Developed and developing countries in Europe. Developed countries and developing countries: features and problems
Different houses, different cars, different amounts of money. What is the concept of economic inequality? What are the characteristics of developed countries and developing countries?
What is economic inequality?
There are a number of differences between developed and developing countries. In almost any city, you can see various houses, cars and people engaged in various activities. These differences may be indicators of economic inequality, which is hallmark individuals or entire populations in terms of their wealth, assets or income. Although it is most common to see differences in the economic level in your city, economic inequality can also take on a broader scale, relating to entire peoples and nations.
Two types of countries
Economically, the world was divided into two types - the developed countries and developing countries. These two categories are based primarily on per capita income, which is calculated by taking the total national income for a country and dividing it by the number of people living in the country. For example, if a small country has a total national income of $800,000 and a population of 20,000 people, then the per capita income is $40.
The most important characteristics of developing countries
The least developed (developing) countries have the following common features:
- Low standard of living. Causes include slow national income growth, stagnant per capita income growth, concentration of income in the hands of a few individuals and uneven distribution of national income, poor health care, low literacy rates and inadequate educational opportunities.
- Low labor productivity due to lack of technology, capital, etc.
- High population growth rates. Underdeveloped countries are characterized by higher rates of population growth. Mortality rates are also high compared to developed countries.
- High and rising unemployment and underemployment. Some work less than they could. Part-time employment also includes those who normally work full-time but who do not have suitable vacancies. Disguised unemployment is a feature of developing countries.
- Substantial dependence on agricultural production. The vast majority of people, almost three-quarters, work in rural areas. Similarly, three-quarters of the labor force is employed in agriculture. The contribution of agriculture to the gross national product of developing countries is very high compared to developed countries.
- Dependence on the primary product. Most economies from less developed countries are oriented towards primary production rather than secondary activities. These commodities make up the main exports to other countries.
- Dependence in international relations. The higher unequal distribution of economic and political power between rich and poor countries is manifest not only in the dominant power of rich countries to control international trade, but also in their ability to often dictate the terms in which technology, foreign aid, and private capital are directed to the needs of developing countries.
- dualistic economy. Almost all developed countries have a dualistic economy. One of them is the market economy; The other is subsistence economics. One is in the city and not far from it; The other is in the countryside.
- Distribution of wealth. Inequality in wealth and asset distribution is the main cause of uneven income distribution in rural areas. the highest concentration of assets is on the industrial front in the hands of large business houses.
- Absence natural resources A: fertile land, clean water, mineral resources, iron, coal, etc.
- Lack of entrepreneurship and initiative. Another characteristic feature of underdeveloped countries is the lack of entrepreneurial prospects. Entrepreneurship is inhibited by a social system that denies the possibility of creativity.
- Inefficient capital equipment and technologies.
developed nations
First economic category are developed countries, which can generally be classified as countries with more industrial development and higher per capita income. To be considered a developed country, a country typically has a per capita income of around US$12,000. In addition, most developed countries have an average per capita income of approximately $38,000.
As of 2010, the list of developed countries includes the USA, Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Singapore, Taiwan, Israel, Western European countries and some Arab states. In 2012, the combined population of these countries was about 1.3 billion people. This figure is relatively stable and is estimated to grow by around 7% over the next 40 years.
In addition to high per capita incomes and stable population growth rates, developed countries are also characterized by resource use patterns. In developed countries, people consume a large amount of natural resources per person and are estimated to consume nearly 88% of the world's resources.
developing nations
The first economic category is the developed countries, and the developing countries are, respectively, the second economic category. This broad concept includes countries that are less industrialized and have a lower per capita income. Developing countries can be divided into more developed or less developed countries.
Moderately developed countries have an approximate per capita income of $1,000 to $12,000. The average per capita income for moderately developed countries is around $4,000. The list of moderately developed countries is very long and amounts to about 4.9 billion people. Some of the more recognizable countries that are considered moderately developed include Mexico, China, Indonesia, Jordan, Thailand, Fiji, and Ecuador. In addition to them are the states of Central America, South America, North and South Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, former USSR and many Arab states.
