Banking and financial services in tourism. Hotel and restaurant services in the field of tourism
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE,
YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE
TAVRICHESKY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Named after V.I. VERNADSKY
Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities
Department of Tourism
COMPANY COMMUNICATION POLICY: PR
Completed:
3rd year DL students
areas of training "tourism"
Petrakova A.I.
S.V. Leventsova
Checked:
Ph.D., associate professor
Agarkova-Lyakh I.V.
Sevastopol 2012
Introduction …………………………………………………………………….… 3
1.1. Essence, functions and types of tourist services ……………………… ... ………………………………………………. …… 4
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… ..14
List of sources used ………………………………………… 16
Introduction
One of the most popular methods of product promotion is advertising. Advertising has a powerful impact on consumers of products and services, so this method of promoting products should not be underestimated.
Tourism is a multipurpose phenomenon that simultaneously combines elements of adventure, romance of distant wanderings, a certain mystery, visiting exotic places and, at the same time, the earthly concerns of entrepreneurship, health, personal safety and property safety. Tourism at the turn of the millennium has become a profound socio-economic and political phenomenon that significantly affects the world order and politics of many states and regions of the world.
In tourism, great importance is attached to measures to promote the product to the consumer. Promotion of a tourist product is a set of measures aimed at the implementation of a tourist product: advertising, participation in specialized exhibitions, fairs, the organization of tourist information centers for the sale of tourist products, the publication of catalogs, booklets, etc. In other words, the promotion of a tourist product involves carrying out various activities to bring information about the merits of the product to potential consumers and stimulate their desire to buy it.
Modern tourism cannot be imagined without advertising, the most effective tool in the attempts of a tourist enterprise to convey information to customers, modify their behavior, draw attention to the services offered, create a positive image of the enterprise, and show its social significance. Therefore, effective advertising is the most important means of achieving the goals of the marketing strategy in general and the communication strategy in particular.
Essence, functions and types of tourist services
Let's give a definition to the concept of "tourist product". According to the Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation", a tourist product is understood as the right to a tour intended for sale to a tourist.
Once tourism took shape, the problem arose of providing safe money that could not be stolen, taken away and taken away. The solution to this problem is the provision of financial and banking services to the tourist.
The problem of organizing tourism was dealt with very professionally by Thomas Cook. He invented traveler's checks especially for travelers and set up offices at banks all over the world where he could exchange these checks for local currency. Some time later this initiative was taken over by the American company American Express. These two giants of the tourism industry have also become giants in the fields of travel insurance and financial services for tourists.
Later, plastic credit cards were invented, the world payment systems VISA, AmEx, Diner Club and others were created. The use of these means of payment largely eliminated the need for tourists in cash, almost all shops, restaurants and other enterprises of tourist centers began to accept non-cash payments by cards.
Information services are necessary for both the tourist and the organizers of tourism. A tourist, preparing for a trip, as well as in its process, needs additional information about the place of stay, norms, rules and customs of a given area and country, in a detailed description of attractions, diagrams and maps of the area, schemes of transport routes. The first guidebooks were published over two hundred years ago.
Travel and tourism adventure descriptions are published in popular and specialist literature and encourage potential tourists to embark on travel and adventure travel. In the modern tourism industry, much attention is paid to the publication of colorful booklets, brochures, distributed free of charge to potential tourists. The travel industry generates about three to five times more advertising than any other industry. All major tourist centers publish informational CDs for tourists and tourism workers.
Modern electronic media are of great importance, in particular the Internet, in which many thousands and millions of sites offer users a detailed description of tourist centers, tourist services, attractions and even virtual travel, including electronic museum exhibitions. On the Internet, you can not only choose your travel and travel agency; but book a tourist trip, tickets for transportation, make a payment for services.
Tourism organizers also benefit from a wide range of information services. They also study special professional guidebooks when forming a tourist product. Thus, the world travel guide World Travel Guide, reissued every two years by Columbus Press (UK), contains detailed descriptions according to uniform schemes of almost 200 countries, tourist centers and territories. Various catalogs of travel agencies and tour operators, transport timetables by countries and even around the world are published. So, there are flight schedules for all airlines, railways, buses, river and sea vessels. Such schedules are available in electronic form on CD-disks, as well as in global information systems and automated booking systems for tourist services (Amadeus, Saber and others).
Let us now get acquainted with such a type of tourist service as insurance. Currently, the insurance industry in the field of tourism provides more than a dozen types of insurance services. A tourist visiting a different area or country is more susceptible to unfavorable risk factors than local residents. First of all, the tourist's health is insured (various types of medical insurance and assistance, against accidents with coverage of "medical expenses, life insurance) and then his property. On average, according to tourism statistics, an insured event occurs with every hundredth tourist. insured event the tourist is assisted and unforeseen expenses are covered in whole or in part.
Tourism insurance is voluntary. The laws and regulations of the destination (tourist center, country) established compulsory insurance, for example, medical persons traveling abroad, motor third party liability insurance of vehicle owners and others, then such insurance is mandatory. In the presence of an insurance policy and an identification card, the tourist in circumstances that make it possible to define the case as insurance, will be provided with the necessary assistance with reimbursement on the spot (in general) of the costs incurred. To help tourists and other insured persons, special international emergency services have been created. The person with whom the insured event has happened must contact this service by phone, and the operator gives an indication of where to turn for help, or he himself, through his emergency commissioner, organizes the proper assistance and escort of the victim on the spot. At present, practically no tourist in Russia travels abroad without an insurance policy. In civilized countries, insurance is a common standard of living.
The considered services are related and related to tourist work. Let us now characterize the tourist services directly.
Tourist service - a set of targeted actions in the service sector, which are focused on providing and meeting the needs of a tourist or excursionist (tourist and excursion services) that meet the goals of tourism, the nature and focus of the tourist product.
The whole set of tourist services is divided into two types: export and import tourist services.
In the classical version, the export tourist service of a tourist leader (leader) of a tourist group in the part carried out abroad, as well as the services of a bus driver sent to work abroad.
Import tourist services include services for domestic tourists provided abroad.
