The structure of fixed assets is characterized by the ratio of active and passive parts and the proportion of individual groups of funds in their total book value.

The structure of fixed assets of a particular enterprise is influenced by the type of production, its size, industry and subject specialization, the level of technical equipment, the progressiveness of the technology used, the nature of the products produced. For example, at enterprises that produce products in individual or small-scale batches, the share of machinery and equipment in the value of fixed assets decreases, and in conditions of medium- and large-scale production of the same industry, the share of the active part of the assets increases.

The structure of fixed assets is assessed by the progressiveness indicator. The excess of the share of the active part in the total cost of fixed assets and the dynamics of an increase in its share indicate the progressive orientation of the creation of the structure of funds, since the active part provides the main activity, determines the production capabilities of the enterprise for the production of products, the implementation of work. The progressive nature of the structure of fixed assets is also characterized by the share of automatic lines, automated, mechanized systems and other groups of equipment with new capabilities in the composition of all machinery and equipment related to the active part of the assets.

Practice shows that an increase in the share of the active part of fixed assets by only 1%, under appropriate conditions, contributes to an increase in capital productivity by 0.3-0.35%, and this makes it possible to increase output and reduce its cost.

Further study of the dynamics, structure of fixed assets presupposes their detailing by groups of active and passive parts, by functional purpose... For example, groups of workers and power machines, equipment for processing and loading and unloading operations, measuring instruments and devices are distinguished, and (if necessary) analysis is carried out for certain types of means within functional groups (by types of machines, machines, etc.) ... Such a detailed analytical study may be dictated by the need to determine the technical level certain types funds, identifying surplus funds and assessing the impact of the structure and dynamics of funds on financial results(Table 6.1).

Analysis and assessment of the condition of fixed assets

The main production assets participate in the production process and gradually transfer their value to newly created products. At the same time, they wear out, undergo moral and physical obsolescence, as a result of which they lose their original properties.

The condition of fixed assets is investigated in several components:

• the intensity of updating and replacing equipment with new means. Estimated indicators are the coefficients of movement of fixed assets;
• age composition of means of labor , i.e. how long fixed production assets have been in operation, and the degree of their moral and physical fitness;
• level of technical suitability.

The analysis of the state of fixed assets is carried out for separate groups of fixed assets: industrial-production, non-production, active part, by functional purpose, as a whole for the enterprise and for individual production units.

The intensity of updating and replacing equipment with new means is one of the critical factors increasing the volume of competitive production.

In countries with developed economies at least 10% of the active part of fixed assets is renewed annually, and full cycle replacements from 1968 to 2008 were performed four times. In our country, over 40 years, the only reproduction cycle of the active part of fixed assets has been completed by only 15%. The rate of technical re-equipment of economic sectors turned out to be 27 times lower than in developed countries Oh. As a result, today 85% of operating industrial equipment is subject to recycling.

The process of reproduction of fixed assets is assessed by the absolute increases in their value for the analyzed period, as well as by the values ​​of the following coefficients.

Shows the share of new, introduced in the reporting year, fixed assets in the total value of all fixed assets. The growth of this coefficient in dynamics indicates the expansion of the scale of production and an active policy in the field of improving the material and technical base of production;

retirement rate :

Indicates what part of fixed assets in their total cost at the beginning of the year was written off, sold by different reasons, including due to complete wear and tear. If the ratio is high, it is necessary to establish the reasons and assess the feasibility of the possible excessive disposal of fixed assets;

renewal and retirement ratio index :

This indicator characterizes the scale (degree) of replacement of fixed assets, since it gives a relative quantification the ratio of the shares of the new value in the total volume to the retired value is the most vivid confirmation of the ongoing process;

update rate factor :

The ratio of the newly introduced and retired value shows how many times the new funds received exceed the retired value of fixed assets (in the case of a coefficient value greater than one). Gives a characteristic of the expansion (reduction) of the material and technical base of production;

update scale factor :

Shows what part is received in relation to the total volume at the beginning of the year or indicates the ratio of new to available funds;

update period ratio :

The ratio of the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year to the value of the production capacities introduced in the reporting year gives an idea of ​​the period during which the assets are replaced;

coefficient of stability ".

The numerator of the coefficient is the difference between the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year and retired fixed assets; the denominator is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year. This coefficient gives an idea of ​​what the minimum part of the assets should be in production, taking into account the cost planned to be written off, but not taking into account the newly commissioned capacities.

The characteristics of the degree of physical fitness are given by the wear and tear rates:

wear factor ".

shelf life :

where Am is the amount of depreciation (accrued depreciation) of fixed assets.

An increase in the wear rate and a decrease in the service life ratio means a deterioration in the general condition of the fixed assets of the enterprise in connection with the aging of the assets.

An assessment of all the listed factors should be given in dynamics over a number of periods under study and should be considered interconnected in order to answer a number of questions about the nature and degree of the intensity of renewal. For example, if the renewal rate is significantly ahead of the retirement rate, this may indicate that new assets are being introduced into production, but at the same time, worn-out equipment is not replaced, which leads to the accumulation of obsolete capacities.

Table 6.2 shows the initial data for calculating the indicators of the movement of fixed assets.

Table 6.2

Initial data for calculating the indicators of the movement of fixed assets

major			Received in a year		Eliminated in a year		T 0
The main production natural
Active part, total
Including:
metal cutting equipment, total
Including:
milling
turning
drilling machines

The end of the table. 6.2

major	l		Received in a year		Eliminated in a year		T p
milling
Forging press equipped
Foundry equipped
Woodworking equipment
Gas cutter equipped

Assessing the state of fixed assets in absolute increments, it should be noted that the company pursues an active policy of replacing obsolete equipment. The share of receipts from the active part, despite the fact that it is inferior to the growth dynamics of the passive part of the funds, is almost 32%. All types of machine tools and equipment were moving upward. The largest investments in the reporting year were directed to the renewal of gas-cutting equipment (60.4% of all receipts, the proportion was calculated in relation to the active part); in second place in terms of the activity of invested funds - metal-cutting equipment, its share was 19.5%. For all groups of the active part of fixed assets, there was also a write-off of value, and the most noticeable disposal was for gas-cutting equipment (52%) and foundry equipment (20%).

The coefficients characterizing the activity of the reproduction process (Table 6.3) are calculated for the main nomenclature groups of equipment according to the data of the previous table.

Table 63

Movement coefficients of the main production

major	Odds
	renewal		ratio index	renewal rates	large scale renovation	renewal period		suitability
Active
Metal-cutting equipment, total
Forging press equipped
Foundry equipped
Woodwork batting equipped
Gas cutter equipped

The coefficients of the movement of fixed assets make it possible to more fully assess the state of the means of labor and to characterize the process of reproduction from the qualitative point of view. Based on the magnitude and dynamics of the calculated coefficients, it is obvious that the technical equipment of this enterprise has improved. The ratio of the coefficients of renewal and retirement indicates: during the reporting period, the production complex of the enterprise was replenished with new active funds, while the share of retired funds (7%) is much lower than the received part (12%). In particular, all the update rates had higher dynamics than

with retirement rates, characterizing, on the one hand, a possible increase in the scale of production, and on the other, an increase in obsolete equipment. It should be noted the greatest dynamics of renewal in the group of metal-cutting equipment. The index of the ratio of renewal and retirement (7.21) indicates that in the reporting year the share of received metal-cutting equipment was seven times higher than the share of retired funds. This is also evidenced by the indicator of the intensity of renovation: eight times more financial resources were invested in metal-cutting equipment compared to the retired value. The biggest financial investments went to upgrade the gas-cutting equipment: this is indicated, firstly, by the sum of the new cost of this equipment, as well as by the update rate factor equal to 2, and secondly, by the scale factor of the update, which proves that 57% of the new equipment came to the available funds in the reporting year. As a result, the renewal period for gas cutting equipment was 1.76 years. This means that the fleet of this equipment is completely renewed in two years on average, and the longest renewal period with such reproduction dynamics is 57.6 years for woodworking equipment. The renewal period is the best evidence of the modern production base available. With the sum depreciation charges in the reporting year 13,309 thousand rubles. the wear factor will be equal to 0.28, and the shelf life - 0.72, indicating their favorable ratio: the share of wear in reporting period does not exceed 28%. Share residual value to the original (usefulness ratio) shows that 72% of fixed assets are serviceable.

