The economic environment includes. Economic environment: concept and general characteristics
Under the economic activity in the territory of the Russian Federation is meant a production process or a combination of actions leading to the receipt of certain products. Main features economic activity are the following factors:
- Availability production costs for labor force, equipment, resources, technologies;
- Availability of the production process;
- Availability of services rendered or products produced.
Types of economic activity are objects of the OKDP classification. It is necessary to indicate the type of activity in accordance with the classifier when registering an enterprise with the tax authorities.
Classifier of types of economic activity
Types of economic activity established in the territory Russian Federation, are registered in the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) on the basis of the resolution of the State Standard of Russia. OKDP is designed to regulate and describe economic activity on the territory of the Russian Federation and is a single set of classified economic objects and their groupings. This classifier is part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and social information(ESCC) of the Russian Federation.
Code of type of economic activity
Types of economic activity in the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) are sequentially encoded using an alphanumeric alphabetic code. In the formula for the structure of the OKDP code (XX.XX), the following are sequentially indicated:
- Section - the first two characters before the dot (XX.);
- Group - the first character after the dot (XX.X);
- The class is the second character after the dot (XX.XX.).
The codes presented in the classifiers do not depend on the form of ownership and the source of investment - they will be the same when determining the type of economic activity for an LLC and for an individual entrepreneur.
Main types of economic activity
Economic activity is divided into several main types:
- The main economic activity creates the largest part of the gross value added, not necessarily more than 50%;
- A secondary type of economic activity is an economic activity different from the main one, not defined as the main one (that is, any other). As well as products from the main economic activity, products from the secondary activity are intended for sale to third parties in the market;
- Ancillary economic activity is an activity in which services and goods are produced that are not intended for sale to third parties, but are designed to optimize and facilitate the main and secondary economic activities.
The economic environment is characterized by the presence of many links between its elements, which are conventionally divided into:
1) "Vertical" connections are made from state registration business entity and its inclusion in the economic system. In addition, each business entity carries out its activities in accordance with the norms and requirements of the current legislation.
2) "Horizontal" connections ensure the continuity of the processes of production and sale of products, reflect the relationship of manufacturers with suppliers of material resources, with buyers of products, with business partners and competitors.
The economic environment includes two groups of factors:
1) direct exposure environment:
· state;
· suppliers;
· consumers;
· competitors.
2) indirect environment:
· technical;
economic;
social.
In the external economic environment of the functioning of business entities, two levels are distinguished: the macro level ( macro environment) and micro level ( microenvironment).
The main elements of the macro environment:
- economic environment- inflation is decreasing purchasing power consumers, new taxes could change the distribution of income, the level interest rates on capital can make investments in new enterprises profitable or unprofitable;
- political situation– changes in the government may affect the degree of support for private entrepreneurship, change attitudes towards public sector, political instability can make long-term investments risky;
- legal environment- Changes in legislation relating to the activities of enterprises may encourage or, conversely, oppress certain areas of entrepreneurship;
- technological environment- new technologies can lead to an increase in competitiveness or its decrease if a competitor has achieved success in developing new technologies;
- social and cultural environment- the emergence of new styles, new fashion can create new opportunities. New ad hoc ideas may lead to certain limitations;
- natural and climatic, geographical situation - a good or bad harvest is immediately reflected in the price level;
- demographic situation - the relocation of people, changes in birth and death rates have a corresponding impact on the level of demand.
The main elements of the microenvironment:
The structure of functional duties;
Structure of exchange of services;
Information structure;
Resource-technological structure;
The structure of labor resources;
Organizational culture, understood as a set of norms and rules that regulate interactions between members of the workforce and are an expression of their collective knowledge and experience.
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. List the forms of influence of the external environment on the formation of various types of enterprise development strategies.
2. How does the external environment influence the formation of the market
pricing?
3. How the choice is made pricing strategy enterprises, taking into account a combination of market and state regulation prices?
4. Open economic essence the concept of "internal environment
enterprises".
5. Expand the content of the concept of "enterprise" and its formation
internal environment from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept.
6. What subsystems of the internal environment does the enterprise include from the standpoint of a system-integrated theory?
