Land as a resource definition. Land as a natural resource and an economic category

2. Earth as natural resource.

3. Land as a means of production.

4. Land as an object of property relations.

Land- an invaluable and irreplaceable wealth of society. It is the main natural resource, the material condition for the life and activity of people, the base for the location and development of all sectors of the national economy, the main means of production in agriculture and the main source of food. Therefore, the organization of rational use and protection of land is the most important condition for the existence and growth of the well-being of the people.

The doctrine of the earth as a means of production is fundamental in land management science. Among the material conditions necessary for the life and production of people, land occupies a special place, which is the condition and natural basis of any production process. The earth is a space that is necessary as a condition for all production and all productive activities, therefore it is a universal means of production.

The welfare of any human society is based on the production of material goods. This is the foundation not only for the growth of physical consumption of food, improvement of housing and other living conditions of people, but also the guarantee of the cultural, civilized development of society. Land is a necessary material condition for all production. In the manufacturing industry, it functions as a foundation, as a place where labor processes take place, as a spatial operational basis.

In agriculture, the production process is directly related to the land. It is largely determined by soil fertility, natural biological processes, and technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops.

Thus, the land is a unique means of production, significantly different from all others, and has the following main features:

1. All means of production, except land, are the result of previous human labor, while land is a product of nature itself.

2. The earth is an irreplaceable means of production, it is spatially limited.

3. The use of land is related to the permanence of the place.

Land as a natural resource and means of production

Land as a means of production is used in close interaction with other natural resources - water, solar energy, air, etc.

5. The land is much less prone to moral and physical wear and tear than other means of production.

6. Earth is the basis for the preservation of all life on the planet, including humans, as well as natural resources and elements economic environment ensuring its functioning as a means of production.

Evaluating land as an object of socio-economic and, above all, land relations, it should be borne in mind that it acts in three main qualities: land as an object of immovable property, as a commodity and as an object economic activity... In the manufacturing industry, it functions as a foundation, as a place where labor processes take place, as a spatial operational basis. In the extractive industry, land acts not only as a spatial operational basis, but also as a kind of storeroom, from the depths of which minerals are extracted.

In all cases land plot as a real estate object must have: an owner (owner, user); clearly defined boundaries, location, area; registration in the register of real estate; land use conditions stipulated by law and registered (purpose, easements, use and protection regime, environmental, sanitary and other restrictions).

Analyzing the role of land from a socio-economic point of view, the following features can be distinguished:

1. Land is the most reliable investment in real estate.

2. Land - the basic element of property relations, the main component of the real estate market.

3. Land is an object of general land and property interests.

4. Land - one of the main factors in the intensification of investment processes in a market economy.

5. Land is a special object of property relations and a specific type of goods.

Questions for self-control.

1. What is the significance of land as a natural resource?

2. The main functions of the earth in nature and society.

3. In what cases is the land the subject of labor? By means of labor? A universal means of production?

4. What is the role of land in various sectors of the national economy?

5. What is the definition of "land" accepted in land management?

Date of publication: 2014-12-08; Read: 5427 | Page copyright infringement

Approximate plan

Introduction

1. General characteristics and characteristics of real estate objects.

2. Natural objects as real estate objects.

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Commentary on Urban Planning Code Russian Federation
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Lecture number 1 Introduction. Land as a natural resource and means of production

Bogolyubov). - "Prospect", 2009.

Commentary on the Land Code of the Russian Federation
(article by article) (edited by S. A. Bogolyubov). - "Peter Press", 2009.

Krasinsky V.V. Review of real estate legislation in the Russian Federation in 2005-2006. // "Military Law Journal", 2007, №3.

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Chubarov V.V. Problems of legal regulation of real estate. - "Statute", 2006.

Yu.I. Shupletsova Property rights to natural resources: public and private interests. - "Jurisprudence", 2007.

Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 N 51-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009).

Land Code of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2001 N 136-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009).

Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006. No. 200-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009).

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Federal Law of 21.07.1997 N 122-FZ (as amended on 07.04.2010) "On state registration rights to real estate and deals with him. "

Law of the Russian Federation of 21.02.1992 N 2395-1 (as amended on 27.12.2009) "On Subsoil".