Less developed countries are the second type of developing countries. They are characterized by the lowest income, while total income per capita is approximately less than US$1,000. In many of these countries, the average per capita income is even lower, around $500. Countries listed as less developed are in eastern, western and central Africa, India, and other countries in southern Asia. In 2012, these countries had about 0.8 billion people and lived on very little income.
Even though the income range is quite wide, there are still nearly 3 billion people living on less than $2 a day. Can you imagine living on less than $2 a day? This would be a very difficult task for most of us. In addition to low income levels, developing countries are also characterized by high population growth rates. It is estimated that in the next 40 years it will increase by 44%. By 2050, it is predicted that more than 86% of the population will live in developing countries.
The difference between developed countries and developing countries
The classification of countries is based on economic status (GDP, GNP, per capita income, industrialization, standard of living, etc.) Developed countries are sovereign states whose economy has advanced significantly and has a large technological infrastructure compared to other nations. Countries with low industrialization and low human development called developing countries. In some states, a free, healthy and secure atmosphere is provided, while in others this is not enough.
Developed and developing countries of the world: a comparative table
There are developed, developing, transitional countries. What is their main difference? The main features of developed and developing countries are presented in the table:
The developed countries | Developing countries |
Having an effective level of industrialization and individual income | A developing country is a country with a slow rate of industrialization and a low per capita income. |
Low unemployment | Poverty and high unemployment |
Mortality, including infant mortality, and fertility rates are low, and life expectancy is high. | High infant mortality, mortality and fertility, and low life expectancy |
Good standard and living conditions | Low level and satisfactory living conditions |
Developed manufacturing sector, service sector and high industrial growth. | Dependence on developed countries. Developed agricultural sector of the economy |
Equal distribution of income and efficient use of factors of production | Unequal distribution of income, factors of production are used inefficiently |
Countries in terms of economy and industrialization
Developed countries are countries that are developing in terms of economy and industrialization. They are also called the first and self-sufficient. Human development statistics rank countries based on their development. These states have a high standard of living, high GDP, high child welfare, health care, excellent medical services, transport, communication and educational institutions.
They provide improvement living conditions and living conditions, industrial, infrastructural and technological development, higher per capita income. These countries receive more income from the industrial sector compared to the service sectors as they have post-industrial economy. Among others, the list of developed countries includes:
- Australia.
- Canada.
- France.
- Germany.
- Italy.
- Japan.
- Norway.
- Sweden.
- Switzerland.
- United States of America.
Countries that survive entry levels industrial development along with low per capita income, are known as developing countries. These countries are classified as third world countries. Economically developed and developing countries differ from each other in many ways, including a low human development index, lack of a healthy and safe living environment, low gross domestic product, high illiteracy rates, poor education, transportation, communication and health services, unsustainable state debt, uneven distribution of income, high mortality and birth rates, malnutrition of both mother and infant, high infant mortality, poor living conditions, high unemployment and poverty. These include states such as:
- China.
- Colombia.
- India.
- Kenya.
- Pakistan.
- Sri Lanka.
- Thailand.
- Turkey.
- UAE etc.
Key differences
Countries that are independent and prosperous are known as developed countries. States that are facing the beginning of industrialization are called developing. The former have a higher per capita income, a high literacy rate, and good infrastructure. There are constantly improving conditions in the field of health and safety, which are not available in developing countries.
The economies of developed and developing countries may have similar features, but there are more obvious differences. There is a big difference between these states. Developed countries have a high Human Development Index, they have proven themselves on all fronts and made themselves sovereign by their own efforts, while developing countries with varying success are still trying to achieve the same.
Socio-cultural characteristics
Live in one country different types social groups. They differ in terms of religion, castes and creeds, cultures and customs, languages and beliefs, etc. These social and cultural values have a profound impact on the economy of the nation. Developing countries may have discordant social patterns in their economic lives. Employment opportunities or activities exist in urban areas, while the traditional production method is used in rural areas. There are fewer job opportunities than required. Consequently, these countries have a dualistic economy, which leads to various problems with the formulation of economic policy.
