Natural and economic features of territories and their population. Geographical features of the distribution of the population of the resettlement zone o What is the territory of continuous settlement
Some countries are said to have “ more land than people. " This statement fully applies to Russia. Our country is very poorly populated.
Unpopulated territory makes up more than half of the area of Russia. At the same time, the European part is practically completely inhabited, not counting the Northern Economic Region, in which the population covers 2/3 of the territory. Euro p cha eis st k y
94% of the uninhabited territory is located in the Asian part: less than 1/3 of the area is permanently inhabited there. The most sparsely populated is the Far Eastern economic region, where the developed territories occupy only 1/5 of the entire area and where more than half of all unpopulated territories of Russia are located. Asian part
Historically, the main zone of settlement has developed in Russia. This strip is wide in the European part (from St. Petersburg to Rostov-on-Don) to the east it narrows and stretches along the Trans-Siberian railway to Vladivostok.
Features of the main settlement zone: Occupies about 1/3 of the country's territory, this zone concentrates more than 90% of the population.
The focal settlement (in some places) of the North Zone is explained by both the severity of natural conditions and economic reasons. People live near developed mineral deposits, in transport hubs, in processing areas natural resources(Norilsk, Magadan, Murmansk, etc.), in the valleys of large rivers. Features of the North Zone
Many territories of the North zone do not have a permanent population. The lack of population hinders the development of diverse and rich natural resources.
2. The degree of development of the territory. The concentration of the population in the Main Strip was also influenced by historical reasons. Invasions of nomadic tribes forced the population to move from the steppe and forest-steppe to the north and northeast, under the protection of forests. Thus, in the XIII-XIV centuries. the center of settlement moved from the Dnieper region to the forest belt between the Volga and Oka rivers.
3. Economic reasons... Crafts and trade began to develop. In the Urals, the influx of population was largely due to the development (starting from the 18th century) of mineral resources. Then the settlement of Siberia by the Russians and the laying of the Trans-Siberian Railway outlined the final contours of the Main Settlement Strip.
Different development of the territory has led to an uneven distribution of the population or the settlement of the territory. The population density of a territory can be measured by the population density indicator. Population density is the number of people per unit area (h / km²).
Population density is formed in the process historical development under the influence of economic laws, the level of socio-economic development of society and the natural and geographical environment.
The average population density of the Russian Federation is approximately 8.5 people per 1 km². In terms of population density, Russia is inferior to most countries in the world and almost all CIS countries, except for Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
The population density of any territory can be calculated using the formula, only for this it is necessary to know the population size and area of the given territory.
However, the average population figures in the country do not give a complete picture of the distribution of the population across the territory. The population is distributed very unevenly within each part of the country's territory.
Example 1: calculate the density of the population of Russia (the area of Russia is 17,100,000 km², the population is 142,000,752 people). Pl. population = = 142000752 h. 17100000 km² 8, 3 h / km² =
Example 2: Calculate Population Density Voronezh region(VO area - 52,200 km², population - 2,248,400 people). Pl. = population Pl. population = 2,248,400 h. 52,200 km² 43 h / km² =
Example 3: calculate the population density of the Anninsky district (the area of the Anninsky district is 2100 km², the population is 50300 people). Pl. = population Pl. population = 50300 h. 2100 km² 23, 95 h / km² =
In general, the population density decreases towards the east. In the European part, it is 27 people / km² (including in the Central Economic Region - 63, in the Volga region - 31, in the Ural Region - 25), in the Asian part - 2.5 people / km² (including West Siberian region- 6, 2, East Siberian - 2, 2, Far East - 1, 3).
The population density is higher than the national average, that is, more than 8 people / km², in 59 constituent entities of the Federation. Occupying only 21.6% of the country's territory, they concentrate 84.2% of the population. In 46 regions, the population density is above 20 people / km², and in 38 - over 30 people / km².
