Public sector finance structure and function of the article. The state budget as the main link in the financial system
Effective use of public funds involves a comparison of the costs and benefits of both public funding programs and production projects
The rationality of public spending is determined by their efficiency, the productivity of the resources used and the effectiveness of costs.
Economicalь characterizes the cost (resource) side of efficiency. Economical solutions are those in which the resources required composition, quantities and qualities are acquired and used at the lowest possible cost
Performance- This is the ratio of the number of products or services and the cost of their production.
Effectiveness characterizes the correspondence of public expenditures and the results achieved with their help to specific goals, which, in one case or another, the public sector is called upon to serve.
It is obvious that economy, productivity and efficiency are closely interrelated and can be isolated from each other only with a certain degree of convention. In fact, they express only different aspects, aspects of the efficiency of public spending. As a rule, more economical solutions provide the highest productivity, which in turn leads to the desired results.
Topic 7. Government revenues and the economy of the public sector.
State revenues and modern principles of their formation.
Part government revenues includes income from fiscal monopolies, taxes and fees, income from the use of property (including income from the public sector), income from the sale of public property and proceeds from loans. In each individual country, the composition of state revenues is determined by the level of development of commodity-money relations, the mode of production, the nature and functions of the state. The bulk of government revenues in developed countries is concentrated in government budgets. The main form of mobilizing government revenues is taxes. In the budget of the central government, they account for 70 to 90% of all revenues, in local budgets, the share of taxes reaches half. To the most important taxes of central governments ( federal taxes) include income tax, corporation tax, VAT, excise and customs duties. Local budgets receive local taxes, revenues from the municipal economy, revenues from loans from local governments, subsidies from the central government. The main regional and local taxes are property and land taxes, and in some countries also excise taxes. Income state enterprises are made up of profits, loans, government subsidies and loans. Numerous special funds of the state are formed at the expense of special taxes and fees, voluntary contributions, subsidies from the budget and loans.
Until the early 1980s. there was a tendency towards an increase in the share of government revenues in the total volume of gross national product and national income. If on the eve of the First World War the state accumulated about 15% of the national income, then in the 1980s. - already 40-50%.
The economic basis of state regulation of the economy is a part of GDP, redistributed through the state budget and extra-budgetary funds, and state property... The efficiency of the state economic policy, other things being equal, is the higher, the higher the state revenues, the greater the share of GDP redistributed by the state, the greater the role of the state sector in the economy. But government revenue and the public sector have relative growth limits.
In the 50s and 60s, government revenues in the most developed countries with market economies showed a general tendency to grow at a higher rate than the indicators of GDP and the income of legal entities and individuals. Currently, the opposite trend is observed, since there are certain relative boundaries for the growth of government revenues:
The limits of sufficient motivation entrepreneurial activity;
Social boundaries of taxation of employees and the middle class;
The boundaries of GDP growth.
In countries with developed market economies, government revenues make up a significant part of the gross domestic product (GDP) and have a strong impact on its redistribution and expanded reproduction. On average, they are equal in the OECD countries from 30% to 44% of GDP.
Government spending on the public sector.
Resource potential the public sector, formed on the basis of state revenues, is implemented through state (public) expenses, which are carried out both in cash and in kind.
The tasks solved in the sphere of spending public funds can be broadly divided into three groups: 1) this is the provision of social assistance topics members of society who are unable to support themselves (for example, benefits paid to people with disabilities); 2) provision compulsory insurance in case of illness, unemployment, etc .; 3) the production and acquisition of goods (services), the responsibility for meeting the needs of which is assumed by the state.
Public expenditures can be carried out in the form of financing the costs of maintaining public sector organizations, purchasing goods or services, subsidizing enterprises and organizations supplying products to the market, as well as cash payments and in-kind payments to people covered by social assistance and insurance programs. The listed forms often act as interchangeable or, when combined, complement each other.
Budget expenditures can be grouped into four main sections: traditional government functions, modern government functions, interest payments, and other expenses. The traditional ones are general administration, administration of justice, police maintenance and defense provision. The costs of performing these functions for the most part are the costs of collectively consumed by society.
Modern government functions are associated with the provision of transfers in kind, primarily in the field of education and health care, as well as cash transfers and subsidies. The costs of performing these functions are oriented towards individual households and manufacturing enterprises, which form the basis of the modern welfare state.
The interest payments are related to the servicing of the public debt.
V modern world the functions of government spending have changed dramatically. Only 20% of all expenditures of state budgets go to finance the traditional functions of the state. At the same time, the cost of modern features exceeds 60%. Moreover, the higher the level of development, the lower the share of expenses for traditional functions. In developed countries, only 11% of state budget expenditures are spent for these purposes, and in developing countries - 24%. Developed countries allocate more than 70% of budget expenditures to modern functions, while developing countries allocate 56%. Countries with economies in transition occupy an intermediate position. There traditional functions absorb 14%, and modern ones - 65% of government spending.
Topic 8. Municipal economy of the public sector.
The theory of city economics.
Spatial factors play a huge role in real economic life due to the sharp spatial heterogeneity. Mostly it is concentrated in the foci of socio-economic activity, which together represent a negligible part of the planet's territory. Therefore, the concept of "city" for economic analysis is no less significant than such fundamental concepts as "producer" and "consumer". These circumstances led to the emergence of "spatial economy", which stood out as a special section of economic science in the first half of the XX century. Its further development led to the formation of the "New City Economy (NUE)" in the early 60s. From this point on, it is customary to consider the theory of city economics as an independent scientific discipline, the most important concept of which is the concept of local public goods (LOB). O it allows to take into account in a more explicit form the preferences of economic agents in relation to municipal services provided by the city's infrastructure. Within the framework of the theory of city economics, a city is an independent economic agent, endowed with its own property, performing certain socio-economic functions and possessing the necessary level of autonomy in decision-making.
When considering the functions of the city, its production, consumption,
investment, it is necessary to pay special attention to the specific services provided by the city. This is included as a service technical nature: public passenger transport and road network of the city, the system of its water, electricity, heat, gas supply, treatment systems, fire service; so and administrative and cultural and domestic municipal services: law enforcement agencies, medical, educational institutions, etc. All listed services are related to localized public goods... An essential feature of LOB is the spatial limitation of the circle of potential users. For example, urban passenger transport. Among the most important features of LOB, two economic characteristics dominate: 1) divisibility - a parameter associated simultaneously with the conditions of production and use of the good; 2) the ability to generate spatially limited external effects (overflow effects).
