society and every citizen. The prerogative of the state is to ensure law and order in the country and its national security, which is the basis for the development of entrepreneurship and the economy.
The state is entrusted with the following main tasks: creating a legal framework, ensuring proper law and order in the country and its national security, stabilizing the economy, providing social protection and social guarantees, protecting competition, developing, adopting and organizing the implementation of economic legislation.
The objects of state regulation of the economy are completely different, but they cover almost all spheres of economic activity.
Among the methods of state regulation, you can hardly find completely unsuitable or completely ineffective. We need everything, and the only question is to determine for each economic zones and situations, those niches where its use is expedient. Economic and administrative methods have some similarities, and at the same time differ significantly from each other.
Administrative methods noticeably narrow the freedom of economic choice, and sometimes even reduce it to zero. Economic methods in no way limit the freedom of choice, and sometimes even expand it.
State intervention in the market economy is necessary in cases where there are so-called "failures" of the market. The state should intervene in the economy if there are certain conditions and prerequisites for that. They can be positive and negative. There are signs of conditions and prerequisites: unemployment, inflation, budget deficit. The highest form of state regulation is state economic programming. Its task is the comprehensive use of all elements of state regulation of the economy for global purposes. Programs are developed by a special government agency or ministries of economy and finance. Typically, programs provide socio-economic development in the desired direction. Programming allows you to use all the means of state regulation and to avoid the inconsistency and inconsistency of regulatory measures of individual state bodies. State regulation of foreign economic activity. Ch. 13 Monographs: State regulation of the economy. Rostov-on-Don. Ed. SKAGS. 2006.
Modern market relations in industrially developed countries, taking into account the high technical level of production, objectively require support on state methods of regulation. And it is obvious that the role of the state in managing the economy around the world will increase every year.
List of used literature
1. Abakumova O.G. Foreign economic activity management. - M .: Prior-Publishing House, 2005.
2. Arend R. Sources of post-crisis economic growth in Russia. // Economic Issues. - 2005. - No. 1. - 28 p.
3. Foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation. - M .: State Committee, 1996 .-- 16 p.
4. Foreign economic activity: organization and management / Shd ed. prof. E.P. Puzakova. - M: Economist, 2005.
5. Voronina L.A., Ratner S.V. An innovative way of developing the Russian economy. // Finance and credit. 2006 No. 12.
6. Voropaev N.M. The WTO is not to the liking of Russian customs // Customs regulation. Customs control. - 2004. - No. 6. - 5 p;
9. Dubrova SV. Non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity. Theory and practice of customs: Tutorial 4.1 / ed. P.P. Bopdareiko, A.P. Fiskova and others - Rostov-on-Don: RIO RF RTA, 2005.
10. Kozyrin A.P., Shepepko R.L. Competition na international markets and anti-dumping regulation. - M .: Spark, 2005;
11. Kosarenko N.N. Customs law: Course of lectures. - M .: KNORUS, 2006.
12. Kochergina T.E. Fundamentals of Foreign Economic Activity. - Rostov-on-Don: RIO RF RTA, 2007 .-- 55 p.
13. Kolyada SP, Kravets T. Non-tariff regulation: classification features and basic characteristics. Problems of improving tariff and non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia: Materials of a scientific and practical seminar. - Rostov-on-Don: RIO RF RTA, 2002 .-- 65 p.
14. Klotsvog F., Chernova L., Sukhotin. On the choice of development prospects until 2010 // Problems of Economics. - 2005. - No. 6. - 12 p.
15. Kurnyshova I., Zasko V. Trends and prospects of economic growth. // Economist. 2007. No. 10.
16. Maksimova E.N. State regulation of foreign economic activity. Ch. 13 Monographs: State regulation of the economy. Rostov-on-Don. Ed. SKAGS. 2006.
17. International Economic Relations / Edited by B.P. Suprunovich. - M .: 2006 .-- 62 p.
18. International Economic Relations / Ed. Strovsky L.E. - M .: Unity-Dana, 2003 .-- 101 p.
19. Mikhailin A.N. Concise explanatory dictionary: Reference book on foreign economic activity. - M .: Book service, 2003.
20. On the coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Federation: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 4, 1999 No. 4-FZ;
21. On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign trade: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 8, 2003 No. 164-FZ.
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