In the distribution of the population of Russia, an area of its higher density is clearly traced, occupying almost the entire European part of the country (with the exception of the Northern Economic Region), the south of Western Siberia and further stretching to the east in a relatively narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway. This is a zone of continuous settlement of the territory, called the "Main settlement belt". Occupying 1/3 of the territory of Russia, it concentrates more than 93% of the country's population. All Russian cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants and all large agglomerations are located here.
Despite the continuous nature of the settlement of the territory, within the Main Settlement Zone, there are clearly pronounced areas of population concentration in large and largest cities and their immediate surroundings. On the basis of large and largest cities and urban agglomerations, local settlement systems are formed, which include, in addition to the urban, and rural population of nearby territories.
Local settlement systems are interconnected groups of populated areas, between which there are intense pendulum migrations of the population for labor, cultural, household and recreational purposes. The area of a particular local settlement system depends on:
the density and condition of the transport network that unites settlements into a single whole;
time spent on moving between settlements (as practice shows, this time in most cases should not exceed 1.5 hours in one direction. hours);
well-established transport links (in the conditions of Russia with its poor state of the road network, the most reliable transport links in local settlement systems are provided by commuter trains).
Resettlement and its system
Very often, local settlement systems in theory and urban planning practice are called group settlement systems. It was believed that such settlement systems, along with the requirements of production, should meet the optimal organization of the population's life. It seemed that these provisions made it possible to single out settlement as an independent factor, the interests of which could be subordinated to the development of settlements and the formation of the habitat in large cities.
A well-known author in the field of population geography B.S. Khorev developed the concept of a unified settlement system for the USSR. There were many opponents of this concept, the main argument of which was the extremely poorly established transport links between settlements in the vast territory of the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the USSR into a number of independent states, the question of unified system resettlement. The existence of a unified settlement system on the territory of modern Russia also raises doubts.
The largest local settlement systems - Moscow and St. Petersburg - include rather vast territories stretching for many tens of kilometers from their centers up to the terminal points of suburban railway communication. The Moscow local settlement system covers almost the entire territory of the Moscow region with a total population of about 15 million people. The St. Petersburg local settlement system has about 6 million inhabitants.
Almost all local settlement systems in Russia are located in the Main Settlement Zone. Outside of them, the population density, even within this band, drops sharply. Moreover, in the post-war period, there has been and is currently taking place a process of intensive concentration of the population of Russia in local settlement systems.
In this regard, at present, studies are being carried out to determine and substantiate new areas for the settlement of Russians. They made it possible to identify some of the most favorable territories for integrated development. Among them is the Central Russian region, which stretches from Moscow to St. railroad... The choice is based on a favorable climate suitable for people who have worked for many years in the Arctic Circle, officers from the reformed army. There are prerequisites for the development of industry, but there is not enough labor resources. The second promising region is the Far East. Its optimal settlement, industrial and agricultural development have not only economic, but also political significance for the preservation of the country's territorial integrity.
Target- to study the distribution of the population and analyze the forms of settlement on the territory of Russia.
Tasks:
- - to study the patterns of population settlement and its density;
- - to analyze the natural and geographical factors of the distribution of the population;
- - to study the proportion of urban and rural population in federal districts;
- - to characterize the types of rural settlement;
- - to identify the regional characteristics of the rural population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
When studying the topic "Urban and Rural Settlement of the Population of the Russian Federation", it is necessary to pay attention to the types of settlement of the population, as well as to the uneven settlement of the territory by the population. Considering the issue of urban and rural settlement of the population, note, firstly, the features of modern urbanization, and, secondly, that the nature of the settlement of the rural population of Russia differs in climatic conditions and natural zones.
Patterns of population resettlement
The change in the historical types of settlement is based on the change in socio-historical formations. Moreover, each formation corresponds to its own historical type of settlement.