Tourist services include:
booking services, including accommodation;
registration of permits and parts of other formalities;
all types of transportation;
seeing off and transfer;
excursions and attractions;
health insurance
services of guide-interpreters;
other security.
The services may include the head of the tourist group, a guide-translator who can act as a guide, if he does not contradict the local rules for organizing excursions; for business tourists, the services of an adaptation specialist can be specially provided.
The list of services for each tour is different and is determined by the program, and each of the types of these services contains many incoming elements.
Thus, a tourist package should include at least two services - transportation and overnight stays. The package of services can be expanded to be provided by the tourism organizer at the request of the tourist, or such travel services are provided by the organizers of receiving tourists at the places of travel. The latter is very important, since the principles and traditions of general price competition in the sale of tours lead to the minimization of the tour price by reducing the number of services included in the tour.
On the other hand, when choosing a tour, a tourist seeks to minimize the cost of purchasing it. At the same time, the tourist wants to spend money on vacation at his own discretion, and therefore the purchase additional services in the form of excursions and other entertainment is included in the range of his actions. According to international statistics, tourists abroad spend up to $ 600 per week at the place of stay, Germans are classified as tight-fisted tourists and spend less than others, and Russians, excluding shopping tourists (shuttles), spend, in general, two to three times abroad. more than tourists of other nations and countries.
All tourists strive to get as many services as possible, to make purchases at their own discretion, and they spend much more on entertainment and shops every day than in Everyday life... Actually, free spending of money is relaxation and pleasure for many people.
It is not always convenient for tourists to have a large amount of cash with them. Besides, considering that pickpockets, crooks and villains know about it. Thomas. Cook was one of the first to deal with the problem of organizing a tour of Izmu professionally and studied all aspects of tourism. In fact, he invented traveler's checks - safe money especially for travelers, and set up offices at banks all over the world where you can easily exchange checks for local currency.
... Traveler's checks- a profitable and safe way to save your funds when traveling abroad, which can be used both to pay for goods and services (in hotels, restaurants, car rental offices, shopping centers, etc.), and to receive cash. When presenting a check for payment, its owner must put a second signature on it. Payment is made if both signatures are identical on the check.
The convenience of using traveler's checks is that thanks to them, you can export an amount equivalent to up to 5 thousand dollars abroad. In addition, the validity of checks is not limited and in case of their accidental loss, I can reimburse them free of charge.
Later, they invented plastic credit cards, created the world payment systems VISA, Maestro, MasterCard, etc. The use of these means of payment largely eliminated the need for tourists in cash, practically all shops, restaurants and other enterprises of tourist centers began to accept non-cash payments by cards ... Taking advantage of. PC, the tourist got the opportunity to:
Fast and convenient access to cash around the clock in any country in the world;
Registration of cards in hryvnia, dollars. USA and. Euro;
Accrual of high interest on card account balances;
Direct payment by card for goods and services;
When crossing the border, there is no need to declare funds;
There is no need to obtain a permit for the export of foreign currency - there are no limits on the export of currency by card;
Automatic conversion of funds into the currency of the host country, when making payments by card abroad;
With the help of the card, a tourist can book a hotel room, buy air tickets, vouchers, pay for the services of travel agencies, etc .;
Only with the help of the card can you rent a car, and the tourist does not need to leave a deposit in local currency, the presence of the card is a guarantee of his solvency;
Replenishment of the card account by third parties in the absence of the owner of the payment card;
Blocking the card in case of its loss or theft after a corresponding appeal to the bank;
Receiving interest on a card account on deposits opened in banks of Ukraine
58 Tourism information services
Information services are needed both by the tourist itself and by its organizers
Preparing for a trip, as well as during it, a tourist needs additional information about the place of stay, norms, rules and customs of the area and country, a detailed description of monuments, schemes and maps, schemes of transport highways. It is worth recalling that the first guidebooks were issued more than two hundred years ago.
Travel descriptions are provided in the form of popular and special literature. In the modern tourism industry, much attention is paid to the publication of bright booklets, brochures, which are distributed free of charge. Potential tourists. The travel industry generates three to five times more advertising than any other. All major tourist centers publish informational CDs for tourists and tourism industry workers.
Modern electronic means of information, for example, the network, are of great importance. Internet, many thousands of sites of which offer users detailed descriptions of tourist centers, tourist services, memory app and even virtual travels with electronic museum exhibits. Online. Internet you can not only choose a trip and travel agency, but also book a trip, tickets, pay for services.
Tourism organizers use a wide range of information services. Forming a tourist product, they study special professional travel guides. The World Travel Guide, which is republished every two years by Columbus Press, contains detailed descriptions of two hundred countries, tourist centers and territories according to the same schemes. countries and all over the world.Such layouts can be found in electronic form on CD-disks, as well as in global world information systems, automated booking systems for travel services (Amadeus, Saber, etc.) (Amadeus, Saber, etc.).
Tourism specialized exhibitions, which are primarily intended for the wholesale of tourism products, are of great importance. They are usually bright and crowded and last 4-5 days. The largest touristic exhibition in. Europe -. Berlin Tourist Exchange (Germany) - held in early March (attracts up to 60 thousand participants, area 160 thousand m 2)
In Ukraine, major international tourism exhibitions are held annually, for example, in. Kiev - in October, in. Lviv - in September-October
The essence of finance in tourism firms. Analysis of transactions with clients of a travel agency. Tasks and features of the finances of travel companies. Organizational and legal forms of travel companies. Characteristics of the financial position of "TA Mandarin".
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All tourists on vacation want to receive a variety of services, make purchases at their own discretion, and at the same time spend much more than in ordinary life. Cash has always attracted thugs and crooks of all stripes, so once tourism as such took shape, the problem arose of providing safe money that could not be stolen. For this, Thomas Cook also invented traveler's checks and organized offices at banks all over the world, where these checks could be exchanged for national currency. Some time later, this initiative was taken over by American Express. Later, plastic cards were invented and world payment systems such as VISA and others were created. Now the need for cash currency has disappeared, since almost all enterprises of tourist centers accept non-cash payments by cards.