7. List the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise.
Tests
1. Economic environment operation of the enterprise is:
b) a set of external and internal factors that affect the production and economic activities of the company;
c) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
2. The environment of direct impact is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
d) an environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises
3. The environment of indirect influence is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) the environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises.
4. Factors of indirect impact:
a) the level of stability of macroeconomic indicators;
d) geographical factors.
5. Groups of factors affecting consumers:
a) external incentives;
b) the dynamics of the development of macroeconomics;
c) the level of development of the capital market;
d) personal.
6. Subjects of the external microenvironment:
a) system government controlled;
b) suppliers;
c) competitors;
d) manufacturers.
7. Types of competition:
a) galloping;
b) price;
c) moderate;
d) non-price.
8. Relationships arising in the external microenvironment:
a) vertical;
b) straight lines;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
9. Relationships arising in the macro environment:
a) vertical;
b) straight lines;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
10. External economic forces macro environments:
a) the size of GDP and its fluctuations;
b) presence railways;
c) research funds;
d) a budget deficit or surplus.
11. Subjects of the macro environment:
b) government bodies;
v) local authorities authorities;
d) unions of trade unions.
12. Properties of the external environment:
a) competitiveness;
b) complexity;
c) dynamism;
d) uncertainty.
13. The complexity of the environment is:
a) changes in one factor cause more or less significant changes in others;
b) the number, variety and variability of external factors affecting the economy;
c) the rate of changes occurring in the environment;
d) function of quantity and quality of information.
14. The key to the commercial success of an enterprise from the standpoint of the influence of the external environment on the activities of the company is:
a) net profit;
b) profitability;
c) consumer orientation;
d) focus on a competitor.
15. The external environment has an impact on almost all aspects of the enterprise through:
a) influence on the tactics and strategy of the enterprise;
b) horizontal connections;
c) vertical connections;
d) impact on earnings.
16. Reducing or stopping the production of certain goods:
a) requires the development of new types of products;
b) requires re-equipment of the enterprise;
c) requires the introduction of scientific achievements;
d) affects the competitiveness of the enterprise.
17. The internal environment of the enterprise is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) a set of performance results, conditions and a system of interconnections between business entity units.
18. An enterprise from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept is:
a) complex, flexible, self-developing, multidimensional, multispatial production system;
b) an independent business entity with the rights legal entity;
c) the system of subdivisions, workshops and other structural units;
d) a set of similar industries.
V market economy economic development- it economic process, including periods economic growth and economic downturn in time. The combination of these two components forms business cycle, characterized by periodic ups and downs in economic activity, caused directly by fluctuations in the ratio between consumption and investment. That is, the economic (business) cycle is a fluctuation in the level of economic activity, when periods of economic growth are replaced by periods of its decline.
About the reasons cyclic development economics in macroeconomic theory there is no single generally accepted concept. So, for example, T. Malthus, J. Sismondi associated the cause of cycles with the lack of consumed income in comparison with the income generated. K. Marx saw the main cause of the cycle in the main contradiction of capitalism - in the contradiction between the social nature of production and private form assignment of production results. M. Keynes saw the root cause of the cycle in an excess of savings and a lack of investment.
A. Shpitgof explained the reason for the cyclicality by the excess of the production of means of production over the production of consumer goods. E. Hansen saw its cause in the expansion and limitation of bank capital (credit) and the movement discount rate. I. Schumpeter deduced the cause of cycles from the cyclical development of technical progress, the dynamics of innovation. V. Pareto, A. Pigou saw the cause of the economic cycle in the ratio of optimism and pessimism in the economic activity of people, and S. Jevons, A. Chizhevsky explained its cause by the impact on people of sunspots that have a ten-year cycle.
As you can see, the spread in determining the causes of the economic cycle is very wide.
There are four phases of the classical economic (business) cycle:
¨ crisis (recession, recession);
¨ depression (stagnation);
¨ revival (expansion);
¨ rise (boom, peak).
In modern Western literature, a more enlarged division is used, highlighting two phases: recession and recovery.
