Accounting for beginners: important aspects that everyone should know. Accounting for "dummies": we study the concept of an account What accounting studies
Real short course designed for persons studying accounting as an academic discipline. The author of the course sets himself the task of explaining the basics of accounting for beginner accountants, for those who want to master this interesting specialty. Why the basics? Because if we consider accounting as one of the types of human activity, we must understand that the accounting system itself was not formed immediately, in an instant, but how science has developed throughout the history of human development.
Useful literature for a beginner accountant
For the first time, it was systematized in the Renaissance, during the time of Leonardo da Vinci, by the great mathematician of his time, Luca Pacioli, in 1494 in the scientific work Treatise on Accounts and Records. At the heart of any science are specific techniques and methods, accounting work is specific and has its own techniques and methods, namely, accounting provides for the following various techniques and methods: inventory, system of accounts and double entry etc. In everyday work, accounting, depending on the industry and the taxation system, has its own industry-specific features, some economic phenomenon must be reflected in accounting, some is reflected in a specific, industry-specific manner. Accounting covered wage, materials and inventories, fixed assets, production and sales process, financial results, accounting determines, finally, the financial result of any organization. revalue accounting in the activities of enterprises and organizations, as well as in general for the economy of our country is almost impossible. However, in the course of his work as chief accountant, the author of this course had to constantly come across reforms carried out by reformers from accounting. Constantly, under the pretext of ongoing reforms, changes in accounting are formalized, the accounting entries, forgetting about the tasks of accounting for a quick and correct assessment of the activities of the enterprise and financial condition enterprises. Accounting should cover all business transactions enterprises, industries. The accounting department of the enterprise is designed to quickly and accurately solve all the tasks assigned to it. The accounting department of any enterprise should be headed by knowledgeable specialists who are well versed in theory and practice. This course is designed to help you navigate the rapidly changing accounting legislation, an accountant must know the basics of accounting well, distinguish between new and useful in accounting, from unnecessary, far-fetched and sometimes not feasible at all, due to the realities of the economic life of an organization, enterprise. The author of the course is grateful to you for the time spent on studying this course and hopes that you have gained some benefit from your study of accounting in light of the material in this paper.
Accounting made easy
This site is dedicated to the basics of accounting and is intended for those who have had to deal with this subject, who find it difficult and incomprehensible. As practice shows, the authors of accounting textbooks, although they try to offer as much information as possible about the subject, features and subtleties of accounting, often pay little attention to the basics, considering them obvious. This is a serious obstacle for beginners who are just beginning to study this subject. Beginners get the impression that it is impossible to understand accounting. The authors of this site will try to dispel this myth.
Who is this site for? First of all, for those who are faced with the study of accounting, and consider accounting a difficult, overwhelming science. It can be not only university students, college students, novice accountants, but also experienced employees who had to switch to new plot. We can assume that the proposed materials are an online textbook on accounting or an online textbook on accounting.
For an in-depth study of accounting, we recommend stocking up on textbooks and referring to sources - legislative and regulations. The authors of the site did not set themselves the task of creating a complete guide to all areas of accounting. The purpose of this project is to provide answers to simple and difficult questions newcomers that they are embarrassed to ask, or there is simply no one to ask them. Only having a complete understanding of the basics, you can proceed to the study of more complex things. Then you can say with confidence that accounting is not so difficult at all.
Accounting for dummies in plain language
The website section of the accounting task contains examples of solutions and examples of accounting entries for individual accounting areas. The given examples of problem solving should help beginners in solving problems that they will encounter when studying accounting.
Chapter useful information contains methodological materials that will be useful in the study of accounting.
For self-checking in the accounting tests section, you can find tasks selected for individual topics. With the help of tests, you can test your ability to answer questions correctly. The correct answers to the accounting tests can be viewed immediately.
Management Accounting
A separate category of the site is devoted to management accounting as one of the accounting subsystems. Management accounting is usually studied within a separate discipline outside the subject of accounting. The management accounting section of our website has a similar structure and also contains management accounting tasks and management accounting tests.
Sometimes clients come with a question: we want to register an LLC and engage in commercial activities. Tell me where to start accounting and how much such services will cost if they are provided by SaldoConsult specialists.
We thought and decided to suggest how to organize accounting for those who decide to keep records and submit reports on their own.