Financial services include benefits that some countries introduce when exporting purchased goods abroad. Tax Free... In this case, the tourist is refunded a part of the cost of those purchased in specialized ones. shops or product centers. This return can be up to 20%. Duty Free shops also operate at airports, on large cruise ships, at border checkpoints. Prices for goods in such stores are significantly lower than in the country (up to 50%). It sells mainly perfume, wine and vodka products, cigarettes, consumer electronics and food.
In 1998, three major German tours. companies began to include 20 items of underwear and beach accessories in the cost of weekly tours to the Dominican Republic: underwear for a set for the day, shorts, T-shirts, swimwear, sunglasses, deodorants, toothpaste, a brush, etc. This innovation really liked the tourists, as it allowed they travel practically light.
Also, tour firms (tour operators) have financial security, which is stored in the bank in case of unforeseen circumstances and force majeure situations. Tourists have the opportunity to receive loans from banks for recreation and travel.
Information Services
Tourism today is a global computerized business, which involves the largest airlines, hotel chains and travel corporations around the world. Tourism is an information-rich activity. There are few other industries in which the collection, processing, application and transmission of information would be as important to day-to-day functioning as in the tourism industry. A service in tourism cannot be displayed and considered at the point of sale, as consumer or production. products. It is usually bought in advance and away from the place of consumption. THEN. tourism in the marketplace is almost entirely dependent on images, descriptions, means of communication and the transmission of information.
The information technology system used in tourism consists of a computer reservation system, a teleconferencing system, video systems, computers, information control systems, electronic information systems of airlines, electronic money transfer, telephone networks, mobile communications, etc. It should be noted that this system of technologies is deployed not by travel agents, hotels or airlines individually, but by all of them.
They actively use information. technology travel agents and tour operators - without their computer-based booking systems, video systems, interactive video-text systems - it is impossible to imagine the daily planning and management of operations.
Computerized booking systems provide not only air services, but also overnight stays in hotels, car rental, cruise trips, information about the place of stay, exchange rates, weather reports, bus and railway connections. These systems make it possible to reserve all major segments of the tour - from hotel rooms and air travel to theater tickets and insurance policies. In fact, they constitute a universal information system offering the most important distribution networks for the entire tourist trade.
The largest computer reservation systems for international market tourism are AMADEUS systems ( Amadeus Air, Amadeus Cars, Amadeus Hotels), Worldspan and Galileo.
However, many tourists. European companies see widespread Internet penetration as a threat to their businesses. The opening in the Internet of systems for booking hotels, air tickets and other components of the tour will allow customers to independently organize their holidays without resorting to the services of agencies. Already a multi-million army of Internet users can not only view and select from their home computers, but also book all segments of the tour (hotels, air tickets, cars, excursions, transfers). In this case, the need to visit agencies and look through bales of catalogs may simply disappear. And every potential traveler will be guided by the rule: "I can organize my vacation myself from my home computer."
Based on this, not only the psychology of the buyer will change, the functions performed by the agencies will also change. Agencies are unlikely to disappear, but they will have to serve their customers in a completely new way. According to some experts, travel agents will have to retrain into a kind of guides on computer networks. Indeed, it is unlikely that business tourists will be able and will want to sit for hours at the computers in search of a suitable hotel and flight connections. Helping tourists find the information they need on the Internet will become the main task of the agencies.
Internet connectivity is saving hotels huge amounts of money by cutting back on brochure and catalog production and distribution. Now anyone on the other side of the world, sitting at a computer, can easily read Marriott's brochures. Many experts name among other advantages of the Internet its democracy, since both small hotels and transnational hotel corporations can be represented on the network.
The Internet and airlines are increasingly using it. More than 100 international airlines have network information hubs. Most of them give flight schedules and additional information about aircraft and services.
The main areas of application and possibilities of the Internet for the average consumer are tour. the product is as follows:
· Use the services of any travel company, including a geographically remote one, representing the country to which the client would like to go;
· Familiarization with the proposals of the majority of tours. firms without leaving home;
· Viewing the timetable of various vehicles, ticket prices, planning your route;
· Booking tickets for vehicles;
· Choice of a hotel in the desired country, advance room reservation;
· Purchase of the necessary goods;
· Ordering an excursion or escort;
· Payment for goods and services;
· Familiarization with information about countries, weather forecast for any part of the world;
· Use of Internet search engines;
· Use of e-mail.
6.10 Factors influencing the competitiveness of tourist services: quality, reliability, safety, price justification, consumer segmentation, seasonal price differentiation, discounts and benefits
World tourism is developing quite intensively. At the same time, there is high competition in tourism. And therefore, the factors of development and success of entrepreneurship are of concern to everyone. tourist enterprises... Experts identify seven factors that affect the competitiveness of tourist services:
1) quality;
2) reliability;
3) safety;
4) justification of the price;
5) segmentation of consumers;
6) seasonal price differentiation;
7) a differentiated system of discounts.
Quality- one of the basics. factors without which. there is no demand and no clientele. This is a rather complex value in tourism, of a complex nature. At least the concept of quality includes: consumer. the quality of each individual service, the correspondence of the set of services to the type and type of travel, the optimality of the program and service technology, the correspondence of all services to the level of service, etc.
Reliability- compliance of the real service with advertising and information. The client must be sure that he will receive exactly what he paid for during the service. With some changes in the program for the provision of services, the cat. can happen for various reasons, including for objective reasons, he must be guaranteed compliance with service standards and, in extreme cases, appropriate compensation.
Safety- an important point that has a great influence on the choice of direction and type of rest, travel. Safety in tourism depends on many factors (political situation, environmental conditions, etc.), cat. must be considered when planning a tourist. service. The system of measures to ensure the safety of tourists includes: prevention of risks for tourists associated with natural and technogenic. disasters in tourist centers; prevention of epidemiological, bacteriological and other medical risks and compliance with the relevant formalities; organizing the safety of tourists during transportation; travel insurance for tourists, as well as liability insurance for travel organizations; creation of a special tourist police and security. And in this case, it is important to fully inform tourists about possible risks, the rules for their prevention, as well as the guarantees of their safety.