Under the first (recession) refers to the crisis and depression. Under the second (rise) - revival, boom.
Let us briefly consider what these four phases of the cycle are characterized by.
1. A crisis(recession, recession) - it is characterized by the deterioration of all the main indicators of economic growth: a sharp decline in production; sharp drop the amount of income; reduction in employment; decrease in investment; falling prices; underutilization of production capacities; mass bankruptcies; the growth of the army of unemployed; depreciation of fixed capital; overstocking.
2. Depression(stagnation) - represents the lowest point of recession and is characterized by: mass unemployment; low salary; low level loan interest; decrease in unsold commodity stocks; stopping price cuts. Production at the same time froze at this level, does not grow and does not fall.
3. revival(expansion), or recovery phase, is characterized by such indicators as: massive renewal of fixed capital; decrease in unemployment; salary increase; rising prices and interest rates; increase in demand for commodities. This phase ends with reaching the pre-crisis level of development.
4. Rise(boom, peak) is characterized by the following indicators: an increase in the rate of economic growth; increasing investment; rising stock prices and other valuable papers, interest rates; rising prices, wages, profits, rents, entrepreneurial income.
After passing through these phases, the cycle repeats again. Therefore, we can say: the economic (business) cycle is the time from one economic crisis to another.
And the crisis of overproduction is the forcible elimination of disproportions (an unacceptable gap between the production of goods, services and their consumption by the population) and the temporary establishment of proportionality. The way out of the crisis lies in the renewal of fixed capital. The sooner it is updated, the sooner they will get out of the crisis.
Modern economic crises have their peculiarities. They basically became weak, sectoral. There is no clear division into four phases of the cycle. There are such periods in the development of the economy that do not fit into any of the four phases of the cycle. Crises no longer occur after a period of climax, but after a long period of stagnation. There is a period of "crawling into a crisis." During a crisis, prices now most often do not fall, but rise.
All this is due to a number of reasons: the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution; change sectoral structure; reducing the life of fixed capital; a sharp increase in wages; the deepening of the international division of labor; world integration processes, militarization of the economy, etc.
In general, there are the following types economic crises :
1. Cyclic or general economic crisis of overproduction;
2. Intermediate crisis;
3. Partial Crisis;
4. Industry crisis;
6. Agrarian crisis - the economic crisis of overproduction in agriculture;
7. Ecological crisis.
The first type of crisis is the deepest and longest and covers all spheres of the economy. The second view is less deep. Has a local character. It interrupts for some time, for example, such phases of the economic (business) cycle as recovery and recovery. The third type of crisis covers only some area of economic activity. Well, the fourth type is only some branch of the national economy. The fifth type is associated with the uneven development of individual industries and covers periods of several reproduction cycles. The sixth is especially long, the seventh is typical for countries with a fairly high level of development.
The economy of the Russian Federation has been subject to economic crises in the past ten years, which is associated with the transition to a market economy, errors in privatization, price liberalization, the destruction of a single national economic complex, and the washing out of working capital from enterprises; a sharp decline in investment in the real sector of the Russian economy, a sharp depreciation of fixed capital, a slowdown in scientific and technical progress, etc. The task is to eliminate these moments. Now the task is to double the rate of economic growth in ten years.
Allocate a very large variety of types of business cycle(more than a thousand species). In this case, the objective criteria for their differentiation are: the frequency of renewal of individual parts of capital; changes due to the renewal of elements of buildings, structures; changes brought about demographic processes and agriculture.
In general, we note the following main types economic cycles.
J. Kitchen cycle(stock cycle) lasting from two to four years, the so-called short cycle. The author associated it with changes in world gold reserves. E. Hansen - associated it with the uneven reproduction of capital. W. Mitchell - with a change in monetary circulation.
The cycle of K. Zhuglyar and the cycle of K. Marx– lasting ten years (medium cycle). The first associated it with the periodicity of fixed capital, and K. Marx with the mass renewal of fixed capital.
Cycle of S. Kuznets- lasting 18 - 20 years, the so-called construction cycle. It is associated with the frequency of renovation of housing and some types of industrial facilities.