Recall that since 2013, all companies are required to keep accounting records, regardless of the applicable taxation system, except for Individual Entrepreneurs.
First you need to decide on the choice of taxation system. This is best done at the LLC registration stage. Most entrepreneurs choose the Simplified Taxation System (STS).
And here the tax base may be different:
- if a significant share of expenses is expected, select “Income minus expenses”, the tax rate in this case in St. Petersburg is 10%,
- if there are not many expenses, choose “Income” 6%.
It is possible that the type of activity that you are going to organize is subject to taxation single tax on imputed income (ENVD). Since 2013 the regime is optional. To understand whether it is beneficial to use it or not in each specific case, it is necessary to make calculations.
We thought, decided, gave the documents for registration.
Let's move on to buying software..
At the moment, many entrepreneurs use Elba electronic accounting or the 1C-Accounting program. Elba is convenient because it is a “cloud” solution and you will not need to keep track of changes in software releases and reporting forms. In addition, the existing hint system allows even beginners to keep records on their own.
There is another solution "1C-Accounting". As in the first case, a cloud solution is also presented here. If you decide to purchase a "yellow box" and install it on your computer, this option will be inexpensive, especially the basic versions. They regularly have discounts. The basic version will be updated every time the program is launched via the Internet.
Decide whether you will submit reports to Pension Fund and Foundation social insurance and declarations to the State Tax Inspection via telecommunications (via the Internet) or you are ready to run around the authorities with paper reports and flash drives.
We advise you to immediately think carefully and find an opportunity connect to electronic reporting. You will save a lot of time. You will have access to electronic correspondence with the tax, PF, FSS, thanks to this, the opportunity to receive a reconciliation of calculations or send a request or a letter.
We draw up an Order on accounting policy.
A Short Course in Accounting for Dummies
To do this, you can use the numerous services that are available on the Internet. We print out one of these orders, check that all accounting points are reflected in the Order.
We attach to the Order on accounting policy the Working Chart of Accounts and the forms of documents that will be used in the activity.
We draw up personnel orders. We described what personnel documents a company should have. Therefore, we suggest reading the relevant articles on our website. We advise you not to put off the personnel office work until later, because then there will be many other things to do and you simply will not have time. It is enough to prepare forms of documents, which you will then fill out as needed.
Software selected, installed. We start working, fill in all the details of the company. For these purposes, the program has an "Assistant". We follow his instructions.
So we start economic activity and reflect all business operations in the program sequentially. We purchase goods, materials, receive advance payments from buyers. For all paper documents that we have, we create similar electronic documents in the program.
Greetings, dear friends! Money loves an account, doesn't it? Do you know that if you lead family budget so you can save some money? Accounting is simply indispensable in order to keep everything under control both in the family circle, as well as in the organization . If you've been looking for a bookkeeping book for dummies to read in simple terms about complex concept accounting, you are welcome! This article is just that.
Meet: the oldest profession on earth - an accountant!
Of course, with the most ancient profession, a little inflection. However, did you know that back in the 15th century, the Italians, namely the monks, invented one of the main principles of accounting? Yes, yes, so everyone hated the method of double recording was first described by the Italian monk Luca Pacioli. The principle of double entry has not changed in the last 500+ years. Accounting is a generalization of all available financial information, whether it is a family or a whole huge enterprise. If we consider accounting specifically at the enterprise, then it is conducted either by the director himself or by the chief accountant. If the company is small and does not require a chief accountant, then they use the services of third-party companies, i.e. receive outsourced services. By the way, do you know what it is? I advise you to learn more. Outsourcing is something that can also save you a lot of money.
What is the subject of accounting? First of all, this is all the property of the company and even its obligations. Thus, the debts of the enterprise, as well as the expected receipts from counterparties, will also be included in the balance sheet.
Why do you need to keep accounts? Accounting is one of the most important divisions in a company, and if you can do without a marketing department, then no self-respecting entrepreneur has gone far without an accountant. Even in the family circle, it is customary to count money, what can we say about the place that is your second home? How, you haven't moved to work yet? Urgently deprive you of the award!
Accounting tasks include:
- compiling a complete picture of the activities of the enterprise;
- minimizing the exit to negative indicators economic activity;
- search for reserves;
- control over the observance of legislative norms;
- control over the use of resources in the organization.