Justification of the price... The price should correspond to the level of service and maintenance. Pricing is naib. an important issue of the market policy of the enterprise. Indeed, in tourism, for the most part, it is the price that determines the choice of goods. Price competition increases consumer awareness of prices.
Customer segmentation... Tourism services and services should be aimed at specific target groups of tourists (young people, elderly people, rich or not very rich people, parents with children, athletes, etc.) and be guided by the needs of specific groups. Since the needs of different consumer groups differ significantly, the tourist. the product cannot be uniform. On the contrary, it should be differentiated, diversified and targeted to a specific group of consumers.
Seasonal price differentiation necessary in tourism, as this field of activity is characterized by seasonal fluctuations in demand. In order to attract consumers in the off-season and align the tour. flows in different periods of the year, it is necessary to differentiate prices depending on seasonal demand. During the so-called peak seasons, prices can rise, and in the off-season, they can go down. This serves as an additional attractive factor for tourists.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… ..1
Chapter 1. History of means of payment ………………………………………… ... 2
1.1. The history of the origin of money …………………………………………… 2
1.2. Checks ………………………………………………………………………… 9
1.3.Plastic cards…………………………………………………………..12
Chapter 2. Modern means of payment in the field of tourism ……………… .... 17
2.1. Plastic cards. Terms of use …………………………… ... 17
2.2. Checks. Features of using traveler's checks …………………… ... 21
Chapter 3. Cash transactions abroad ……………………………………… 24
3.1. Foreign exchange operations and settlement rules abroad ……………………… .24
3.2. Tax-free and Duty-free shopping incentive systems …………………… ...… 26
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… ..29
References …………………………………………………………… .31
Appendices …………………………………………………………………… .32
Introduction
Of course, as in any sphere of the economy, money has been and remains the main means of payment in tourism. But in modern world money takes on more and more varied forms every day. Nowadays, means of payment can be found not only in the form of cash paper notes and metal coins, but also in the form of huge combinations of bank account numbers, a small metal plate or magnetic strip of plastic cards, check books and traveller's checks.
For tourism, the use of modern payment methods for tourism, hotel, restaurant and other services is one of the strategically important points in the development of the industry as a whole.
Thanks to this desire and progress in the development of means of payment, thousands of all kinds of bills are paid every day, from ordering tickets for all types of transport to booking rooms in hotels. And what is most remarkable in the types of modern payment for services is that you can pay for all this without leaving your home or workplace. This opportunity is provided by the worldwide computer network "Internet". Each bank respecting itself and its customers allows making payment transfers from anywhere in the world by simply pressing a key.
All these innovations make life much easier for people, and even more so for those who are going or are already on a journey. But, in no case should you forget about simple cash. In many countries, and in ours in particular, the system of non-cash payments is still not developed enough to prevail over non-cash. Namely, all developed countries are striving for the opposite. Money, like any human invention, has evolved over time and acquired different forms. So, let's look at the origins of the means of payment.
Chapter 1. History of means of payment.
1.1. History of the origin of money
As you know, historically, the first currency was a coin. Before the appearance of coins for many centuries, the function of a means of payment, i.e. money, was performed by various commodities: grain, cattle, shells, slaves, tools, etc. In the Bronze Age, metal became the measure of value.
With development commodity production and trade relations, the role of money began to be played by ingots of precious metals and copper of a certain shape and weight, which, having a high value with a relatively small mass, best met the requirements of the universal means of payment .; Already in the II millennium BC. e. in Babylon, merchants, when using ingots or rings of precious metals, guaranteed their weight and metal content with a stigma. Around 700 BC e. coins appeared in Lydia and the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, which gradually began to supplant weight money. They differed from weight money in that the state itself was engaged in their manufacture. The coin turned out to be money in the form of a convenient piece of metal, for the content of the noble metal in which the state vouched with an applied image and an inscription. In addition to economic function, it gave this means of payment and circulation also the function of an information carrier.
The appearance of coins - the first money in the modern sense of the word, which quickly spread as a means of payment - led to the strengthening of the key positions of the state in the field of economics. For example, in Greece, where money factories were a monopoly of the state, life without the state, state regulation and state laws became impossible for the citizens of the country for economic reasons.
Coin - a banknote minted from a metal (gold, silver, copper or other metals and alloys); has a front (obverse) and reverse (reverse) sides. The side surface of a coin is called a rim. The totality of all written signs or inscriptions found on the coin, which can be located on the field of the coin, in a circle along the edge of the coin or on the edge, constitutes the legend of the coin.
During a recent excavation of one of the ancient Viking settlements in England, archaeologists found an ancient Arab silver coin, which turned out to be not silver at all, but made of copper with a thin silver coating. In other words, it was an extremely clever forgery. It is believed that the main center of counterfeiting during its heyday Ancient rome was an economically weakening Egypt. Apparently, counterfeit coins came from Egypt to Rome in such quantities that it seriously bothered the Roman Senate. At the same time, methods and techniques for verifying the authenticity of coins first appeared. When Anthony arrived in Egypt, his retinue was experienced, as we would now call them, "experts in the examination of coins."
Making counterfeit money in the 17th-18th centuries it was common in England. Sometimes the banks could not determine: where are the real ones, and where are the fake ones? The reason is that the production of banknotes was carried out so carelessly that it was not difficult to forge them. This was the case until 1844, when a special law in England established a clear procedure for making money and introduced strict requirements for its quality.
So, since ancient times, depending on local natural and economic conditions, goods that were objects of domestic and foreign trade acted as money: furs, livestock, grain, salt, shells, pearls, etc. With the development of exchange, the role of money passed to metals, which in terms of their properties, they were more suitable for performing the functions of D. To the greatest extent, these requirements are met by noble metals (gold and silver), which, in contrast to simple metals, have a high cost at light weight, transportable and not susceptible to deterioration. Therefore, in the era of capitalism, gold and silver (and now exclusively gold) supplanted all other goods, finally establishing their monopoly as a monetary commodity throughout the world.
Thus, money expresses production relations between commodity producers, and therefore the essence of money changes depending on the mode of production.