Problems of developing countries: poverty, militarization
Poverty is low income, little investment, less industrialization. In a certain industrial and technological area, developing countries achieve rapid growth, provided that economic and geopolitical stability is achieved.
Militarization also prevents stable prosperity and improvement. Some developing countries face terrorism and the threat of national security due to border disputes. They spend billions of dollars to acquire modern military equipment, which leads to a reduction in funds for development and innovation. Examples are India, China, Vietnam.
The role of education
Speaking about the problems of developed and developing countries, one should not forget about the importance of education for the future of this or that nation. An important feature of a developing country is its illiteracy. Although efforts are being made to eradicate it, the problem of unskilled personnel remains acute to this day.
Peace. The ranking of these countries depends on the criteria used for the analysis. For example, development can be economic, and this is not equivalent to the wealth of the country as such. Or technological, which involves comparing achievements in the field of science and production. In addition, there is the concept of the human development index. It includes a number of factors. These are the level of literacy of the population, life expectancy, education and a general indicator of the standard of living. The most developed countries in the world according to the Human Development Index (HDI) should have high performance in all these areas. The data is collected, analyzed, classified and presented in the United Nations Human Development Report.
Norway
The seven most developed countries in the world are headed by Norway. This is a very beautiful country with a predominantly mountainous landscape. The coast is cut by deep picturesque fjords. The main part of the income in the country's economy comes from the sale of petroleum products. Shipbuilding, engineering and sea fishing are also well developed.
The population of the country is small - less than 5 million people. For comparison, this is about a quarter of the population living in Moscow. The climate is very changeable. It is perfectly characterized by the local saying “Don’t like the weather? Wait for 15 minutes".
Statistics show that the most developed countries in the world differ low level corruption and crime. And the Norwegians are no exception in this respect. They highly respect the law. Crime is practically absent, even theft is unthinkable. Right on the road near the farm, they often set up a table with products - vegetables and fruits. There is also a price tag, scales, bags and a jar for money. And no one around. This is the kind of self-service. Houses are not locked during the day. The only exceptions are big cities.
There are many mushrooms and berries in Norway, but it is not customary to collect them. The Norwegians just don't know how to do it. Therefore, in a harvest year, you can easily collect a 100-liter bag of porcini mushrooms in a couple of hours.
Australia
Australia continues the list of the most developed countries in the world. This country is also not densely populated. However, 88% of the inhabitants live in cities. The isolation of the continent contributed to the development of unique representatives of flora and fauna. In addition to being rich in natural resources, pearls, opal and unique pink diamonds are mined here. The mild climate and fertile soil allow for the successful development of agriculture. Sheep breeding, cultivation of wheat and sugar cane are very popular. Australian wines are also highly valued.
Australia is often associated with kangaroos and deserts, but the Australian Alps have more snow than Switzerland. The "dog fence" built to keep out wild dogs is longer than the Great Wall of China. And in 2001, the Australian football team defeated American Samoa with an unprecedented score of 31:0.
Switzerland
Switzerland ranks third in the HDI ranking. This country is located in the center of Europe. Despite its relatively small area, Switzerland is generously endowed with magnificent landscapes, mountains and lakes. Here the state maintains high employment of the population, which often distinguishes the most economically developed countries in the world. The sphere of tourism, mechanical engineering, production of computer equipment, metalworking and watch production are developed. In addition, Switzerland is one of the world's recognized financial centers.
The government's approach to the fight against drug addiction is interesting. Drug addicts are provided with a place to sleep, a portion of food and a dose of the drug. Experts have calculated that it is much cheaper and more effective than the consequences of crimes that would be committed on the basis of drug addiction.
Denmark
Denmark is included in the list of "The most economically developed countries in the world" under the fourth number. This is a small country in which the service sector is the most developed in the labor market. Also developed Agriculture. The number of pigs exceeds the population of the entire country by five times.