What does accounting include?
Accounting at the enterprise is carried out using the notorious program 1C: Accounting. Moreover, the accountant must understand document management, as well as be able to use Internet banking. In general, all accounting problems can be solved as follows:
- Documentation. A document is a confirmation that a business transaction took place. A properly executed document is a confirmation that professionals work at the enterprise.
- Grade. A valuation is an expression of a transaction in terms of its monetary value, i.e. Any business transaction must have a value expression.
- double entry. I advise you to get acquainted with debit and credit, if these two gentlemen have not already been introduced to you. Each operation must be duplicated so that you can verify the accuracy of the data. What is debit and credit in accounting, you can know superficially, if you, of course, are not an accountant.
- Calculations. Here you can do without further explanation. Accounting in its own words is a calculation made by an accountant.
- Balance- the main document in accounting. It can be requested by both tax authorities and contractors, and you should always be ready.
- Reporting- certain indicators grouped using tables for a specific reporting period. By the way, it is now possible to submit reports to the tax office online, if the enterprise had a digital signature.
Standing apart is such a moment in accounting as a chart of accounts. The chart of accounts is a whole system according to which operations are recorded and grouped in accounting. In addition to the listed components of accounting, it is worth noting that it is based on several principles. So, the principle of periodicity is considered the main principle, i.e. reporting for the month, quarter, half year and year. This allows you to compare indicators for different periods and see the development or, vice versa, the decline in the company's activities in dynamics.
Confidentiality is the second accounting principle. The vast majority of companies adhere to the principle that the balance sheet data of the organization is strictly confidential and it is forbidden to disclose it. The exception is a certain part of non-profit organizations.
We have already touched on the third principle - this is the monetary dimension, i.e. any business transaction in the company must have a value expression.
Separately, I would like to highlight a special nuance in accounting, namely the maintenance of documentation.
Documents are the basis of doing business, and it is with the help of them that all transactions are recorded.
A document is evidence, and evidence loves order. Any accountant pays special attention to maintaining archives, both in print and in in electronic format and also knows which documents are legally binding and which are not.
Only the documentation on which all the details are correctly placed has legal force. For example, if for any primary documentation there is no signature, then it will be impossible to take it into account.
Organizational form and accounting
You don't even have to look at Books From Scratch textbooks to determine if you need one or not. So, depending on the form of organization, a company can maintain full or simplified accounting. Of course, the choice of work as an individual entrepreneur, LLC or even JSC depends not only on the future form of accounting, however, it would be nice to get acquainted with the difference, which we will now do. Sole Proprietorship is a form of business organization that does not create entity. An individual entrepreneur is primarily an individual who conducts activities for profit. An individual entrepreneur cannot have property separate from an individual and, therefore, if he becomes bankrupt, then everyone will have to pay, right down to the last thread.
LLCs and JSCs are organizations and they bear responsibility with their capital, and not with the property of the founders. Also, the difference lies in how many people can be directly involved in the management. Moreover, organizing an AO is somewhat more difficult.
Full accounting is conducted only in LLC and JSC, which implies the presence and balance sheet, and indicators of profit and loss, as well as full-fledged archiving. Sole proprietors, according to federal law No. 402-FZ have the right not to maintain full accounting records. However, do not confuse accounting with its tax counterpart, since the IP must still submit reports to the Federal Tax Service.
The deadlines for filing reports are determined by the chosen taxation system. More often individual entrepreneurs choose a simplified taxation system, however, you can choose both UTII, UAT and even a patent. Typically, in order to tax accounting An individual entrepreneur is required to hire an accountant, unless, of course, he is able to keep records on his own.
Consider accounting for IP in more detail
The first and main point that needs to be urgently addressed is the hiring of workers. Are you ready to become an employer and be responsible for your wards? It is very difficult to be responsible for officially arranged people in your IP.
The accounting department of individual entrepreneurs after hiring employees is completely changing. Yes, on given period time, for 1 reporting year you will have to submit as many as 7 reports, including to the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and, of course, to the tax office. And believe me, filing the average number of employees is the most innocuous thing you have to do.
That individual entrepreneurs and LLCs must comply with the reporting deadlines, otherwise there is a risk of running into fines (do you need this?). Penalties, arrears, blocking of the current account ... What kind of frills is not served on our accounting table by the generous tax inspectorate.