Obsolescence analysis can be carried out as an independent study for individual groups of equipment, as well as in addition to assessing the physical degree of fitness. Obsolescence occurs regardless of the use of fixed assets and is associated with the development of scientific and technological progress. Manifests itself in loss economic efficiency and the feasibility of their further application before the expiration of the period of complete physical wear and tear. The need to analyze the degree of moral suitability is dictated by the desire to increase the productivity of equipment, to achieve consistency between the quality, competitiveness of products and the technical capabilities of the enterprise.

Obsolescence (wear) may be associated with a decrease in modern market value any

groups of machines, equipment in relation to their original cost and is determined by the formula

where ^ ne st and ^ rest - respectively, the initial and replacement cost of fixed assets.

Obsolescence is associated with the introduction of more productive and economical types of machinery and equipment into production. Equipment performance is determined by the ratio of the number of units of manufactured products to the operating time of the equipment.

Obsolescence based on the performance of fixed assets can be either partial (partial loss of value) or complete. Full obsolescence leads to an increase in the consumption of raw materials, materials, working time, energy per unit of production, i.e. to an increase in cost and a decrease in the quality of products. Further use of such funds becomes unprofitable. Obsolescence of this type leads to a reduction in the service life of machinery and equipment. It is advisable to give a quantitative assessment of it based on a comparison of the performance of existing machines, equipment and their new models:

where L * mouth) is the performance of obsolete g-x fixed assets; ^ (job) - performance g-x new fixed assets.

A more accurate assessment of the degree of obsolescence is carried out by comparing the costs of maintaining and operating new and existing equipment:

where 5 Н0В, 5 mouth - production costs with new equipment and its outdated version, respectively.

Examples of calculating obsolescence are given in table. 6.4.

Table 6.4

Examples of calculating obsolescence

	Initial cost, thousand rubles	Replacement cost, thousand rubles	Productivity of the operating machine, thous.	New machine productivity, thous.
For the first two groups of machine tools, obsolescence is determined based on the reduction in replacement cost ((170,000 - 150,000) / 170,000 x 100). As a result of the rapid depreciation, obsolescence can range from 11.8 to 20% for the considered groups of metal-cutting machines. Based on the value of the resulting obsolescence, decisions are made about the inexpediency investment investments into specific types of equipment. For the last item, obsolescence was calculated based on the productivity of new generation machines and those operating at the enterprise. The productive capabilities of new machine tools lead to the moral unsuitability of the existing equipment even faster: 33% is a partial obsolescence: (60 - 90) / 90 x 100.

The analysis of physical and moral fitness and the degree of deterioration is complemented by an assessment of the age composition of the equipment.

With a significant share of obsolete fixed assets, the enterprise suffers significant losses associated, firstly, with the need to attract additional funds for overhaul old buildings, structures and equipment to maintain in working order

worn-out equipment, and secondly, old funds deteriorate the quality of products, do not allow the production of new modern product samples and compete in the market.

Based on the age composition of the equipment, it has been experimentally established that equipment under the age of five years of operation is highly profitable, and industrial equipment at the age of 11-15 years, due to extreme wear, goes into the group of low-profitable ones. After 16 years, a period of unprofitable and unprofitable exploitation of the active part of fixed assets begins. Unprofitableness after 20 years of equipment operation is progressing.

The experience of developed countries shows that equipment with a service life of more than 10 years needs immediate innovative replacement.

Basic production assets for the analysis of the age composition are grouped according to the duration of their operation: up to five, 5-10, 10-20 and more than 20 years. The average age of the equipment is calculated using the formula

where X - average age of equipment; X c - middle of interval group i equipment; X c = (X n + X n) / 2; X n, X and - respectively the upper and lower values ​​of the group interval; <1" : " - the specific weight of the equipment of each interval group in the total quantity.

The analysis of the age composition of the active part (Table 6.5) was carried out according to the data of the previous tables.

Table 6.5

Initial data for calculating and assessing the age composition of the active part of fixed assets

Continuation of table. 6.5

Main types (groups) of equipment	Equipment age
	up to five years	from five to 10 years
2. Forging and pressing equipment
The number of units is equipped with FD
%
3. Foundry equipment
Share in the total amount of equipment,%
4. Woodworking equipment
Number of pieces of equipment
Share in the total amount of equipment,%
5. Gas cutting equipment
Number of pieces of equipment
Share in the total amount of equipment, %

The end of the table. 6.5

The average age of the active part of production assets is 10 years, but within the main groups of equipment there is a rather large gap in terms of use. In particular, the most active renewal of gas-cutting equipment in the reporting period, as noted in the previous table, was a consequence of its smallest age composition (six years), which meets the world criteria of the modern technical level. At the same time, there is a group of woodworking machines, the age limits of which exceed 14 years, i.e. this equipment needs updating. The age composition of foundry, press-forging metal-cutting equipment is rather high, more than 10 years. The intensity of the renewal process is also indicated by the share of the age group under five, which is 20.3% of the total active part. The share of equipment with a service life of 10 to 20 years remains significant (50.0%). The high value of this indicator is typical for the Russian industry - this is due to the peculiarities of the current state of the domestic technical base.

The third evaluative component of the state of fixed assets is technical equipment. The technical equipment of an enterprise is understood as a set of regulatory and technical measures governing the design, technological preparation of production and the system for launching products into production.

The general assessment of technical equipment is given based on the specific gravity of new generation equipment, automated equipment in the total volume, as well as the coefficient of technical equipment, determined by the formula

where K those axes is the coefficient of technical equipment; G "l - the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets; ^ the average annual cost of fixed assets.

For further analysis, the equipment is grouped according to technical suitability:

• equipment requiring major repairs;
• unusable equipment that must be written off.

In conclusion, the degree of implementation of the plan for the introduction of new technology is analyzed.

Almost 40% of Russian thermal power plants are more than 40 years old, while in the USA there are 28% of such power plants, in Japan - 12%, and in China - only 3%. More than 16% of liquid steel in Russia is smelted in outdated open-hearth furnaces, where labor productivity is more than half that of oxygen-converter production, and which are practically not used in other countries.

author Erkinoy Tukhtaeva asked a question in the section Accounting, Audit, Tax

the share of the active part is found as the ratio of the active part of fixed assets to the value of fixed assets and received the best answer

Answer from Elena Monosova [active]
The main production assets are usually divided into two parts: active and passive parts. As a rule, the active part of fixed assets includes those funds that are directly involved in the production process (machinery and equipment), vehicles and tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes those funds that ensure the normal functioning of the production process. On average in production, the active part of fixed assets is 60%, and the passive part is 40% of the total composition of fixed assets. The most important factors affecting the structure of fixed assets are: the nature of products, the volume of production, the level of automation and mechanization, the level of specialization and cooperation, climatic and geographical conditions of the location of enterprises.
In addition, all fixed assets are divided into fixed production assets and fixed non-production assets. The main production assets include funds that are directly involved in the production process (machinery, equipment, machine tools, etc.) or create conditions for the production process (production buildings, pipelines, etc.). The main non-production assets (funds) include dwelling houses, children's and other objects of cultural and everyday services for workers, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike means of production, they do not participate in the production process and do not transfer their value to the product, because it is not produced. Despite the fact that non-production fixed assets do not directly affect the volume of production, the growth of labor productivity, a constant increase in these funds is inextricably linked with the improvement of the well-being of employees of the enterprise and an increase in the material and cultural standard of their lives, which ultimately affects the results of the enterprise.

The balance of fixed assets (fixed assets) looks like equality:

He + P = B + Ok

• He- availability of fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting period
• P- receipt of fixed assets during the period
• V- disposal of property, plant and equipment during the period
• OK

The balance of fixed assets may contain specifying categories: overhaul, increase / decrease in the value of fixed assets as a result of revaluation and their disposal due to dilapidation:

He + Pp + K + D = Bn + U + Bs + Ok

• He
• PP
• TO
• D
• Bn
• Have
• Sun
• OK- availability of fixed assets at the end of the period.