Bicycling is the most popular mode of transport here. Not the last role in this was played by the fact that many Danes do not have a personal car, since the tax on it is extremely high.
The Faroe Islands that are today once belonged to Norway. They were attached to Denmark in an unusual way - the Norwegian king lost them at cards.
Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of mainland and insular parts. Agriculture is developed in the country. Farmers here produce 2.5 times more products than farmers on similar land areas in neighboring countries European Union. The largest port in Europe is located here, and the Netherlands ranks first in the world in terms of water transport logistics.
Telecommunication systems, equipment and first-class technologies are actively developed and produced. From here, medical equipment worth tens of billions of euros is annually exported to the most economically developed countries of the world.
Germany
Many of the most developed countries in the world boast vast territories and low population density. Germany is the complete opposite in this regard. It is by far the most populous country in the European Union.
The Germans are very industrious. The working week lasts 6 days. And the punctuality and accuracy of this people have long been legendary. Germany is a recognized world leader in a number of technological and industrial sectors. All over the world, German cars are valued, which are actively exported from the country. A lot of scientific discoveries were made by German scientists. Their contribution is evidenced by the astounding number of Nobel laureates from this country.
Ireland
Back in the 1990s, Ireland was one of Europe. And today it confidently overtakes the most developed countries of the world in terms of economic growth. This historically agrarian country has retrained and directed funds and forces to the development of pharmaceuticals and the production of high-tech components. Intel microchips are made here, and the headquarters of Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, Google and Linkedin are located here. This is where Apple products are made.
Rough and beautiful. Labyrinths of caves and mountains, sheer cliffs and mysterious forests, picturesque sea coast and limestone cliffs - all this is in Ireland. Ornithologists can watch auks, fulmars and puffins, marine life fans have the opportunity to see humpback whales, dolphins and seals. Three geoparks hold treasures in the form of incredible landscapes. And for lovers of antiquity, the remnants of medieval towerhouses built to strengthen the power of English peers are scattered throughout the country.
Each state has a number of features that researchers change using certain indicators. Their comparison and analysis allow us to draw conclusions about the development and state of the economy, demography, and geography. needed to determine the impact of each of them on the entire world order. The exchange of experience will make it possible to identify strengths and weaknesses economic and social organization of states and improve performance.
Countries and territories
The economic definition of a country differs from the legal or even ordinary understanding of people.
The classification of countries can take into account both territorial units recognized by countries and those not. Such territories can conduct independent economic policy and taking into account their development. Therefore, they are taken into account when compiling the classification of countries according to the economic level of development. This applies to some island dependent territories of Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The country classification treats such areas as separate economic units.
Universal international organizations collect and analyze information about their member countries. They include almost all world states.
Principle of classification
Since the classifications of the countries of the world are carried out mainly by international organizations (UN, IMF, WB, etc.), the most common data collection systems are designed for the interests of these committees. Colored on the map below:
Green - economically developed countries;
Yellow - moderately developed states;
Red - third world countries.
For example, the World Bank collects information on the level of countries' economies. At the same time, the UN draws attention to their demographic and socio-economic situation.
Scientists, on the other hand, distinguish several main types of data collection and processing, which include the classification of the countries of the world.
According to the type of socio-economic system, there was a classification dividing the world into capitalist, socialist and developing states.
According to the level of development, countries are classified as developed and developing.
The geographical classification of countries takes into account the size and location of countries on the world map. Their number and structure of the population, natural resources are also taken into account.
Geographic classification
Determining and assessing the position of a country on the world map is quite important. From this you can build on other classifications. The location of the country on the world map is also relative. After all, the boundaries of a certain territorial unit can change. But all changes and existing conditions can influence the conclusions about the state of affairs of a particular country or area.
There are countries with a very large territory (Russia, USA, Canada, India), and there are microstates (Vatican, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco). Geographically, they are also divided into those with and without access to the sea. There are continental and island countries.
The combination of these factors often determines the socio-economic situation, which displays the classification of the countries of the world.
Population classification
To build a system of world order, it is also important to take into account the classification of countries by population. It implies a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the demographic situation.