Scientists call the first type "dispersed-tribal settlement", characteristic of the primitive communal system, when settled life became widespread and the number of permanent settlements grew. For this settlement, small settlements were typical, as a rule, distant from each other over long distances.
The second type - "antique polis" (city) - it is characterized by city-states, including large (up to 1 million inhabitants), located along the coast; population mobility, but migration is limited mainly to military campaigns.
The third type - "feudal village" - the predominance of small rural settlements, towns are small. Low mobility of the population, which is mainly due to economic factors, military, religious factors played a lesser role.
The fourth type - "urbanized settlement" - highly urbanized settlement, which presupposes the presence of large cities, agglomerations, megalopolises and high mobility of the population.
The fifth type of settlement (it is called "new") in the future will contribute to the formation of the same conditions for the level and quality of life in different settlements. Characteristic feature such settlement is the high mobility of the population, which leads to a more even distribution of people across the territory.
The main indicator of population distribution is population density. However, the average population density does not reflect the whole picture of population distribution across the territory. For example, in Russia in 2014 the average population density is 8.4 people / sq. km, and the world - 52 people / sq. km. There are regions in Russia with higher and lower population densities, for example, the population density in the Moscow region (excluding residents of Moscow) is 160 people / sq. km, and in Chukotka autonomous region- 0.07 people / sq. km.
In the world in 2014, the highest population density belongs to the city of Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) - 44,000 people / sq. km, and the lowest population density in Nunavut (the largest and newest territory of Canada) - 0.02 people / sq. km.
The modern map of the world and Russia of the distribution of the population reflects the unevenness of the population of the territory. Most of the population lives in the Eastern (about 85%) and Northern (about 85%) hemispheres. The bulk of the population is concentrated in the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.
Every 80 out of 100 inhabitants of the Earth live in lowlands and plains, which occupy about 30% of the land. Weakly populated mountainous areas, for example, the population of Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet) live in the mountains in an area exceeding 5000 m above sea level.
Since ancient times, their employment in agriculture... The cultivation of a labor-intensive crop such as rice requires irrigated land, which has resulted in high population densities in East and South Asia.
The nature of the distribution of the population across the territory, including the population density, is determined by a number of factors. Among them are natural and climatic conditions that have long attracted or repelled people. However, with the development of socio-economic conditions, the importance of the natural and climatic factor is weakening.
Throughout the history of civilization, the development of transport routes influences the settlement of the population. For example, with the invention of the compass at the end of the 15th century. the possibilities for the development of maritime transport have significantly expanded.
Currently, the role of socio-economic conditions and demographic factors (high or low natural and migration gain population) in the settlement of the population.
Russia is characterized by the presence of two types of settlement of the territory: a zone of focal settlement and a zone of continuous settlement.
The population of the territory of Russia decreases from west to east and from south to north. Less than 10 million people live in the north of Russia, which occupies 2/3 of its territory. They live in settlements that are scattered across the vast expanses of tundra and taiga in separate islands. The uninhabited territory of this territory is primarily associated with unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.
At the same time, most of the European part of Russia, the south of Western and Eastern Siberia, and the southern part of the territory of the Dolny East are a zone of continuous settlement. The main zone of settlement occupies 1/3 of the territory of Russia and concentrates more than 90% of the population. In the zone of continuous settlement there are all big cities Manufacturing industry and agriculture are developed in Russia and, accordingly, in this territory.
During the Soviet period, with the growth of socio-economic development, the northern and eastern territories of Russia were settled. For example, in 1938 in the north of the European part of Russia was formed Murmansk region... This was facilitated by the growth of industry and population. The population of the Urals and Of the Far East in the Soviet period increased by 2.5 and 5 times, respectively. After the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of socio-economic reforms, the trends in the distribution of the population changed, for example, the share of the Asian part of the population of Russia began to decline. Thus, the population of the territory is influenced by natural conditions, the possibilities of economic development and the history of the settlement of the territory.