In this case, all elements of equality are given at the original cost of fixed assets. The balance of fixed assets at historical cost is closely related to the balance at their cost, taking into account depreciation:

(He - In) + Pn + K + D - I = Bn + U + Vs - Iv + (Ok - Ik)

• He- availability of fixed assets at the beginning of the period
• Ying- the amount of depreciation that falls on the balance of fixed assets at the beginning of the period
• PP- the receipt of fixed assets as a result of the purchase
• TO- the cost of overhaul (reconstruction, modernization) made during the period
• D- increase in the value of fixed assets as a result of revaluation
• AND- the amount of depreciation accrued for the period (less depreciation for retired fixed assets)
• Bn- disposal of fixed assets as a result of their sale
• Have- decrease in the value of fixed assets as a result of depreciation
• Sun- disposal as a result of write-off due to dilapidation (and for other reasons: transfer to MNMA or to current assets, etc.)
• Eve- the amount of depreciation that falls on the retired fixed assets
• OK- availability of fixed assets at the end of the period
• Ik- the amount of depreciation that falls on the balance of fixed assets at the end of the period.

The residual value of fixed assets can be expressed by the formula:

Ostk = Ostn + P + K - Vo - I

• Ostk- residual value of fixed assets at the end of the period
• Ostn- residual value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period
• P- receipt of fixed assets for the period
• TO- the cost of overhaul (reconstruction, modernization) made during the period
• In- residual value of fixed assets retired for the period
• AND- the amount of depreciation charged for the period.

In order to analyze the property status, it is advisable to compile such balances in the context of all types (groups) of fixed assets, with the allocation of their active part.

Based on the data of these balances, generalized indicators of their condition are determined - the coefficients of validity, the coefficient of retirement and the coefficient of renewal. If such balances are compiled by groups of fixed assets, all these ratios can be determined accordingly for each group.

Working capital balance

The balance of working capital looks similar to what a simplified balance of fixed assets looks like:

He + P = B + Ok

• He- availability of working capital at the beginning of the reporting period
• P- receipt of working capital during the period
• V- disposal of working capital during the period
• OK- availability of working capital at the end of the period.

In order to analyze the property status, it is advisable to compile such balances in the context of all types (groups) of working capital: for materials, finished products, goods, etc.

Determination of the average annual value of the property.

To calculate the average for the period of availability of fixed assets, a simplified approach is sometimes used - the arithmetic mean method. The arithmetic mean is defined as the half-sum of data on the availability of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the analyzed period. But more accurate information about the average annual cost of fixed assets is obtained in a different way.

It is advisable to calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets as a quotient of dividing by 12 the half-sum obtained by adding (and dividing by 2) the cost of fixed assets valid on January 1 of the reporting year and January 1 of the year following the reporting year, as well as the value of these assets for each first the number of the remaining eleven months of the analyzed year.

Determination of the average cost of fixed assets for an interim period (quarter, half a year, 9 months) is carried out by dividing by the number of months of the analyzed period half of the value of the fixed assets by the 1st day of the first month following the end of the period, as well as the cost of fixed assets for every 1st day the rest of the months of this period.

The average annual (and average for any interim period) value of standardized current assets is calculated in the same way. The standardized circulating assets include: inventories, work in progress, finished goods; at the same time, construction materials purchased by developers for the purpose of capital construction are excluded from the stocks. Non-standardized current assets include cash and all types of receivables

In some cases, if the company is small and the movement of fixed assets is not so intensive, simplification is used in calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets. Namely, instead of the divisor 12, the divisor 4 is used, that is, not according to the number of months, but according to the number of quarters in a year.

Sometimes the average annual cost of fixed assets is determined based on their average annual cost for the previous calendar year.

The average annual cost of fixed assets for the previous calendar year (if we take the simplified, "quarterly", option) is determined as the amount divided by four:

• half of the value of fixed assets as of January 1 of the previous calendar year;
• the cost of fixed assets as of April 1 of the previous calendar year;
• the cost of fixed assets as of July 1 of the previous calendar year;
• the cost of fixed assets as of October 1 of the previous calendar year;
• half of the cost of fixed assets as of January 1 of the reporting year.

What value of fixed assets should be taken into account - initial or residual (balance sheet) - depends on the purpose for which this calculation is carried out.

So, if the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated in order to determine the indicator return on assets, the calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets should be based on their initial cost, because otherwise, if we take the book (residual) value to the calculation, the return on assets ratio will be simply absurd: the more worn out the OPF, the higher their profitability. The profitability of fixed assets (capital productivity) cannot increase due to their deterioration.

If the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated in order to determine the indicator capital intensity, the calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets can be based on both their initial and residual value, depending on the objectives of the analysis being carried out - here it is impossible to give unequivocal advice.

If the average annual value of fixed assets is calculated in order to determine capital-labor ratio, in contrast to the rate of return on assets, on the contrary, it is advisable to take their book (residual) value as a base. The initial cost of worn-out objects will unreasonably overestimate the capital-labor ratio.

The main criteria for assessing property status

1. The coefficient of the usefulness of fixed assets. Shows how much of the original cost of fixed assets is currently not worn out, in other words, has not yet been transferred to the product:

   Kg = (Pst - I) / Pst

   • Kg- coefficient of validity
   • Pst- initial cost
   • AND- wear and tear.

   The formula for calculating the shelf life can be represented differently:

   Kg = Ost / Pst

   • Kg- coefficient of validity
   • Ost- residual value
   • Pst- initial cost.

   Since the usefulness factor is interconnected with the wear factor (Kg + Ki = 1), the factor of serviceability of fixed assets can be calculated in another way:

   Kg = 1 - Ki

   • Kg- coefficient of validity
   • Key- wear factor.
2. Fixed assets depreciation rate... Shows the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, that is, the share of the value of fixed assets to be written off to the costs of subsequent periods:

   Ki = I / Pst

   • Key- wear factor
   • AND- wear
   • Pst- initial cost.

   And since the wear factor is in addition (up to 100%) to the usefulness factor, then it can be calculated as the difference between the unit and the usefulness factor:

   Ki = 1 - Kg

   Both the wear rate and the service life are rather conventional indicators of the technical condition of fixed assets. This is due to many reasons: inflation rates, fluctuations in market prices for similar assets, a subjective approach to determining the useful life, etc. However, a value of such a conditional coefficient as a depreciation rate above 0.5 is considered undesirable. Accordingly, the shelf life should not be lower than this value.

3. Fixed assets renewal ratio. Shows what part of the existing fixed assets at the end of the period are new objects:

   Ko = Pstp / Pstk

   • To- update rate
   • Pstp- the initial cost of fixed assets received during the period
   • Pstk- the historical cost of fixed assets at the end of the period

   For different groups of fixed assets (for groups of production facilities, their active part and for groups of facilities operating in the non-production area), it is advisable to calculate individual renewal factors. It also makes sense to calculate them separately for all received groups of objects and separately for those put into operation. In the latter case, such a coefficient is usually called input factor.

   In addition, when analyzing, it is advisable to compare the update rate of the active part of fixed assets with the update rate of all objects on the balance sheet. Thus, it becomes clear through which part the update takes place. If the renewal of fixed assets is not due to their active part, then this may negatively affect the rate of return on assets.

   Renovation of fixed assets can take place both through the acquisition of new objects and through the modernization of existing ones. Therefore, in this case, the renewal factors should be calculated separately.

   A variation of the refresh rate is the automation factor:

   Ka = Psta / Pst

   • Ka- automation factor
   • Psta- the initial cost of automated objects
   • Pst- the initial cost of all available fixed assets.
4. Fixed asset retirement rate. Shows what part of fixed assets was disposed of during the reporting month.

   Kv = Pstv / Pstn

   • Kv- the rate of disposal of fixed assets
   • Pstv- the historical cost of property, plant and equipment disposed of during the period
   • Pstn- the initial cost of fixed assets available at the beginning of the period

   For different groups of fixed assets (for groups of production facilities, their active part and for groups of facilities operating in the non-production area), it is advisable to calculate separate retirement rates. It also makes sense to calculate them separately for all retired objects and separately for liquidated ones. In the latter case, such a coefficient is usually called elimination rate.

   In addition, when analyzing, it is advisable to compare the retirement rate of the active part of fixed assets with the retirement rate of all objects. Thus, it becomes clear what part of the disposal takes place.