According to this point of view, all states are divided into countries with a large, medium and small population. Moreover, in order to draw adequate conclusions about this indicator, the number of people per territorial unit is calculated. This makes it possible to estimate the population density.
The population is considered in terms of its growth. Compare birth and death rates. If the population growth is positive, this indicates an excess of births over deaths, and vice versa. Today, growth is observed in India, the USA, Great Britain and a number of African countries. The decrease in the population - in the countries of Eastern Europe, Russia, the Arab states.
The classification of countries by population is based on the demographic structure. The proportion of the able-bodied, educated population, as well as nationality, is important for analysis.
Economic Development Classification
The most common classification, used by many organizations and world research institutes, is based on the economic development of countries.
The development of this typology was carried out on the basis of many years of research. It is constantly being developed and improved.
All world states, according to this approach, can be divided into highly, medium and underdeveloped economically areas. This is the most widely used method. The classification of countries by level of development does not take into account post-socialist and
On the basis of the presented typology, international organizations draw conclusions about the expediency financial assistance most
Each of these groups has its own subtypes.
Economically developed countries
The group of developed countries includes the USA, Canada, Western Europe, South Africa, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand.
These countries have high economic level development and a significant impact on the political situation in the world. Their role in general trade relations is predominant.
Classification of countries according to the level distinguishes this group of countries as the owners of high scientific and technical potential.
The most influential countries in the global economy are the highly capitalist countries, six of which are members of the G7. These are Canada, USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, France, Italy. They have a narrower specialization in highly developed small countries (Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, etc.).
The socio-economic classification of countries in the group under consideration singles out a separate subgroup. These are South Africa, New Zealand, Israel, Australia. All of them once were They have agrarian and raw material specialization in world trade.
Medium developed economically countries
Classifying countries according to the development of economic relations, they distinguish a group historically and socio-economically different from the previous typology.
There are not many such states, but they can be divided into certain types. The first group includes countries that develop independently and have reached an average level in the sphere of management. Ireland is a prime example of such a state.
The classification of countries according to the level of economic development singles out the next subgroup of the states that have lost their former influence on the world economy. They are somewhat behind in their development from the highly capitalist states. According to the socio-economic classification, this subgroup includes such countries as Greece, Spain, Portugal.
Developing countries
This group is the largest and most diverse. It includes countries that have a number of difficulties in the sphere of economic relations, both internal and external. They lack skills and qualified personnel. The external debt of such countries is very large. They have a strong economic dependence.
The classification of countries by development also includes states in whose territory wars or interethnic conflicts are fought. They predominantly occupy low positions in world trade.
Developing countries supply other states mainly with raw materials or agricultural products. There is a high level of unemployment and a lack of resources.
About 150 countries belong to this group. Therefore, there are subtypes here that deserve separate consideration.
Types of developing countries
Classification of countries by economic development in the group of developing identifies several subgroups.
The first of these are the key countries (Brazil, India, Mexico). They have the greatest potential among similar states. Their economy is highly diversified. Such countries have significant labor, raw materials and economic resources.
The young liberated states include about 60 countries. There are many oil exporters among them. Their economy is still developing, and in the future its condition will depend only on the socio-economic decisions taken by the authorities. These states include Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Libya, Brunei, and Qatar.
The third subgroup are countries with relatively mature capitalism. These are states where the dominance of the market economy has been established only in the last few decades.
Classification of countries relative to mature capitalism
In the subgroup of countries with relatively mature capitalism, a number of subtypes are distinguished. The first includes states of the resettlement type with the early development of dependent capital (Argentina, Uruguay). Their population is quite high, which is made possible by a series of new reforms.
The classification of countries in the subgroup under consideration singles out the states of large enclave development of capitalism. Foreign injections into the economy are massive due to the export of raw materials large deposits mineral.
The next subspecies characterizes the countries of externally oriented opportunistic development of capitalism. Their economy is geared towards exports and import substitution.
There are also countries of concession development and countries-"landlords" of the resort type.