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Land as a natural resource and an integral part of the landscape

Natural resources- these are components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic or other activities as sources of energy, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value.

These are the means of human existence not created by their labor, but located in nature itself. main feature natural resources, which distinguishes them from other natural conditions of human life, is their direct involvement in the processes of economic activity (Fig. 1.1).

Figure 1.1. Schematic representation of the position of natural resources in the natural and socio-economic spheres

In their material form, natural resources are specific objects and forces of nature, the development of which, their properties and distribution correspond to certain natural laws. In terms of their socio-economic content, they represent use values; their usefulness is determined by the development of the needs and capabilities of society.

Natural resources are classified according to their use of(industrial, healthcare, aesthetic, etc.) and software accessories to one or another component of nature (land, forest, water, mineral, energy, etc.).

By the nature of human interaction natural resources are usually divided into two categories: exhaustible and inexhaustible(fig. 1.2). The facet separating them is conditional. Resources are called practically inexhaustible, the existence of which is not limited by the time frame. With any degree of intensity of their consumption, the amount at the disposal of mankind does not decrease or decreases so insignificantly that in practice this value can be neglected. These resources include solar radiation, hydro and wind energy potential, etc.

Rice. 1.2 Classification of natural resources

Exhaustible, but renewable (or conditionally unlimited) are resources based on elements of the natural environment capable of self-renewal. The state of these resources depends on the degree and intensity of their use. They can exist as long as the intensity of their self-renewal exceeds the intensity of industrial consumption. Such resources include, for example, objects of fauna, flora, and reserves of pure water.

Exhaustible natural resources are subdivided into non-renewable, relatively renewable and renewable.

TO irreplaceable Natural resources include, in particular, minerals, since after extraction and use they cannot be restored. These are resources, the use of which is one-time and limited in time. The natural elements that make up their basis practically do not have the ability to self-renew.

Land as a natural resource, means of production and object

Such natural resources are reduced from the first steps in the development of social production and end at a certain stage.

The assignment of land resources to relatively renewable natural resources are due to two reasons: on the one hand, the space and surface of the earth are non-renewable, on the other hand, the rational activity of human society has practically unlimited possibilities of reproduction of the productive capacity of the earth. Many types of resources and whole complexes of natural conditions are organically connected with the earth. Therefore, it is necessary to divide its properties into two groups: reproducible and non-reproducible.

Reproducible characteristics are soil fertility, water regime, geobotanical and hydrographic conditions. Many landscape characteristics, relief indicators and a number of others are irreproducible.

TO renewable natural resources include flora and fauna; they can be restored as they are used.

TO inexhaustible include space resources (solar radiation, sea tides, etc.), climatic (heat and moisture of the atmosphere, wind energy), water (energy of rivers, etc.).

The land is characterized, in addition to the soil cover, by space, relief, vegetation, bowels and waters. Land resources are considered as a derivative of the term "land" and represent a variety of relatively renewable natural resources used in the process of social production.

Land resources- these are lands that are used or can be used in sectors of the national economy. All the lands of the planet, this or that state, an administrative-territorial entity form them land fund.

The land fund is divided into types of land, allocated according to natural and historical characteristics, state and nature of use.

As of January 1, 2011 total area land fund of the Republic of Belarus (according to the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus) is 20,760.0 thousand hectares.

The structure of the land fund by type of land is presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. The structure of the land fund of the Republic of Belarus

by type of land (as of 01.01.2011)

Land as a natural resource is primarily component of the geographic envelope of our planet(landscape sphere) - the outer layer in which the lithosphere, biosphere and atmosphere come into contact and interact. The qualitative difference between this shell is the presence of various types of free energy, organic world, sedimentary rocks, soil cover, in the existence of human society.

The earth as a natural resource is studied from the standpoint ecology and landscape studies. The essence of the ecological approach lies in the study of human interaction with the environment. The landscape approach to the use of land resources is based on taking into account the objectively existing and scientifically proven fundamental provisions about the land as a complex geographic system. The term "landscape" was introduced into scientific circulation by the German geographer A. Gommeyer in 1805 and literally means "a picture of nature, a landscape".