8.2. Municipal formation and municipal property.
A municipal formation is an urban or rural settlement, a municipal district, an urban district, or the inner-city territory of a city of federal significance.
Currently, there are 24372 municipalities functioning in the Russian Federation. A municipal entity acquires the status of a local self-government body if it manages municipal property, approves and implements the local budget, has the right to establish local taxes and fees or establish municipal enterprises, and also has elected representative and executive bodies. These are legal signs municipalities.
Municipal property is the property of a municipality. It includes: municipal lands and other natural resources; municipal enterprises and organizations; municipal banks and others financial institutions; municipal housing stock and non-residential premises; municipal institutions of education, health care, culture and sports, other movable and real estate... The structure of municipal property also includes funds from the local budget, municipal off-budget funds, property of local self-government organizations. The owner of municipal property is the municipality, that is, the population living in the territory of the municipality.
The most important elements of the municipal sector of the economy are municipal unitary enterprises. As stated in Article 113 Civil Code RF, "A unitary enterprise is a commercial organization that is not endowed with the ownership right to the property assigned to it by the owner." The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible, is in municipal ownership and belongs to such an enterprise on the basis of the right of economic management or operational management.
The experience of the development of Russian unitary enterprises has demonstrated the extreme economic inefficiency of this organizational and legal form. Therefore, the need arose in the country for a sharp reduction in unitary enterprises and the redistribution of their functions among enterprises of other forms of ownership. At the same time, in the course of the reduction of unitary enterprises, the capacity of the municipal sector will not only not decrease, but may also increase significantly. Indeed, when the state and municipal functions are transferred to private enterprises, the corresponding status of these functions is preserved.
Public finance concept. Public (state and municipal) finance is an integral part of the overall financial system of the country. The sphere of finance is a set of operations with income, their distribution and redistribution in the process of social reproduction. As part of the process of production, distribution and redistribution of gross domestic product, funds of monetary funds of economic entities are formed and spent. These funds, considered in the process of their formation and movement, form the finances of subjects of economic activity, providing them with the possibility of normal functioning. The domestic economy of countries in accordance with the system of national accounts is subdivided, as already mentioned, into five sectors: non-financial corporate and quasi-corporate enterprises; financial corporations; public administration; private non-profit organizations serving households (population); households. Each of these sectors includes the relevant business entities (institutional units).The finances of a country are the totality of finances of sectors of the economy, taking into account their financial relations with other countries. The finances of each sector of the economy are subsystems of the general financial system of the country. The main criteria for the allocation of subsystems are the special role of each sector of the economy in the overall economic system countries and the presence of their own financial base, formed in the process of the formation of primary income and their redistribution. The totality of finances of institutional units of each sector in their interaction with each other and with other sectors forms the finances of the sectors of the economy. One of such sectors is the state (public) administration sector. At the same time, state and municipal finances are combined into general category public (government) finance.
The need for public finances is generated by the very existence of the state and the need for financial support for the performance of its functions. In the most general view organ function government controlled is the implementation of state policy and the implementation of state tasks through the provision of public goods (non-market goods and services) for their consumption by the population and society as a whole, as well as through the redistribution of income (transfers) and wealth. Public goods can be provided for collective or individual consumption. Collective consumption includes, for example, government, defense, law and order; to the individual - education, social protection, etc.
Monetary funds, which operate public finance, are formed both at the expense of their own funds and at the expense of credit resources. Own funds of the general government sector are formed mainly from taxes and contributions paid to budgets and extra-budgetary funds by enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to all sectors, and the population, as well as from property income and the sale of market services. The sources of credit resources are direct loans from financial and credit organizations and raising funds by issuing and selling debt obligations - bonds, etc.
The system of finance of the public administration sector is formed by the totality of finances of institutional units of state administration, including also finances of the municipal level of government. Public finance is the finance of the general government sector. By virtue of this, he participates in the general circulation of income, expenses, output and the formation of the country's assets and liabilities.
The finance of the public administration sector is traditionally understood as a tool for mobilizing funds from all sectors of the economy for carrying out state internal and foreign policy... They represent a single set of financial transactions, with the help of which government bodies accumulate funds and carry out cash expenditures.
The formation of the resources of state (public) finances and the spending of available funds in democratic states should be carried out on the basis of citizens' preferences regarding the compulsory payments collected and the public goods received. Therefore, the formation of budgets and other public funds is determined and approved by the representative authorities elected by the population.
The main financial fund of the country, providing education, distribution and use of the centralized fund of funds as a prerequisite for the functioning of any state, is the state budget. І Along with the budget, extra-budgetary funds play a significant role. State extra-budgetary funds are usually earmarked. In Russia, in particular, there are three types of social extrabudgetary funds: Pension Fund, Fund social insurance and compulsory funds health insurance.
The budget and extra-budgetary funds are instruments with the help of which the redistribution of income and, accordingly, resources between sectors of the economy, types of activity, territories, economic entities, individual social groups of the population, etc. is carried out.
V federal states, to which Russia belongs, depending on the levels of government, the budgets of the authorities are subdivided into central government finances, finances of regional authorities and local (municipal) finances. State extra-budgetary funds can also exist at different levels of government.
Carrying out a redistributive function through the budget, the state exerts a regulatory effect on the economy, contributing to the development of certain types of activities and territories and restraining others, as well as on social development, ensuring the availability of basic public goods for the population and somewhat equalizing the income level of various social groups of the population.
Until recently, finances were considered mainly from the point of view of the formation and expenditure of monetary resources of government bodies and ensuring their solvency. Transactions related to the formation and expenditure of monetary resources include monetary transactions in which one institutional unit makes a payment or assumes a liability expressed in monetary form, and another institutional unit receives a payment or other asset, also expressed in monetary units... Such transactions include, for example, the purchase by the government of goods and services paid for in cash, the remuneration of civil servants, and the payment of social benefits. All other transactions are considered non-monetary. Examples include barter and in-kind transfers.
At the same time, cash flows are only component all resource flows with which business entities deal. Therefore, they should be considered in interaction with all other flows as the most important factor influencing the value of assets. V last years new aspects of financial relations are attracting more and more attention. A new understanding is being formed public finance... The increasing complexity of developing and evaluating the effectiveness of public policy has led to the abandonment of considering finance only as a category that characterizes the flow of funds. The need was realized to reflect the flows of all resources in public finances, to compile balances of state assets and liabilities and to assess the value of property owned by the state. This has led to the need to integrate all resource flows with which government bodies deal and build a public finance system that links the net worth of public property at the beginning of a period with flows of funds during the planning period and the value of this property at the end of the period. ... The scale of the resources that the state controls and the increase in their share in the total volume of the country's resources have led to an increase in the influence of state finances on the socio-economic development of the country. (there were more acute problems of the efficiency of using і lt; to shock financial resources.