5. The share of the active part of fixed assets. Shows what part of the total value of existing fixed assets is their active (involved in the production of products) part:

   Yes = Psta / Pst

   • Yes- the share of the active part of fixed assets (coefficient)
   • Psta- the average annual cost of fixed assets belonging to the active part
   • Pst- the cost of fixed assets on the balance sheet (average annual).

   The share of the active part of fixed assets does not need to be calculated on an annual average. In this case, you should take to the calculation of the balance of fixed assets at the end of the analyzed period, without calculating their average annual value.

   The growth of this indicator in dynamics means a favorable trend.

6. Return on assets. Reflects the profitability of the use of fixed assets involved in the production of products and shows how much of the produced product falls on each ruble of the value of fixed assets:

   Фо = Bn / OPF

   • Fo- return on assets (profitability of production assets)
   • Bn- the volume of production per year
   • OPF .

   The calculation of the average annual value of fixed assets in determining the rate of return on assets should be based on their initial cost, and not on the balance sheet (residual). Otherwise, the result will be absurd: the more dilapidated the equipment is, the higher the return on assets - this should not be the case.

7. Capital intensity. The inverse of the rate of return on assets. Shows how many, on average, fixed assets fall on each ruble of the value of manufactured products.

   Fe = OPF / Bn

   • Fe- capital intensity
   • OPF- the cost of fixed assets (average annual)
   • Bn- the volume of production per year.

   When calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets to determine the capital intensity, one can take both their initial and residual value as a base, depending on the purposes of the analysis.

8. Capital-labor ratio. Shows the level of equipment of personnel with labor tools, its technical equipment:

   Fv = OPF / Ssch

   • Fv- capital-labor ratio
   • OPF- the cost of fixed assets (average annual)
   • Csch- the average number of workers employed in production.

   When calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets to determine the capital-labor ratio, it is advisable to take their book (residual) value as a base. The initial cost of dilapidated objects will greatly embellish the capital-labor ratio - this should not be allowed.

   We can also say that the capital-labor ratio shows job cost.

   It is advisable to analyze the capital-labor ratio both for the enterprise as a whole and in the context of production and technological processes.

   Low capital-labor ratio may indicate the lag of an enterprise in mastering advanced technologies, which leads to a loss of competitiveness. The growth of the capital-labor ratio is the most important factor in increasing labor productivity.

   However, one should not think that the growth of capital-labor ratio always reflects a favorable trend. There is a so-called. the capital-labor ratio, and it is determined individually for each enterprise. This limit is formed depending on how much the increase in capital-labor ratio gives an increase in labor productivity. Thus, the following condition must be met:

   • ∆Фв> 0
   • ∆Пт> 0

   If, with an increase in the capital-labor ratio, the increase in productivity turns out to be above zero, then the use of technical means is considered effective and the capital-labor ratio has not yet arrived. It should be noted that it is advisable to determine the capital-labor ratio as well as the indicator itself - not only for the enterprise as a whole, but also for individual industries and technological processes, which is more important. The maximum capital-labor ratio for the enterprise as a whole depends on the capital-labor ratio of each individual process.

   At the same time, when analyzing the capital-labor ratio, it is necessary to pay attention to external factors in the growth of labor productivity. It is possible that the growth of labor productivity is no longer influenced by the capital-labor ratio, but by the growth of productivity at enterprises of related industries or other circumstances. There are quite a few factors in the growth of labor productivity and one should not rush to attribute all the "merits" to the capital-labor ratio.

9. Material consumption. Shows the specific weight of the consumption of material resources per unit of production. It is measured in physical units (technological indicator), in monetary terms and as a percentage (economic indicator). The economic value of the material consumption indicator is calculated as the share of the cost of the material resources expended in the unit price:

   Me = M / Bn x 100%

   • Me- material consumption
   • M- the cost of raw materials and materials spent on production
   • Bn- the volume of production for the analyzed period

   Thus, the material consumption shows how much material and raw material costs fall on each ruble of output.

   Sometimes it is advisable to calculate the material consumption as the share of the cost of material resources in the cost of production. In this case, the denominator of the formula indicates the volume of production not in selling prices, but in terms of its cost.

   The cost (monetary) indicator of material consumption is defined as the difference between the cost (or selling price) of a unit of a product of a particular type and the cost of material and raw materials expended for its production. In this case, the average values ​​of these components of the formula are taken into account.

   The excess of the actual material consumption indicator over its standard indicator indicates the presence of reserves for reducing the standard material consumption, which, in turn, indicates an increase in the profitability of production.

   The normative material consumption is set depending on the industry sector of the enterprise.

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………… ..3

1. MAIN PART

Essence of fixed assets …………………………………………………… 4

Methodology for analyzing the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets …… ...…. 7

2. PRACTICAL PART

2.1 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of fixed assets ……………………………… .14

2.2 Analysis of indicators of the use of fixed assets ………………………… ..17

2.3 Analysis of the use of equipment and production facilities ………… 20

2.4 Analysis of capital-labor ratio …………………………………………………… .21

2.6 Conclusions and suggestions for improving the work ……………………………… .23

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………… .24

Literature ………… .. …………………………………………………………………… 25

INTRODUCTION

The fixed assets of the enterprise are divided into industrial-production and non-industrial, as well as non-production funds. The production capacity of an enterprise is determined by industrial production assets. In addition, it is customary to distinguish the active part (working machines and equipment) and the passive part of the funds, as well as individual subgroups in accordance with their functional purpose (industrial buildings, warehouses, workers and power machines, equipment, measuring instruments and devices, vehicles, etc. etc.). Such detailing is necessary to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets based on the optimization of their structure. At the same time, the ratio of active and passive parts, power and working machines is of great interest, since capital productivity, return on assets and the financial condition of the enterprise largely depend on their optimal combination.

The problem of increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets and production capacities of enterprises occupies a central place in the period of Russia's transition to civilized market relations. Having a clear understanding of the role of fixed assets in the production process, the factors affecting the use of fixed assets, it is possible to identify methods and directions by which the efficiency of using fixed assets and production capacities of an enterprise is increased, ensuring a decrease in production costs and an increase in labor productivity. These reasons confirm the relevance of the chosen topic of the course work.

This course work consists of two parts: theoretical and analytical parts.

In the theoretical part, the concept of fixed assets of an enterprise is given, as well as their classification adopted in economics. This part provides a methodology for analyzing fixed assets using the method of chain substitutions, absolute and relative differences.

In the practical part, a specific enterprise is considered as an example and the use of its fixed assets in the analyzed year 1997 is analyzed in comparison with the base year 1996. In the process of analysis, indicators of the use of fixed assets are calculated, factor analysis is performed. The results obtained are compared and the reasons that led to their change are identified. At the end of the analytical part of the course work, recommendations and ways to improve the efficiency of using fixed assets are given.

At the end of the course work, a conclusion is provided that briefly reflects the results and conclusions.

1. MAIN PART.

The essence of fixed assets.

Fixed production assets (funds) - the material and technical base of social production. The production capacity of the enterprise and, to a large extent, the level of technical equipment of labor depend on their volume. The accumulation of fixed assets and an increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, impart a creative character to labor, and raise the cultural and technical level of society. Any labor process includes two main components: the means of production, which in turn are divided into the subject of labor and means of labor, labor. The means of labor in the economy are usually called the basic means of labor or fixed assets of the enterprise. Let's define the term fixed assets of an enterprise.

Fixed assets (funds) - that part of production assets that participates in the production process for a long time, while maintaining its natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product gradually, in parts, as it is used.

Depreciable property is grouped into the following depreciation groups:

the first group - all short-lived property with a useful life from 1 to 2 years inclusive;

the second group - property with a useful life of more than 2 years to 3 years inclusive;

the third group - property with a useful life of over 3 years to 5 years inclusive;

the fourth group - property with a useful life of more than 5 years to 7 years inclusive;

the fifth group - property with a useful life of over 7 years to 10 years inclusive;

the sixth group - property with a useful life of over 10 years to 15 years inclusive;

the seventh group - property with a useful life of over 15 years to 20 years inclusive;

the eighth group - property with a useful life of over 20 years up to and including 25 years;

the ninth group - property with a useful life of more than 25 years up to and including 30 years;

the tenth group - property with a useful life of over 30 years.

The ratio of individual groups of fixed assets in their total volume represents the specific (production) structure of fixed assets.