Currently under landscape understand a genetically homogeneous natural-territorial complex characterized by the relative unity of the relief (with the rocks forming it), soil, climate, waters, living organisms. A person influences the landscape by his activity. All living organisms and their groupings (biological systems) are a natural component of any landscape. In the components of inanimate nature, there is an ordering of the flows of matter and a systemic integration of structures occurs. The coordination of the functioning of the biotic and abiotic parts in the landscape leads to the fact that the landscape habitat is absolutely necessary for living organisms.

The components that form natural complexes are ambiguous in their role in the functioning of landscapes. Some of them have a systemic importance in the formation of a natural complex (form its main frame), others play a subordinate role. In the first place is the earth with its main property - relief, then the hydrosphere and atmosphere, the final links of this series - flora and fauna. All natural complexes are real (objective) spatial structures and have objective natural boundaries. Borders can be linear or fuzzy, stabilized or fluid, expressive or shaded. The face of any landscape is determined by natural complexes at the level localities, facies and tracts or which are formed under the predominant influence of exogenous (external) factors with a subordinate value of endogenous forces (Fig. 1.3).

Rice. 1.3. Geosystem hierarchy diagram

The agricultural organization of the territory based on the landscape approach is a scientifically based placement of areas with different functional purpose and the mode of use. It is based on taking into account the natural and geographical features of the landscape and practically consists in determining the best use of the land fund for each unit of the landscape. The agricultural organization of the territory should be differentiated by types and types of landscapes.

Parts of the natural landscape involved in agricultural use are considered as different types of land, a comprehensive assessment of which should precede the development of a project for organizing the territory of an administrative region or economy. In this case, it is assumed that the following issues will be resolved:

— optimal choice types of land for various agricultural purposes;

- determination of their correct areal ratio, optimal sizes, shapes and mutual arrangement in order to ensure the normal functioning of the entire landscape-agricultural system of a particular economy, area with the maximum economic and environmental effect;

- selection of the most optimal types of land reclamation and environmental protection measures.

It is necessary to maintain a balanced balance between the exploitation, conservation and improvement of land of a particular type and type of landscape.

Currently, there is no unified system for accounting for landscape regional differences. With any planned land development activities, one should not forget about possible environmental miscalculations that negate the planned benefits and often give rise to more problems than they solve. To orient agricultural production towards the maximum accumulation of agroclimatic resources per unit of consumed technogenic energy, while ensuring the minimum environmental load, agroecological zoning is called upon, based on the principles of physical-geographical and ecological-economic zoning.

The creation of an ecologically stable, anthropogenic landscape is the most important task of organizing the territory.

Taking into account the role of land as the main natural resource in the system land - man - production, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

- to develop and use land plots, based on the laws of nature, observing natural balance, without violating the stability (sustainability) of ecosystems;

- to fully take into account the qualitative features of land resources when using them (especially agricultural), create adaptive (adapted to natural conditions) production;

- create environmentally friendly production that does not destroy land and other natural resources, or reduce the adverse impact of existing production facilities to an environmentally safe level;

- take measures for the reproduction of land resources, organizing their rational use and protection.

Land as an object of legal regulation fulfills a threefold role:

1. 1. in the ecological sense, it is a natural object, component the natural environment, interacting with other natural objects - forests, mineral resources, waters, and in a broad sense, covering all natural resources;
   2. from an economic point of view, it is an object of economic and other activity (it is the material base of any production; it is a source (resource) for satisfying the most diverse human needs);
   3. socially, it is an object of property (state, cooperative, private and personal).

Earth as a natural object

The earth is the most important component of the natural environment, which functions according to the laws of a living organism, helps to cleanse the atmosphere, stores water resources, is a breeding ground for all living things. The earth's surface has territorial limitations; it cannot be arbitrarily increased by people depending on their needs. Likewise, it cannot be replaced by any other means of production, does not become obsolete and does not wear out, as is the case with the instruments and means of production. With the rational use of the land, its fertility is constantly increasing, which, in turn, affects the value characteristics of this object. This undoubtedly indicates that land relations are relations of a special kind and cannot, as some scholars suggest, be established and determined by the norms of civil law, but should be regulated by the norms of land law, taking into account the norms of civil law only in the part not regulated by the norms of land rights.