In this regard, all countries are reforming the public finance system based on the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund adopted in 2001. The new system should provide identification, measurement, monitoring and assessment of the impact on the economy of government economic policy measures and other types of economic activity. The management of these operations should provide for the long-term sustainability of financial and economic activities. The International Monetary Fund found it expedient to abandon the balancing of receipts and spending only monetary funds as the central link of the financial system and to link the movement of purely cash flows with the movement of all assets held by the state.
According to the new interpretation of public finance, they are not only a tool for the formation and spending of monetary resources, but also a tool that ensures the formation of all assets and liabilities of government bodies, including non-financial assets and liabilities.
Thus, it is taken into account that, ultimately, the stability of public finances is determined not only by solvency, but even more so by the net value of state assets, the amount of property it owns, including non-financial assets (fixed capital, etc.).
When the state sells any property, for example, commune, land, values, it receives money, which is considered as budget revenues. In the case of the purchase of property, the cost of it is considered as a budget expense. At the same time, the amount of change in assets is not reflected anywhere. Meanwhile, the purchase or sale of property by the state does not change its net income or equity. Only the form of its assets changes: in the case of the sale of property, cash increases, and the state's fixed capital decreases, in the case of a purchase, vice versa. This situation creates incentives for the sale of land, lease of land plots rich in minerals, since the funds received are considered income. In addition, incentives are being created to reduce investment, including in the development of human capital, since the funds spent on this are considered as expenses; an increase in the state's equity capital by taking on the balance sheet of schools, hospitals and other property is not considered.
If a corporation performs the same transaction, this is reflected in the capital account. In the case of a corporation acquiring property, the purchase cost is not considered an operating expense, but an investment. The acquisition of property is not reflected in net income, and the capital of the company increases. There is a need to introduce a capital account into the budget. Accounting for assets and liabilities should reflect both tangible and intangible assets. This will lead to greater prudence in economic policy. The flows of funds flowing into and out of government should lead to an increase in the value of public property.
In accordance with the Concept of reforming the budgetary process in the Russian Federation, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on May 22, 2004, in Russia, starting from 2006, the transition to new principles of the formation of public finances has also been carried out. The purpose of the reform, as noted in the Concept, is "to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures and to optimize the management of budgetary funds at all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation." The main directions of the reform were determined in the Budget Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly "On budgetary policy in 2003".
The implementation of the new principles in all countries will take many years, including preparatory and transitional periods. In the process of reform, it is necessary to ensure not only a sustainable balance of the budget, but also the transformation of the public administration system. The envisaged changes in methods and procedures require practical testing and practice. The accelerated implementation of the new system could lead to a weakening of financial discipline and unnecessary complication of budget administration.
The boundaries of the finance sector of public (state) government. The definition of public finance is associated primarily with the definition of the boundaries of the public administration sector.
I sawing, i.e. sector of the economy, the finances of which are subject to consideration, and its delimitation from other sectors of the economy. The boundaries of the sphere of public finance are determined by the range of institutional units belonging to the bodies of the sovereign of a different government.
The system of state administration of the country is composed of state power bodies matched as a result of political processes and their structures, endowed with monopoly rights of power within a given territory or its parts. Accordingly, the totality of all state institutional management units operating in the country forms the public administration sector. The public administration sector includes state and municipal authorities and non-profit organizations owned or controlled by them.
From a functional point of view, the sector of state (public) management is determined by the tasks and functions assigned to individual units of this sector. This is the provision of non-market services, the implementation of the redistribution of income and property and the implementation of government tasks. Government authorities do not exercise their functions for the purpose of obtaining financial or other commercial benefits.
General government finance should be distinguished from public sector finance as a broader concept that includes the general government and public nonfinancial and financial institutions. This is due to the fact that non-financial organizations (state industrial and other enterprises) perform functions related to the production and sale of goods and services, and state financial organizations (the Central Bank and other state financial and credit organizations) perform functions similar to the functions of the financial sector of the economy, and are part of it. The functions of the general government sector are fundamentally different. This is the provision of public goods (the provision of non-market services to the population), the redistribution of income and property, and the implementation of government tasks.
The need to separate public finances from the finances of other sectors of the economy is predetermined by the need to distinguish between the public sector and the public administration sector.
The public sector is a broader concept than the general government sector. It stands out in terms of property owned or controlled by the state. Along with public administration, whose activities are aimed at realizing the interests of society as a whole, it performs a number of other functions related to the production and sale of goods and services, as well as functions similar to those of the financial sector of the economy. The presence of such activities raises the problem of delineating the operations of the general government sector and other sectors of the economy. It becomes necessary to decide whether such activities are part of the operations of the general government sector or belong to some other sector of the economy. The question of the distinction between the general government sector and other types of activities of enterprises and organizations belonging to the public sector arises when considering any type of industrial or commercial activity.
The problem is related to the fact that apart from the division of the economy into economic sectors, there is also a division of business entities by forms of ownership. Enterprises and financial institutions can be either privately owned or state owned or controlled by the state. In the latter cases, according to the system of national accounts, they belong to the public sector, but are not considered as government bodies, and accordingly, their finances are not government finances. Distributed by sector of the economy, such units belong, respectively, to the sector of non-financial corporate enterprises or form part of the sector. financial institutions... The criterion is the main function of the government and government agencies- provision of non-market services. This function differs in its objectives, results and funding sources from those of other sectors. To consider public finances, it is important to single out those financial transactions that are associated with the performance by the state of its main function.
Delimitation of the finances of the general government sector from the financial sector of the economy. In shaping public finance, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between the sectors of government and financial institutions. Financial institutions may be owned or controlled by public authorities and may accept transferable demand, time and savings deposits, perform the functions of monetary authorities, take financial liabilities and acquire financial assets in the financial market. However, institutions or activities of this kind do not belong to public finance. Exclusion of such financial functions from the activities of government bodies, it is necessary / for a more complete and clear presentation of the results of the financial activities of government bodies, expressed in the form of their operations with the financial system, so as not to ridicule these two sectors with each other.
