Borrowed funds accounts payable. Features of long-term accounts payable

Any combination in the process economic activity can play the role of a supplier (executor) or a customer. When making settlements on his accounts, as a rule, both accounts payable and accounts receivable are formed. In this article, it will be advisable to consider the concept and types of accounts payable and receivable. In addition, it is important to study the relevant aspects of the first category today.

Features of debts

For a full understanding of such a category as accounts payable, it is advisable to consider the relevant system as a whole (namely, the concept, features, types of accounts receivable and payable of the enterprise).

Today accounts receivable are defined as the debt of other associations, employees and citizens of this structure. In other words, this is the debt of buyers for the purchased product, services rendered or work performed; indebtedness of persons of accountable value for amounts Money, issued to them. It is important to know that individuals and organizations that owe a certain amount of funds to this organization are called debtors.

Accounts receivable: classification

It should be emphasized that accounts receivable are endowed with a fairly extensive classification. So, in accordance with the content of obligations, it is customary to distinguish the following types of categories:

• Debt that is directly related to the sale of marketable products, works or services.
• Debt that is in no way related to the sale of commercial products, works or services.

When considering the types of receivables and payables, it should be noted that the duration criterion involves dividing receivables into long-term and short-term, which is often called current in modern literature. In accordance with such a factor as the timeliness of payment, the following types of debt are distinguished:

• Normal.
• Overdue (sometimes hopeless and doubtful).

The concept and types of accounts payable

Accounts payable as an independent category of legal significance is a special part of the general property complex of the structure, which is the subject of an obligatory relationship between the association and its creditors. It is important to note that the economic aspect, one way or another, consists of a part of the organization's property (we are talking mainly about money) and inventory. It must be remembered that the structure uses and owns all types of accounts payable that are relevant today, however, one way or another, it undertakes to pay or return the corresponding part of the property complex to creditors. The latter are endowed with the right to demand the fulfillment of the presented obligation.

The dual nature of accounts payable

From the materials of the previous chapter, we can conclude that the essence and types of accounts payable are determined by a dual legal nature. In other words, as part of the general property complex, the category belongs to the organization in accordance with the right of ownership in relation to things or money received by the borrowing method. On the other hand, as an object of obligatory legal relations, the considered economic category is nothing more than the organization's debts to creditors. It is important to note that the latter are the persons vested with all the rights to collect or reclaim the specified part of the common property complex from this association.

In accordance with the simplified aspect, accounts payable is a type of obligations to creditors; what this organization owes to other individuals or legal entities. A full-fledged definition of the category under consideration presupposes the obligatory consideration of the characteristics noted above. So, accounts payable is a part of the general property complex of the organization, which is the subject of debt obligations of the debtor's association, arising in accordance with various kinds of legal grounds, to direct creditors (eligible persons).

Accounts payable accounting is a must

It is important to know that all currently existing types of accounts payable, one way or another, are subject to accounting and, of course, reflected in balance sheet... They are reflected as debts of the balance-holder association.

Then, when the creditor structure does not intend to take any actions related to the voluntary return of debts, the debtor has the opportunity to collect them forcibly. It is important to add that, depending on the type of accounts payable, today there is both a judicial and an extrajudicial procedure.

Debt obligations of various origins

It is interesting to know that the definition of accounts payable currently covers those debentures of the creditor association that have various origins. Since the currently known types of accounts payable serve as bright sources of monetary or other material resources at the disposal of the organization, they are present in the liability of the balance sheet. It is necessary to add that the accounting of the category analyzed in the article is kept in accordance with each creditor separately. The indicators of a generalizing nature reflect total amount accounts payable. By the way, it is given only on condition of division into certain groups.

Temporary improvement in financial condition

The concept and types of accounts payable, its features on the present stage development of the economy suggest that the attraction of borrowed money or other material resources into the turnover of the structure is a phenomenon that in any case implies a temporary improvement in the general condition of the organization in financial terms. The main condition here is that borrowed funds are not frozen for an extended period in circulation - they are returned at the time that is determined in accordance with the official agreement.