The earth has unique, irreplaceable people, only its inherent properties, it is for each person the basis of life, a condition for his existence, a source of satisfaction of his natural needs and requirements, as well as a place of economic and other activities that can change the ecological situation both in the region and on a planetary scale.

The earth acts as the basis of life and a national property, as a component of nature, a biosphere category.

Land as an object of ownership

The modern system of rights to land plots is based on a single primary law- property rights.

Depending on the subjects of law, there are three main forms of ownership of land plots (Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation):

1. 1. state;
   2. municipal;
   3. private;
   4. (and other forms of ownership - according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

At the same time, ownership, and in particular private property right, limited... So, the owner is obliged to comply with:

• • the established purpose of the land plot;
  • restrictions imposed on the turnover of land plots, etc.

In Art. 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed: "Land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership." The list of subjects of the corresponding forms of ownership is determined in accordance with subsection 2 Civil Code RF. Since the range of subjects of property rights is regulated by civil law, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, it is impossible to change the circle of subjects of ownership at the regional or municipal level.

Land as an object of management (use)

The land is a very complex economic object with many different properties and, therefore, is in the field of activity of various branches of law:

1. 1. constitutional, the norms of which govern the administrative-state structure, state borders and the sovereignty of peoples;
   2. administrative defining the system and competence of public authorities and bodies local government in the field of regulation of land relations, establishing responsibility for various types of land offenses, etc .;
   3. civil, regulating land relations on the principles of civil law.

State control over the use of land should be carried out in order to comply with the requirements of the law by owners, owners, users, tenants of land plots.

Since the earth is the only habitat for all living things, the state in the public interest should monitor the state of land through monitoring, which should be carried out in order to:

1. 1. timely identification and forecasting of development negative consequences affecting the quality and condition of lands, development and implementation of measures to prevent these processes;
   2. evaluating the effectiveness of these land conservation measures;
   3. information support for management and control in the field of land use and protection, which should include:

State monitoring of lands is an integral part of the system of state monitoring of the natural environment.

Features of legal regulation of land relations:

1. 1. the earth for each person is the basis of life, a condition for his existence, a source of satisfaction of his natural needs and requirements; it is capable of changing the ecological situation both in the region and on a planetary scale;
   2. since land is a place of economic and other activity - the main subject land ownership must be citizens of the Russian Federation;
   3. activity government agencies, organizations and citizens regarding the land should be carried out taking into account the interests of not only the present, but also future generations;
   4. the disposal of land in a given territory is carried out, as a rule, through local self-government bodies (their administrations);
   5. the establishment of a regime for the economic exploitation of land, the transfer and withdrawal of land for use, lease, possession or sale in ownership occurs through special land management actions;
   6. along with a change in the regime of land plots, the owners and other users of land are moved to a plot with a new regime (for example, with the provision of a land plot to a farmer, the latter moves to it, acquires household and other buildings, develops and cultivates land);
   7. in land relations, the institute of neighborhood acquires special significance, which is an inevitable consequence of the non-transferability of land use (this institute gives rise to rights and obligations).

In addition, the earth has a stable natural heterogeneity, which gives rise to:

• • differentiation legal regime depending on categories, lands, zones and other features of lands;
  • the economic and legal regime for equalizing the conditions of land management (for example, persons engaged in agricultural development may be exempted from payment for land plots for the entire period provided for by the project for the production of works; land tax and land rent may not be levied from enterprises and citizens, located in the period of its agricultural development).

Land and territory

It is necessary to delimit the status of the territory from the territorial (spatial) aspects of land management.

Moreover, in the concept of "land" should include the surface, subsoil, waters, forests of our planet, capable of being the subject of legal property relations. Thus, land management can be understood as a set of measures that regulate land relations by changing the existing and creating new spatial forms of land organization, contributing to the expanded reproduction of the dominant mode of production.