Distinguishing the system of public finance with monetary regulation makes it possible to correctly assess the role of the general government in regulating monetary circulation and the balance of payments, as well as to differentiate the financing of the deficit (or the use of surplus) of the balance of payments with financing the deficit (or using the surplus) of the state budget. Therefore, the functions of monetary authorities, performed by both the central bank and government bodies, are considered to be performed by the financial sector of the economy. Functions of this kind are monetary regulation, management of international reserves, acceptance of transferable demand deposits, acceptance of time and savings deposits, simultaneous assumption of obligations and the acquisition of financial assets in the capital market. All transactions associated with such functions are not part of general government transactions and should be recorded under financial institutions transactions. At the same time, since central (national) banks and some other financial and credit institutions are the property of the state, they are used by the authorities to carry out state financial and monetary policy. The financial institutions sector includes the following subsectors: monetary authorities, commercial banks, deposit banks, insurance companies, non-state pension funds, other financial institutions. At the same time, the state pension and other state off-budget social funds of Russia belong to the public administration sector.
Insurance companies and pension funds are part of the financial institutions sector that mobilizes household savings and pays out insurance premiums in accordance with contracts and invests temporarily surplus funds in various assets. Insurance companies include corporate bodies and mutual funds, the main function of which is to provide various types of insurance (life insurance, accident, sickness, fire, accident insurance, etc.). Insurance companies are not included in the general government sector. However, social insurance funds, the funds of which are formed from compulsory contributions of employees and / or employers, created, controlled and financed by the state and spreading throughout the country (as is the case in Russia) or significant groups of the population, belong to the general government sector. Pension funds that are based on voluntary agreements between workers and employers, rather than as a result of government decisions and operate on the basis of independent funds, are considered to be operating in the financial sector. They are independent organizations operating in the capital market. At the same time, the pension funds of civil servants, whose funds are invested in government securities, belong to the general government sector. In Russia, the state Pension Fund, which serves the entire population, also belongs to public administration, and its financial operations to public finance.
Distinguishing the general government from the nonfinancial public sector. State-owned enterprises of the corporate and quasi-corporate types include enterprises that are owned or controlled by government bodies. They operate on a commercial basis, sell market goods and services to other sectors of the economy in large volumes and at market prices. Public authorities are considered the owners of a given enterprise if they own all or more than half of its shares or other types of participation in capital. The criteria for determining who exactly controls an enterprise are more complex. Control includes policy making, management and leadership. Even if the government does not own a large part of the capital of the enterprise, but at the same time they largely control its activities, the enterprise is considered a state enterprise. In 2006, there were 160 thousand state enterprises in Russia.
Identifying units that are nonfinancial public enterprises is important for several reasons, most notably to delineate the boundaries of the general government from which they should be excluded and to define the boundaries of the nonfinancial public sector.
State-owned enterprises can be used to implement the most important government programs. An important view state and municipal expenditures are the costs of investments in newly created or operating enterprises, carried out largely on a shared basis with private business. These costs are an integral part of economic policy that affects the structure and technological level of production. The total need for financing of the general government sector and nonfinancial public enterprises and the ability to meet it is an important indicator of the total volume of operations they perform and the impact that they have on the state of the country's monetary system. The financial transactions and account balances of these SOEs are not included in the finance of the general government because the nature of their activities is inherently different from the nature of the activities of this sector, and the solution of their tasks related to production and financing is not based on on considerations of public policy.
Those enterprises and organizations that do not sell goods and services to the public on a large scale, but are engaged in performing regulatory functions (for example, licensing sellers) should not be included in the sector of non-financial state-owned enterprises. If the main funding or control over the activities of such units belongs to government bodies then they should be included in the general government sector.
The so-called departmental state-owned enterprises should be distinguished from corporate and quasi-corporate state-owned enterprises. Departmental enterprises include enterprises and organizations operating within the general government sector and engaged in commercial or production activities on a small scale. Examples of departmental enterprises, the main activity of which is the sale of goods and services outside the sector on an insignificant scale - services Catering in the buildings of government organizations, organizations that rent housing for government employees. The provision of other paid services sectors includes the issuance of passports, driver's licenses, court fees; to auxiliary activities in relation to others government functions This includes the sale of seeds or breeding animals by experimental farms, the sale of museum postcards by state museums, and the sale of products from vocational schools. There may be the sale of goods and services by government agencies in the form of tuition fees, fees for visiting parks and museums, etc. Examples of departmental enterprises of an auxiliary type are military enterprises engaged in material and technical supplies, the sale of military equipment, and repair shops.
The classification of non-profit organizations in the public administration sector is carried out depending on who finances and controls them. The general government sector includes non-profit institutions that are fully or largely financed and controlled by the authorities government authorities who can participate in their creation. Government funding can take the form membership fees or other transfers, and state control may consist in organizing the effective operation of such organizations. Nonprofit organizations funded by private voluntary contributions and not controlled by the government belong to the nonprofit sector serving households. Differentiation problems can concern hospitals, educational institutions, etc.
In accordance with the above, state (lt; public) finance includes the finances of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, the budgets of municipal authorities and state and municipal extra-budgetary social funds... Budgets are central to public finance. At the same time, a significant role is played by various state autonomous funds at the federal and regional levels. As a rule, these funds accumulate resources for solving major problems, requiring special attention of state authorities. The sources of funds for such funds are targeted taxes and fees, transfers from the budget, capitalization of income and loans. In France and Japan, such funds are funded by gay people for about half of government spending, in Great Britain ІILII - a third. The funds have a targeted character and are intended for financing various social, economic, scientific and technical, credit and other problems.
Education and spending of public sector financial resources. As noted, public sector finance is a complex system. In a consolidated form, the formation and use of financial resources of state and municipal authorities can be characterized on the basis of the system of national accounts. In Russia, the formation and use of financial resources of government bodies are characterized by the data in Table. 17.1.
In the public administration sector, as in other sectors of the economy, gross value added is created, employees are paid and some types of taxes are paid. As a result, gross profit the general government sector. It characterizes the profit (loss) before property income.
Balance of primary income. Primary incomes of sectors of the economy reflect their education at the first recipients, including in the public administration sector. In the process of redistribution, the income (gross profit) of the public sector is increased by taxes on production. Taxes on production and imports in the SNA are treated as the primary income of the state, which is considered as a participant in the reproduction process that ensures the necessary conditions its implementation. Production taxes are understood as taxes on products and “other taxes on production”; indirect taxes, levied depending on the quantity of products produced (VAT, sales tax, excise taxes, customs duties, etc.). They constitute the bulk of the primary income of the general government sector. The share of taxes on production in GDP in 2005 amounted to 20.4% and increased in comparison with 2002 by 1.7 percentage points. At the same time, subsidies for production were reduced by 0.9 percentage points.