Whether you will keep accounting on your own or with the help of an accountant, I advise you to take this as seriously as possible. Use special software(1C, for example), and also save all the documents that you had to work with.
Hope you enjoyed the article. Maybe you are already an experienced accountant and you have something to add to my modest review? Waiting for your comments. See you soon!
P.S. Watch the video about accounting, they explain well and clearly.
Sincerely, Technical Experts.
Accounting- this is an ordered system for collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting all business transactions.
Accounting in accordance with the law on accounting can be conducted: by the chief accountant hired by the enterprise under an employment contract, CEO in the absence of an accountant, an accountant who is not the main one, or a third-party organization (accounting support).
Accounting objects
The objects of accounting are the property of the organization, their obligations and business operations carried out by organizations in the course of their activities.
The main tasks of accounting
The main task of accounting is the formation of complete and reliable information (accounting statements) about the activities of the organization and its property status required by internal users financial statements- managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization's property, as well as external - investors, creditors and other users of financial statements, on the basis of which it becomes possible:
prevention of negative results of economic activities of the organization;
identification of on-farm reserves to ensure the financial stability of the organization;
control of compliance with the law in the implementation of economic operations by the organization;
control of expediency of economic operations;
control over the availability and movement of property and liabilities;
control over the use of material, labor and financial resources;
control of compliance of activities with approved norms, standards and estimates.
Basic elements of the accounting method
Accounting tasks are solved by using various ways and techniques, the totality of which is called the accounting method, which includes the following main elements:
Documentation - a written certificate of a completed business transaction, giving legal force to accounting data;
Evaluation is a way of expressing Money and their sources in monetary terms;
Accounting: details for an accountant
- Accounting policy for accounting purposes: what to consider in 2020?
The requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) industry ... requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) ... the right to choose individual elements of state aid accounting, must be reflected ... are taken into account under the rules of other accounting standards. Identification of lease accounting objects ... provides the right to select individual elements of state aid accounting, respectively, you need ...
- Accounting policy of healthcare facilities - 2020: organization of accounting
Should be based on Federal Accounting Standards Reserves, Reserves, Long-term Contracts, Non-produced... should be based on Federal Accounting Standards Reserves, Reserves, Long-term Contracts, Non-produced... in transit are reflected in accounting in the assessment provided for by the state contract ... regulatory legal acts governing accounting and the preparation of accounting (financial) statements ...
- Accounting for vacations at the expense of reserves
Formation of postings in accounting to the document Reflection of salary in the accounting of the program "... in the account of obligations previously formed in accounting. Such amounts in ... accrued on account of liabilities formed in accounting. Such amounts can correspond to ... the document "Reflection of wages in accounting" can be set automatically, and ... the formation of postings to reflect vacation in accounting differences between types of transactions Annual ...
- Accounting for the purchase of real estate under an agreement on the assignment of rights to claims of equity participation in construction
hire)? How to take into account in the accounting of the organization ( general system taxation) apartment... .2012 N 12AP-7339/12). Accounting Acquired rights of a construction participant (rights ... .1.8 "Regulations on accounting for long-term investments" (letter of the Ministry of Finance ... acts of acceptance and transfer of apartments, disposal should be reflected in the organization's accounting records .... Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, approved ...
- Accounting registers in the form of electronic documents
Are presented for filling? If accounting registers (primary accounting documents) are formed ... 11 Instructions No. 157n accounting registers are compiled according to unified forms, ... (consolidated) accounting documents, accounting registers are compiled in the form of an electronic document ... within the framework of the workflow with the frequency of formation of accounting registers (transaction logs) on. .. are reflected in the electronic accounting register by persons responsible for maintaining ...
- Are there any differences between FSBU 25/2018 Lease Accounting and IFRS 16 Leases?
The Federal Accounting Standard FSBU 25/2018 “Lease Accounting” was approved, which adopted ... the development of an accounting policy for Russian accounting? We conducted a comparative analysis of IFRS ..., if the rules for a specific accounting issue of the FSBU are not established. That's why...
- Documents and workflow in accounting: FSBU project
accounting documents; signing and correcting accounting documents; storage of accounting documents; accounting documents. Application ... FSBU “Documents and workflow in accounting ... records on accounting accounts. Storage of accounting documents The procedure for storing accounting documents is regulated by the article ...