According to Art. 7 of the RF LC, lands in the Russian Federation for their intended purpose are divided into the following categories:

The lands indicated above are used in accordance with the established for them intended purpose... The legal regime of lands is determined based on their ownership

• • to one category or another and
  • permitted use

in accordance with the zoning of territories, the general principles and procedure for which are established by federal laws and the requirements of special federal laws. The types of permitted use of land plots are determined in accordance with the classifier approved by federal body executive power, carrying out the functions of developing public policy and legal regulation in the field of land relations.

Territory is a part of a surface with certain boundaries. Territory is primarily called the land space, which is subject to the jurisdiction of the state or an administrative unit (territorial entity) in its composition.

Art. eleven Federal Law of 06.10.2003 N 131-FZ"About general principles organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation "establishes that

1. 1. the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is delimited between settlements;
   2. the territory of the settlement is made up of historically formed lands settlements, adjacent common lands, territories of traditional nature management of the population of the corresponding settlement, recreational lands, lands for the development of the settlement;
   3. the territory of the settlement includes land irrespective of the form of ownership and purpose.

Thus, we can conclude that "territory" is related to "lands" as a whole and a part.

The land of settlements, including cities, is one of the most important economic resources of the municipality and has a dual nature. On the one hand, it is a natural resource and the physical basis for urban planning, and on the other hand, it is cost.

In Russia, the attitude towards land as a value is still being formed, and the share of income from land use (land tax and rent) does not exceed 4-5% of local budget revenues.

Land as an object of real estate is both a means of production and an object of labor, since in any field of activity, a person to a certain extent affects the land.

The combination of these two qualities makes the land a specific means of production, functioning in all sectors of the national economy. As a remedy

Is not the result of prior labor;

Spatially limited;

Not replaceable by other means of production;

Has a permanent location;

Does not wear out when used correctly;

Territorially diverse;

It is characterized by the specific usefulness of each specific land plot;

Possesses fertility and in agriculture all its useful qualities are most effectively used;

In almost all spheres of human activity, it is inextricably linked with the objects, structures, roads and other material elements created by human labor located on it.

Any human activity - industrial, commercial, etc. - is inextricably linked with the land, which is the most important species and an integral part of real estate, the basis for the formation of any real estate object.

Land, like other real estate objects, is characterized by the following properties:

Spatial limitation;

The impossibility of moving without a significant violation of its characteristics;

The fact that it is an indispensable condition for any economic and social activity.

Along with the general properties characteristic of all types of real estate, the land has distinctive, inherent only to her qualities.

These are: productive capacity; the possibility of improving quality with rational use; a significant increase in value when the purpose is changed.

First of all, the land is a natural resource characterized by space, relief, soil, waters, mineral resources, flora and fauna.

As the productive forces develop, this resource turns into an object of socio-economic ties, the main means of production in agriculture and the spatial basis for the development and distribution of all sectors of the economy, the territorial basis of life as a whole.

A unique property of the land is its ability to produce agricultural and other raw materials on a massive scale with the help of natural forces.

Land as a real estate object is manifested only in the case when a specific land mass or plot is determined.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms "land" and "land", which are used with different meanings. The term "land" is usually used when it comes about undeveloped property.

The term "land plot" means a part of the territory on which some work (improvement) has been performed, allowing the use of this site according to its intended purpose.

The main document that defines land relations is the Land Code of the Russian Federation. The Land Code contains the following definition of a land plot:

"Land plot - part of the land surface with a fixed border, area, location, legal status and other characteristics reflected in the State Land Cadastre and documents of state registration of rights to land ”.

The legal status of a land plot includes: intended purpose, permitted use, form of legal ownership. The land plot can be divisible and indivisible.

A land plot is recognized as indivisible, which, according to its intended purpose and permitted use, cannot be divided into independent land plots.

Land plot - part of the earth's territory that is equipped and ready for use for various purposes.

A typical real estate object consists of a land plot and buildings and there is a need to determine the value of the land plot separately from the improvements available on it, which is due to the following reasons:

Difference in taxation of land and buildings (property tax and land tax);
- a separate appraisal of the land plot is required from improvements when using the cost method for determining the value of real estate;

Making decisions on the demolition of existing improvements in order to better and most efficiently use the land.