In the process of generating primary income, government bodies receive payments for the provision of their
Education, distribution and use of general government sector revenues in 2002-2005, billion rubles 1
Number strings | 2002 year | 2005 year | 2002 in ° / c GDP | 2005 in ° / c GDP | |
Income generation | |||||
Gross value added (GVA) created in the general government sector | 1 | 1033,0 | 1939,4 | 9,5 | 9,0 |
Remuneration of wage earners | 3 | 942,2 | 1800,3 | 8,7 | 8,3 |
Other net taxes on production * | 4 | 1,0 | 0,6 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
Sector gross margin (5 = 1-2-3) | 5 | 89,8 | 138,4 | 0,8 | 0,6 |
Production taxes | 6 | 2027,0 | 4406,7 | 18,7 | 20,4 |
Production subsidies | 7 | 181,2 | 162,4 | 1,7 | 0,8 |
Property income received | 8 | 213,1 | 335,8 | 2,0 | 1,5 |
Property income transferred | 9 | 235,8 | 220,0 | 2,2 | 1,0 |
Gross balance of primary income (10 = 5 + 6-7 + 8-9) | 10 | 1912,9 | 4498,7 | 17,7 | 20,8 |
Current taxes on income, property, social security contributions and other current transfers received | 11 | 1924,8 | 3820,1 | 17,8 | 17,7 |
Cash social benefits and other current transfers paid | 12 | 1148,9 | 1771,4 | 10,6 | 8,2 |
Gross disposable income (13 = 10+ 11-12) | 13 | 2688,7 | 6547,5 | 24,8 | 30,3 |
Final consumption expenditure (14 = 15 + 16) | 14 | 1911,3 | 3598,3 | 17,6 | 16,6 |
Customized products and services | 15 | 858,2 | 1654,1 | 7,9 | 7,7 |
Collective services | 16 | 1053,2 | 1944,2 | 9,7 | 9,0 |
Gross savings | 17 | 111A | 2949,2 | 7,2 | 13,6 |
Capital transfers received | 18 | 224,5 | 3,6 | 2,1 | 0.0 |
Capital transfers transferred | 19 | 806,3 | 733,2 | 7,4 | 3,4 |
Gross saving adjusted for the balance of capital transfers (20 = 17 + 18-191 | 20 | 195,6 | 2219,6 | 1,8 | 10,3 |
Gross capital formation | 21 | 258,8 | 801,7 | 2,4 | 3,7 |
Net acquisition of non-produced non-financial assets | 22 | -13,2 | 0,9 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
Net lending (+), net borrowing (-) 23 = 20 - 21 - 22 | 23 | -50,1 | 1417,0 | -0,5 | 6,6 |
“Other taxes on production” are taxes paid on the use of factors of production (land, means of production, use of labor) or on the right to carry out certain activities.
1 National accounts of Russia in 1999-2006 M .: FSGS, 2007.S. 38.
і property (financial and non-produced assets) on a returnable and reimbursable basis to institutional units of other sectors of the domestic economy and foreign business entities and pay money for the use of property owned by institutional units of other sectors and foreign business entities. Such payments include interest, dividends, rent for land and other natural resources, reinvested income from direct foreign investments and some others. In 2002, payments for the use of attracted resources exceeded receipts. And in 2005, mainly due to the reduction of the state debt, the balance of payments for the use of attracted funds was formed in favor of the public administration sector in Russia. As a result, the balance of primary income increased, and its share in GDP increased as compared to 2002 by 3.1 percentage points and amounted to 20.8%.
Gross disposable income. The disposable income of the public sector of government is income that can be used for consumption and savings without reducing cash, selling assets or increasing liabilities to other sectors. They are formed as a result of the redistribution of income through transfers in cash. If for the 1990s. the weakening of the position of the state was characteristic, then after 2000 the share of the state in the gross disposable income of Russia increases. Its gross disposable income in relation to GDP in 2002 was 24.8%, and in 2005 - 30.3%. With almost a third of the gross domestic product, the state, represented by federal, regional and municipal authorities, is the largest economic agent in the country and has a huge impact on its socio-economic development.
The disposable income of the general government sector from the balance of received and paid transfers in 2002 exceeded the balance of primary income by 40%, and in 2005 - by 45%.
Distribution of gross disposable income of the public sector to final consumption and savings. Expenditures of government bodies on final consumption in current prices in 2005 amounted to 16.6% of GDP, including for individual goods and services - 7.7%, and for collective - 9%. Gross savings during this period increased 3.8 times. The share of final consumption in gross disposable income decreased from 71 to 55%. The share of savings increased accordingly.
Gross saving and its use. According to the logic of reproduction, gross savings should be used for capital accumulation. The use of savings in the general government sector for gross capital formation in the economy consists of two streams. One is capital transfers to other sectors, the other is gross capital formation in the general government itself.
In 2005, the balance of capital transfers received and directed by the public sector of the economy to other sectors of the domestic economy amounted to 355.9 billion rubles. Accordingly, 12.1% of the sector's gross saving was directed to capital transfers to the domestic economy. For the purpose of accumulation in the public administration sector itself (for the construction of housing, hospitals, clinics, schools, other social facilities, as well as other investment projects), 813.7 billion rubles were used. against 265.9 billion rubles. in 2002. Thus, 39.7% of the savings in the public administration sector were used for accumulation purposes.
In 2005, the sum of gross capital formation in the public administration sector and capital transfers transferred by this sector to the domestic sectors of the economy amounted to 1,169.7 billion rubles. against 449.9 billion rubles. in 2002 the increase in current prices was 2.6 times. Taking into account that the deflator of gross capital formation for this period was 1.6 times, it can be assumed that the participation of the general government sector in total capital growth also increased 1.6 times.
At the same time, the amount of savings that was not used for accumulation increased sharply. In three years they have grown by
- RUB trillion and accounted for 48% of the savings in the public administration sector. This sector concentrates 3/4 of the total amount of savings that is not used for accumulation in the economy as a whole. These funds are mainly directed to early repayment of external public debt and the formation of reserve funds. Thus, the budget has a negative impact on economic development, since the resource base for economic growth is shrinking. Using the surplus to pay off the principal debt is beneficial for the country if the total savings from paying off the debt and paying interest on it, generated by early repayment, more than the income from investing the corresponding funds in the economy.