You need to know that otherwise there is a threat of an overdue type of accounts payable of the enterprise. This alignment, as a rule, involves the payment of a certain amount of the fine, as well as a significant deterioration in the financial life of the structure. That is why, when managing, it is imperative to study the prescription, the composition of the occurrence of accounts payable, as well as the presence, reasons and frequency of its formation.

Free loan

All types of accounts payable of the organization, in accordance with their essence, act as a free loan and belong to the category of monetary and other material resources attracted by the structure in economic turnover... It should be noted that, in contrast to liabilities of a stable nature, accounts payable are not a planned source of the formation of working capital. Either way, it serves as a short-term commitment of the enterprise.

It is interesting to note that a part of the structure under consideration is determined by the natural nature, because it appears, as a rule, due to certain features of the calculations. However, most accounts payable arise as a result of a breach of payment-type discipline. So, it is a consequence of non-observance on the part of the structure of the actual terms of payment for a commodity product and the submission of settlement documentation.

Short-term type of borrowed funds

The considered category characterizes the most short-term type of borrowed funds used by the structure. You need to know that these funds are formed at the expense of sources of internal value. Their accrual in accordance with various types of accounts is carried out by the organization on a daily basis. Repayment of the same obligations on these payables is made in specific terms, where the range, as a rule, does not exceed a month. Since after accrual, the funds included in accounts payable no longer belong to the property of the organization, but are only applied until the deadline specified for the repayment of current obligations, in accordance with their economic content, they act as one of the varieties of borrowed capital.

Accounts payable classification

In this and subsequent chapters, it will be advisable to consider the main types of accounts payable. Today it is customary to allocate debts for:

• Contractors and suppliers.
• Transfer of contributions in accordance with the insurance of the property of the structure.
• Transfer of contributions in accordance with the personal insurance of employees.
• Bills payable.
• Founders in accordance with the payment of income and so on.

So, depending on the legal nature and legal regime, the considered category is reduced to three groups:

• Front social funds and budget.
• To employees (for example, wage arrears).
• To contractors and partners.

According to the criterion associated with the fact of payment, the debt is:

• Not overdue (debts, the maturity of which did not come at the time of the balance sheet formation).
• Overdue (maturity has arrived).

What else?

You need to know that in the structure of accounts payable it is customary to distinguish the debt of the association:

• To contractors and suppliers.
• To employees and organizations.
• In front of off-budget funds of a state nature.
• Before the budget.
• In accordance with the loans and credits received.
• To other creditors.

Features of accounts payable

• It is a free source of borrowed funds. As a free source of capital formation, accounts payable provide some reduction not only in its borrowed share, but also in the total cost of capital.
• The size, in one way or another, affects the duration of the financial cycle of the structure. It influences to some extent the required amount of funds in order to finance current assets. The larger the relative value of the category under consideration, the smaller the amount of funds the structure needs to attract for the current financing of its own economic activity.
• The total amount of debt directly depends on the volume of economic activity of the structure (primarily on the volume of output and product sales). It is important to note that with an increase in the volume of production and sales of marketable products, the organization's expenses increase, which are accrued as part of the debt. So, the total amount of accounts payable rises, and vice versa.

It is important to emphasize that the size of the category under consideration is influenced by the volume of all purchases, as well as the corresponding percentage of purchases under the terms of subsequent payment. In addition, factors accompanying the execution of contracts with counterparties have a significant impact; terms of settlements with contractors and suppliers; the level of market saturation with this product; the policy related to the repayment of accounts payable; consistency in the application of the results of the analysis of the category under consideration, as well as its quality; settlement system adopted in the structure.

It is important to note that in the case of an increase in non-cash settlements, the quality and turnover of accounts payable increases proportionally. Its size decreases, therefore, the stability and solvency of the structure increases significantly. In addition, accounts payable can be terminated by the executor of obligations, and also written off as unclaimed.

Analytical accounting of debt on loans and borrowings is kept separately by types of loans and borrowings, by credit institutions and other lenders, by individual loans and borrowings (types of loan obligations).