A land plot in the use of a physical or legal entity or a group of persons with specific boundaries and location, forms land use (land tenure).

These concepts define the scope of land rights (ownership, possession and use), the process of its use. The main element of land relations is land ownership.

The purpose of land in the Russian Federation is determined by the Land Code, according to which land is divided into seven categories. These lands are used in accordance with the established designated purpose:

1 .. Agricultural land

2. Lands of settlements

3. Lands for industry and other special purposes.

4. Lands of specially protected areas.

5. Lands of the forest fund.

6. Lands of the water fund.

7. Stock lands.

Due to the division of land into one direction or another, the use of the land plot is relatively stable.

Legislative bodies pay special attention to the issue of land belonging to one category or another and require its indication in the acts of executive authorities and local self-government bodies on the provision of land plots.

For example, in the decrees of the heads of municipalities; contracts, the subject of which are land plots, for example, purchase and sale, exchange, lease; documents of the state land cadastre, for example, cadastral plans of land plots; documents on state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it, for example, a certificate of registration of rights, an extract from the Unified State Register of Rights.

If the category of land is not indicated in the documents of the state land cadastre, there are no documents of title to the land plot, a normative legal act local government body on the classification of a land plot as a land of a certain category, depending on the purpose of use for which it was provided, in the manner prescribed Federal law"On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another."

Initially, as a natural resource, the earth finds its economic expression through the system of socio-economic relations and property relations between citizens, their associations, local and government controlled... This interaction is called land relations, which are expressed through the macro- and microeconomics of land use.

Land as a spatial basis of activity and real estate is characterized by social and economic parameters... The most important characteristics of a land plot are its size and location.

The location of the site is characterized by its remoteness from the main engineering communications, territorial centers influence, availability of roads and their quality. Depending on the differences in location, the value of the land plot can vary many times.

A direct impact on the value of a land plot is exerted by its natural and technological properties: contour, relief, geology, soil.

Depending on these qualities, the costs for the development and use of the land plot, namely the laying of engineering communications, the construction of buildings and structures, their operation, will be unequal.

An important component of the value of a property is the ecological state of both the site itself and the adjacent land.

In agriculture and forestry, land acts not only as a spatial basis for the location of construction projects, but also as the main means of production.

At the same time, the most important economic characteristics land is their productivity, which largely depends on the fertility of the soil and the infrastructural arrangement of the site.

The relative characteristics of the value of productive land are obtained as a result of their appraisals.

Bonitet score is the most important indicator characterizing the natural and economic fertility of soils. On its basis, the standards of land productivity for the main cultivated crops are calculated. And only after that the indicators of the economic or valuation of land are determined.

The second most important after fertility is taken into account location of lands. The market assessment of the location of an agricultural enterprise as a real estate object is determined by its remoteness from the points of sale of agricultural products and the acquisition of material and technical means.

At the same time, the distances on roads of various quality - asphalt, gravel, unpaved - are compared with their average equivalent.

The technological assessment of the location of the land plot is carried out according to the distance from the production center of the economy.

It is greatly influenced by the method of using the land plot, the costs of moving the units and workers, as well as the delivery of seeds, fuels and lubricants and the export of agricultural products.

Despite the functional differences between the lands on which agricultural and forestry production is carried out, and used as a spatial basis for the location of cities, industrial facilities, they are in constant interaction.

Agricultural and forest land is a source of urban expansion, placement of all kinds of construction projects.

In accordance with Russian land legislation, when the agricultural land is occupied for construction purposes, the new land user (land owner) makes compensation payments.

The economic content of payments is to compensate for the loss of agricultural production. Received financial resources are used to increase production from other land plots.

The process of land use, their economic situation and market turnover carry a significant economic content, which is the basis for the formation of the cost characteristics of land plots and other real estate objects inextricably linked with land.

Natural resources are the primary source and source of new development human civilization. A person can receive the resources necessary for his existence only from the natural environment. The development of technology is seriously changing the direction of the form and scale of the use of natural resources. People by their labor create material goods derived from natural resources. But the primary source of the modern material potential of human society is still the natural biological and mineral resources of the earth.