However, economically more profitable is the use of funds for the development of the national economy, an increase in the volume and improvement of the structure of public goods. Investing in businesses on a commercial basis allows you to solve several problems. The state receives a stable source of funds for the budget with a rate of return that exceeds the profitability of investments in foreign securities. Increasing investments in the economy at the expense of public funds allows accelerating the economic growth, promotes the modernization of production, has a significant impact on the restructuring of the economy and the development of high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries and frees the country from the danger of falling prices for raw materials and rising prices for imported goods.
The excess of the total amount of financial resources over the resources that were actually used for gross capital formation is net lending by Russia to the economies of other countries. For the economy as a whole, net lending and net borrowing reflect the balance of relationships with other countries in the provision and receipt of financial resources on a reimbursable and repayable basis. They are defined as the difference between the total amount of resources for financing capital gains and the total amount of gross capital formation and the cost of acquiring land, natural resources and non-produced intangible assets... This value reflects the difference between the total value of financial assets acquired by residents of a given country and the total value of their financial commitments in relation to residents of other countries.
The totality of resources at the direct disposal of the state form the public sector of the economy. The public sector of the economy is a field of activity focused on eliminating market failures, creating common and socially significant benefits. The public sector is a rather complex entity and largely overlaps with the state. It includes budgetary institutions, state off-budget funds and state enterprises, and other objects of state property. However, not all state-owned enterprises are oriented towards the production of public goods. It is not entirely correct to classify state-owned commercial enterprises as the public sector, whose products are marketable goods, have the properties of competitiveness and exclusion.
In addition to these instruments, the public sector in the broadest sense of the word includes non-governmental non-profit organizations. The sector of non-profit organizations, which has received great development in leading foreign countries, is an important element of civil society. These structures operate in the area of market failures and are not profit-oriented. The goals and objectives of their activities are enshrined in the charter. Non-profit organizations can make a profit, but it is directed exclusively towards achieving statutory goals. An important difference between non-profit organizations and government organizations is that they are created on a voluntary basis and operate independently. They are distinguished by greater openness and responsibility towards the consumers of their services. In some cases, a part of the regulatory functions traditionally performed by the state may be transferred to non-profit organizations.
The public sector is not only a collection of state-owned enterprises and organizations owned by the state, but also money. In this regard, public finances play a key role among the components of the public sector: the state budget, its revenues and expenditures.
The public sector is an area of the economy or part of an economic space, where, in aggregate, the following specific conditions are determined:
1. the market does not operate or partially operates, therefore, the non-market way of coordinating economic activity, the non-market type of organization of the volume of activities prevails;
2. not private, but public goods are produced, distributed and consumed;
3. the economic balance between supply and demand for public goods is carried out by the state, local governments and voluntary public organizations with the help of appropriate social institutions and fiscal policy.
Unlike the market sector, the public sector deals with public goods, which for the most part are not subject to purchase and sale. In cases where there is a commercial transaction for a public good, it is not considered as the main incentive for the activity. public organizations... In this regard, public sector organizations are called non-profit. Since the public sector is dominated by government activities, it is often referred to as the public sector of the economy. The structure of the public sector is heterogeneous and includes three subsectors: state, voluntary-public, mixed. On the one hand, the mixed sector occupies an intermediate position between the public and market sectors, on the other hand, there is an adjacent zone within the public sector between the state and voluntary-public subsectors.
The size of the public sector is characterized as the size of state ownership.
The bearers of taxes are persons, the ultimate taxpayers, on whom the actual tax burden falls. / 18, p. 11 /
Based on the definition of tax, its main features are:
1) Obligation to pay;
2) Individual gratuitousness of the tax;
3) Alienation of property owned by the taxpayer in cash;
4) A source of financial support for the activities of the state or municipalities.
Obligation to pay. In accordance with article 57 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone is obliged to pay legally established taxes... As a rule, a taxpayer enters into tax relations, acquires the obligation to pay tax not of his own free will, but due to the legally significant facts of his activities.
Individual tax exemption. The task of any state is to meet the collective needs of society by providing public goods. Society as a whole receives public goods for the taxes paid. The payment of tax by an individual payer does not give rise to a reciprocal obligation on the part of the state to provide him with any service.
Alienation of property belonging to the taxpayer in cash. The tax is levied through the alienation of funds belonging to the taxpayer.
A source of financial support for the activities of the state or municipalities. The purpose of tax collection is to provide financial support for the activities of the state and municipalities. This tax feature is the main one and is directly related to its fiscal function. / 18, p. 7,8 /
But according to Mayburov M.A., the main features of the tax are:
1) imperative (obligatory);
2) individual gratuitousness;
3) legality;
4) payment in order to financially support the activities of the state;
5) the relative regularity (frequency) of payment.
We have already considered the imperativeness, gratuitousness and payment in order to financially support the activities of the state. Let's take a look at the other two. Legality as a feature distinguishes taxes in that their establishment, procedure for calculating and paying, changing or canceling are carried out exclusively on the basis of law. Taxpayers are required to pay legally established taxes.
The sign of relative regularity distinguishes the tax by a certain periodicity of its payment within the deadlines strictly prescribed by law, i.e. a tax is not a one-time, but a regular withdrawal of funds, provided that the taxpayer retains the object of taxation. / 10, p. 12, 13 /
According to IA Mayburov, tax legislation today knows two interpretations of the “tax” category: “The first definition, which existed for seven years, was given in Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the basics tax system in the Russian Federation "of December 27, 1991:" Tax, duty, duty and other payment means mandatory contribution to the budget of the corresponding level or to an off-budget fund carried out by the payers in the manner and on the terms determined by legislative acts ”.
The second definition is as follows, according to Art. eight Tax Code RF "tax is understood as a mandatory, individually free payment levied from organizations and individuals in the form of alienation of funds belonging to them by right of ownership, economic management or operational management of funds in order to financially support the activities of the state and (or) municipalities." / 10, p. 14 /
The movement of taxes is associated with the movement of all social capital. By means of taxes, a significant part of the necessary and part of the surplus value is withdrawn. In the process of movement of money capital, its part in the form of taxes is periodically withdrawn from the circulation and takes on an independent form and movement .... Thus, the functioning of taxes simultaneously leads to a reduction in production consumption and to the formation of a state monetary fund that increases state demand and consumption. "/ 18, p. 9 /
Financial relations formed by the state with enterprises, organizations, institutions and the population are called budget. Specificity of these relations as part of financial lies in the fact that, firstly, they arise in the distribution process, an indispensable participant in which is the state (represented by the relevant authorities), and, secondly, are associated with the formation and use of a centralized fund of funds, designed to meet national needs. Budgetary relations are characterized by great diversity, since they mediate different directions of the distribution process (between sectors of the economy, spheres of public activity, sectors of the national economy, territories of the country) and cover all levels of management (republican, local).