The main production assets are usually divided into two parts: active and passive parts. The active part of fixed assets includes those funds that are directly involved in the production process (machinery and equipment). The passive part of fixed assets includes those funds that ensure the normal functioning of the production process. On average in production, the active part of fixed assets is 60%, and the passive part is 40% of the total composition of fixed assets. The most important factors affecting the structure of fixed assets are: the nature of products, the volume of production, the level of automation and mechanization, the level of specialization and cooperation, climatic and geographical conditions of the location of enterprises.

In addition, all fixed assets are divided into fixed production assets and fixed non-production assets. The main production assets include funds that are directly involved in the production process (machinery, equipment, machine tools, etc.) or create conditions for the production process (production buildings, pipelines, etc.). The main non-production assets (funds) include dwelling houses, children's and other objects of cultural and everyday services for workers, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike means of production, they do not participate in the production process and do not transfer their value to the product, because it is not produced. Despite the fact that non-production fixed assets do not directly affect the volume of production, the growth of labor productivity, a constant increase in these funds is inextricably linked with the improvement of the well-being of employees of the enterprise and an increase in the material and cultural standard of their lives, which ultimately affects the results of the enterprise.

Fixed assets are also usually classified according to the following criteria:

By affiliation:

own funds (on the balance sheet of the enterprise);

rented (temporary use for a fee, leasing of fixed assets);

By the nature of participation in the production process:

acting;

in stock or conservation;

Age structure is used in particular for planning and recovery, i.e. for the reproduction of fixed assets.

According to technical suitability:

suitable equipment;

equipment requiring major repairs;

equipment to be discarded.

Fixed assets of an enterprise are means of labor that participate in production without losing their original form and transfer their value to finished products in the form of depreciation charges. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production, active and passive parts.

In order to assess the efficiency of the use of fixed assets by an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate the so-called indicators of the use of fixed assets. These indicators adequately reflect the degree of use of fixed assets. But, in order to assess the use of fixed assets, in addition to calculating indicators, it is necessary to carefully analyze these indicators and identify those factors that influenced their value. The methodology for analyzing fixed assets and their use is described in the next section.

1.2 Methodology for analyzing the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets.

The tasks of the analysis are to determine the provision of the enterprise and its structural divisions with fixed assets and the level of their use by generalizing and particular indicators, and also to establish the reasons for their change; calculate the impact of the use of fixed assets on the volume of production and other indicators; to study the degree of use of the production capacity of the enterprise and equipment; to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets.

For the analysis of fixed assets, as well as for any economic analysis, relevant data are required. The sources of data for the analysis of fixed assets are: the plan for the economic and social development of the enterprise, the plan for technical development, form 11 “Report on the availability and movement of fixed assets”, form BM “Balance of production capacity”, form number 7 –f “Report on stocks of uninstalled equipment ", f # 1 - revaluation, f. 2-ks" Report on the implementation of the plan for putting into operation of fixed assets and the use of capital investments ", inventory cards for accounting of fixed assets, etc.

Based on this data, an analysis of fixed assets is carried out in the following main areas:

Analysis of the availability, structure and movement of fixed assets in the enterprise

Analysis of the main indicators of the use of fixed assets

Analysis of the use of equipment and production capacity of the enterprise

Analysis of the provision of the enterprise with fixed assets

In order to analyze the activities of the enterprise for a certain period of work, the above analysis is performed for several years of the enterprise's activity. For the reporting year, one of the years (basic) of the enterprise's work is taken, and the remaining years of its activity are called analyzed. The analysis performed at the same time makes it possible to clearly identify those factors that influenced the results of work and to identify the reserves for increasing the main performance indicators.

Let's consider in more detail the methodology for analyzing fixed assets.

The analysis of fixed assets begins with an analysis of the availability, structure and movement of fixed assets in the enterprise. As noted above, all fixed assets are divided into production and non-production fixed assets. In addition, the production part is usually divided into active and passive parts. Such detailing is necessary to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of their use based on optimization of the structure. Data on the availability of fixed assets, on their movement are entered in table 1.1. A clearer idea of ​​the structure of fixed assets is given in table 1.2. This table can reflect data on changes in the structure of fixed assets for a certain period (when several analyzed years and one basic one are considered). In this case, the absolute change in the value of fixed assets in the analyzed year compared to the base year is calculated, as well as the growth rate of the value of fixed assets at the enterprise.

Table 1.1. Availability, movement, structure of fixed assets.

Fixed assets group	Availability at the beginning of the year Mln. destiny. Rub. weight, %	Received in a year Mln. destiny. rub. weight, %	Eliminated in a year Mln. destiny. rub. weight, %	End of year availability Mln. destiny. rub. weight, %
Production facilities
Non-production facilities
Total o.s.

Table 1.2 Analysis of changes in structure over a period of years.

One of the main indicators in the analysis of fixed assets is the average annual cost of fixed assets. This cost can be calculated as follows:

F cf = F lane + (F cv * Chm) / 12 - F l * (12- M) / 12, (1)

where Ф с - the average annual cost of fixed assets;

F lane - the initial (book) cost of fixed assets;

F vv - the cost of the introduced fixed assets;

Chm - the number of months of functioning of the introduced fixed assets;

Ф l - liquidation value;

M - the number of months of functioning of the retired fixed assets. In addition, several more methods are used for calculating the value of fixed assets. These methods include the chronological method of calculating the cost of fixed assets:

Ф cf = (? * Ф 1 + Ф 2 + Ф 3 + .... Ф i-1 +? * Ф i) / (n –1) (2)

where n is the number of periods (months, quarters, etc.)

Ф i - the cost of fixed assets in the i-th period;

For simplicity, the following formula is most often used to calculate the cost of fixed assets (simple arithmetic mean):

Ф cf = (Ф start + Ф finish) / 2 (3)

where F start - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;

F con - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year.

This section of the analysis also examines the movement and technical condition of fixed assets. For this, the following indicators are calculated:

Update coefficient: K obn = F post. / F con. ; (4)

Retirement rate: K vyb = f vyb. / F beginning. ; (5)

Growth rate: K pr. = F pr. / F beginning. , (6)

where F post. - the cost of the received fixed production assets,

F con. - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year,

F is the cost of the retired fixed production assets,

F beginning. - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year,

F pr - the sum of the increase in fixed assets. (F post. - F choice).

The next stage of the analysis is the analysis of the main indicators of the use of fixed assets.

The main indicator of the use of fixed assets is the rate of return on assets, calculated as the ratio of the value of marketable products to the average annual value of fixed assets:

F recoil = VP / F cf. (7).

In addition, other indicators are calculated: capital intensity, the inverse indicator of capital productivity: F capacity = F cf. / VP (8),

profitability, as the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets: P = Pr. / F cf. (9) .

The relative savings in fixed assets are also calculated:

E o.s. = Ф 1 - Ф 0 * I, (10)

where Ф 1, Ф 0 - respectively, the average annual cost in the base and reporting years,

I is the index of the volume of production.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics of the listed indicators, the implementation of the plan for their level, comparison of indicators in the analyzed years in comparison with indicators in the base year are studied, inter-farm comparisons are made. With the aim of a deeper analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the rate of return on assets is determined for all fixed assets, production facilities, their active part.

The change in the level of capital productivity is influenced by a number of factors. Meaning

of these factors is calculated by comparing the indicator in the analyzed and baseline

year. The factors of the first level influencing the return on assets of fixed assets are: change in the share of the active part in their total amount; change in capital productivity of the active part: FD = Ud * F @ (11).

The calculation of the influence of factors is carried out by the method of absolute differences:

Ф 1 = (Ud 1-Ud 0) * F @ 0 F 2 = (F @ 1 - F @ 0) * Ud 1.

The capital productivity of the active part of fixed assets directly depends on its structure, operating time and average hourly output. The following factorial model can be used for analysis:

FD = (K * T unit * SV) / ​​F av. , (12)

where K is the average annual amount of equipment;

T unit - the number of hours worked by one equipment;

SV - production of products for 1 machine-hour.