“Money is a product and a form of expression of a commodity economy, a commodity, the special use value of which makes it the universal equivalent of all commodities, turning it into capital. Money serves as a mediator and stimulus in the reproduction process.
They perform the following main functions:
1) measures of value and scale of prices; to be a measure of value is the main social function of money, arising from their essence of the universal equivalent of commodity production, in which money acts as an ideal countable, mentally imagined. Monetary value is a price. To determine the value of goods, it is necessary to take a certain amount of monetary goods per unit - the national currency. Any monetary unit embodies a certain amount of a monetary product (gold) established by the state. Thus, money acts as a scale of prices;
2) means of circulation. In this function, money in the form of real money serves as an intermediary in the exchange of goods. As a general commodity, real money can be replaced by various substitutes (paper money; coins of base metals), provided that they act as an officially recognized measure of value;
3) means of payment. In this function, money is used to pay financial commitments when the delivery of goods and their payment are carried out at different times. At the same time, money also functions outside the sphere of commodity circulation, becoming a universal commodity (for example, payments on taxes, payment of pensions). Money acts as a means of payment for non-cash payments and lending;
4) means of accumulation and formation of treasures;
5) world money. In this function, money appears in its original form of a full-fledged monetary commodity - gold, "shedding its national shell." "
But in any case, money remains the main means of payment in all areas, including tourism. Also, relatively recently, such means of payment as checks have appeared. Although they are "young", they inappropriately play an important role in monetary transactions, since they replace cash.
1.2 Checks
Check (English check) -monetary document containing a written order to the bank on the payment of the amount of money specified in it. Check service is carried out by banks within the amount of money deposited on a check deposit opened by the client. Receipt coverage source - own funds client or bank loan.
Usually, a money check is used to receive cash at a bank, a credit check is used to carry out non-cash payments. The check is a short-term document and must be issued for payment by the deadline established by law. The check, as one of the highly liquid components of the money supply, belongs to the monetary aggregate Ml, since it is accepted by the bank for payment on a mandatory basis. order and at the first request, if all the necessary conditions are met. A check serves as a substitute for cash in circulation and helps to save money resources.
The emergence of checks as credit instruments of circulation is associated with the development of commercial banks and the concentration of cash on their current accounts. Checks were first used at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. in the UK and the Netherlands and were in the form of bearer bank receipts that could be used for settlements. The first check laws were adopted in some European countries in the 2nd half of the 19th century. With the development of trade and banking, checks began to be used not only in domestic payment circulation, but also in international settlements.
Traveller's checks are more common in tourism.
Organized tourism is over one and a half centuries old. It is believed that the first group trip (tour) in 1850 was carried out by the American financier Thomas Cook and thus laid the foundation for the modern tourist services market. The same entrepreneur came up with a new way of keeping money for his clients. Back then, on the big roads, especially in the Wild West, cowboys and Indians were playing pranks, so it was very dangerous to transport cash. And in 1874, Thomas Cook introduced a new type of financial document - the so-called circular note. With this paper, certified by the bank and its owner, it was possible to receive cash in certain places. And for the robber, it was of no value - the note was personal.
The Thomas Cook company is still one of the main operators of the traveller's checks market, but the actual paper with this name was issued by a different structure. In 1891, American Express (then just a courier service that transported cash between individuals, companies and banks) issued the first traveler's check. Its authenticity was determined by comparing two signatures: the first - made by the owner on the check at the time of purchase, the second - at the time of presentation for payment. If the signatures are similar, then the check was accepted for payment. And vice versa.
This scheme with two signatures is used to this day - all ingenious is simple. It works quite trivially: first, a client comes to a bank, which is an agent of a particular system, buys a check and signs on it in a specially designated place.
There are a lot of agent lending organizations in different cities. When traveling to Europe, you can buy a Thomas Cook, VISA, MasterCard or American Express check, for the USA it is better to use only AmEx or Bank America, and in Asia - CitiCorp. When buying, they usually take from 0.5 to 1 percent of the amount, and cashing out abroad will be about the same. Although in the offices of the systems themselves and in individual large banks, they can be exchanged for money free of charge. But this is abroad, and if the checks are not spent abroad and are brought, for example, back to Russia or Ukraine, then the losses will be more significant - banks accept them for collection with a commission of up to four percent. And the actual implementation of the check is simple - the signature of the latter once again right in the bank, and that's it - the checks are cashed and banknotes are issued.
Traveler's checks, like banknotes, come in different denominations - 20, 50, 100, 500 American dollars (the same for euros, pounds sterling, Canadian and Australian dollars, Swiss francs and South African rand), the thousandth denomination is found in US dollars and Saudi rialam. They are in Japanese currency- for 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 yen. As with cash, it is wiser to collect both large and small checks. The latter can be used to pay at retail outlets, restaurants and hotels, where there is an announcement that this type of payment documents is accepted. True, they are not accepted everywhere, even in developed countries. And in the countries of the third world there may be problems with their cashing. For example, in Zaire, according to Russian tourists, employees of some local banks demand that the traveller's check be stamped "Sample", as on a placard with instructions for working with these securities.
1.3. Plastic cards
Idea credit card was introduced in the book "Looking Back" by Edward Bellamy in 1880. However, in reality the first credit card was issued only in 1914 by the well-known company Mobil Oil (although earlier this company was called General Petroleum Corporation of California). The cards issued by this company were used to pay for trade transactions in petroleum products. The first cards were made of cardboard, the data on them were either written or squeezed out.
Other banks faced similar difficulties, but the success of BankAmericard, issued by Bank of America, grew. The main advantage of this bank was the large network of branches in the state of California with its rich clientele.
With the growth of card programs, most banks faced the main obstacle - the localization of their card service network. And in 1966, Bank of America began to issue licenses for issuing BankAmericard cards to other banks in response to this, several large competing banks of Bank of America created their own Interbank Card Association - ICA (Interbank Card Association). In 1969, this association bought the rights to Master Charge cards issued by the Card Association of Western State Banks, most of the ICA member banks switched to issuing Master Charge. In turn, the banks that issued BankAmericard insisted that the card program be taken out of the control of Bank of America. So in July 1970 National Bank American Incorporated - NBI was created.