20.08.2014 10816 0Goals:Study the population density of Russia. To acquaint with the main types of rural settlements, the way of life of the villager, with the peculiarities of the village national culture. Find out the impact of urbanization on the village, the consequences and possible ways solving the problem.
Equipment:Population density maps, political-administrative, physical; additional literature.
During the classes
I.Organizing time
II.Homework check
1)Repetition of terms:
Urbanization, agglomeration, megalopolis, infrastructure, fertility, mortality, gender and age structure of the population, migration, depopulation, natural growth, immigration, emigration.
2)Frontal work according to the principle "I know that ...". Students, at will or in turn, give a definition. For example,I know that urbanization - the process of growth of cities and urban population; the spread of urban lifestyle.
3)Geographic dictation:
a) Difference between fertility and mortality ...(natural growth).
b) The decline in the population in the country ...(depopulation).
c) A cluster of cities around a large city ...(agglomeration).
d) Mechanical movement of the population ...(migration).
e) Departure of people from the country ...(emigration).
f) Entry of people into the country ...(immigration).
g) Number of births per 1000 inhabitants per year ...(fertility).
h) The process of the growth of cities and urban population, the spread of the urban way of life ...(urbanization).
i) The number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants per year ...(mortality).
j) A set of structures, buildings, services necessary for the normal life of the population ...(infrastructure).
4)Checking the results of the sociocultural workshop.
a) excursion "Coats of arms of Russia" (optional);
b) a story about your favorite city (optional);
c) verification of the results of the study to assess the population of their place of residence.
5)Checking the assignment of group No. 3 (p. 79, section A.):
a) Nizhny Novgorod- Bitter;
b) Vyatka - Kirov;
c) Yekaterinburg - Sverdlovsk;
d) Samara - Kuibyshev;
e) Tver - Kalinin;
f) Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar;
g) Izhevsk - Ustinov;
h) St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad;
i) Rybinsk - Andropov;
j) Tsaritsyn - Stalingrad - Volgograd;
k) Ulyanovsk - Simbirsk;
m) Perm - Molotov;
m) Naberezhnye Chelny - Brezhnev;
o) Vladikavkaz - Dzaudzhikau - Ordzhonikidze.
Conversation lesson plan:
1.Accommodation of the population of Russia;
2.Rural population;
3.Rural settlements, their diversity;
4.Village problems.
-78% of the population of Russia is urban, but 27% of the population, almost 1/3 of Russians, live in countryside... How is the population located on the territory of Russia, what is the main zone of settlement (or the main zone of settlement), the zone of the North, an arid zone? How does the rural population of Russia live? What is the difference between the way of life of the villagers? What problems do the rural population have to solve? Is the village of Russia dying? We will look at these questions in today's lesson.
1. Placement of the population of Russia
-The population of Russia is unevenly distributed. The average population density is 8.6 people per sq km. But in the European part of Russia the density is 29 people per 1 km 2, and in Siberia 2.5 people per 1 km 2.
During the XX century, the population "spread" from the center (Volga-Oka interfluve) to the north and east, where the population has grown in numbers several times. The population of the Far East has increased 5 times, Eastern Siberia 3 times, and in the Khanty-Mansiysk district - 33 times.
On the territory of Russia, there are two types of settlement of the territory (section A. fig. 12, p. 50, section D. fig. 18, p. 51):
1.Zone of focal settlement: settlements are scattered over the taiga and tundra (North zone). The average distance between them often exceeds 100 km.
2.The zone of continuous settlement (the "main zone" according to uch. D.), or the main zone of settlement. Its area is 1/3 of the territory of Russia, and the share of the population living here is more than 93% of the population of Russia.
Writing in a notebook
Equidemic cards- these are maps on which the size of the territory (district) corresponds not to its area, but to the population size (Fig. 11, p. 48, section A.).
Exercise(work with the map):
Compare the geographic map fig. PA, uch. A., with equidemic maps of Fig. 11B and 11C. Answer the questions:
-Which regions had the greatest population growth during the XX century, i.e. since 1926?