Level of GDP and GNI
There is a common classification according to the level of GDP per capita. It distinguishes the central and peripheral regions. The central states include 24 states, the total level of GDP in world production of which is 55% and 71% in total exports.
The group of central states has a GDP per capita of about $27,500. The countries of the near periphery have a similar figure of $8,600. Developing countries are relegated to the far periphery. Their GDP is only $3,500, and sometimes even less.
The economic classification of countries used by the World Bank uses GNI per capita. This makes it possible to single out 56 countries in the group of countries with the considered high indicator. Moreover, the states of the G7, although they are included in it, are not in the first places.
The average level of GNI was recorded in Russia, Belarus, China and in 102 other countries. Low GNI is observed in the states of the far periphery. This included 33 states, including Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
UN classification
The United Nations has singled out only 60 developed countries that have high rates in the field of market relations, scientific and technological progress, and production efficiency. The organization also takes into account the level of rights and social standards of the population. The per capita GDP in these countries is over $25,000. According to this indicator, Russia is also among the developed countries. However, the qualitative indicators of economic and social processes do not allow us to consider the Russian Federation, according to the UN, a developed country.
All post-socialist countries are classified by the organization as states with transition economy. The rest of the countries that are not included in the previous two groups are classified by the UN as developing countries that have problems in the socio-economic sphere to a greater or lesser extent.
The listed factors and characteristics make it possible to group states into certain subspecies. The classification of countries is a powerful tool for comparative analysis, on the basis of which it is possible to plan and improve their situation in the future.
Developing or third world countries characterized by a low level of socio-economic development. Despite their number, vast territory and population (80% of the world's population), they account for less than a third.
The main features of a developing country are:
- Colonial or semi-colonial past
- Agrarian-raw material orientation of the economy
- Diversified economy: pre-industrial type of production is adjacent to industrial and post-industrial
- The heterogeneity of the social structure of society
- Low quality workforce
- social tension
- Dependence on developed countries market economy, especially from foreign loans
List of developing countries
Developing countries mainly include countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
most advanced in economic sense are new industrial countries(NIS), which have achieved high growth rates (more than 7% per year) due to the effective use of national competitive advantages (surplus of cheap labor, geographical location) and purposeful restructuring of the economy in favor of knowledge-intensive technologies and services.
It is customary to single out new industrial countries:- First wave: Hong Kong (Hong Kong), South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan;
- Second generation: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile;
- Third generation: Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia;
- Fourth generation: Philippines, south of China;
Oil producing countries
Oil-producing countries are primarily member countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (). Due to the export of oil, they have a level comparable with developed countries. The one-sidedness of economic development does not allow them to be classified as developed countries.
Least developed countries
50 countries in Africa, Oceania, Latin America. They have an extremely backward patriarchal economy, which is characterized by low GDP per capita (less than $350). The share of the manufacturing industry in is less than 10%. Adult literacy does not exceed 20%.
The main economic strategies of developing countries are: the nationalization of resources seized by foreign capital, industrialization and sectoral diversification of the economy, protectionism, overvalued exchange rate, import substitution and development of export-oriented industries. The idea of collective self-reliance presupposes the regional integration of developing countries.
Reports and analytical notes are compiled annually, which allow assessing the state of the world economy, the regional market. occupy a special place in such reports, since analysts monitor who, where, is actively reforming industries, industry, services, education, the army, or the problem of migrants has become aggravated.
Reports and analytical notes are prepared annually, which allow assessing the state of the world economy
The collected information is compared, since the composition of an organization includes a different number of participating countries, and their development (index) is assessed differently. There are general parameters, as well as specific ones, and therefore it becomes necessary to summarize the data provided by such international organizations: the IMF, the UN, the WB, etc.
Developed countries on the world map
The UN evaluates other aspects:
- Production of essential goods and services.
- Poverty level.
- How entrepreneurship develops.
- system social insurance, protection.
- State financial market.
- Position banking system.
- Ecological problems.
- Trends in the demographic and social sphere. Birth and death rates.
- GDP level.
- The level of investment and lending to projects and various economic sectors.