Chapter 2. Modern means of payment in the field of tourism
As discussed in Chapter 1, there are a wide variety of means of payment in the tourism industry. This chapter will consider in more detail the processes of payment for goods and services themselves, as well as the rules for using means of payment.
2.1. Plastic cards. Terms of use.
Plastic cards (cards) are a widespread means of payment for goods or services abroad, as well as keeping money in a bank. Compared to paper money, plastic cards have a number of very important advantages:
There is no need to carry and store currency, which can occupy an encumbrance and be irretrievably lost for a variety of reasons;
You can not only pay with a card, but also receive cash;
The card takes up little space and is renewed if lost;
In many cases, it is possible to open a card account in rubles, and the bank itself converts into foreign currency;
Many banks charge interest on the funds on the card account, so that you can not only spend your savings, but also increase them;
many cards suggest their use in Ukraine;
Holders of many plastic cards are usually provided with various discounts from 10 to 40% on purchases and payments for services, as well as various types of insurance and compensation (medical, for flight delays, loss of luggage and much more);
Plastic cards can be transported without hindrance, since they are, in fact, only an electronic and mechanical key to a bank account, which is used for non-cash payments and currency control is exercised by the bank.
In order to use a plastic card, you need to open a special account (card account) in the bank, replenish it as funds are spent, or pay incoming bills for services rendered or purchased goods. The minimum amount of the deposit required to open it is determined by the bank independently and may vary depending on the type of plastic card received.
To date, there are a large number of payment card systems and types of cards issued within their framework in the world. ( Visa International , American Express and etc.).
All available plastic cards can be differentiated:
By the method of recording information;
According to the payment scheme used;
Of the recording methods, the most widespread are: graphic recording, extrusion on a plate, encoding on a magnetic strip, digital recording in a microcircuit (chip) pressed into plastic.
The payment scheme used is distinguished:
· Credit cards with a zero initial amount of the card account. The bank pays the cardholder's payments on credit and charges a fee in the form of interest. The client must return the money paid to the bank and pay interest within the agreed period. Under such a scheme, the bank naturally issues credit cards only to those customers whom it fully trusts. In Russia, such cards are not issued yet;
· payment cards- there must always be a cash balance on the client's current or special account. The customer makes a purchase within this balance;
· Debit cards - differ from the calculated ones by the presence of an insurance deposit (balance), which serves to pay the cardholder's debts in cases of delays in the way of payment documents issued by service points. The banks charge interest on the amount of the security deposit and return the deposit when the card account is closed.
Regular cards intended for an ordinary client. These are cards like C1a ssic Visa , Ma ss ( Standart ), Eurocard , MasterCard ;
A silver card called a business card ( Business Card ) and intended not for individuals, but for employees of organizations (companies) authorized to spend within certain limits the funds of their company;
A gold card intended for the most affluent, wealthy clients.
Payment cards allow transactions in the currency in which the bank account is opened or in any other currency, if the account holder and the bank have agreed on the conversion.
By agreement between the cardholder and the seller of the trade or service point, the withdrawal of funds may take place in a currency different from the one in which the services are provided or the goods are sold, while the store or service point may take a commission for the conversion service provided.
You can pay for goods or services using payment cards only where there are special devices: imprinters or electronic terminals.
Imprinter is a mechanical reading device required to print a sales receipt (invoice) in triplicate. First invoice is sent to the buyer's bank to write off money from his card account, the second is handed over to the buyer, and the third remains in the store. The buyer must sign on all three copies (accept, that is, accept the invoice). If, for some reason, the signature on the accounts is not put, then the buyer (who is also the owner) of the card has the right to refuse the fact of the purchase.
Electronic terminal, unlike an imprinter, it automatically contacts the buyer's bank and performs authorization (that is, it compares account and card holders, makes inquiries about the account balance). After that, the terminal prints out a check in two copies, on which the buyer must sign. The first copy is handed over to the buyer, the second remains in the store.
The card is considered valid "if:
· The expiry date of the card (date, month and year), embossed on its front side, has not expired;
· The validity period of the card (date, month and year), stamped on its front side, has already come;
· The validity of the card is not limited geographically;
· The front side of the card and the signature on the back side of the card have not undergone any visible changes;
· The surname of the cardholder on the face of the card coincides with the surname in his identity card.
Only the holder has the right to use the card.
After the expiration of the validity period of the card, it is renewed on the basis of a special application from the cardholder, while a new card can be issued only if it is paid for and the old one is returned to the bank.
When using a card to pay for goods and services, the holder must demand that transactions be carried out in his presence, sign an invoice or a printout of the POS, after checking that this document contains the card number, amount and date of the transaction. The holder is responsible for the correctness of the information provided in these documents. Damaged invoices or a printout of the POS must be canceled in his presence.
A completed cash withdrawal transaction from an ATM cannot be canceled.
The cardholder must keep all documents on transactions using the card and provide them:
to the bank at its request for the settlement of controversial issues;
customs authorities as a justification for the legality of receiving funds and their expenditure abroad.
The owner of the card account can be judged on the status of the card account by the bank statements... At the request of the client, the extract can be sent by mail to the specified address.
If the cardholder discovers discrepancies between the operations indicated in the statement and actually performed, the cardholder is obliged, within a certain period from the date of receipt of the statement, to inform the bank on the merits of the revealed discrepancies. In the absence of applications from the holder during this period, the statement is considered confirmed and subsequent claims may be rejected by the bank.
2.2. Checks. Features of the use of traveller's checks.
A check is a written order of the drawer (person who writes the check) to the payer (bank) to make payment of a certain amount of money to the recipient (specified in the check or bearer).
Checks can be purchased from authorized banks that have an agreement with the checking companies.
The most widespread are travelers' checks in foreign currency such as "Thomas Cook" ( Thomas Cook ), "Master Card" ( Master Card), "American Express" (And those rican Express ).
A traveller's check is a means of payment containing in its text the name "Traveller's check", as well as a sample signature of the owner of the check, affixed in a special place when buying a check.