(Map B) to 1989 (Map C)?(Students mark the territories of the Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern regions.)
-Which areas on the equidemic map have a larger area than on the geographical map, that is, a large population, and therefore a larger area?(Central, North-West, North-Caucasian, Moscow and Moscow region.)
2. Rural population
Rural Russia
The line between the village and the city is blurry. Buildings on the outskirts of a big city with wooden houses and with cottages very similar to the countryside. But even in villages, you can often see streets of multi-storey buildings.
What can be called a rural area? What is the difference between a village and a city?
Modern scholars believe that cities arise on trade and exchange, on production, on the management of regions and countries, that is, on external relations. The village can live on its own, using fields, forests, meadows. The countryside keeps traditions, and the city spreads the new.
In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with a population of more than 12 million people. But there are fewer cities and more villages. The largest rural settlements are located in the Krasnodar Territory - stanitsa with a population of 20-30 thousand people.Athe village of Shpakovskoye near Stavropol is the largest village with a population of about 50 thousand. But what matters is what people are doing. Most of the villagers are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.
Between the city and the village there is a transitional form of settlement - this is an urban settlementtype (formerly called posad, settlement),whereresidents work in industrialnosti, on transport. The village is usually large, with a church, school and shops. The village is usually without a church and a smaller village. The farm has one or two houses away from villages and villages.
Lives in the countrysideYapopulation, and at the beginning of the 20th century, 85% of the population was rural.
3. Rural settlements, their diversity
Questions to the class:
- What settlements are considered rural settlements?(Settlements with a population of less than 12 thousand people.)
- What types of rural settlements can be distinguished?(In Russia, the following types of rural settlements can be distinguished: villages, villages, farmsteads, stanitsa, auls. Villages and villages prevail. Rural residents traditionally lived in a community.)
- What is typical for a rural lifestyle?(Students can participate in this discussion based on their experiences in the countryside, as many of them have grandparents in their villages.)
- And what is the main occupation of the villagers?(Agriculture - crop production, animal husbandry.)
- Why shouldn't villages be very large?(The larger the settlement, the farther it is to get to the fields.)
- What determines the density of rural settlements?(The more fertile the soil, the more people it can feed, the higher the population density.)
Consequently, rural settlements are located zonally and have peculiarities of settlement in each natural zone (Fig. 22, section A; Fig. 19, section D.).
Exercise:
Using the text of the textbook (study A., p. 87), fill in the table.
4. Village problems
The main problem of the village is the problem of the extinction of the villages. Thousands of villages have disappeared during the period of urbanization in Russia. In the villages, which are living out their last years, there are elderly people, mostly women.
The village has always been strong with conscientiousness, hard work, love for the family. Agricultural traditions and moral principles were kept in the village. But now the fields are becoming desolate, overgrown with forests.
Without tradition and national culture no nation can exist.
One of the ways to solve the problem of rural depopulation may be the settlement of disappearing villages with migrants from the North, refugees and internally displaced persons.
- What is the difference between rural and urban settlements?(By population: a rural settlement has a population of less than 12 thousand people; by occupation of the population: residents of a rural settlement are employed in agriculture.)
- Why can't villages and hamlets in the forest zone be large?(Low-fertile podzolic and sod-podzolic soils do not give high yields and cannot feed a large population. Soils require fertilization, and should be located not far from the farm.)
-Name the two main areas of population settlement in Russia.(The main zone of settlement and the zone of the North.)
- Where is the main settlement zone (main zone) located?(Most of European Russia, narrowing towards the south of Siberia and the Far East (along the Siberian Railway).)
- Prove that rural settlements are based on resources.(The villagers use land, forestry, hunting and water resources. Using the resources, the villagers provided themselves for almost everything.)
Homework
By uch. A .: §11 and §19; By uch. D: §8.