In accordance with the provisions of PBU 15/01, debt on debt obligations can be urgent (the maturity date of which, under the terms of the agreement, has not come or extended (prolonged) in the prescribed manner) and overdue (debt on loans and credits received that have expired).

Note!

Accounting for urgent and overdue debts is kept separately on separate sub-accounts opened for accounts and.

The organization that received the borrowed funds upon the expiration of the payment term is obliged to implement transfer of urgent debt into overdue debt, and this transfer is made by the borrowing organization on the day following the day when, according to the terms of the loan or credit agreement, the borrower had to repay the principal amount of the debt.

Clause 6 of PBU 15/01 allows organizations - borrowers to take into account long-term debt on loans and borrowings by any of the two possible options, while the method used should be in mandatory fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

Option 1.

The borrower organization accounts for the borrowed funds under a long-term agreement as part of long-term debt until the expiration of the agreement.

Option 2.

The borrower organization first takes into account the debt under a long-term contract as part of long-term debt and transfers it to short-term debt at the moment when there is 1 year left before the expiration of the contract.

If the organization receives borrowed funds in foreign currency, then this operation is regulated by the Regulation on accounting "Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency" PBU 3/2000, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation dated January 10, 2000 No. 2n (hereinafter PBU 3/2000).

Borrowed funds can be provided not only in the currency of the Russian Federation - rubles, but also in foreign currency or in conditional monetary units... In case of receiving such loans, the borrower organization is obliged to follow clause 9 of PBU 15/01:

"Debt on a loan provided to the borrower and (or) a loan received or expressed in foreign currency or conventional monetary units, is accounted for by the borrower in ruble valuation at the exchange rate The Central Bank Of the Russian Federation, acting on the date of the actual transaction(provision of a loan, loan, including placement of loan obligations), and in the absence of the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation - at the rate determined by agreement of the parties. "

Costs in the form sum difference arise for the taxpayer if the amount of obligations and claims arising, calculated according to the rate established by the agreement of the parties in conventional monetary units as of the date of sale (posting) of goods (works, services), property rights, does not correspond to the amount actually received (paid) in rubles.

The resulting difference between the ruble valuation of liabilities for date of acceptance of accounts payable and its ruble value at date the expense was recognized represents total difference. It would be most correct to recognize the date of occurrence of the amount differences - the date of repayment of debt under credit and loan agreements.

On March 13, the organization made a prepayment for goods that were accepted for registration on March 20, 2006. The organization returned the loan amount to the bank on April 10, 2006.

In the accounting of the organization, the accountant of the organization reflected this as follows:

End of the example.

First, let's explain what is meant by an investment asset.

“Additional costs incurred by the borrower in connection with obtaining loans and credits, issuing and placing debt obligations may include costs associated with:

providing the borrower with legal and consulting services;

the implementation of copying and duplicating works;

payment of taxes and fees (in cases stipulated by the current legislation);

conducting examinations;

consumption of communication services;

other costs directly related to obtaining loans and credits, placement of debt obligations ”.

As you can see, this list of additional costs is open. Such costs are reflected in the accounting by the organization - the borrower in that reporting period, in which they were made, can be preliminarily accounted for as a receivable, with subsequent attribution to operating expenses during the maturity of the loan obligation.

Example 3.

Let's pretend that Building company received on January 10, 2006 a bank loan in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles for a period of 6 months. At the same time, the organization paid a third-party organization for the examination of this agreement a fee in the amount of 6,000 rubles (excluding VAT).

The accounting policy of the organization stipulates that additional costs associated with obtaining borrowings are accounted for as deferred expenses, and then during the term of the contract are charged to operating expenses.

In the accounting of the organization, this will be reflected as follows:

Organization procedure accounting credits and loans are regulated by the Regulation on accounting "Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of their servicing" PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n.

Foreign exchange operations to attract a loan are carried out in a non-cash manner and are reflected in the accounts of the borrower at the time of receipt of funds. Foreign currency is credited to the organization's current foreign currency accounts with authorized banks.