The cycle of "long fluctuations", or the cycle of N. Kondratiev- its duration is 1950-1960 years. The rise of the first big cycle for him is associated with the industrial revolution in England, the second - with the development of railway transport, the third - with the introduction of electricity, telephone, radio, the fourth - with the automotive industry. Modern scientists link the fifth cycle with the development of electronics, genetic engineering, and microprocessors.
Questions for self-examination
1. What should be understood by economic growth?
2. How can economic growth be measured?
3. How to carry out a qualitative characteristic of economic growth?
4. What types of economic growth do you know?
5. What is the intensification of production and what can it be?
6. What factors of economic growth can you name?
7. What is the business cycle and what are its phases?
8. What types of economic crises are distinguished in modern conditions?
An organization should be understood as an open and complex system that receives resources from the external (economic) environment, and also delivers its product to it. In our article, we will consider the concept and characteristics of the presented category, as well as other no less important aspects question.
The concept of the economic environment
The operating environment of an enterprise should be considered as a complex of relationships with economic entities, infrastructure links, natural and social systems, as well as with government agencies. The economic environment of the structure is classified as follows:
- Microenvironment. In this case, the areas of direct impact on the organization are such subjects: suppliers of resources of the material and technical plan; competitors; consumers of the company's product or services; marketing and resellers; state bodies and laws; institutions of a financial and credit nature; other contact audiences.
- The macroenvironment is distinguished by indirect influence. The following components take place here: the state of the economy; international events; political factors; NTP; socio-cultural conditions.
How to determine the state of the environment?
- It is worth noting that through them the state of the economy is revealed, which affects the goals of the organization and ways to achieve them. It is advisable to include inflation rates, the level of employment of the population, the international balance of payments, and so on.
- political factors. It must be borne in mind that the level of investment inflow and other resources to a particular region depends on political stability in society. The attitude of administrative management structures to business is expressed, first of all, in the establishment of various duties or benefits that can develop entrepreneurship in the region or crowd it out, creating unequal conditions for different enterprises.
- Socio-cultural factors. In this case, we are talking primarily about the traditions and life values that prevail in society.
- Scientific and technical progress. This factor reveals the possibility of increasing the efficiency of production processes, and, consequently, the effectiveness of methods for satisfying consumer needs.
- Factors of international importance. If earlier there was an opinion that the international environment is considered the object of attention only of those structures that carry out economic activities for export, at present, changes in the world community concern almost all enterprises.
Intensive and extensive economic growth
To date, it is customary to distinguish between two types of growth in the economy. It's about about intensive and extensive economic growth. In the latter case, the increase in the social product is carried out by increasing the production factors in quantitative terms: the involvement in the production process of labor resources of an additional type, production means (capital), land.
It is worth noting that the technological basis of production remains unchanged. Thus, the plowing of virgin lands to obtain the maximum amount of grain, the involvement of the maximum number of employees for the construction of power plants, as well as the production of the maximum amount combine harvesters- all these examples of an extensive version of increasing the social product.
The intensive variety of economic growth is primarily characterized by an increase in the scale of output of marketable products. It is worth noting that the latter is based on the widespread use of more efficient and qualitatively perfect production factors. Increasing the scale of production is usually achieved through the use of the best technology, scientific achievements, advanced technologies, the most economical resources, as well as by improving the skills of employees. These factors improve quality characteristics products, as well as the growth of resource saving, labor productivity and other indicators of the economic environment.
During the scientific and technological revolution, that is, from the middle of the 20th century, in the Western countries of the industrial type, it is precisely intensive growth in economics.
Characteristics of the external environment
Further, it is advisable to analyze the characteristics of the economic environment. The main ones are uncertainty, complexity, mobility, as well as the relationship of factors. The last category represents a kind of economic ties or the force with which a change in factor A affects other environmental conditions.
Complexity in this case is interpreted as the number of factors to which the production mechanism must respond for its own survival. In addition, it is the level of variation of each of the factors.