- Changes in the law on accounting
Responsible for accounting. If accounting is transferred to another person (... accounting is set at a minimum necessary requirements to accounting, as well as acceptable methods of accounting ... and industry accounting standards, the rules for maintaining accounting and compiling accounting ... cases where accounting and storage of accounting documents are not organized by the head ...
- Accounting for rental objects in institutions since 2018
The accounting records of leased objects are carried out in accordance with federal standard accounting for ... changing their cost estimates in accounting, in case of early termination of contracts for the use of ... non-financial assets as an independent accounting object, and depreciation accrued on this ... agreement - 360,000 rubles. In accounting in the interreporting period as of ..., institutions will be able to reflect innovations in accounting only after they enter into ...
- Capital construction on its own: reflection in accounting
Construction. How is construction reflected in accounting? Organization... construction. How is construction reflected in accounting? Before... -3515/08-C2). Accounting When accounting for transactions related to ... in particular, the Regulations on Accounting for Long-Term Investments, approved by a letter from the Ministry of Finance ... regulatory documents regulating the accounting procedure. So, according to paragraph 3 ...
- Is it possible to conclude an agreement with an organization on accounting, transferring the right to sign documents to it?
Justification of the conclusion: Accounting and storage of accounting documents are organized by the head of the economic entity ... between the representative and the represented). Accounting is the formation of documented systematized information ... under an accounting agreement, they are limited to the accounting objects indicated above. Drafting ... to accounting registers. Accounting reporting In organizations where accounting is maintained on ...
- Responsibility for violations by officials of institutions of requirements for accounting, preparation and presentation of financial statements
Accounting and (or) primary accounting documents; registration in the accounting registers of an imaginary accounting object ... a sham accounting object; maintenance of budgetary (accounting) accounts outside the applicable accounting registers; lack of primary ... accounting documents, and (or) accounting registers ...
- Reflections in accounting of transactions related to car repair by a third party
Organization? What is the procedure for reflecting in the accounting of the organization of operations associated with ... costs. According to the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and ... assets to be reflected in accounting as part of inventories ... other accounting provisions (standards). Change original cost fixed assets... with material: - Encyclopedia of solutions. Accounting for the cost of repairing fixed assets ...
- About accounting standards "Accounting policies" and "Events after the reporting date"
They completely duplicate the provisions of the Law on Accounting and Instruction No. 157n, that is ... when the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting changes, the provisions of federal and (or) industry ...
- Renting Cows: Accounting
In relation to a specific accounting object, a method of accounting is selected from the methods ... established by law Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) ... Methodological recommendations "On accounting for fixed assets in agricultural organizations ... On the approval of the Chart of Accounts for accounting for the financial and economic activities of enterprises ... with Methodological recommendations for accounting for production costs and ...
Accounting is enough complicated procedure, in connection with which it is rather difficult for beginners to understand it, especially if the appropriate education has not been previously received.
In this regard, many are taken to study the basic elements of reporting modern organizations in order to try to deal with all the documents on their own, without hiring outside specialists, in order to save money on additional specialists, and at the same time draw up all Required documents in full compliance with the rules.
Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:
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At the same time, the legislation is constantly changing, so most have to re-understand how to properly maintain accounting in 2020.
What it is
The balance sheet is a special document that is used to keep records of the company on the work done by it over the past year. This document reflects the financial condition of this entity on the specified date, and all the information that it includes is of an exclusively informative nature for all employees of the accounting department, the management of the organization, as well as shareholders and other responsible persons.
Where to start
It is worth starting to understand the correct execution of financial statements from the basic concepts and rules that will help you avoid the most common mistakes that many people make when submitting documents.
How to select information
In order to find the information you need, you should do the following:
- get a clear understanding of the main tasks of accounting and the subject area in which it is used;
- understand what constitutes a financial result and the taxation system;
- understand and remember what are the main elements of accounting;
- understand how exactly each of the obtained features affects the financial result;
- learn how the collection and correction of information is recorded using accounting tools, as well as features of information classification;
- learn how to read financial statements correctly and analyze the data that is indicated in it;
- conduct several cross-cutting practical tasks to collect all the information and try to use it in practice.
Using this approach, it will be possible to learn practical accounting, having the necessary theory and future perspective.