The borrowing organization accepts for accounting at the time of the actual transfer of foreign currency funds credit obligations for the principal amount of the debt as part of accounts payable. The principal amount of debt (indebtedness) on the loan and (or) credit received from the lender is accounted for by the borrowing organization in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or credit agreement in the amount of actually received funds.

The debt on a loan provided in a foreign currency is accounted for by the borrower in ruble valuation at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of the actual transaction.

Accounts payable can be short-term or long-term, depending on the term of the loan.

When receiving a loan or loan for a period of more than 12 months, an entry must be made in the accounting of the borrowing organization on the debit of the account for accounting for monetary funds or other received values ​​and the credit of the account.

The working chart of accounts may provide for the use of the following accounts:

Foreign currency loans are repaid within the time frame established by the loan agreement. According to civil law, the organization's obligations to repay the loan are considered fulfilled after the foreign currency is credited to the lender's bank account, unless otherwise provided by the contract.

In accounting, the repayment of credit liabilities is recognized at the moment of writing off funds from the borrower's foreign currency account.

Depending on the content of bank credit and loan agreements, the presence of urgent and (or) overdue debt is established.

The agreement comes into force and becomes binding on the parties from the moment of its conclusion; for loan and credit agreements, this is the moment of transfer of funds.

If the terms of the agreement provide for the repayment of a foreign currency loan in parts, then the delay in the return of the next part of it gives the lender the right to demand early return the entire remaining amount of debt and interest.

Foreign exchange transactions to pay penalties for the fulfillment of credit obligations, carried out from the organization's accounts with authorized banks or third parties in favor of residents and non-residents, may be carried out without a special permission (license) from the Bank of Russia.

In accordance with clause 7 of PBU 3/2000, the revaluation in the ruble equivalent is subject to the value of funds expressed in foreign currency in settlements (including settlements for borrowed obligations) with any legal and natural person at the date of compilation accounting statements.

The exchange rate difference is reflected in the accounting in the reporting period to which the date of fulfillment of payment obligations belongs or for which the financial statements are drawn up.

The exchange rate difference between the ruble valuation of foreign exchange liabilities at the exchange rate set by the Bank of Russia at reporting date, and their ruble valuation at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date the funds were credited or on the date of the last revaluation, are accounted for at the end of the current period.

The debt on a loan (loan) received in foreign currency is written off in ruble terms at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of the payment. At the same time, the organization reflects in the accounting the exchange rate difference between the ruble valuation of foreign exchange liabilities at the rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of return of foreign currency funds and their ruble valuation at the rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of the last revaluation.

Exchange rate differences resulting from the recalculation of the principal amount under the loan agreement are charged to the financial results of the organization as non-operating income and expenses.

Thus, the exchange difference is recognized at each revaluation of funds in the settlement of loans and borrowings in foreign currency at the reporting date, as well as at the date of the fulfillment of loan obligations (loan repayment).

Example 4.

The organization received a loan of $ 150,000 for 2 months.

The US dollar against the ruble was (conditionally):

The rules for the formation in accounting of information on costs associated with the fulfillment of obligations on loans and credits received are given in PBU 15/01, in accordance with paragraph 2 of which to interest-free contracts loans and contracts government loan these rules do not apply.

Interest for the use of the provided foreign exchange are charged monthly from the moment the foreign currency is credited to the organization's account in accordance with the procedure established by the agreement. The amount of interest increases the underlying loan obligation.

The organization must fulfill its obligations to pay interest within the time frame established by the contract. If such terms are not determined, then interest is paid monthly until the day the loan amount is repaid.

Debt on outstanding loans and loans are shown in accounting, taking into account the interest payable according to the terms of agreements at the end of the reporting period.

Accrued interest is taken into account in ruble valuation at the rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of their recognition, and in its absence - at the rate agreed upon by the parties to the transaction. The procedure for recalculating the interest debt is similar to the procedure established for the principal debt.

Therefore, the exchange rate difference is determined at each revaluation of unpaid interest on loan commitments in foreign currency at the reporting date, as well as at the date of settlement of obligations to pay them.