Mobility and uncertainty
Among the characteristics of the socio-economic environment, uncertainty and mobility are singled out. The latter is also referred to as dynamism. It should be understood as the speed with which changes are made in the economic environment of the commercial structure. For example, in some industries (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and so on), these changes are being implemented at a relatively fast pace. In others (for example, the extractive industry), they are somewhat slowed down.
Uncertainty should be understood as a function that depends on the amount of information that a company has regarding a specific factor in the economic environment, as well as a function of confidence in the accuracy of the data at hand. The more uncertain the external environment is, the more difficult it is to make decisions that are considered effective.
Dynamism of relations
The company's relations with the external environment are defined as dynamic. The economic environment is characterized by a large number of links between its components, which are conditionally classified into horizontal and vertical. It is advisable to consider the presented categories in more detail.
Vertical and horizontal connections
Vertical ties appear immediately after the state registration of the structure, since each economic entity performs the appropriate functions in accordance with the legislation in force in the country.
Horizontal ties primarily ensure the continuity of production processes and the sale of marketable products. They reflect the relationship of producers of material resources with suppliers, buyers of the product, business partners and, of course, competitors. Schematically and enlarged connections of the subject economic activity in the external environment, we will analyze below.
Category of horizontal links
So, the main link is the manufacturer of commercial products. He interacts with the following persons and structures (in other words, with contractors):
- Public formations and organizations.
- Elements of the market infrastructure (exchanges, employment services, etc.).
- Government body authorities of federal (republican) significance.
- Suppliers.
- Consumers.
- Competitors.
- Business partners.
- Regional (local) structures of state power.
Final part
So, we have analyzed the category of the economic environment, its features, factors and other equally important points. In addition, we considered the classification of links in the economy, which is relevant today in the territory of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, it should be noted that in the external environment of the activities of business entities, it is customary to distinguish between the macro level (in other words, the macro environment) and the micro level (nothing but the micro environment).
It should be noted that at each of the presented levels there are relevant factors that affect the subject of economic activity. So, at the macro level, it is customary to single out political, natural, socio-demographic and environmental factors.
At the micro level, the management is influenced by the following factors: market conditions, tightness and form of partnerships, the level of development of the market infrastructure, relations with consumers and suppliers, and so on.
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
totality economic conditions development of entrepreneurship, business life; implies the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
See what the "ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT" is in other dictionaries:
Economic environment- - in the analysis of the market mechanism - the external environment (external with respect to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible ways their use, many economic ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary
economic environment- In the analysis of the market mechanism, the external environment (external with respect to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible ways of using them, by the set of economic agents with which this object has ... Technical Translator's Handbook
The set of economic conditions for the development of business, entrepreneurship. E.s. presupposes the existence of economic freedom, the free movement of resources, the existence of significant incentives to work ...
economic environment- a set of economic conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, business life; implies the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production ... Dictionary of economic terms
Wednesday: Derived etymologically from the word middle middle, but means essentially the opposite word environment. That is, everything that is around the middle (around me). In this meaning, the rule is usually used with a clarification (what environment?) ... Wikipedia
Econometrics is a science that studies specific quantitative and qualitative relationships between economic objects and processes using mathematical and statistical methods and models. The definition of the subject of econometrics was given in the charter ... ... Wikipedia
Environment- (a synonym for human habitat) a set of natural, man-made, social and cultural objects, phenomena and processes external to a person, with which he is in direct or indirect relationships. The environment is often... human ecology
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Economic and social geography, social science, which studies the patterns of territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and features of its development and distribution in various countries and regions. Subject of study … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (EIS) is a set of organizational, technical, software and information tools combined into single system for the purpose of collecting, storing, processing and issuing the necessary information intended to perform the functions ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Russian socio-economic system: realities and vectors of development. Monograph, Savchenko P.V. The monograph reveals the phenomenon of the socio-economic System, the realities and vectors of development of the socio-economic System of Russia, its common and identical features, the person as the core and goal ...
- English language. Economics and finance. Part 3. Financial and economic environment (Environment). Textbook, Dubinina G.A. ed., Drachinskaya I.F. , Kondrakhina N.G. , Petrova ON. Designed for teaching students of financial and economic profile. The topic is related to international economic relations and the market financial services, organizational and legal forms ...