Self-study
If a person decides to take up private entrepreneurial activity, it is better for him to learn how to keep accounting in advance, since often the starting capital is not enough to hire a qualified specialist.
Thus, for self-study, it is worth highlighting a few useful steps:
- if there is no knowledge in the field of reporting, it is best to start reading the relevant literature while doing training exercises in parallel;
- try to find the necessary basics of reporting on the Internet, having received free lessons in various areas of accounting, as well as study online the text of any legal act which regulates accounting;
- study the textbooks that are provided in the process of studying at universities, finding the appropriate publications that provide a deeper understanding of the maintenance and reporting;
- attend paid courses of official classes, which are often conducted by professionals on the basis of institutes and colleges;
- applying skills in real life (for example, changing the recording system).
When accounting has been learned well enough for professional work in this position, it will be possible to consider possible options how to start your career in this direction. For example, you can get a job “under the wing” of a more experienced specialist or try yourself as an assistant.
Documentation and experience
In order to learn the theory, it is worth studying several basic regulations:
- Federal Law No. 402-FZ;
- tax code;
- provisions adopted on accounting;
- chart of accounts;
- Federal Law No. 212-FZ.
Of course, it makes no sense to fully study the Tax Code, but you should at least find out how taxes on value added, profits and incomes are calculated. individuals. It is best to study all these regulations on specialized sites, since the wording of legislative acts is quite difficult for beginners to understand.
A Step by Step Accounting Lesson for Dummies
Step-by-step instructions for entrepreneurs include all the necessary information that allows you to deal with all the features of reporting in the shortest possible time. Today, you can always get the necessary information about reporting, and in addition, you can also visit specialized courses.
By choosing this option, the entrepreneur saves a lot own funds, but it will take him much more time to conduct this activity. Before you begin to deal with the rules for reporting, it is best to study the basic concepts of the system, and in particular, this applies directly to the very definition of accounting and all the special modes used today.
Without understanding such elements, it simply will not be possible to maintain the necessary registers, calculate expenses and incomes, calculate salaries for your employees, and also prepare documentation for reporting. It is all these operations that constitute the accounting department of any commercial organization.
To begin with, it is worth noting common mode, according to which the entrepreneur must take into account any business transactions in the Book of Expenses and Income. At the end of each year, a declaration is drawn up in the form of 3-NDFL, and a tax of 13% is deducted, which is paid until April 30 of the next year. In this case, all incoming and outgoing invoices, as well as all purchases and sales made, are taken into account, after which a quarterly declaration is formed and the amount of tax is calculated in accordance with the accepted rate of 18%.
With a simplified system, you need to fill out a book of accounting information on income with a base of 6%, as well as all expenses and receipts, the tariff for which is set as 15%. The deadline for filing a declaration is similar to the general one, and the reporting and staff contributions are exactly the same. Main Feature is the absence of income and property taxes.
Another preferential regime is UTII, but here bookkeeping is quite complicated, since the entrepreneur must clearly record all the physical characteristics of his activities, including the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises, total amount units of property in the transport fleet and many other indicators.
All changes in such indicators for the whole year must be reported in the tax calculation process from the month in which they occurred, and mandatory payment will be calculated on the basis of profitability for a particular type of activity, established by local legislatures. Also, in the process of preparing such reporting, it will be useful to know the deflator coefficients.
The standard course for beginners who are just starting to understand the peculiarities of accounting includes important information that any commercial person will need, regardless of their field of activity.
In particular, several key themes are worth noting:
- bookkeeping in public companies;
- the history of the development of budget reporting;
- a plan according to which accounting accounts in budgetary companies should be drawn up;
- reporting forms used by budget companies;
- features of accounting of funds.
The most difficult moments in the process
After studying the basic elements of accounting, an entrepreneur will need to figure out what difficulties can be encountered in the reporting process and what you need to be prepared for when interacting with tax authorities.
VAT clarifications
At the end of the reporting period, any company registered with the tax authorities must submit a VAT return, and in Russia this reporting served every quarter. During the 20 days that follow the last day of the reporting period, the declaration must be submitted to the relevant authorities, and in the same way it will be necessary to pay the relevant deductions within 20 days.
In Russia, starting from January 1, 2020, a VAT return, if desired, can be submitted exclusively in electronic form using telecommunication channels. In order to select an electronic document management operator, you can use the information prescribed on the regional websites of the Federal Tax Service.