The basis for the termination of accrual in the accounting of exchange rate differences arising from the revaluation of the balance of funds in settlements on credit and loan obligations in foreign currency is the termination of obligations under this loan agreement.

Exchange rate differences under a loan agreement, in which obligations to the lender are expressed in foreign currency, are not accrued from the moment (specified in the text of the agreement) of the end of the loan agreement (which can be prolonged), if it stipulates that from this moment (date) terminate obligations of the parties (lender and borrower) under the agreement.

In the absence of the above condition in the text of the loan agreement, exchange rate differences are accrued until the moment (date) stipulated by the agreement when the parties fulfill their obligations to return the entire loan (loan) and interest on it by the borrowing organization.

Foreign exchange differences resulting from the restatement of the principal amount under the loan agreement are recognized in non-operating income and expenses, while exchange differences arising from the revaluation of accrued interest are recorded in accordance with the procedure for recognizing costs of servicing loans.

The costs of loans and credits received are expenses of the period in which they were incurred and are related to operating expenses, with the exception of their part to be included in the cost investment asset- an object of property, the preparation of which for the intended use takes a significant amount of time.

Borrowing costs and credits are included in current expenses in the amount of payments due in accordance with the terms of the concluded agreements, regardless of the form and when the above payments are actually made.

Accrued interest on loans and borrowings attributable to operating expenses is reflected in the accounting of the borrowing organization on account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount "Other expenses" (91-2)

Note!

Debt on loans and credits received is shown taking into account the interest payable at the end of the reporting period according to the terms of contracts.

In the accounting of the organization, the amount of interest accrued for the use of borrowed funds is reflected in the credit of accounts 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" and 67 "Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings" in correspondence with the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". It should be borne in mind that the amounts of accrued interest are taken into account apart.

Payment of accrued interest reduces accounts payable on the borrowed funds received.

Example 5.

On March 10, 2006, the bank granted a loan to the manufacturing enterprise OOO Tekhnika in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles for a period of 3 months at 24% per annum. In accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, the organization is obliged to pay monthly interest to the bank for using the loan no later than the 5th day of the next month.

The total amount of interest to be paid by Tekhnika LLC for the use of the loan provided will be:

1,000,000 rubles x 24: (366 x 100) x 93 days. = 60 983.61 rubles;

In the accounting records of Tekhnika LLC, transactions with borrowed funds were reflected as follows:

As you can see, as a result, the amount of 1,000 rubles remained on the account (173,500 rubles - 172,500 rubles), which actually represents the resulting sum difference.

End of the example.

For more details on the issues of accounting for transactions with borrowed funds from an organization - a borrower, see the book of CJSC "BKR-Intercom-Audit" "Borrowed and credit funds... Pledge and surety ".

• Vaulina Alina Alekseevna, student
• Stavropol State Agrarian University
• Tomilina Elena Petrovna, Candidate of Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
• Stavropol State Agrarian University

• CREDIT
• BORROWED FUNDS
• FINANCIAL STABILITY
• ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
• COMPETITIVENESS
• BANKRUPTCY

The article discusses the concept of accounts payable, its characteristics, management system accounts payable and methods of raising borrowed funds.

• The main problems of compulsory health insurance of citizens
• Financial aspects of ensuring the competitiveness of the corporation
• Tax accounting under a simplified taxation system

Almost all organizations in modern world do not manage in their economic activity no accounts payable. In Russia in last years there is a deterioration economic situation and the growth of accounts payable of economic entities. The indebtedness of enterprises is a factor in their insufficient financial stability and investment unattractiveness.

Accounts payable is an unpaid obligation of an enterprise to creditors. The creditors of the enterprise are suppliers of goods, works, services, landlords, buyers, employees, budget and extrabudgetary funds... Accounts payable is characterized by the following main features:

1. Free source of used borrowed funds. Accounts payable reduces not only the cost of the borrowed capital, but also the cost of the entire capital of the enterprise.
2. The size has an impact on the duration of the financial cycle of the enterprise. The larger the amount of accounts payable, the less funds the company needs to attract to finance its economic activities.
3. The amount of accounts payable is in direct proportion to the volume of production and sales of products. With an increase in production, the costs of the enterprise also increase, and this entails the attraction of more funds and an increase in accounts payable.