All these indicators are necessary in order to obtain a complete and comprehensive picture for each region, to single out the share of developing and capitalist countries in it, choosing the largest, most industrialized and quite promising.
Competitive countries of the world
Recently, IMF experts decided to single out another type - economically advanced countries. These powers include:
- East Asian: Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong.
- Cyprus.
- North American: Canada and USA.
- Western European: France, Britain, Italy, Germany.
- Some and Central, who have become.
The number of developing countries changes every year. If we consider the economic characteristics of the countries of the world, then the focus of the economy, including the sectoral one, the presence of relevant science-intensive areas, the level and quality of life of the population are taken into account.
Structure of developing countries
Within the countries that are developing, you can make your own division. To define individual groups, the criteria are:
- structure of productive forces and production;
- prospects for economic development;
- economic relations within countries and beyond;
- the number of external and internal debts;
- the presence or absence of inflationary growth / fall;
- conditions for the development of transnational corporations;
- the role played by small business in the formation of industries and services.
Gold reserves in various countries
These parameters make it possible to single out several types of countries with actively developing markets and economies:
- "Asian tigers" of East and Latin America.
- Large and Asian countries that export oil and other minerals. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates are engaged in oil exports. Since each of them has a favorable economic and geographical position, plays an important, practically key role in the energy resources and carriers market, the population is not poor and can save money.
- Developing countries with a high average GDP per capita. For example, in Guatemala or Colombia, there is US$1,000 per person.
- , vast territories, large population: India, Indonesia, Pakistan. They develop through investment projects from Europe and America. At the same time, other trends are observed: people often live below the poverty line, the level of GDP is $300 per capita, and low rates of industrial development.
- Poor countries in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Ethiopia, Afghanistan. Despite the provision of loans, material and technical assistance, these developing countries are struggling to overcome their backwardness. The economy has a clear agrarian character, pre-industrial forms of labor predominate in production. Relations with the outside world are either absent or very poorly developed.
In 2020, the number of countries that fall into the “developing” category has reached 132. All of them occupy a special place in the world economy, they are connected in different ways with the capitalist countries, the world economic system and the market. Because of this, in such states, a multi-structural economy has long been formed, depending on developed and advanced countries.
Watch the video: salaries in various countries of the world.
Characteristics of developing countries
- The standard of living of the population is very low.
- There is no middle class. Society is divided into the rich and the very poor. The income of the rich is many times greater than the income of ordinary citizens.
- The absence of laws, so investors from abroad rarely invest their finances in the economies of countries.
- Financial, tax and banking systems are poorly developed.
- The control device does not work.
- Unemployment is constantly rising, so the population does not have a fixed income.
- High birth and death rates.
- Small size and volume of the domestic market.
- Dependence on the developed countries of the world, which gives rise to constant accumulation external debt.
- The presence of specific socio-economic problems.
- The economy is subject to ideology, religion and the political system.
- Communal interests prevail, which is why civil society is either just beginning to develop, or completely undeveloped.
Developing countries have a scientific and technical potential, but it is weak, which is why scientific areas, the economy, and production are practically not developing. At the same time, many states have huge reserves of natural resources.
Developing countries freed themselves from colonial dependence in the sixties, so the social, economic and political structure is still observed negative factors:
- Inability to deal with internal economic problems, which were previously decided by the metropolitan countries.
- There are no democratic institutions, which is why the political culture is just beginning to develop. The leaders of the country in their government do not rely on various bodies and institutions, but on the army and the police.
- Corruption and bribery are widespread.
- Constant wars, interethnic conflicts.
- Formation of a self-isolation economic model of a centralized type. It is not market-oriented and does not take into account the peculiarities of the global economy, its trends and key changes.
Corruption index in various countries
In many ways, a similar situation in third world countries is due to the fact that in the eighties the Soviet Union and the CMEA states invested in the construction of metallurgy and heavy industry facilities. features were not taken into account geographical location developing countries and their specificity. Therefore, an imbalance arose in them, there was a complete dependence of the economies on developed countries.