Natural resources include natural objects and phenomena (bodies and forces of nature) used for direct and indirect consumption, contributing to the creation of material wealth, reproduction of labor resources, maintaining human conditions of existence and improving the quality of human life. Natural resources can be used as:

• * means of labor (land, waterways, water for irrigation);
• * energy sources (reserves of combustible minerals, hydropower, geothermal energy, nuclear fuel, etc.);
• * raw materials and materials (minerals, wood, water used for technical needs);
• * consumer goods (drinking water, therapeutic mud and mineral waters, wild plants, mushrooms, animals, aquatic biological resources etc.);
• * places of rest and treatment;
• * objects of scientific study (materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetology; genetic resources used in breeding, etc.);
• * resources that provide ecosystem services and maintain the ecological balance and acceptable quality of the environment (prevention of erosion, climate mitigation, regulation of the water regime, etc.).

Natural resources are subdivided into renewable, non-renewable and conventionally renewable.

Land resources are the basis of almost all processes of the existence of human society, taking place in the political, economic, social, industrial, communal, environmental and other spheres. Initially, land resources are understood as the earth's surface, which is suitable for human habitation and for all types of economic activities. The main characteristics of land resources are the area and quality of the territory (relief, soil cover, as well as a set of other natural conditions). The main quality of the earth is that its surface serves as the basis for any existence. The role of land resources in social production can hardly be overestimated. Land is the main means of production in a number of sectors of the national economy. In economic science, along with capital, labor and entrepreneurial ability, land is one of the main factors of productionTarasov D. A. Article. On the role of land resources in social production. 2009. No. 1. S. 1 ..

The earth, as a natural space or territory, due to its limitations, has a certain value, depending on its filling with both materialized resources and natural objects, and properties and phenomena. Depending on the functional orientation of human activity, the same natural space can be used in different ways. For example, a piece of forest can be used for logging, hunting, grazing livestock, and resting people. The same section of the forest can also be used for nature conservation purposes if the forest growing on it protects water sources from depletion. The multipurpose nature of land use is its distinctive feature.

The main uses of land are building, agriculture and forestry, hunting, mining, recreation and conservation. natural areas and ecosystems in an undisturbed state.

Objects for assessing the value of natural resources.

The objects of assessing the value of natural resources can be:

• 1. reserves of natural resources;
• 2. natural objects owned, as well as various rights associated with their use (lease, concession, building rights, etc.);
• 3. ecosystem services and environmental benefits (functions performed by natural objects);
• 4. environmental damage.

The reserves of natural resources are understood as their quantity, which, when extracted or extracted, can become a commodity or an item of personal consumption. For example - oil and gas reserves in fields, the number of animals in hunting grounds for timber in forest plantations, etc.

A natural object is understood as a certain space, territory or land plot with everything that is within.

Natural objects are a set of natural resources (bodies and forces of nature) located within the boundaries of certain land plots or subsoil plots. These include territories occupied by mineral deposits, valuable (including protected) ecosystems, forest, hunting, agricultural and other lands.

Natural objects are:

• * forest areas;
• * deposits of minerals and their separate areas;
• * closed water bodies;
• * fishing areas of rivers, spawning grounds;
• * fishing areas of the shelf;
• * non-forest natural ecosystems (sections of the steppe, river floodplains, etc.);
• * swamps;
• * other.

Thus, land resources are the entire territory that is delineated by certain boundaries. They can be used by various subjects of the country, but, nevertheless, they belong to natural objects. Land is a means of production that is used in many industries economic activity... It is especially in demand in agriculture and forestry.

LAND AS A NATURAL RESOURCE

AND MEANS OF PRODUCTION

Concept and functions of the earth.

Features of the use of land for various purposes

Land is an invaluable and irreplaceable wealth of society. She has a special place among essential conditions necessary for the existence of mankind. The Earth, as a part of the Universe, has life forms and is characterized by a continuous cycle of matter and energy, thanks to which a complex of natural conditions and factors of the harmonious coexistence of society and nature are reproduced. The leading branches of world science are directed to the study of the earth and the study of its productive properties. The use of land is impossible without knowledge of the characteristic properties and characteristics of land as an object of land management.