The traveler's check also has a specific place for the signature of the owner of the check, entered when paying the check. The check may contain a mark about the place and date of the sale.
Like plastic cards, travelers checks have a number of advantages over cash:
Traveler's checks are a more reliable and secure way of keeping money, and their loss can be reimbursed in a relatively short time;
Traveler's checks can be exchanged for currency in almost any bank and their branches. However, in order to use traveler's checks, you do not have to go to a bank - they are accepted in shops, hotels, ticket offices and other points of trade or service around the world. To pay for goods or services using traveler's checks, you must sign it on the bottom line and indicate the name of the corresponding place where the check was accepted.
Banks, by agreement with check companies, may sell travelers checks as regular currency. When selling checks, banks familiarize the buyer with the terms of their circulation and offer to fill out a questionnaire. After receiving the checks on the blanks, you must put a sample of your signature. Traveller's checks with a specific validity period are payable only during this period. Expired checks can be returned to the bank. Travelers checks that do not contain an indication of their validity period are indefinite.
Traveler's checks are payable only to the original owner, whose specimen signature is on the check. Payment for a traveller's check is made only in full, partial payment of a check is not allowed.
When accepting a traveler's check from a client, the identity (similarity) of this check with the available samples is checked, the presence of a mark about the place and date of sale of the check, a sample signature of the owner of the check (or his last name, first name, passport number or document replacing the passport, affixed at the time of sale of checks) and it is also checked whether he is on the lists of lost and false travelers checks.
After establishing the payability of the check and its identity with the sample, the bank employee offers the client in his presence to sign the check in a specially designated place: "Receipt of the owner when paying the check."
If the client's signature turns out to be not identical to the signature on the check, the bank employee invites him to sign several times on the back of the check and, if these signatures do not match the sample, compares the signature sample with the signature in the passport. If the sample signature on the check and the signature in the passport are identical, the bank employee writes down the passport details on the back of the check, certifies this signature and pays the check. Otherwise, the check will not be accepted for payment.
If, instead of a sample signature of the owner, his surname, first name, passport number are indicated on the traveler's check, the checks are paid after verifying the identity with the passport, the details of which are recorded on the back of the check and certified by the bank employee. When the client presents several such checks at the same time, a mark about the presented document is put on one of the checks.
Checks must be declared at the border, as they are legally related to currency values, therefore, when paying for traveller's checks, you must issue the appropriate certificates.
Chapter 3. Monetary transactions abroad
3.1. Foreign currency transactions and settlement rules.
Citizens of any country can freely buy both cash and non-cash currency. Cash can be purchased at any exchange office at the current rate of the respective bank. The procedure for the export of foreign currency by citizens is determined by special provisions, for example, in Russia "Regulations on the procedure for the export of foreign currency by individuals from the Russian Federation", approved The central bank and the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation on January 12, 2000, and in Ukraine, "The procedure for moving currency across the customs border of Ukraine."
According to it, export outside Ukraine is allowed: subject to the oral declaration to the customs authority by resident individuals per person (regardless of age) funds in an amount that does not exceed 1000 hryvnia; with the obligatory indication in the customs declaration by resident and non-resident individuals per person (regardless of age) funds in an amount that does not exceed UAH 10,000. The export of Ukrainian currency by individuals - residents and non-residents in an amount that exceeds the norms established by the Instruction is carried out on the basis of an individual license from the National Bank of Ukraine. For currency in excess of this amount, but not more than the equivalent of 10,000 US dollars, it is necessary to submit documents confirming the legality of its origin. Such documents can be, firstly, customs declarations, which indicate what currency and in what quantity a citizen has previously imported into the country from abroad, and secondly, certificates issued by banks when buying currency. It must contain all the details of the document proving the identity of the owner of the currency (passport data). There are no restrictions, but the volume of a one-time export of currency does not exist, however, to export currency in an amount exceeding the equivalent of USD 10,000, a special permit is required The central bank or the National Bank. To buy non-cash currency, you need to open a bank account and transfer money from your ruble account for conversion into foreign currency. The bank, taking a commission for conversion, credits foreign currency to this account. This money can be transferred to a card or checking account and withdrawn in cash by paying a commission to the bank, or you can make current payments by bank transfer.
A legal entity can withdraw cash from its current account on the basis of an order to send its employee abroad.
When leaving for a particular country, it would seem that you should first of all stock up on the currency of this particular country. However, this is not necessary - in almost all countries you can exchange the most common currencies (US dollars, British pounds, German marks, etc.) into the respective national currencies. Currently, some countries, for example Finland, are also exchanging our Russian rubles, which can be very useful, given that these are additional funds that you can take with you. To date, it is allowed to freely export and import up to 500 minimum salaries (more than 42 thousand rubles or 2500 dollars for today's rate). This amount must be entered in the declaration.
In many foreign countries, there are no restrictions on the import and export of national currency and other means of payment across their borders for tourists (Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan).
In a number of countries, the import-export of currency is regulated by a maximum amount that is not declared, and the amount in excess of the established limit is entered into the declaration (Spain, Italy, Greece).
Almost all CIS countries have introduced a ban on the import and export of national currency.
When committing exchange transactions abroad, it should be borne in mind that for conversion (exchange) exchange offices and banks that carry it out, take a commission. The size of the commission at different points can be different and can be fixed or a percentage of the amount. At large amounts it may turn out that the flat rate will be more beneficial.
3.2. Purchase incentive systems Tax - free and Duty - free
Since one of the most profitable factors from tourism for the country's economy is not the very fact of buying a tour, but precisely the funds that the tourist will spend while staying in the territory he visits, it is extremely important for the state to interest the tourist in as many purchases of goods and services as possible. That is why incentive systems have been developed.
One of effective ways the promotion of purchases by foreign tourists on the territory of another country is the system of preferential taxation of purchases of goods, operating under the agreement "Europatax-freeshop-ing". Its essence lies in the fact that a tourist, purchasing a product in a country that is part of the European Economic Community, subject to certain conditions, is entitled to a refund of the value added tax, which was paid when purchasing the product, upon leaving it.