The factor model of the equipment return on assets can be expanded if the operating time of a piece of equipment is presented as the product of the number of days worked (D), the shift ratio (Kcm) and the average duration of the shift (P). The average annual cost of equipment can be represented as the product of the quantity (K) and the average cost of its unit (P), after which the final factor model will look like:

FO = (K * D * Ksm * P * SV) / ​​(K * Ts) = (D * Ksm * P * SV) / ​​Ts. (13)

To calculate the influence of factors on the increase in capital productivity of equipment, the method of chain substitutions is used. In this analysis, instead of the values ​​of the base year, the values ​​of the analyzed year are gradually added to the formula and the influence of each of the factors is calculated: the structure of equipment, all-day downtime, shift ratio, intra-shift downtime, average hourly output.

After analyzing the generalizing indicators, the degree of use of the production capacity of the enterprise, certain types of machinery and equipment is studied in more detail. The degree of utilization of production capacities is characterized by indicators: extensive load, calculated as the ratio of the actual fund of working time of equipment to the planned fund: To ext. = T f. / T pl. (14) and intensive load, calculated as the ratio of the actual and planned average hourly production: To intensive. = VP f. / VP pl. (15). A generalizing indicator that comprehensively characterizes the use of equipment is the integral load factor: J = K ext. * K intensive (16). For groups of homogeneous equipment, the change in the volume of production is calculated due to its

quantity, extensiveness and intensity of use according to the following model:

VP = K * D * Ksm * P * SV (17).

The calculation of the influence of these factors is made by the methods of chain substitution, absolute and relative differences.

The next stage of the analysis is to determine the capital-labor ratio (analysis of the provision of an enterprise with fixed assets). This indicator is defined as the ratio of the average annual cost of all fixed assets to the average number of employees at the enterprise: = Ф cf. / R (18),

where P is the number of employees at the enterprise (includes all workers, engineers and managers). This indicator shows the cost of fixed assets per employee.

In addition, an indicator is calculated showing the attributable cost of fixed assets per worker (a person employed in basic or auxiliary production): F thief. = F pr. / Rrab. (19), where Rrab. - the number of workers. Also calculated is the capital-labor ratio of workers employed in the main production of fixed assets, which are their active part: = Ф active. / Rosn. (20), where Rosn. –The number of workers employed in the main production.

Finally, the degree of utilization of the premises of the enterprise is analyzed. An indicator is calculated showing how many products produced by the enterprise fall on 1 m 2 of the total area of ​​the enterprise (production and non-production): = ВП / S (20), where ВП - gross production, S - total area. But, since products are not produced on non-production means, this indicator is more often used to determine the output of products per 1 m 2 of production area. In addition, when studying the use of the premises of the enterprise, the proportion of production and non-production areas in the total area is calculated, as well as the specific area occupied by the main and auxiliary production in the total area of ​​production areas.

In the process of analysis, factors are identified and studied that in one way or another affect the results of the enterprise, and in particular on the efficiency of using fixed assets. Thus, the ways and reserves of increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets are revealed. They can be commissioning of not installed equipment, replacement and modernization of it, reduction of whole-day and intra-shift downtime, increase of the coefficient

shifts, its more intensive use, the introduction of measures for scientific and technological progress.

For example, the reserves for increasing production due to the commissioning of new equipment are determined as: VPk = K * Df * Ksmf * Pf * SVf (21), where = K is additional equipment, Df is the number of days worked (actually), Ksm is shift factor, Pf - average working day, SVf - output.

Reducing all-day equipment downtime results in an increase in the average number of days worked per unit per year. This increase is calculated as: VPd = Kw * Df * Ksmf * Pf * SVf (22), D- additional number of working days, Kw- possible number of working days.

To calculate the reserve for increasing production due to an increase in the shift ratio as a result of better organization of production, you must use the following formula: VPccm = Kw * D * Ksmf * Pf * SVf (23).

Due to the reduction of in-shift downtime, the average duration of the shift increases, and, consequently, the production output: VPp = Kw * Dw * Ksmw * P * SVf (24).

To determine the reserve for increasing production output by increasing the average hourly output of equipment, you need to use the formula: VPsv = Kw * Dw * Ksmw * Pw * SV (25).

The reserves for the growth of capital productivity are an increase in production and a decrease in the average annual balances of fixed assets:

VPf + VP - VPf

F = Fv - Ff = Fsr + Fdop - Fres Fsr (26),

where F is the reserve for the growth of capital productivity, Fw, Ff is the possible and actual level of capital productivity, respectively, VP is the reserve for increasing production, Fdop is the additional amount of fixed assets required to develop reserves for increasing production, Fraz is the reserve for reducing the average annual balances of fixed assets ...

So, let's summarize. When analyzing fixed assets at the enterprise, the presence, structure, movement of fixed assets are analyzed. The main indicator of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets. In this analysis, a factorial model is drawn up and the influence of each factor is calculated (using the methods of chain substitutions and absolute differences). Extensive (in time) and

intensive (in terms of capacity) loading of the enterprise. Such indicators are calculated,

as capital-labor ratio, reflecting the provision of fixed assets of the enterprise. The degree of use of the premises of the enterprise is also considered. After the analysis, the ways and reserves of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are determined.

2. PRACTICAL PART.

2.1 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of fixed assets.

Let's analyze the use of fixed assets in a particular company. To do this, consider the enterprise JSC "Betonny Zavod". The enterprise produces bricks: silicate and building red. The plant owns and uses fixed assets for the production of products. Let's analyze the use of fixed assets in two years - in 1996 (baseline) and 1997 - analyzed.

First, let's analyze the structure of the company's fixed assets. Table 2.1 provides data on the structure of available fixed assets at the end of the base year.

Tab. 2.1 Structure of fixed assets available in the base year.

Name of the group of fixed assets	Cost, thousand rubles	Share to the total amount of fixed assets in%
Production o.s. Constructions Transfer devices Production equipment Vehicles Production inventory Other o.s. Total production o.s.
Non-production o.s. Housing fund Kindergarten Total non-production o.s.
Total fixed assets.

As can be seen from table 2.1, the cost of all fixed assets at the end of the base year amounted to 24,715 thousand rubles. Fixed assets for production purposes accounted for 90.9% (22490 thousand rubles), and non-production fixed assets - 9.1% (2225 thousand rubles). The share of the active part of production fixed assets in the total cost of production fixed assets was (9367 +1328+ 689+ 311) / 22490 * 100% = 52.0% or 11695 thousand rubles, the passive part -48.0% or 10795 thousand rubles. The ratio of the passive and active part of fixed assets for production purposes corresponds to the norm in this industry.

Consider the movement of fixed assets in the analyzed year. Data on the receipt and disposal of fixed assets in 1997 are shown in Table 2.2.

Availability, movement and structure of fixed assets

	Availability on		Received				Availability on
Fixed assets group	the beginning of the year						the end of the year
		specific weight,%		specific weight,%		specific weight,%		specific weight,%
Industrial
production fixed assets
Production
the main
funds of others from
Non-production
veterinary basic
Total fixed assets Including:
active part

The data in Table 2.2 show that during the reporting year (1997) there have been significant changes in the availability and structure of fixed assets. The cost of fixed assets increased by 2,740 thousand rubles. or by 11.1%, including fixed production assets for 3340 thousand rubles. or 14.9% (in 1997, the company put into operation additional lines and built an extension to the warehouse for finished products). The share of fixed assets increased by 3.2% and, accordingly, the share of non-production fixed assets decreased (due to the privatization of apartments by the plant's employees). The share of the active part of fixed assets in the total amount of fixed assets increased significantly from 47.3% to 52.0% (+ 4.7%), which should be assessed positively. By formulas 4,5,6

we calculate the coefficients of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets:: K obn = 5150. / 25830 = 0.2, K select = 1810. / 22490 = 0.08, K pr. = (5150-1810). / 22490 = 0.15. The calculation data show a fairly high value of the coefficients of renewal and growth of fixed assets, which is explained by the commissioning of new lines for the production of bricks.

All changes that occurred in the reporting year in comparison with the baseline are shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Analysis of changes in the structure of fixed assets.

	Manufacturing	Non-production	Including the asset. part	Total o.s.
Basic
Reporting
Changes.