Given the multifaceted nature of the functioning of the earth, first of all, three main interrelated and interdependent functions should be distinguished:

1) land as the most important component of the biosphere and the main natural resource;

2) land as a general condition of social production, the main means of production in agriculture;

3) land as a basic object of socio-economic relations.

The earth, as a natural-historical body, acts as essential component of the biosphere... The biosphere is a complex self-regulating system of living matter and inanimate nature, including the earth's surface and adjacent parts of the lithosphere (earth's crust), hydrosphere and atmosphere, which reacts when human society acts on it.

Historically, the land originated as part(an object) nature... It is a land surface, eventually inhabited by living organisms, surrounded by oceans and airspace that form unified system.

Every person and human society as a whole is a part of this complex system. In the natural-historical process, society not only uses nature, but also influences it.

The special role of the earth at all stages of historical development determines the continuous and fierce struggle of mankind for the possession of the wealth of the earth.

At the stage of the hunting and gathering economy, a person directly consumed (appropriated) the products of nature. With the emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry, he began to produce food and raw materials for processing on his own. The intensity of land use is increasing significantly. Man cultivates the land, irrigates it, cultivates plants on it. The earth turns into object and tool of labor, i.e. the main means of production in agriculture.

With the emergence and development of handicrafts, the emergence of cities, and the growth of trade, land began to gain more and more importance not only as a source of goods produced, but also as a spatial basis, necessary for the functioning of production, the placement of settlements, roads, etc. . The emergence of the state, the complication of property relations, the emergence of private property led to the emergence of stable socio-economic relationships associated with the appropriation, possession, disposal and use of land. She becomes object of socio-economic (land) relations.

Earth is spatial basis and universal material condition of social production. In this regard, the earth functions as the most important component of living space. It, as a natural resource, being involved in social production, acts already as means of production.

When organizing the rational use and protection of land, it is important to take into account the complex interaction of all functions of the land. Ignoring or underestimating at least one of them can lead to extremely negative consequences.

Insufficient accounting natural factors leads to depletion of land in the production process, the development of water and wind erosion, pollution, etc. Underestimation of the role of land as the main means of production in agriculture leads to the loss of its fertility. If the socio-economic importance of land resources is not taken into account, people lose interest in the use of land, the feeling of ownership disappears, they cease to value and protect the land.

Term "land" used in various meanings. In land management science and practice, based on the above functions of the land, the following definition has been adopted: “ Land Is a land surface, a natural resource characterized by space, relief, soil cover, vegetation, mineral resources, waters, as well as an object of socio-economic relations, which is the main means of production in agriculture and the spatial basis for the location and development of all sectors of the national economy. " This definition denotes the place of land in the natural resource system and characterizes its multipurpose purpose.

The Land Code of the Republic of Belarus gives the following definition: “ Land(land) - the earth's surface, including soils, considered as a component of the natural environment, a means of production in agriculture, the spatial material basis of economic and other activities. "

The land, along with minerals, water and other natural resources, is considered the most important component of the national wealth. The land is the common property of the people and therefore everything related to its use affects the interests of every citizen living in the territory of the state.

The higher the scientific and technical potential of society and the more intensive the use of natural resources, the more acutely the need for the protection of lands and other natural resources is felt. The main task is to ensure that the use of land resources in all spheres of social life does not lead to an irreversible violation of the ecological balance in nature.

The legislation contains the following basic principles of land use:

- possession, use and disposal of land, other natural resources are carried out by their owners freely, if this does not harm the environment and does not violate the rights and legitimate interests other persons;

- every citizen has the right to a land plot;

- the ownership of land is recognized and protected;

- the priority of protecting the land, human life and health;

- the unity of the fate of land plots and objects firmly connected with them;

- land use is paid, and the payment is collected in the form land tax and rent;

- agricultural, especially valuable and protected land use is a priority;

- the land should be used in accordance with its intended purpose and rationally;

- citizen participation and public organizations(associations) in resolving issues related to their rights to land;

- a differentiated approach to the establishment of the legal regime of lands;

- a combination of the interests of society and the legitimate interests of citizens in the field of land use.