Accounts payable management is important aspect financial management. The success of the organization and its existence in the future depends on how effectively this management will be carried out. With proper management, such debt can become an additional, and most importantly, a cheap source of borrowed funds. Therefore, from how relations with counterparties are built, the terms of contracts to be concluded are agreed, the terms of their payment are monitored, i.e. what is the mechanism for managing accounts payable, the effectiveness of the use of the funds received largely depends. It is important to note that any debt primarily affects the solvency of the organization. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the debts of an organization, it is necessary:

1. Determine the optimal structure of accounts payable for the company
2. Draw up accounts payable budget
3. Develop a system of indicators characterizing relations with creditors and take certain values ​​as planned
4. Analyze the compliance of actual indicators with the normative
5. Make an analysis of the causes of the deviations that have arisen
6. To develop a set of practical measures to bring the structure of debts in line with the planned indicators.

The manager plays an important role in the management of accounts payable. He must develop and implement a clear strategy in relations with creditors in order for them to be as consistent as possible with the goals of ensuring the financial stability of the company and increasing its profitability and competitiveness. In the course of developing a strategy, managers should pay great attention to solving such problems as: maximizing profits and minimizing company costs, achieving dynamic development and increasing the creditworthiness of the organization. When all these tasks are completed, the maximum financial stability of the organization will be determined. Also, funding for these tasks should be ensured in full. An organization should use all its own sources of financing first, and then borrow funds from lenders. At the same time, it is important to take into account the cost of borrowed capital, which should allow maintaining the profitability of the organization at the optimal level.

An important stage in the management of accounts payable is the determination of the most acceptable tactical approaches. There are several approaches to raising borrowed funds:

1. Investor funds (expansion authorized capital)
2. Bank loan
3. Commodity loan (deferred payment to suppliers)
4. Using your own "economic superiority"

The method of attracting funds at the expense of investors has its own characteristics. At first, this way differs in its cheapness. As a rule, investors, when exchanging their money for a share in an organization, expect certain dividends prescribed in the constituent documents in the form of interest. At the same time, in the absence of profit at the enterprise, the capital invested in the business can be "free". Secondly, investors get the opportunity to influence the processes taking place in the organization. Therefore, great attention should be paid to preserving the block of control shares, otherwise your equity can turn into capital transferred to loans to a new investor. Thus, when attracting money from investors, you need to observe a certain limitation, there should not be more of their own initial investments.

Bank loans are usually issued by banks. This type of fundraising is the most expensive, as it involves high percent and the need for reliable security. Despite the "high cost" and "problematic" attraction, the possibilities of a bank loan, as opposed to an investment one, should be used by the company 100%. A significant drawback of financial borrowed funds is the presence of strictly defined terms for their return.

Attraction of borrowed funds with the help of a commodity loan is the most in a simple way, since it does not require the attraction of collateral and is not associated with significant costs and duration of registration.

The essence of using the advantages associated with their own economic superiority lies in the ability to dictate and impose on the supplier (creditor) their own "rules" of the market game and the nature of contractual relations. The economic superiority of the borrower over the lender may arise in the case of:

• the monopoly position of the borrower in the market
• the buyer's assets significantly exceed the supplier's assets
• marketing benefits
• organizational deficiencies in the management of receivables from the creditor.

Thus, the manager, when striving to use all sources of borrowed funds to the maximum, should pay attention to the possibility of paying these funds in the future, and also compare the organization's capabilities with approaches to attracting borrowed funds.

Also, one of the most important stages of accounts payable management is tracking the due date. In the event of a delay in payment, an increased percentage of payments under the contract is often applied; in the event of a subsequent delay, the delivery may be canceled.

Thus, the accounts payable management system must necessarily include the following elements: planning of accounts payable, its regulation, control, analysis and regulation of these processes. Effective management of accounts payable provides the organization with working capital for continuous operations. Only A complex approach will ensure effective management of accounts payable, as well as reduce the risk of insolvency and bankruptcy of the enterprise.