As can be seen from table 2.3, the increase in fixed assets amounted to +2740 thousand rubles, as a percentage of the base + 11.1%. It is also important to note that the growth in the share of the active part of fixed assets amounted to +2595 thousand rubles. , in percent + 4.7%. Let us analyze this growth in percentage and determine the influence of each factor (growth in the share of the active part and the growth in the cost of the active part of fixed assets):

Ф 1996 = Ф 1996 / Ф 1996 * 100 = 11695/24715 = 47.3%

F 1 = Fa 1996 / F 1997 = 11695/27455 * 100% = 42.596%

Factor influence = 42.596-47.3 = -4.704%

Ф 2 = Ф 1997 / Ф 1997 = 14290/27455 * 100% = 52.0%

Factor influence = 52.0-42.596 = + 9.404%

Thus, due to the influence of these factors, the growth in the share of the active part amounted to + 4.7% (-4.704% + 9.404%).

And finally, let's calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets and the cost of their active part. By formula 3 we get:

Ф 1996 = (20120 + 22490) / 2 = 21305 thousand rubles. Фa 1996 = (11305 + 11695) / 2 = 11500 thousand rubles.

Ф 1997 = (22490 + 25830) / 2 = 24160 thousand rubles. Fa 1997 = (11695 + 14290) / 2 = 12992.5 thousand rubles.

2.2 Analysis of indicators of the use of fixed assets.

The next stage in the analysis of the use of fixed assets is the analysis of indicators. The main indicator of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets. To calculate this indicator and conduct an analysis, the following data are given in Table 2.4.

Tab. 2.4. Initial data for the analysis of return on assets.

Indicator			Deviation
Output volume (VP), thousand rubles
Average annual cost, thousand rubles: Fixed assets (F) Active part (Fa) Equipment units (C)
The specific gravity of the active part of the OS (UD)
Return on assets, rubles: Fixed production assets (FO) Active part (FOA)
Average annual number of technological equipment (K)
Worked out in a year with all equipment (T), hour.
Including a piece of equipment : Hours (Ted)
Shift factor (Kcm)
Average shift duration (P), hour.
Production output for 1 machine-hour (DM), rub.

The factors of the first level, affecting the return on assets of fixed assets, are: change in the share of the active part of the funds in their total part; change in the return on assets of the active part of funds: FD = UD * FOa.

The calculation of the influence of factors is carried out by the method of absolute differences:

Foud = (UD 1997 - UD 1996) * FOa 1996 = (0.5377-0.5397) * 13.89 = - 0.02778 rubles.

Fact = (FOa 1997 - FOa 1996) * UD 1997 = (13.66 –13.89) * 0.5377 = - 0.12367 rubles.

Total: -0.15 rubles.

To calculate the influence of factors on the increase in capital productivity of equipment, the method of chain substitutions is used. By formula 13 we get:

Foa 1996 = C 1996 = 383300 = 13.89

To determine the first conditional indicator of capital productivity, it is necessary to take this value in 1997 instead of the average annual cost of a piece of equipment in 1996:

D 1996 * Ccm 1996 * P 1996 * SV 1996 250 * 1.92 * 7.8 * 1420.3

Foa conv1 = C 1997 = 406000 = 13.09

As a result of changes in the structure of equipment, the level of capital productivity decreased by 0.8 rubles. (13.09-13.89).

Let's calculate the influence of the following factor (number of days worked):

D 1997 * Ccm 1996 * P 1996 * SV 1996 245 * 1.92 * 7.8 * 1420.3

Foa conv2 = C 1997 = 406000 = 12.83

Decrease in capital productivity by 0.26 rubles. (12.83-13.09) is the result of an increase in all-day downtime in the analyzed year compared to the baseline (on average 5 days for each piece of equipment).

Let's calculate the influence of the following factor:

D 1997 * Ccm 1997 * P 1996 * SV 1996 245 * 1.87 * 7.8 * 1420.3

Foa conv3 = C 1997 = 406000 = 12.50

As a result of the decrease in the shift ratio, the value of capital productivity decreased by 0.33 rubles. (12.50-12.83).

Let's calculate the influence of the duration of the shift on the level of return on assets:

D 1997 * Ccm 1997 * P 1997 * SV 1996 245 * 1.87 * 7.6 * 1420.3

Foa conv4 = C 1997 = 406000 = 12.18

Due to the fact that in the analyzed year, the average shift duration decreased compared to the base year, capital productivity decreased by 0.32 rubles. (12.18-12.50).

And finally, let's calculate the influence of the last factor:

D 1997 * Ccm 1997 * P 1997 * SV 1997 245 * 1.87 * 7.6 * 1580.9

Foa conv4 = C 1997 = 406000 = 13.66

As a result of the increase in the average output of products, the return on assets increased by 1.48 rubles. (13.66-12.18).

To identify how these factors influenced the value of capital productivity of fixed assets, the results obtained must be multiplied by the actual share of the active part in the total amount of fixed assets. Change in capital productivity of fixed assets due to:

Equipment structures -0.8 * 0.5377 = -0.43016

All-day downtime -0.26 * 0.5377 = -0.1398

Shift coefficient -0.33 * 0.5377 = -0.1774

Intra-shift downtime -0.32 * 0.5377 = -0.1720

Average hourly output +1.48 * 0.5377 = +0.7957

Total -0.23 -0.123

Table 2.5 shows the results of factor analysis of capital productivity.

	Change in return on assets, active main part of production	Change in production, RUB thous.
First level 1.Average annual cost main production 2. Share of the active part 3. Recoil of the active part	2855* 7.5 = + 21412.5 0.02778 * 24160 = -671.2 0.12367 * 24160 = -2987.8 0.8 * 0.5377 = -0.43016*24160 = - 10392.6 0.26 * 0.5377 = -0.1398 *24160 = - 3377.5 0.33 * 0.5377 =-0.1774*24160 = - 4285.9 0.32 * 0.5377 =-0.1720*24160 = -4155.5 1.48 * 0.5377 = +0.7957*24160 = +19224.7
Second level 3.2.1 Equipment structure 3.2.2. Day-to-day downtime 3.2.3 Shift factor 3.2.4 Intra-shift downtime 3.2.5 Average hourly production

2.3 Analysis of the use of equipment and production facilities.

The next stage in the analysis of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise is the analysis of the use of equipment and production facilities. For this, the coefficient of intensive and extensive equipment utilization is calculated, as well as the overall coefficient of equipment utilization, the integral coefficient.

Table 2.6 shows data on the planned and actual values ​​of the indicators of the production program in the analyzed year. Based on these data, we will calculate the coefficients of extensive and intensive loading of equipment.

According to the formula (14) we find the coefficient of extensive load: To ext. = T fact. / T plan. = (32 * 245 * 7.6 * 1.87) / (32 * 250 * 8 * 2) = 112320/128000 = 0.87. According to the formula (15), we find the coefficient of intensive loading of equipment: K intensity. = SV fact. / SV plan = (1580.9 / 1600 = 0.9875. Hence, the coefficient of intensive utilization of the equipment of the enterprise is equal to K integral. = 0.87 * 0.9875 = 0.86.

As can be seen from Table 2.6, the plan was achieved only in terms of the number of installed equipment.

The reserve for increasing the integral load factor of the equipment is to increase the duration of the work shift. Downtime in the analyzed year was associated with an increase in equipment downtime for repairs and an excess of the installation time for new equipment, which resulted in a decrease in the average shift duration by 0.4 hours. Elimination of this drawback can be achieved by introducing progressive organizational and technological measures.

2.4 Analysis of capital-labor ratio.

An important indicator of the equipping of an enterprise with fixed assets is the capital-labor ratio. It is calculated as the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the average number of employees in a given enterprise and shows how many fixed assets (in rubles) fall on one employee. This indicator reflects the equipment of one worker (F arma1), worker (F arma2) and worker of the main production (F arma3), respectively, with all the main means, main production means and their active part. Table 2.7 provides data on the structure of employees at the enterprise in 1996 and 1997.

Table 2.7. The structure of employees at the enterprise.

As can be seen from Table 2.7, the number of employees at the analyzed enterprise increased by 8 people. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the number of workers in the main production by 5 people (a team for the maintenance of new equipment, put into operation in 1997).