The totality of budgetary relations on the formation and use of the country's budgetary fund constitutes the concept of the state budget. By economic nature the state budget- this is monetary relations arising from the state with legal and individuals on the redistribution of national income (in part - and national wealth) in connection with the formation and use of the budgetary fund intended to finance the national economy, socio-cultural events, the needs of defense and public administration. Thanks to the budget, the state is able to concentrate financial resources on decisive areas of economic and social development.
This category, being part of finance, is characterized by the same features that are inherent in finance in general, but at the same time it has features that distinguish it from other areas and links of financial relations. Features include the following:
“Direct subordination to the state, the state is the organizer of all financial relations, but its role as the main manager of the country's material and financial resources is manifested with great force in the budget. Not a single financial plan of the country is approved as a Law by the Jogorku Kenesh, except for the state budget:
An equally important feature is its unity and a high degree of centralization. Despite the large number of budgets of various administrative-territorial units, they are all brought together in a single consolidated budget, observing the consistent relative subordination of lower levels to higher units.
In the state budget, like in no other division of the financial system, there is a terminological combination of the two concepts, budget as an economic category and budget as the main financial plan.
As the main financial instrument for the distribution of the social product, the state budget has other features. If the distribution function of finances of material production and the non-productive sphere is carried out under conditions of frequent changes in the forms of value, numerous acts of purchase and sale, the distribution of the social product through the budget always occurs somewhat in isolation from exchange.
The movement of value through the budget is completely divorced from the movement of the material product and is of a purely value nature. The view of the budget as an economic category was not immediately recognized.
A feature of the state budget is also an organic connection with all divisions of the financial system and other economic categories (price, wages, credit, etc.);
The state budget is a special economic form of redistributive relations associated with the isolation of a part of the national income in the hands of the state and its use in order to meet the needs of the whole society and its individual state-territorial formations;
With the help of the budget, there is a redistribution of national income, less often - of national wealth between sectors of the national economy, territories of the country, spheres of public activity;
The proportions of the budgetary redistribution of value to a greater extent than that of other links of finance are determined by the needs of expanded reproduction as a whole and the tasks facing society at each historical stage of its development;
The area of budgetary distribution occupies a central place in the composition of public finances, which is due to the key position of the budget in comparison with other links.
The essence of the state budget as an economic category is realized through distribution (redistribution) and control functions. Thanks to the first, there is a concentration of funds in the hands of the state and their use in order to meet national needs; the second allows you to find out how timely and fully financial resources come at the disposal of the state, how the proportions in the distribution of budget funds actually develop, whether they are effectively used. Features of the state budget as an economic category -; leave an imprint on the functions performed by it. The content of functions, the scope and object of their action are characterized by a certain specificity. So, the content of the distribution function of the budget is determined by the processes of redistribution of financial resources between different divisions of social production. None: other links do not carry out such a multi-type (inter-sectoral, inter-territorial, etc.) and multi-level (republican, regional, district, city, etc.) redistribution of funds as the budget.
The scope of the distributive function is determined by the fact that almost all participants in social production enter into relations with the budget. The main object of the budget is redistributed; is the net income; however, this does not exclude the possibility of redistribution through the budget and part of the cost of the required product, sometimes of national wealth.
The distribution of the social product through the budget has interrelated, but to some extent isolated stages:
1) the formation of a national monetary fund; 2) the creation of numerous budgetary funds for territorial and targeted purposes; 3) the use of the budgetary fund (budget expenditures).
At the first stage, there is a concentration of funds in the hands of the state by withdrawing them from business entities and citizens. On this basis, financial relations between the state as a recipient of funds with payers arise. For the most part, these relationships are mandatory, but part of the funds goes to the budget on a voluntary basis. A characteristic feature of the distribution process at this stage is that the funds received in the budget are impersonal and do not yet receive a strictly defined delineation. When forming the budgetary fund, two concepts are used: payments to the budget and state budget revenues. These are identical concepts, since they express the same distributional relations between "the state and the payers. Payments to the budget are, first of all, the costs of payers, which are a deduction from Income, while in the state budget these payments act as income of the state. This is where some differences in the interests of the parties The state is interested in increasing budget revenues, but the withdrawal of funds from payers to one degree or another hurts the interests of labor collectives.
State budget revenues are uniform and serve common goal- meeting social needs. Despite the large differences in the methods of withdrawal, the composition of payers, payment terms, etc., all of them are carriers of distribution relations between the state and payers. Therefore, they are the budget category. A distinctive feature of the category - state budget revenues is that they always act as a result of distribution and an object of further distribution.
At the second stage, as already mentioned, there is the formation of numerous funds for territorial and targeted purposes, i.e. the most complex distributional process of splitting up the national monetary fund is being carried out. At this stage, the interests of all enterprises, organizations and members of society intersect. Since each administrative-territorial unit has its own budget, it is of great importance to correctly determine the total volume of these budgets, i.e. funds for territorial purposes. Since the expenditures of a particular budget do not often coincide with the volume of revenues received locally, it becomes necessary to provide additional funds from the higher budget. Thus, a complex distribution process takes place, in the orbit of which all the administrative-territorial divisions are located, and some of them transfer their funds, while others receive them through budget mechanism... At the same time, special purpose funds are formed in the budget and in all of its divisions, intended to meet the needs of society in monetary funds.
In the third stage budgetary funds are spent according to the territorial and special purpose, i.e. there is an irrevocable transfer of budget funds in most cases within the framework of one form of ownership, and the actual spending is carried out only by enterprises and institutions that received budget funds To the last stage of the budgetary distribution process.
State budget expenditures, as well as its revenues, have dual character. On the one hand, these are government expenses, and on the other, irrevocable receipts of funds at the disposal of the enterprise and institutions. It is this duality that testifies to the fact that state budget expenditures are not the final, but only an intermediate stage of the distribution process, which will be continued in material production and the non-production sphere.
Budget expenditures as a budget category are manifested in different ways and are dictated by various economic considerations. They can be in the form:
Estimated financing;
Transfer of funds to the disposal of state-owned enterprises, where the objects of financing are only capital investments and other expenses
Subsidies, subsidies, subventions, categorical and equalizing grants to regions
The control function is that the budget objectively - through the formation and use of the fund of state funds - reflects the economic processes taking place in the structural links of the economy. Thanks to this property, the budget can “signal” how the state receives financial resources from various economic entities, whether the size of the centralized resources of the state corresponds to the volume of its needs, etc. The control function is based on the movement of budgetary resources, reflected in the corresponding indicators of budgetary receipts and expenditure assignments.