This system operates on the following conditions.
The purchases are made by foreign tourists who are not residents of the European Economic Community by citizenship.
A personalized sales receipt is issued for the purchase of goods, and the goods must be exported from the country no later than three months from the date of purchase.
3. The purchase amount in one store must be not less and not more than the one set in the given zone for the given type of goods.
The goods must not be consumed within the country where they were purchased, therefore the goods are packed in the store and the packaging must not be damaged before being presented at the border.
Upon presentation of the goods in packaging and a Tax-Free check at the border or at a special point abroad, the tourist is refunded a part of the cost of the goods, which is adequate to VAT.
Such export of goods is a hidden export.
Different countries have different VAT rates, in particular: Belgium - 19.5%, England - 17.5%, Germany - 15%, Denmark - 25%, Ireland - 21%, Luxembourg - 3-15%, Holland - 6-18%, Sweden - 21-25%.
Currently, this agreement has been signed by 20 European countries: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Switzerland, Sweden ...
If you purchase a product in these countries and decide to use the services of Europatax-freeshoping, then in the store you must issue a special Tax-Free check, which must contain the name of the goods with their full listing, the cost of each product, the current value of the VAT rate and the amount due to be returned. , the date of purchase of the goods and the period during which it is necessary to put the customs stamp, as well as your passport data (name, address and passport number), the signature of the buyer.
The stamp can be put at the customs office of the host country, upon returning home at the consulate or embassy of the country where the purchase of the goods took place.
Cashing a Tax-Free check can be done in several ways:
money transfer to a plastic card international standard, which in some large stores can be done immediately after purchase;
sending a check by mail to the store where the purchase was made, and receiving from him a transfer of the refunded funds to the card;
transferring money to a plastic card or receiving cash directly at the customs clearance point when leaving the country;
by exchanging the check for the corresponding currency or rubles in the Russian banks-agents of the Europatax-freeshoping system.
This worldwide duty-free trading system dates from 1947. First used by airport staff in Ireland. Tax-free goods are offered on board aircraft, on sea vessels, at airports and they are 5-7% cheaper than on the ground.
The most unusual Duty-Free trade area is the Channel Tunnel; this system appeared in the USSR in 1988. The assortment of duty-free shops in Russia is more than 27 thousand items of goods. All shops work only when leaving the Russian Federation. This means that only persons traveling abroad can purchase goods in duty-free shops. Means of payment for goods in duty-free shops are 15 types of currency, checks and plastic cards.
Conclusion
Currency, plastic cards and checks are the most common means of paying for goods and services abroad.
Traveler's checks are a convenient, reliable and proven way of keeping money over the years. Plastic cards are a mobile, public and widespread method. Cash is perhaps the most common and popular way, but the least secure.
Not all domestic bankers advise their clients to buy traveler's checks. And payment systems are mainly engaged in advertising of this financial instrument - the credit institutions themselves take a passive position here. Basically, they recommend using "plastic" when traveling. And their arguments are quite convincing. You can pay by card at almost any trade and service point abroad and in any currency, regardless of the currency of the card account, you can also withdraw cash in any currency, and the conversion rate will be more favorable compared to the cash exchange rates. Funds on the card do not require declaration when crossing the border, you can use it to book a hotel and rent a car, and this is not a complete list of the advantages of this tool. And as the market for full credit cards has evolved, the rationale for using them on travel has become even more compelling.
However, the cards also have disadvantages. Firstly, it will take several days to produce a card - on the market average, this is a week. Secondly, "plastic" has an "expiration date" - it is valid until a certain date. Thirdly, in addition to the commission for withdrawing cash, you also need to pay for the annual service. But this is not all - cyber fraudsters are actively operating in many countries, and if you are not careful, the card account will immediately become empty. Travelers checks do not have these disadvantages. The operation for their registration will take no more than half an hour. They do not have an expiration date - there are known cases of receipt of checks issued more than a hundred years ago. At the same time, no one takes any commission for finding checks on hand, of course. And about protection from thieves and fraudsters has already been said above. Although, it should be noted, there are crooks here as well. But these are the problems of banks and payment systems - for example, recently there was information about a series of fake CitiCorp checks. Someone typed these pieces of paper and tried to withdraw money from them. Did not work out.
If you sum up all the above information, it turns out that as one of several options for travel money, checks are still worth taking with you on vacation. They, like all financial instruments without exception, are far from ideal, but in some situations they can help. And yet - they can be called financial documents for the most cautious. Traveler's checks can be popular with those who do not dare to entrust their savings to banks. Indeed, for such obligations, large international issuing companies are responsible, as a rule, with the highest reliability rating. And in domestic realities, where banks are not yet as reliable as in developed countries, this is, you see, a lot. It's one thing to be left without cash for the evening and not go to a restaurant, but a completely different situation when your bank started having problems and the card became a useless piece of plastic.
List of used literature and sources of material:
1. Numismatic Dictionary. 4th edition. / Zvarich V.V. / Lviv, 1980
2. Dictionary of the numismatist: Per. with him. / H. Fengler, G. Gyrow, W. Unger / 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Radio and communication, 1993
3.http: //crimean.info/page-id-135.html
4.http: //bankir.ru/vnebalance/humor/story/23/50758
5.http: //www.fuib.com/ru/accounts/travellers-checks/
6.http: //lib.mabico.ru/2119.html
7.http: //www.m3m.ru/articles/2003/5/30/3973.html
8.http: //www.printz.ru/history1.html
9.http: //www.sobinbank.ru/press/?id=431
10. Chernykh NB Travel technology and customer service organization. Tutorial... –M .: Soviet sport. 2002 - 320s.
Appendix
Fig. 1 American Express card
- The use of customer-supplied raw materials for the production of finished products: accounting, consumption rates, write-off Reflection of services for the processing of materials
- Terms of payment of insurance premiums and submission of reports under the new rules
- Reminder of admission to off-budget (paid) places How to pay for tuition
- Online courses for accountants, distance accounting courses online, online training for accountants Accounting for cash transactions and transactions with accountants