According to tables 2.7 and 2.3, using formulas 18,19,20, we calculate the values ​​of the following indicators:

1996: F arms1 = 24715 thousand / 112 = 220.6 1997: F arms1 = 27455 thousand / 120 = 228.8

F arma2 = 22490 thousand / 87 = 258.5 F arma2 = 25830 thousand / 94 = 274.7

F arma3 = 11695 thousand / 60 = 194.9 F arma3 = 14290 thousand / 65 = 219.8

The increase in the values ​​of the capital-labor ratio is due to the increase in the cost of fixed assets in the analyzed year compared to the baseline (purchase and commissioning of two new lines). The value of the capital-labor ratio of all workers increased by 8.2 thousand rubles, the capital-labor ratio of workers by 16.2 thousand rubles, the capital-labor ratio of workers employed in the main production by 24.9 thousand rubles.

2.6. Ways to improve the use of fixed assets.

As can be seen from the above analysis of the use of fixed assets at the enterprise, the growth in output in the analyzed year increased due to an increase in the average annual technological installed equipment and an increase in its average hourly output. The reserves for increasing production are in the reduction of intra-shift downtime, reduction in whole-day downtime and an increase in the shift ratio. The amount of these reserves amounted to 11,819 thousand rubles or 6.5% of the manufactured products in the analyzed year.

For a more efficient use of fixed assets, an enterprise can take the following measures:

Commissioning of not installed equipment, its replacement and modernization;

Reduction of all-day and intra-shift downtime. Elimination of this drawback can be achieved by introducing progressive organizational and technological measures.

Increase in the shift ratio, which can be achieved by using the optimal work schedule of the enterprise, including an effective plan for carrying out repair and commissioning work.

More intensive use of equipment.

Implementation of NTP measures.

Improving the qualifications of operating personnel, which ensures more efficient and careful handling of equipment.

Economic incentives for basic and auxiliary workers, providing for the dependence of wages on the output and quality of products. Formation of funds to stimulate and reward workers who have achieved high performance indicators.

Conducting social work, providing for the improvement of the qualifications of workers, improvement of working and rest conditions, recreational activities and other measures that have a positive effect on the physical and mental state of the worker.

CONCLUSION.

So, in the course of writing the term paper, the tasks and questions were revealed. In the first part of the work, the issues related to the definition of fixed assets, their classification and methods of analysis of the use of fixed assets were thoroughly studied.

So, the definition of fixed assets was given as a part of production assets that participates in the production process for a long time, while maintaining its natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product gradually, in parts, as it is used. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. The main production assets include funds that are directly involved in the production process, and non-production assets include those assets that create conditions for the life of workers. Particular attention is paid to the division of fixed assets into active and passive parts. An increase in the share of the active part of fixed assets contributes to an increase in output indicators and the economic efficiency of the enterprise.

In the second part of this course work, an analysis of the use of fixed assets at a particular enterprise was considered. The analysis of the use of fixed assets was made for two years - 1996 (baseline) and 1997 (analyzed). The main indicator of the use of fixed assets is the rate of return on assets. So, the rate of return on assets in 1996 was 7.5, and in 1997 it was 7.35. Production output in the analyzed year increased due to an increase in the number of equipment and due to an increase in the average hourly output of products. The negative impact was exerted by an increase in all-day downtime, intra-shift downtime and a decrease in the shift ratio.

The enterprise has reserves for increasing production output. Production output may increase by 11,819 thousand rubles.

For a more efficient use of fixed assets, the enterprise can take the following measures: commissioning of non-installed equipment,

reduction of all-day and intra-shift downtime, increase in the shift ratio, more intensive use of equipment, implementation of scientific and technical progress, professional development of working personnel, etc.

List of used literature.

Bakanov M.I., Sheremet A.D., Theory of economic analysis: Textbook. - M .: "Finance and Statistics", 1997

Efimova O.V. The financial analysis. - M .: "Bukh. accounting ”, 1996

Rishap J. Audit and analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. / Ed. L.P. Belykh- M .: "Audit", 1997

Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise - Minsk: "Ecoperspectiva", 1997

Hedderwick K. Financial and economic analysis of the enterprise / Ed. Yu.N. Voropaeva - M .: "Finance and Statistics", 1996

Sheremet A.D., Saifulin R.S. Financial analysis methodology. - M .: "INFRA", 1995

Shishkin A.K., Mikryukov V.A. Accounting, analysis, audit at the enterprise. - M .: "Audit, UNITY", 1996

The property status of the enterprise is manifested in the company's solvency, in the ability to timely meet the payment requirements of suppliers in accordance with business contracts, to repay loans, pay salaries, and make payments to the budget.

The property of the enterprise is what it owns: fixed capital and working capital, expressed in monetary form and reflected in the independent balance sheet of the enterprise.

The assessment of the property status of the enterprise is based on the analysis of the following indicators:

The amount of household assets at the disposal of the organization

This indicator (Rs) gives a generalized value estimate of the assets on the balance sheet of the enterprise. This is an accounting estimate that does not coincide with the total market value of the assets of the enterprise. The growth of this indicator indicates an increase in the property potential of the enterprise:

Rs = A - U - Ak - Du

Where,
A - total assets on the balance sheet;
У - losses;
Ak - own shares in the portfolio;
Du - debts of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital.

Simplified, the amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise can be presented as the sum of the assets of the enterprise at the end of the reporting period.

O.V. Grishchenko (Analysis and diagnostics of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise: Textbook. Taganrog: Publishing house TRTU, 2000) believes that when determining the indicator, the total balance (assets) should be reduced by the amount of own shares redeemed from shareholders and the amount of participants' debt ( founders) on contributions to the authorized capital.

Share of fixed assets in assets

The indicator is a summary of the structural analysis and characterizes the degree of capitalization of assets in the fixed assets of the enterprise.

Share of fixed assets in assets = Cost of fixed assets / Total balance (balance sheet currency)

The higher the value of the indicator of the share of fixed assets in assets, the better the company is provided with the equipment, buildings, structures and other assets that are used for a long period of time necessary for the production and sale of goods and services.

Therefore, any increase in this indicator indicates either expansion or modernization of financial and economic activities. At the same time, the decline in the share is not always characterized as a negative trend.

Share of the active part of fixed assets

Shows what part of the total value of existing fixed assets is their active (involved in the production of products) part. The active part of fixed assets is machinery, equipment and vehicles. The growth of this indicator in dynamics is usually regarded as a favorable trend.

Share of active part of fixed assets = Cost of active part of fixed assets / Cost of fixed assets

Fixed assets depreciation rate

It characterizes the share of the cost of property, plant and equipment written off to expenses in previous periods. It is usually used in analysis as a characteristic of the condition of fixed assets.

Depreciation rate of fixed assets = Depreciation of fixed assets (depreciation) / Initial cost of fixed assets

Note that the indicator is somewhat arbitrary. The reason for this is the dependence of the coefficient on the depreciation method used by the company, i.e. the coefficient does not show the physical wear and tear of fixed assets, the indicator, as well as the expiration rate, does not provide an accurate assessment of the current state of the company's fixed assets.

Wear rates over 50% are undesirable. A more objective assessment of this indicator can be obtained by comparing its value for a specific enterprise with the industry average value.

Depreciation rate of the active part of fixed assets

This indicator characterizes the degree of depreciation of fixed assets directly involved in the production process.

Depreciation rate of the active part of fixed assets = Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets / Initial cost of the active part of fixed assets

Fixed asset renewal rate

Shows what part of the fixed assets available at the end of the reporting period are new assets.

Renewal ratio = Initial value of fixed assets received for the period / Initial value of fixed assets at the end of the period

Using the specified coefficient, it is possible to determine at what stage of the life cycle the enterprise in question is: if the value of the coefficient takes a value less than one, then the enterprise is at the stage of reducing the industry, if more than one, at the stage of expanded reproduction, when enterprises are interested in updating the production base.

A decrease in the renewal rate is a negative factor and indicates a trend towards a decrease in the organization's equipment with fixed assets

Fixed asset retirement rate

Shows what part of the fixed assets with which the company began operations in the reporting period, retired due to dilapidation and for other reasons.

Retirement rate = Cost of property, plant and equipment retired for the period / Cost of property, plant and equipment at the beginning of the period

Decrease in the value of fixed assets can occur as a result of disposal due to dilapidation and wear and tear, sale, gratuitous transfer to the balance sheet to other enterprises, depreciation of fixed assets, long-term lease.

If the retirement rate exceeds the renewal rate, then this is assessed negatively, since it indicates the absence of technical re-equipment of the enterprise