Bibliography

1. Bogomolov A.M. Management of accounts receivable and payable as an element of the internal control system in the organization // Modern accounting. - 2012. - No. 5. - P. 46-51.
2. Emelin, V.N., Pivkina E.I. Management of accounts payable of an organization // Young scientist. - 2014. - No. 8. - S. 465-467.
3. Zakharov, V. Ya. Anti-crisis management. Theory and practice [Electronic resource]: textbook. manual / V. Ya. Zakharov and others; ed. V. Ya. Zakharova. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012 .-- 319 p.
4. Kokin, A.S. Corporate finance: Tutorial/ Kokin A.S., Yashin N.I., Yashin S.N. and others - M .: ITs RIOR, NITs INFRA-M, 2016 .-- 369 p.
5. Samylin, A.I. Corporate finance: Textbook / A.I. Samylin. - M .: NITs INFRA-M, 2014 .-- 472 p.

The concept and essence of the categories: debt, promissory note, borrowed funds and accounts payable

Definition 1

Debt is a form of manifestation economic category and expresses the essence of the category "debt".

A debt obligation is a certain form of the concept of "debt", which is a relationship between a creditor and a debtor, the basis of which is the movement of resources, which is planned to be stopped by fulfilling obligations or by enforcing the right to claim. The duration of the debt obligation has a certain period. At the same time, it is important to correctly draw up debt obligations from the point of view of jurisprudence, in addition, they must comply with civil law.

Remark 1

Debt obligations are a special commodity that has a direct impact on the level of their value. According to its economic content, the category of debt obligations can be attributed to the borrowed funds of the enterprise.

Organizations' liabilities can be classified by different signs, for example, by entity, maturity, etc. So in the classification of obligations by subjects, they usually distinguish:

• obligations incurred to third parties,
• obligations to the owners of the enterprise.

Obligations to owners represent the entity's “equity”. It should be noted that the organization's obligations to third parties are different types of accounts payable. V general view, liabilities to third parties form the organization's debt capital.

Definition 2

Borrowed funds (borrowed capital) are economic and legal obligations organizations to third parties.

The amount of borrowed funds reflects the future withdrawals of assets (funds) of the organization associated with previously assumed obligations. Considering commercial Bank, it should be noted that it attracts cash (borrowed) funds using a deposit tool, as well as various loans and credits that the bank receives from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other banks.

Definition 3

The bank's debt in general is the amount of debts arising in the process of performing banking operations and must be paid.

Debt on banking transactions can be:

• creditor,
• accounts receivable.

The emergence of creditor and accounts receivable the bank influences the fundamental accounting model as follows:

Definition 4

Bank accounts payable is the sum of the bank's debts to individuals and legal entities arising in the course of execution of banking operations.

This type of debt for the bank is its own financial commitment... Accounts payable to the bank arise during the execution of transactions with banks, internal banking operations and customer transactions.

Regulatory regulation of accounting of accounts payable in a commercial bank

All activities carried out by commercial banks are regulated by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The main document that regulates accounting in commercial banks, is "Regulations on the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation". This document establishes the key rules for organizing accounting in commercial banks. It defines the main accounting accounts and establishes the procedure for conducting banking operations. Accounts payable are also regulated using this provision.

In case of insufficient monetary resources, a commercial bank can receive loans from the Bank of Russia. Also, loans can be obtained from non-resident banks and from other Russian banks. Registration of these operations is carried out by drawing up a letter of application, which indicates the amount, term and purpose of the loan. Attached to the letter are: Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, certificate of registration, seal imprint, cards with sample signatures, balances as of the date of receipt of the loan and on the reporting date, documents on the availability of security for the repayment of the loan. Further, an agreement is concluded on the sale or purchase of credit resources.

To record these transactions, the following accounts are used: 312 -325 of the Chart of Accounts of Credit Institutions. Accounts of the second level for these accounts are divided according to the terms of the loan.