With this resource, you will need to draw up an appropriate contract, get the appropriate cryptoprotection tools, including specialized electronic signature, with which you will need to certify declarations and invoices.
Features in foreign economic activity
It is worth noting several features characteristic of foreign trade:
- keeping records of amounts that are expressed or received in foreign currency, simultaneously in rubles and foreign currency;
- constant analysis of the dates when the ownership of the exported or imported property is transferred in accordance with the Incoterms specified in the contract;
- the need to indicate the value of property purchased outside the territory of Russia, with the obligatory indication of customs payments;
- reflection of the costs that are required to ensure foreign business trips in accordance with the rules of the current legislation;
- included in the financial result reporting date all results of the revaluation currency balances cash, as well as all kinds of settlements with counterparties, which are expressed in foreign currency;
- the need to form a separate analysis on reporting accounts and other registers in order to ensure reporting of all types of information related to foreign economic activity;
- control over the full receipt of funds that are required to pay for foreign exchange contracts with foreign consumers;
- reflection of taxes that are charged additionally due to the introduction of foreign economic activity;
- compliance with certain rules and regulations that govern the deduction of VAT on various expenses directly related to imports and exports;
- correct filling of all reporting information on taxes paid.
Best Books to Download
It is worth noting a few basic literary works that any aspiring entrepreneur or accountant should definitely read:
author | Name |
Krutyakova | "VAT. The practice of calculation and payment " |
Hartwich | "1C: Accounting 8 at a glance" |
Hartwich | Accounting from scratch. Tutorial " |
Hartwich | "Accounting in 10 days" |
Zinko, Veshunova | REPO operations. Legal regulation, accounting, taxation and audit» |
Wiseman, Kasyanov | "Accounting in the public sector" |
Wiseman, Kasyanov | "Accounting in banks" |
Morozova | "About simplification over a glass of tea" |
Kirillova, Bogachenko | "Accounting. Practicum» |
Dirkov | "Incubator for an accountant: from zero to balance" |
Some of these books are also used in the teaching process. professional accountants in various higher educational institutions, so they should definitely be familiarized with those people who are trying to learn on their own, learning the basics of accounting without outside help.
This short course is designed for those who study accounting as an academic discipline. The author of the course sets himself the task of explaining the basics of accounting for beginner accountants, for those who want to master this interesting specialty. Why the basics? Because if we consider accounting as one of the types of human activity, we must understand that the accounting system itself was not formed immediately, in an instant, but how science has developed throughout the history of human development. For the first time, it was systematized in the Renaissance, during the time of Leonardo da Vinci, by the great mathematician of his time, Luca Pacioli, in 1494 in the scientific work Treatise on Accounts and Records. Any science is based on specific techniques and methods, accounting work is specific and has its own techniques and methods, namely, accounting provides for the following different techniques and methods: inventory, system of accounts and double entry, etc. In everyday work, accounting, depending on the industry and the taxation system, has its own industry-specific features, some economic phenomenon must be reflected in accounting, some is reflected in a specific, industry-specific manner. Accounting covers wages, materials and inventories, fixed assets, the production and sales process, financial results, and, finally, the financial results of any organization are determined by accounting. It is almost impossible to overestimate the importance of accounting in the activities of enterprises and organizations, as well as in general for the economy of our country. However, in the course of his work as chief accountant, the author of this course had to constantly come across reforms carried out by reformers from accounting. Constantly, under the pretext of ongoing reforms, changes in accounting are formalized, accounting entries become more complicated, forgetting about the tasks of accounting for a quick and correct assessment of the enterprise's activities and the financial condition of the enterprise. Accounting should cover all business operations of the enterprise, industry. The accounting department of the enterprise is designed to quickly and accurately solve all the tasks assigned to it. The accounting department of any enterprise should be headed by knowledgeable specialists who are well versed in theory and practice. This course is designed to help you navigate the rapidly changing accounting legislation, an accountant must know the basics of accounting well, distinguish between new and useful in accounting, from unnecessary, far-fetched and sometimes not feasible at all, due to the realities of the economic life of an organization, enterprise. The author of the course is grateful to you for taking the time to study this course and hopes that you have gained some benefit from the study of accounting in the light of the materials of this work.