The important role of the state budget is not limited to financing the sphere of material production.
Budgetary resources are also directed to the non-production sphere (education, health care, culture, etc.). Financing of enterprises and institutions of social and cultural direction is carried out at the expense of budgetary and extra-budgetary funds. Budget expenditures due to the implementation of the state's social policy are of great importance. They suppress the state to develop the system of public education, finance culture, meet the needs of citizens in medical care, raise the level of their social security, and implement social protection.
Republican and local authorities state power and government through budgetary relations receive at their disposal a certain part of the redistributed national income, which is directed to strictly defined goals, depending on the delimitation of functions between the levels of government.
The reallocation of financial resources is increasingly carried out through financial market based on supply and demand. Therefore, the role of state financial regulation of market relations should be strengthened through the systems: tax, financial sanctions To benefits. It is especially important to ensure the proper fulfillment (on time and in full) of financial obligations to the budget and extrabudgetary funds.
Currently, the budgetary system of the Kyrgyz Republic consists of two elements: the republican budget and local budgets
The budgetary system of the Kyrgyz Republic in accordance with the state budgetary legislation is based on two basic principles: the unity of the budgetary system and the independence of budgets.
The principle of unity in its content differs from the previously existing principle: it is ensured by a unified legal basis, the use of a unified budget classification, which was introduced on the model of the US budget classification, the unity of documentation forms with the presentation of the necessary statistical and budget documentation from one budget level to another for the preparation of a consolidated the country's budget. In accordance with budgetary legislation, the state budget of Kyrgyzstan is the main financial plan of the state, approved by the Jogorku Kenesh, and has the status of a republican law, local budgets are approved by local authorities.
Through the state budget, financial resources are mobilized, which are necessary for their subsequent redistribution and use for the purposes of state regulation of the country's economic development and the implementation of social policy throughout the territory of Kyrgyzstan.
The preparation and execution of the budget is based on the budget classification, in which the target areas are highlighted state activities arising from the basic functions of the state.
For investment activities 1996-1998 characterized by an increase in the role of enterprises' own sources of accumulation for financing their investment projects while reducing centralized capital investments... At state support the center of gravity shifted from non-repayable financing to budget lending on a repayable and paid basis. State financing of investment projects for industrial purposes was carried out on a competitive basis. budget classification should provide an opportunity for economic analysis of public expenditures.
Public sector finance in the structure of the financial system.
1. Public sector finance as a resource potential.
2. The structure of the financial system and the European system of integrated economic accounts.
3. Public finances of modern Russia: scale and opportunities.
1. The public sector of a market economy includes
1. Public sector (budget, taxes, government spending, government property, government entrepreneurship)
2. Local government (local finance, local property)
3. Non-profit sector of the economy (education, healthcare)
One of the initial prerequisites of the Public Sector Economy is that to achieve the goals, the state and the public sector as a whole use mainly financial instruments: TAXES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES)
The named state establishes and maintains the economic order and protects the rights of other subjects of enterprises, households, non-profit organizations.
For the realization of these rights, as well as the implementation of its functions, the state collects state financial resources (public finances) on the basis of the legal withdrawal (taxation) of part of the income of other subjects of market relations.
An important task for the economy of the public sector is certain possible optimization of the compulsory disposal of resources to achieve optimal parameters of economic and social efficiency.
Public sector finance are defined as relations regarding the systemic redistribution of state, municipal finances and resources of the non-state non-profit sector of the economy on the basis of a contradictory relationship between the interests of the federal, regional and municipal levels of government and the population in order to achieve a sustainable socio-economic structure of society.
The criterion for combining public finance into a separate subsystem:
It is the achievement of a single goal - ensuring the production and delivery of public goods to consumers, i.e. goods for collective use that have special properties and the presentation of which is carried out either by the state (pure public good) or in general by the state, the market and the non-profit sector (mixed public goods).
Public goods have two properties:
· Not invention (not rivalry in consumption)
· Non-exclusion
Properties not inventions means that the good is available simultaneously to many consumers and the additional costs of providing it to the individual consumer are equal to zero.
Under non-exclusion implies the technical impossibility or prohibitively high costs of preventing additional consumers from accessing the good.
2 The structure of the financial system and the European system of integration of accounts
The structure of the FOS as a part of the financial system includes:
· public finance(federal budget, budgets of the subjects of the federation, state work, state non-budget social insurance forms)
· municipal finance(local budget, local non-budget funds of self-government bodies)
· finance of the non-commercial sector in terms of the implementation of tasks for the production of displaced public goods.
At the level of a constituent entity of the federation, the structure of the FOS in the region is as follows
1. Consolidated budget subject of the Russian Federation with permission for the regional, oblast, krai or republican and local budgets of municipal districts, cities, districts, urban and rural settlements.
2. Territorial branches of state non-budgetary funds (pension fund, social insurance fund, compulsory health insurance)
3. Outside budget funds created managed and controlled by regional authorities and self-government bodies.
4. Part of financial state and municipal unitary enterprises
5. Finances of state and non-state non-commercial organizations used in production and in the provision of public goods and services.
The composition of the FOS differs from the state and municipal finances of modern Russia, absorbing the resources of society in one way or another related to the production and supply of various public goods.
In turn, the users of FOS are households, enterprises, as well as territorial and local communities.
To analyze the specific results of state production, countries use indicators of the national accounting system
System of national accounts- is an empirical system for determining macroeconomic flows and stocks. They are based on consolidated accounts of GDP, investment capital, income and expenditure of government institutions and households, and accounts of foreign economic transactions.
Primary in the analysis of reproduction is the movement of GDP as a source of primary income and savings.
Financial relations function at the second stage of the reproduction process, when there is a redistribution of the value of GDP in monetary form, through budgetary and credit systems: for the subjects of economic relations, the result is the formation of final income, i.e. financial resources of economic entities of the state and the population.
The central place in the status model of the market economy is occupied by the grouping of the economy by sectors in order to analyze financial flows, income and expenses of assets and liabilities of economic entities, etc.
- Contacts MedMag24. We will be glad to see you. Buy an apartment shipilovskiy proezd Apartment for sale shipilovskiy proezd torg
- How to print a receipt for housing payments
- About forward, futures and options exchange transactions A real exchange transaction is associated with a mutual
- The cyclical nature of the market economy